The document discusses goal setting and provides information on: 1. Definitions of different types of goals including outcome, process, and performance goals. 2. The importance of goal setting for focus, progress measurement, motivation, and overcoming procrastination. 3. Self-efficacy and four ways to build it: mastery experiences, social modeling, social persuasion, and physiological states. 4. Guidelines for effective goal setting including making goals specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and time-bound.

1. TOPIC 2 : SETTING
GOALS FOR
SUCCESS
HUM312

2. WHAT IS GOAL?
A goal is an idea of the future or desired result
that a person or a group of people envision, plan
and commit to achieve.
A goal is roughly similar to a purpose or aim,
the anticipated result which guides reaction, or
an end, which is an object, either a physical
object or an abstract object, that has intrinsic
value

3. TYPES OF GOALS
1. Outcome goals (Results)
- Outcomes goals are specific and spell out the results you hope
to achieve in the end.
E.g., a high school student may set an outcome goal to become a
doctor. That goal means that she would have to take exams and
compete with other students over few spots into medical school.
While you can study hard, you don’t grade your exams. While
you can prepare well for your interviews, you don’t choose
yourself. As such, with most outcome goals, you can take steps
that influence the outcome in your favor but the results are
ultimately not under your control.

4. TYPES OF GOALS
2. Process goals (Behaviors)
- Process goals (also called procedural goals) are the behaviors
or the strategies that will help us to perform well and increase
our chances of achieving our desired outcome goals. It’s the
goal that sets the path to an outcome goal.
E.g. The process goal for losing weight may include reducing
calories, riding your bicycle, and drinking lots of water. Process
goals are particularly helpful for weight loss because they help
you focus on changing behaviors and habits that are necessary for
losing weight. A nice thing about process goals is that they are
within our control.

5. TYPES OF GOALS
3. Performance goals (Standards)
- Performance goals set the standards at which we will perform
our process goals. This is focused on results. Performance goals
are actually the results you produce that affect the bottom line.
Meeting your performance goals on your process goals is the
surest way to achieve your outcome goals.
E.g. the performance goals for losing weight based on the process
goals above may be to lose weight by eating 1200 calories a day
or less, riding my bike for 30 minutes 5 times per week, and
drinking 3 liters of water at per day for a period of one month

6. Why is goal setting important?
1. Goals give you focus in life
2. Goals allow you to measure your progress
3. Goals keep you locked in and undistracted
4. Goals help you overcome procrastination
5. Goals give you motivation

7. Why is goal setting important?
1. Goals give you focus in life
2. Goals allow you to measure your progress
3. Goals keep you locked in and undistracted
4. Goals help you overcome procrastination
5. Goals give you motivation
6. Goals propel you forward
7. Goals transform insurmountable mountains into walkable hills
8. Goals help us believe in ourselves
9. Goals hold you accountable for failure
10. Goals tell you what you truly want
11. Goals helps us live life to the fullest

8. SELF-EFFICACY
- Your beliefs become your thoughts. Your thoughts become
your words. Your words become your actions. Your actions
become your habits. Your habits become your values. Your
values become your destiny.
- Self-efficacy is the belief in one's effectiveness in
performing specific tasks. Self-efficacy is one of the most
enabling psychology models to have been adopted into
positive psychology. It is the optimistic self-belief in our
competence or chances of successfully accomplishing a task
and producing a favorable outcome

9. 4 Ways to Build Self-Efficacy
According to Albert Bandura, the fore runner of Self-Efficacy Theory, evidences
four ways to develop self-efficacy across the breadth of his research
1. Mastery Experiences
➢ The most effective way to build self-efficacy is through mastery experiences.
There is no better way to start believing in one’s ability to succeed than to set a
goal, persist through challenges on the road to goal-achievement, and enjoy the
satisfying results. Once a person has done this enough time, they will come to
believe that sustained effort and perseverance through adversity will serve a
purpose in the end; belief in one’s ability to succeed will grow.
➢ In contrast, regularly achieving easy success with little effort can lead people to
expect rapid results, which can result in their being easily discouraged by
failure

10. 2. Social Modeling
➢ Another way that a person can build self-efficacy is by
witnessing demonstrations of competence by people who are
similar to them. In this scenario, the person witnessing the
display of competence perceives aspects of their own identity
in the actor. That is, the actor may be of a similar age, ethnic
background, sexuality, or gender as the observer.
➢ The observer, who witnesses the actor’s success through
dedicated efforts, will be inspired to believe that they, too,
can achieve their goals

11. 3. Social Persuasion
➢ When a person is told that they have what it takes to succeed,
they are more likely to achieve success. In this way, self-efficacy
becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy.
➢ While not as powerful as mastery for strengthening self-efficacy,
being told by someone we trust that we possess the capabilities
to achieve our goals will do more for us than dwelling on our
deficiencies.
➢ Therefore, a good mentor can boost self-efficacy not only
through role-modeling but by serving as a trusted voice of
encouragement

12. 4. States of Physiology
➢ Lastly, our emotions, moods, and physical states influence how
we judge our self-efficacy.
➢ It is harder to feel assured of our ability to succeed when we feel
weariness and a low mood. This is especially true if we perceive
these emotional and physiological states to be indicative of our
incompetence, vulnerability, or inability to achieve a goal.
➢ Introspection and education can prevent these physical states
from being interpreted negatively. For example, when
experiencing a personal or work-related failure, people can
practice self-compassion.

13. GOAL SETTING
The Goal Setting Theory states that goal setting is essentially linked to task
performance. It states that specific and challenging goals along with appropriate
feedback contribute to higher and better task performance.
The simple act of setting an effective goal gives you a better chance of realizing that
goal. According to Edwin Locke and Gary Latham, several principles are crucial to
setting effective goals.
Effective goal-setting principles:
1. Clarity. A clear, measurable goal is more achievable than one that is poorly
defined. In other words, be specific! The most effective goals have a specific
timeline for completion.

14. 2. Challenge. The goal must have a decent level of difficulty in order to
motivate you to strive toward the goal.
3. Commitment. Put deliberate effort into meeting this goal. Share your goal
with someone else in order to increase your accountability to meet that goal.
4. Feedback. Set up a method to receive information on your progress
toward a goal. If losing 30 pounds in four months turns out to be too hard, it
is better to adjust the difficulty of your goal mid-way through the timeline
than to give up entirely.
5. Task complexity. If a goal is especially complex, make sure you give
yourself enough time to overcome the learning curve involved in completing
the task. In other words, if a goal is really tough, make sure you give yourself
some padding to give you the best chance at succeeding

15. How to Set the Right Goals
Here are some guidelines on setting effective goals. Research supports
the value of SMART goals which are Specific, Measurable, Attainable,
Realistic, and Time-specific.

16. ✓ Make your goals specific. The more specific a goal is, the easier it will be to
focus on it and take the necessary action to accomplish it. For example, a
goal such as “I will study more” is rather vague. “I will study every day
between 2 and 4 PM in my office” is specific and provides you with an
actionable plan.
✓ Set measurable goals. Another criterion that makes a goal useful is that you
can measure it. “I’ll do better” is not really measurable. If you set a goal to
study a certain number of hours or to raise your exam score to a particular
level, however, you have something concrete to aim for
✓ Keep your goals attainable and realistic. If you set goals that are overly
ambitious, you’re setting yourself up for failure. For example, if you
currently devote two hours per week to studying, a goal of studying for 10
hours per week is probably not realistic. Start by increasing it to 3 or 4 hours

17. ✓ Time-specific. When you’re studying, you need to keep to a
tight schedule. Make sure your goals are consistent with your
academic calendar and your other responsibilities.
✓ Set long-term and short-term goals. In addition to setting
SMART goals, it’s good to have goals that are both short and
long-term. A long-term goal might be to find a job in your
chosen field. “I’m going to become a veterinary nurse” would
be a long-term goal. You should also have short-term goals such
as “I’m going to finish this unit by Friday evening at 8PM.”

18. How to Stay on Track with Your Goals
Setting goals is an essential first step towards greater academic
success. However, many people start off with the best of intentions
but abandon their goals. There are many distractions that can get in
the way. Here are some ways to stay focused on your goals.
✓ Take consistent action on your goals. When you take action, you
remind your brain to move towards your goal. Even small
symbolic actions can help. For example, clearing off your desk so
it’s a more organized study area can help you feel more motivated.
✓ Write down your goals. Research indicates that people who write
down their goals are 33% more likely to achieve them.

19. ✓ Revisit your goals frequently. The mind works more efficiently when
you repeat instructions. One reason it’s useful to write down your
goals is that you can read them to yourself daily. It’s also helpful,
however, to repeat them to yourself mentally or even in
conversations with others.
✓ Set new goals when appropriate. Goals don’t need to be set in stone.
You don’t want to abandon a goal just because it’s challenging.
However, you may find that as you gain experience you need to
revise a goal. For example, you may need to adjust your goals
regarding study hours based on your results and other
responsibilities

20. 10 Steps to Successful Goal Setting
1. Belief
2. Visualize what you want
3. Get it down
4. Purpose
5. Commit
6. Stay Focused
7. Plan of Action
8. No Time Like the Present
9. Accountability
10. Review