Thermionic (vacuum tube) diodes and solid state (semiconductor) diodes were both developed in the early 1900s as radio receiver detectors. Vacuum tube diodes were more commonly used in radios until the 1950s because early semiconductor diodes were less stable. Semiconductor diodes are made from materials like silicon and germanium that have a particular atomic structure making them able to conduct electricity in only one direction, functioning as a diode. The diode's one-way conduction property allows it to be used for rectification of alternating current to direct current among other applications.
Electrical current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance are a few of the basic elements of electronics and radio. Apart from current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance, there are many other interesting elements to electronic technology. ... Use Electronics Notes to learn electronics online.
Electrical current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance are a few of the basic elements of electronics and radio. Apart from current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance, there are many other interesting elements to electronic technology. ... Use Electronics Notes to learn electronics online.
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES AND APPLICATIONS.
Introduction to P-N Junction Diode and V-I Characteristics
Half wave and Full wave rectifiers
Capacitor filters
Zener diode and its Characteristics
Zener Diode as Voltage regulator
Electronics and Communication Engineering is the Branch of Engineering. Electronics and Communication Engineering field requires an understanding of core areas including Engineering Graphics, Computer Programming,Electronics Devices and Circuits-I, Network Analysis, Signals and Systems, Communication Systems, Electromagnetics Engineering, Digital Signal Processing, Embedded Systems, Microprocessor and Computer Architecture. Ekeeda offers Online Mechanical Engineering Courses for all the Subjects as per the Syllabus. Visit : https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/stream/Electronics-and-Communication-Engineering
Semiconductors materials such as silicon (Si), germanium (Ge) and Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), have electrical properties somewhere in the middle, between those of a “conductor” and an “insulator”. They are not good conductors nor good insulators (hence their name “semi”-conductors).
Semiconductor electronics forms the backbone of modern technology, revolutionizing communication, computing, and countless other fields. This branch of physics deals with the study of semiconductor materials, devices, and their applications in electronic circuits. Semiconductors, such as silicon and germanium, play a pivotal role due to their unique properties, which lie between those of conductors and insulators.
For more information, visit- www.vavaclasses.com
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES AND APPLICATIONS.
Introduction to P-N Junction Diode and V-I Characteristics
Half wave and Full wave rectifiers
Capacitor filters
Zener diode and its Characteristics
Zener Diode as Voltage regulator
Electronics and Communication Engineering is the Branch of Engineering. Electronics and Communication Engineering field requires an understanding of core areas including Engineering Graphics, Computer Programming,Electronics Devices and Circuits-I, Network Analysis, Signals and Systems, Communication Systems, Electromagnetics Engineering, Digital Signal Processing, Embedded Systems, Microprocessor and Computer Architecture. Ekeeda offers Online Mechanical Engineering Courses for all the Subjects as per the Syllabus. Visit : https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/stream/Electronics-and-Communication-Engineering
Semiconductors materials such as silicon (Si), germanium (Ge) and Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), have electrical properties somewhere in the middle, between those of a “conductor” and an “insulator”. They are not good conductors nor good insulators (hence their name “semi”-conductors).
Semiconductor electronics forms the backbone of modern technology, revolutionizing communication, computing, and countless other fields. This branch of physics deals with the study of semiconductor materials, devices, and their applications in electronic circuits. Semiconductors, such as silicon and germanium, play a pivotal role due to their unique properties, which lie between those of conductors and insulators.
For more information, visit- www.vavaclasses.com
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
2. 2
Thermionic (vacuum tube) diodes and solid state (semiconductor) diodes were developed
separately, at approximately the same time, in the early 1900s, as radio receiver detectors.
Until the 1950s vacuum tube diodes were used more frequently in radios because the early
point contact type semiconductor diodes were less stable, also, most receiving sets had
vacuum tubes for amplification that could easily have the thermionic diodes included in the
tube (e.g. 12sQ7 double diode triode) vacuum tube rectifiers and gas filled rectifiers were
capable of handling some high voltage –high current rectification tasks better than the
semiconductor diodes ( such as selenium rectifiers) which were available at the same time.
1873, Fredrick Guthrie discovered the basic principle of operation of thermionic diodes.
Guthrie discovered that a positively charged electroscope could be
discharged by bringing a grounded piece of white-hot metal close to it(but not
actually touching it). The same did not apply to a negatively charged
electroscope, indicating that the current flow was only possible in one
direction.
3. 1 DISCUS
SBASIC SEMICONDUCTOR MAT
ERIALS AT
OMIC S
TRUCTURE OF
WHICH DIODESAND T
RANSIST
ORS ARE MADE.
2 THEP –N JUNCTION, P AND N TYPE MATERIALS.
3 APPLICATIONS OF THE DIODE CIRCUIT
S.
4 DIODE CONDUCTION .
3
5. As seen in this model, electrons circle the nucleus.
Atomic structure of a material determines it’s ability to conduct
or insulate.
The nucleus is positively charged and has the (+) protons and
which
neutrons, which is neutral.
Electrons ( - ) are negatively charged and in discrete shells.
The atomic number ( Z ) is the number of protons, and
determines the particular element.
4
6. ,
The ability of a material to conduct current is based on its atomic structure.
The orbit paths of the electrons surrounding the nucleus are called shells.
Each shell has a defined number of electrons it will hold. This is a fact of nature and
can be determined by the formula 2n2.
The outer shell iscalled the valence shell.
The less complete a shell is filled to capacity the more conductive the material.
5
7. The valence shell determines the ability of
material to conduct current ( I ).
Silicon atom has 4 electrons in its valence ring.
This makes it a semiconductor.
6
Silicon, 4
electrons in
valence ring
Germanium, 4
electrons in
valence ring
8. There is a forbidden region between the valence band and
ionization level (Conduction Band ).
Since W =QV Equation for WORK done in
moving a charge Q across
potential difference V ( Delta v)
Electron volt 1 eV =(1.6 x 10-19 c ) (1v) =1.6 10-19 J
Since Eg is less for Germanium (Ge) than Silicon (Si) a larger
number of valence electrons for Ge will have sufficient energy
to cross the forbidden gap and become free. Thus Ge will
have a greater conductivity than Si.
7
9.
10. 8
The four valence electrons are bonded to four adjoining atoms. This
bonding of atoms by sharing of electrons is called covalent bonding. Both are
tetravalent materials, that is both has 4 electrons in their valence ring.
Covalent
bonding of the
silicon or
Germanium
atom
11. Silicon and germanium when carefully refined to reduce impurities to a very
low level, are called intrinsic semiconductors. The conductivity for both pure
materials is quite low.
An increase in temperature causes a substantial increase in the number of
free electrons, thus increasing conductivity.
These materials thus have a negative temperature coefficient of resistance,
( i.e. resistance decreases with temperature).
9
12. There are two types of extrinsic material:
N Type: Impurity atoms have 5 valence electrons
e.g. antimony, arsenic, and phosphorus.
P Type: impurity atoms have 3 valence electrons
e.g. boron, gallium, and indium.
Extrinsic materials is semiconductor materials that has been
subjected to the doping process.
10
14. 12
To be able to use a diode in a circuit, it must be known how it will behave under different voltages and
currents, in other words, the characteristics must be known.
Notice the PN junction, depletion region at partial voltage, 0.4 v. and complete collapse
at 0.7v. purple area is resistance in depletion area when diode is 0v or partial
conduction.
VOL
T
AGE , CURRENT
CHARACTERISTICS OF
DIODES.
15. The diode is used in a circuit as a one way valve for current ( I) flow.
A great analogy, would be the one way check valve in a water supply
system. Water can only flow in one direction, blocked in opposite direction.
Itis a simple nonlinear (non sequential or straight ) circuit element.
Just like a resistor or other two terminal circuit component, the diode
has two terminals, one terminal on positive side (p-type ) which is called
the anode , the other on negative (n-type ) material and is called the
cathode.
It’s most popular use is in rectifying AC to DC applications.
16
16. 17
The electron theory is best used to describe direction of VF,IF of the forward biased
p-n junction diode. The diode will conduct when a positive source is connected to the
Anode and a negative source connected to the cathode, the voltage and current will
conduct linearly. Silicon conduct at 0.7v and Germanium at 0.3v.
One way
valve
17.
The p-n junction is a basic structure within semiconconductors. As the name
implies it is a junction between p-type and n-type semiconductor regions.
This structure allows current to flow in one direction thereby providing a
rectification function.
P-type region has an excess of holes while N-type region has an excess of electrons. Where the two regions meet the electrons fill the
holes and there are no free holes or electrons. This means that there are no available charge carriers in the region, it is said to be
depleted, this area is known as the depletion region. Photo shows partial depletion, at full depletion, region collapses completely,
The diode is fully conducting (Forward Biased).
18
When donor impurities are introduced into one side and acceptors into the other side of a single crystal semiconductor through
various sophisticated methods of micro-electronic device fabricating methods, a p-n junction is formed.
Semiconductor p-n
junction depletion
region.
18. If the p-type side is made negative with respect to the
n-type side being made positive, the depletion region
widens until its potential difference equals the biased
voltage, majority carrier current ceases.
19