The document examines the claim that it is possible to attain knowledge despite problems of bias and selection. Using history and the human sciences as areas of knowledge, it analyzes how bias can influence the filtering and interpretation of information in both fields. While recognizing bias as an issue, it also acknowledges that knowledge is still possible if one considers the assumptions, perspectives, and limitations involved.
This document provides an outline for a presentation on appropriate use of sources in academic writing. It discusses key concepts like writer's voice, attribution, plagiarism, paraphrasing, citation patterns, and reporting verbs. The presentation notes that conventions for using sources vary between disciplines, with humanities fields tending to use more direct quotations and integral citations that prominently feature the author. Sciences typically employ non-integral citations to maintain an impression of objectivity. Overall, the document stresses the importance of properly attributing borrowed information and acknowledging conventions within one's own field and genre.
This document provides guidance and requirements for writing a research paper on trickster characters. Students are asked to analyze trickster tales and characters from assigned readings to determine if they meet the definition of a trickster. They should also consider the purpose and cultural significance of modern tricksters. The paper must be 5-7 pages long, cite at least 3 secondary sources using MLA style, and address questions about the nature of tricksters and their relationship to gender and ethnicity. Guidance is provided on research skills, rhetorical strategies, and best practices for writing the paper.
Big data refers to large, complex datasets that are difficult to process using traditional methods. This document discusses three examples of real-world big data challenges and their solutions. The challenges included storage, analysis, and processing capabilities given hardware and time constraints. Solutions involved switching databases, using Hadoop/MapReduce, and representing complex data structures to enable analysis of terabytes of ad serving data. Flexibility and understanding domain needs were key to feasible versus theoretical solutions.
8/13 Mediakey /// Tunnel, vince il 14° Interactive Key Award con BuondìTunnel Studios
ARTIGIANI DELLA COMUNICAZIONE
Nonostante il periodo difficile, l’agenzia creativa milanese
Tunnel Studios, continua a raccogliere frutti. trionfatrice al 14° interactive key award 2013 nella categoria bevande e alimentari con il progetto Buondì, da qualche mese lavora anche per Riso Scotti. e promette di stupirci ancora.
RESA Commercial DRAFT
There will be a voice-over adding to the text that is shown.
Some may photos may need to be removed, depending upon time constraints.
The commercial is 30 seconds in length.
The document summarizes the editing process for four portrait photos to be used in a fashion magazine. It describes adjusting brightness, color balance, exposure and other settings for each photo to prepare them for specific pages. The photos will be used on the cover, a double page spread, an article page and the contents page. Minor retouching like cloning was also performed to prepare the high-quality images for publication.
This document provides an outline for a presentation on appropriate use of sources in academic writing. It discusses key concepts like writer's voice, attribution, plagiarism, paraphrasing, citation patterns, and reporting verbs. The presentation notes that conventions for using sources vary between disciplines, with humanities fields tending to use more direct quotations and integral citations that prominently feature the author. Sciences typically employ non-integral citations to maintain an impression of objectivity. Overall, the document stresses the importance of properly attributing borrowed information and acknowledging conventions within one's own field and genre.
This document provides guidance and requirements for writing a research paper on trickster characters. Students are asked to analyze trickster tales and characters from assigned readings to determine if they meet the definition of a trickster. They should also consider the purpose and cultural significance of modern tricksters. The paper must be 5-7 pages long, cite at least 3 secondary sources using MLA style, and address questions about the nature of tricksters and their relationship to gender and ethnicity. Guidance is provided on research skills, rhetorical strategies, and best practices for writing the paper.
Big data refers to large, complex datasets that are difficult to process using traditional methods. This document discusses three examples of real-world big data challenges and their solutions. The challenges included storage, analysis, and processing capabilities given hardware and time constraints. Solutions involved switching databases, using Hadoop/MapReduce, and representing complex data structures to enable analysis of terabytes of ad serving data. Flexibility and understanding domain needs were key to feasible versus theoretical solutions.
8/13 Mediakey /// Tunnel, vince il 14° Interactive Key Award con BuondìTunnel Studios
ARTIGIANI DELLA COMUNICAZIONE
Nonostante il periodo difficile, l’agenzia creativa milanese
Tunnel Studios, continua a raccogliere frutti. trionfatrice al 14° interactive key award 2013 nella categoria bevande e alimentari con il progetto Buondì, da qualche mese lavora anche per Riso Scotti. e promette di stupirci ancora.
RESA Commercial DRAFT
There will be a voice-over adding to the text that is shown.
Some may photos may need to be removed, depending upon time constraints.
The commercial is 30 seconds in length.
The document summarizes the editing process for four portrait photos to be used in a fashion magazine. It describes adjusting brightness, color balance, exposure and other settings for each photo to prepare them for specific pages. The photos will be used on the cover, a double page spread, an article page and the contents page. Minor retouching like cloning was also performed to prepare the high-quality images for publication.
Mobile devices can cooperate by sharing resources like bandwidth, processing power, and backup storage. This allows for applications like cooperative web browsing where devices collaborate to download pages faster. Challenges include limited connectivity, reliability, power consumption, and cost. Game theory can model the cooperative behavior and analyze constraints for stability. Prisoner's Dilemma and monitoring stages model cooperation. Equilibrium points depend on strategies like always cooperate, verify then cooperate, or defect. Incentives and billing models are needed for wide adoption. Cooperation enables new applications and gains for users and providers.
Vacation Bible School had over 139 children participate throughout the week, with 12 children deciding to accept Jesus. Activities included singing, lessons from the Bible, games, crafts and snacks. Many volunteers helped make VBS a success, from group leaders to those helping with registration, sound, photos and clean up. It was a fun week of learning about God's 10 Commandments.
Marketing program include many elements ranging from brand building to market research. But no single part of a business to business marketing program is more important than generating qualifying sales leads.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang sejarah timbulnya akuntansi sejak zaman prasejarah hingga abad ke-15 Masehi ketika Luca Paccioli menulis buku tentang sistem pencatatan berpasangan. Dokumen ini juga menjelaskan dasar-dasar akuntansi seperti pengertian, persamaan, dan kode perkiraan akuntansi serta konsep dasar akuntansi.
Custom Software Development Company offering Web and Mobile application Development outsourcing Services offshore| Creative Technosoft Systems Hyderabad, India |Product and Application Development Services
Ports For Future Offshore Wind-Event Brochuregm330
This document advertises an upcoming conference on offshore wind port strategies and logistics for larger wind projects with bigger turbines. The conference will discuss port suitability, ground and portside transport needs, whether to use a single hub port or multiple ports, and how new turbine and foundation designs will affect port infrastructure. Experts from various offshore wind companies will discuss topics like assessing port facilities, mooring conditions, supply chain planning, component handling, and long-term operations and maintenance needs. The conference aims to provide insights on meeting the logistical challenges of installing and servicing larger, more complex offshore wind projects.
The document contains a list of 50 cities along with the name of a hotel in each city and the price per night and total price in local currency and US dollars to stay at each hotel for 3 nights. The prices shown range from around $34 per night up to over $200 per night, with total costs for 3 nights ranging from around $100 to over $600 depending on the city and hotel. The document also includes an exchange rate table showing the value of 1 US dollar in euros, yen, British pounds, and the local currency of peso.
This document provides information about AXTAL GmbH & Co. KG, a privately owned company founded in 2003 that focuses on developing, prototyping, testing, and manufacturing frequency control products, namely oscillators. The company was founded by Bernd Neubig, who has extensive experience in the frequency control industry. AXTAL operates facilities in Mosbach, Germany and provides consulting services through its AXTAL CONSULTING division. It serves markets like RF and microwave, military, avionics and offers products like oscillators, which it rigorously tests and qualifies.
The document discusses BHMI, a software solutions provider that offers consulting, development, and support services. It details BHMI's expertise in various programming languages and platforms. The document also describes BHMI's internship program, which aims to evaluate potential hires while providing learning opportunities for students. BHMI selects new hires based on technical skills, ability to work independently and collaboratively, and fit with the organization. General career and office advice is also provided.
The Chinese classification system has evolved over centuries from the oldest known bibliography in the world, the Seven Epitomes from the 1st century BC, to the current Chinese Library Classification system. The sevenfold classification was used until the 4th century AD when the fourfold classification of Classics, History, Philosophy, and Literature was established. This fourfold system was then used for official bibliographies for over 1,000 years. In the late 19th century the Dewey Decimal system was introduced and in the 1960s development began on the Chinese Library Classification, with the 5th edition published in 2010, organizing over 43,000 Chinese works into 5 major groups.
Many inventors have created unusual inventions to solve problems in unique ways. Some inventions include a bicycle helmet that holds an umbrella, a device that lets you charge your phone by spinning a crank, and a sleeping bag with an inflatable pillow and blanket. These inventions show human creativity in developing new ideas.
History seeks to study and explain significant past events using currently existing evidence. Studying history allows us to understand what happened, develop a sense of identity, defend against propaganda, enrich our understanding of human nature, and understand the context of art and music to make meaning of the present. Historians use primary sources as the foundation of evidence and consider how context, cultural paradigms, language, and selection and confirmation biases may influence interpretations of the past. Different theories of history emphasize the role of great individuals, economic factors, social perspectives like feminism, material conditions according to Marxism, the environment, or psychological motivations.
This document discusses key factors for successful direct mail campaigns, including having realistic expectations, relevant communications, correct timing, testing, and evaluation. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the target profile and segment. Choosing the right database is also important - focusing on psychographic and lifestyle factors rather than just income. Living well with list owners involves sharing objectives, expectations, budgets and methods to measure success. Overall direct mail requires in-depth knowledge of the chosen segment and ongoing testing and relationship building.
The document discusses the history of how women have been portrayed in advertising from the 1920s to the 1990s. It describes how advertisements traditionally targeted housewives and promoted narrow definitions of beauty, femininity, and women's roles. Over time, as women's liberation movements gained traction, advertisements began featuring a broader range of beauty types and acknowledging women's accomplishments outside the home. However, the advertising industry has long used emotional appeals and sexualization to target women's insecurities and shape perceptions of beauty.
Este documento contiene 53 páginas de boletines NOTAM (Notice to Airmen) para el aeropuerto de Porto Alegre/Salgado Filho (SBPA) en Brasil. Los NOTAM anuncian cambios temporales o permanentes relacionados con procedimientos, equipos y áreas peligrosas en y alrededor del aeropuerto.
The Iloilo Tinagan School of Martial Arts is a nonprofit organization established in 1982 that offers martial arts lessons to help students enhance their skills. It aims to develop a management information system application to facilitate operations, having been recognized by the SEC in 1996 and later renamed the Iloilo Tinagan School of Martial Arts Incorporated in 2006. The document discusses developing a system that serves as a tool for the school's management information system.
This document provides an overview of history and the role of historians. It defines history as a chronological record of significant past events and how they happened. Herodotus is identified as the Father of History for being the first to treat historical subjects systematically by collecting and analyzing evidence. The document outlines the key jobs of historians, including finding facts, identifying bias, selecting important questions, and analyzing sources critically. It also discusses periodization, or dividing history into eras for analysis, and dating conventions like BC, AD, BP, and centuries.
This document discusses the definitions and relationships between history, philosophy, science, and their various subfields. It provides definitions of history as the study of the past as it relates to humans. Philosophy is defined as the study of fundamental problems regarding existence, knowledge, values, reason, language, and more. Science is defined as a disciplined attempt to understand what exists, how and why things work, what could exist but doesn't, and more. The document also discusses the relationships between craft, science, and engineering over time. It provides overviews of various philosophical and scientific concepts and debates.
Mobile devices can cooperate by sharing resources like bandwidth, processing power, and backup storage. This allows for applications like cooperative web browsing where devices collaborate to download pages faster. Challenges include limited connectivity, reliability, power consumption, and cost. Game theory can model the cooperative behavior and analyze constraints for stability. Prisoner's Dilemma and monitoring stages model cooperation. Equilibrium points depend on strategies like always cooperate, verify then cooperate, or defect. Incentives and billing models are needed for wide adoption. Cooperation enables new applications and gains for users and providers.
Vacation Bible School had over 139 children participate throughout the week, with 12 children deciding to accept Jesus. Activities included singing, lessons from the Bible, games, crafts and snacks. Many volunteers helped make VBS a success, from group leaders to those helping with registration, sound, photos and clean up. It was a fun week of learning about God's 10 Commandments.
Marketing program include many elements ranging from brand building to market research. But no single part of a business to business marketing program is more important than generating qualifying sales leads.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang sejarah timbulnya akuntansi sejak zaman prasejarah hingga abad ke-15 Masehi ketika Luca Paccioli menulis buku tentang sistem pencatatan berpasangan. Dokumen ini juga menjelaskan dasar-dasar akuntansi seperti pengertian, persamaan, dan kode perkiraan akuntansi serta konsep dasar akuntansi.
Custom Software Development Company offering Web and Mobile application Development outsourcing Services offshore| Creative Technosoft Systems Hyderabad, India |Product and Application Development Services
Ports For Future Offshore Wind-Event Brochuregm330
This document advertises an upcoming conference on offshore wind port strategies and logistics for larger wind projects with bigger turbines. The conference will discuss port suitability, ground and portside transport needs, whether to use a single hub port or multiple ports, and how new turbine and foundation designs will affect port infrastructure. Experts from various offshore wind companies will discuss topics like assessing port facilities, mooring conditions, supply chain planning, component handling, and long-term operations and maintenance needs. The conference aims to provide insights on meeting the logistical challenges of installing and servicing larger, more complex offshore wind projects.
The document contains a list of 50 cities along with the name of a hotel in each city and the price per night and total price in local currency and US dollars to stay at each hotel for 3 nights. The prices shown range from around $34 per night up to over $200 per night, with total costs for 3 nights ranging from around $100 to over $600 depending on the city and hotel. The document also includes an exchange rate table showing the value of 1 US dollar in euros, yen, British pounds, and the local currency of peso.
This document provides information about AXTAL GmbH & Co. KG, a privately owned company founded in 2003 that focuses on developing, prototyping, testing, and manufacturing frequency control products, namely oscillators. The company was founded by Bernd Neubig, who has extensive experience in the frequency control industry. AXTAL operates facilities in Mosbach, Germany and provides consulting services through its AXTAL CONSULTING division. It serves markets like RF and microwave, military, avionics and offers products like oscillators, which it rigorously tests and qualifies.
The document discusses BHMI, a software solutions provider that offers consulting, development, and support services. It details BHMI's expertise in various programming languages and platforms. The document also describes BHMI's internship program, which aims to evaluate potential hires while providing learning opportunities for students. BHMI selects new hires based on technical skills, ability to work independently and collaboratively, and fit with the organization. General career and office advice is also provided.
The Chinese classification system has evolved over centuries from the oldest known bibliography in the world, the Seven Epitomes from the 1st century BC, to the current Chinese Library Classification system. The sevenfold classification was used until the 4th century AD when the fourfold classification of Classics, History, Philosophy, and Literature was established. This fourfold system was then used for official bibliographies for over 1,000 years. In the late 19th century the Dewey Decimal system was introduced and in the 1960s development began on the Chinese Library Classification, with the 5th edition published in 2010, organizing over 43,000 Chinese works into 5 major groups.
Many inventors have created unusual inventions to solve problems in unique ways. Some inventions include a bicycle helmet that holds an umbrella, a device that lets you charge your phone by spinning a crank, and a sleeping bag with an inflatable pillow and blanket. These inventions show human creativity in developing new ideas.
History seeks to study and explain significant past events using currently existing evidence. Studying history allows us to understand what happened, develop a sense of identity, defend against propaganda, enrich our understanding of human nature, and understand the context of art and music to make meaning of the present. Historians use primary sources as the foundation of evidence and consider how context, cultural paradigms, language, and selection and confirmation biases may influence interpretations of the past. Different theories of history emphasize the role of great individuals, economic factors, social perspectives like feminism, material conditions according to Marxism, the environment, or psychological motivations.
This document discusses key factors for successful direct mail campaigns, including having realistic expectations, relevant communications, correct timing, testing, and evaluation. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the target profile and segment. Choosing the right database is also important - focusing on psychographic and lifestyle factors rather than just income. Living well with list owners involves sharing objectives, expectations, budgets and methods to measure success. Overall direct mail requires in-depth knowledge of the chosen segment and ongoing testing and relationship building.
The document discusses the history of how women have been portrayed in advertising from the 1920s to the 1990s. It describes how advertisements traditionally targeted housewives and promoted narrow definitions of beauty, femininity, and women's roles. Over time, as women's liberation movements gained traction, advertisements began featuring a broader range of beauty types and acknowledging women's accomplishments outside the home. However, the advertising industry has long used emotional appeals and sexualization to target women's insecurities and shape perceptions of beauty.
Este documento contiene 53 páginas de boletines NOTAM (Notice to Airmen) para el aeropuerto de Porto Alegre/Salgado Filho (SBPA) en Brasil. Los NOTAM anuncian cambios temporales o permanentes relacionados con procedimientos, equipos y áreas peligrosas en y alrededor del aeropuerto.
The Iloilo Tinagan School of Martial Arts is a nonprofit organization established in 1982 that offers martial arts lessons to help students enhance their skills. It aims to develop a management information system application to facilitate operations, having been recognized by the SEC in 1996 and later renamed the Iloilo Tinagan School of Martial Arts Incorporated in 2006. The document discusses developing a system that serves as a tool for the school's management information system.
This document provides an overview of history and the role of historians. It defines history as a chronological record of significant past events and how they happened. Herodotus is identified as the Father of History for being the first to treat historical subjects systematically by collecting and analyzing evidence. The document outlines the key jobs of historians, including finding facts, identifying bias, selecting important questions, and analyzing sources critically. It also discusses periodization, or dividing history into eras for analysis, and dating conventions like BC, AD, BP, and centuries.
This document discusses the definitions and relationships between history, philosophy, science, and their various subfields. It provides definitions of history as the study of the past as it relates to humans. Philosophy is defined as the study of fundamental problems regarding existence, knowledge, values, reason, language, and more. Science is defined as a disciplined attempt to understand what exists, how and why things work, what could exist but doesn't, and more. The document also discusses the relationships between craft, science, and engineering over time. It provides overviews of various philosophical and scientific concepts and debates.
The document discusses different perspectives on what history is and why it is studied. It notes that history involves investigating the past to gain knowledge and understand truths, and that different people can have different interpretations and views of the past. The document also outlines six key aspects of historical thinking: change over time, chronology, context, complexity, causation, and contingency. Overall, the document examines how and why people study history from various angles and perspectives.
Evidence Based Practice Paper Sample. NUR2300 Evidence-based Nursing Practice Assignment Sample | Evidence .... Stroke: Evidence-Based Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written ....
The document discusses why studying history is important. It provides several perspectives on what history is, including an investigation into the past to acquire knowledge, asking questions about the meaning of the past, and examining different perspectives about the past. The document notes that while history involves investigating and discussing the past, not everyone agrees on interpretations of history. It emphasizes several key principles for studying history, such as considering chronology, geography, multiple perspectives, and change over time. The overall message is that history is a complex subject that involves investigating the past from different angles and interpretations.
The document provides an overview of key considerations for writing a descriptive composition essay. It discusses the challenges of capturing vivid details through careful word selection and maintaining coherence while incorporating descriptions. It also notes the importance of the revision process and finding the right balance of details. While difficult, writing descriptively allows for creativity and developing a personal voice. Assistance from specialized services can help those navigating the complexities of descriptive writing.
The document discusses various topics related to doctoral training programs including:
- What a PhD entails in different countries like the UK, US, and Nordic countries.
- An overview of philosophy, science, research, qualitative vs. quantitative research, epistemology, and different research methodologies like deductive, inductive, and falsification.
- The importance of knowledge civilizations that originated in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, and how knowledge developed and integrated over time in Eastern and Islamic traditions.
This document discusses different perspectives on what history is and why it is important to study. It notes that history involves investigating the past to gain knowledge and understand human complexity. Different groups may have opposing views of the same events in history. Studying history allows us to examine change over time, ask questions about the past, and understand different perspectives. The document emphasizes that when studying history, it is important to consider context, complexity, causation, and how choices in the past can impact the present.
This document discusses the definitions and purposes of history, philosophy, and science. It provides:
- History is the study of the past, specifically how it relates to humans. Philosophy comes from the Greek word for "love of wisdom" and investigates the most general questions about existence, knowledge, values, and meaning.
- Science is a disciplined attempt to find out what exists, how things work, why they work that way, what could exist, how things could work if they did exist, what cannot exist and why. It progresses from craft to establishing theories through representation, ontology, and techniques for modeling.
- The boundaries between craft, science and engineering are blurred. Philosophy of science is concerned with
The document discusses different perspectives on teaching history through fiction. It notes that a quote from Valerie Tripp is used in both perspectives to argue both for and against fictionalizing history. The author of "There is Value in Teaching History Through Fiction" uses Tripp's quote to show how fiction can engage young readers in history. Meanwhile, the author of "There is Danger in Fictionalizing History" uses the same quote to acknowledge the dangers of fictionalizing history.
Inquiry "History and the Cheeseburger" by Simon Corvan, All Hallows' SchoolAnne Weaver
This was a presentation organised by the Brisbane Subcommittee of the School Library Association of QLD at St Rita's College in Brisbane, on August 8th. It looks at the nature of History inquiry in the Australian Curriculum and how teacher-librarians can support this.
Memory is a social and political construction. Discuss.·.docxARIV4
Memory is a social and political construction. Discuss.
· The title must appear at the top of your first page as set out in the list attached (The title must not be altered or changed in any way)
· You should use spacing (1.5) and font size 12
· Correct spelling and appropriate paragraphing should be evident
· There should be no widows or orphans, i.e. headings left alone at the bottom of the page
· You should provide references for every citation within the text – omissions will be penalised - References should be written in accord with a referencing convention that is consistent with your major course of study, e.g. APA
Marks will be awarded for:
· Answering the question
· Observing academic conventions
· Adopting a clear and sophisticated style of writing
· Identifying and addressing key issues raised by the question
· Breadth and depth of relevant knowledge
· Depth of analysis, Clarity of argument, Soundness of argument
· Originality of argument
You might find these articles relevant to the topicBaumeister, R. F. & Hastings, S. (1997). Distortions of collective memory: How groups flatter and deceive themselves. In J. W. Pennebaker, D. Paez, & B. Rimé. Collective memory of political events: Social psychological perspectives. Mahwah, NJ: LEA.
Liu, J. H., & Hilton, D. J. (2005). How the past weights on the present: Social representations of history and their role in identity politics. British Journal of Social Psychology, 44, 537–556.
Lászlo ́, J. (2003). History, identity and narratives. In J. Lászlo ́, & W. Wagner (Eds.), Theories and controversies in societal psychology (pp. 180–192). Budapest, Hungary: New Mandate.
Pennebaker, J. W., Paez, D., & Rime, B. (Eds.). (1997). Collective memory of political events: Social psychological perspectives. Mahwah, NJ: LEA.
1700 WORDS REQUIRED essay] and 300 words reflective writing, for reflective writing, I will send you the lecture slides and you will need to reflect upon those slide
to get mark:
Displays a systematic and sophisticated knowledge and understanding of the subject. Is extensively researched and shows a critical awareness of current issues within the field.
Original argument reflecting synthetically on the issues raised in the module. Authoritative and reflective use of supporting material.
Demonstrates a sophisticated understanding of theoretical and critical concepts which includes the ability to reflect critically.
Excellently presented work that conforms to all required academic conventions. Written in a style that is lucid and precise.
Displays a strong and intelligent knowledge and understanding ofthe subject. Is extensively researched and referenced in breadth
and depth.
slides 1.ppt
Epistemology – how do we generate legitimate knowledge?Physical and metaphysical reality (Metaphysics: branch of philosophy that investigates the first principles of nature, e.g. ontology – the science of being)Psychological realities (experience and perception)Social and p ...
Essay On Evolution. Evolution vs genesis essaysKate Hunter
Sample English Essay Summary on Evolution. Theory of Evolution - Short Essay (500 Words) - PHDessay.com. COMPLETE GUIDE ON WRITING AN EXPOSITORY ESSAY ON EVOLUTION OF HUMAN B…. Evolution assignment - 511 Words - NerdySeal. Evolution of man short essays. (PDF) POLITICS: AN ESSAY ON THE EVOLUTION OF SOCIETIES: HISTORICAL .... School paper: Human evolution essay. Human Evolution - University Biological Sciences - Marked by Teachers.com. Creationism/Evolution essay - GCSE Science - Marked by Teachers.com. Human Evolution Thesis Statement. Theory Of Evolution: Theory Of Evolution Essay. Essay on evolution of science. Essay, Evolution of Earth. | PDF | Natural Selection | Evolution. Evolution Essay. darwin and evolution essay essay. Language Evolution essay - Linguistics and Phonetics LING2131 .... Evolution vs genesis essays. evolutionary theory project essay | Evolution | Natural Selection .... Theory of Evolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays .... Discursive essay on evolution. - University Biological Sciences .... Evolution Of Technology Essay Free Essay Example. Evolution The Core Theme Of Biology Essay - Theme Image.
This document provides an introduction to the study of history. It defines history as a chronological record of significant past events and how/why they occurred. It discusses important historians like Herodotus, known as the "Father of History," and Thucydides, known as the "Father of Scientific History." It also addresses key concepts in historiography like the importance of identifying bias, focusing research questions, and the periodic division of historical eras. The document emphasizes that historians must carefully evaluate evidence and sources to understand the past as objectively as possible.
This document provides an overview of what history is from the perspective of historians. It discusses how historians approach the study of history, focusing on interpretation of primary and secondary sources to form educated guesses about the past. The document also outlines the typical expectations history instructors have of students, including demonstrating knowledge of historical facts as well as interpreting and analyzing those facts to answer questions about the past. Finally, it reviews common writing assignments in history courses like research papers, response papers, exam essays, book reviews, and historiographical essays.
ENC 1101 Introductions and Conclusions(1).pptxAllison Johnson
The document provides tips for effective introductions and conclusions in essays. For introductions, it recommends including a grabber, transition, and thesis statement. Examples of grabbers given are anecdotes, quotations, interesting claims/facts, questions, and surprises. The conclusion should not simply restate what was already covered but rather discuss the significance, leave a question for the reader, or call to action. Bookending by referring back to the introduction is also suggested.
Critical Thinking and the Use of Evidence, by Professor Joel HaywardProfessor Joel Hayward
By the end of this lecture you should be able to:
Understand the value of the “Socratic Method”
Understand the role and importance of skepticism
Compare and contrast opinions and arguments
Evaluate the types, strengths and limitations of the evidence available
Compare and contrast the value of primary sources and secondary sources
Introduction to Philosophy of Educationbladetrinity2
This document discusses different philosophies of education including idealism, realism, pragmatism, and existentialism. It defines key terms like metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, and provides examples of logical fallacies. It also covers curriculum approaches and the methodology of instruction. Idealism views reality as mental and ideas as the only things that are truly real. The role of the teacher under idealism is to bring out latent ideas in students' minds through subjects like philosophy, theology, and the liberal arts.
This document defines ethnographic research and outlines the ethnographic research process. It discusses key characteristics of ethnographic research such as being conducted in a natural context and emphasizing everyday experiences through observation and interviews. The document also describes common ethnographic research techniques like triangulation, participant observation, and taking field notes. It provides examples of historical research studies and outlines the steps involved in historical research, including defining the problem, locating sources, summarizing information, and evaluating sources. Limitations of historical research discussed include relying on limited surviving records and not ensuring a representative sample.
50 Great Topics for a Process Analysis Essay. Process analysis essay topics. 100 Great Process Analysis Essay Topics. Process analysis essay writing tips. Process analysis essay outline. Process Analysis Essay: Topics .... Process Analysis Essay Template Business. Process Analysis Essay Example Expository essay, Expository essay .... Good process speech topics. An academic guide to 25 Best Process .... Process Analysis Essay: Topics, Outline and Examples EssayPro. 60 Unique Process Analysis Essay Topics for Your Inspiration - Blog .... What is a process analysis essay. Process Analysis Essay Writing .... 50 Great Topics for a Process Analysis Essay - How to write a process .... Process Analysis Essay PDF Essays Cognition. 005 Process Essay Examples Sample Topics Outline And How To Example Of .... ️ Types of process analysis. The Best Process Analysis Essay Topics for .... 26 Good Process Essay Topics Gif - scholarship. Process Essay - 24 Examples, Format, Pdf Examples. Process Analysis Essay Essay, Essay writing structure, Essay outline. Process analysis assignment. Process Analysis Essays - The Key To Writing A Process Analysis Essay. Process Analysis Essay Example Essay examples, Essay, Analysis. Process analysis writing. Process Analysis. 2022-10-21. Process analysis ideas. 50 Great Topics for a Process Analysis Essay .... Process analysis essay topic ideas. 160 Process Analysis Essay Topics .... How to Write a Process Analysis: Examples amp; Outline. Structuring a Process Analysis Essay. Download Process Essay Thesis Examples Pics - Exam. Free process analysis essay examples: PDFPaper 2: Process Analysis .... 004 Essay Example Process Topics For High School English Ana Analytical .... How to Write a Process Analysis Essay: Basic Guidelines Wr1ter. 003 Processanalysisassignment Phpapp02 Thumbnail Essay Example Process .... Analysis by division essay examples. How to Write My Division or .... How to start a process analysis essay. Learn How to Write a Process ... Process Analysis Essay Topics Pr
Karl Marx was a 19th century German philosopher who developed influential social and political theories about capitalism and class struggle. Some key aspects of Marxist theory discussed in the document are:
- Society is divided into classes based on relationships to economic systems like capitalism.
- Ideology perpetuates existing power structures by making them seem natural.
- Works of art and media reflect the class interests of their time and can challenge or maintain the status quo.
- Material conditions directly impact people's lives and analyzing these is important for understanding society and enacting positive change.
Global art of the non-western world is diverse, incorporating various religions, materials, formats, colors and perspectives not always used or viewed realistically in the Western world. Specific examples discussed include Hindu sculptures of Lord Shiva and the symmetrical Shore Temple architecture in India, Chinese and Japanese art, Islamic geometric patterns, sculptures and masks from Sub-Saharan Africa, ceramics and textiles of Pre-Columbian civilizations, and totems and masks of Native American cultures.
Street art began as art created in public spaces and has evolved over time. It originated from cave paintings and graffiti tags, and became prominent in New York City in the late 1800s. Street art allows self-expression and comes in many forms from political messages to cartoon-like doodles. It has faced criticism for being illegal vandalism, though some see it as a form of art. Notable street artists include Jon Burgerman, known for vibrant cartoon-like doodles; Keith Haring, who used lines to create contained works; and JR, who pastes large black and white portraits in public spaces.
Conceptual art emerged in the 1960s-1970s as a reaction against commercialized art. It prioritized ideas over traditional art objects, using images and objects to convey concepts. Influenced by Duchamp's readymades, it questioned what art is. There was no set style, and works took many forms including installations, performances, and land art. Key ideas included art being conceptual rather than material, reducing objects to minimalism, and requiring viewer participation to complete works. Prominent conceptual artists profiled include Damien Hirst, known for installations using medical and domestic items to explore death, and Tracy Emin who used autobiographical works addressing sexuality and relationships.
Conceptual art emerged in the mid-1960s and early 1970s as a reaction against formalism. It emphasized ideas and concepts over the creation of traditional art objects. Conceptual artists used various media like installations, performances, films and photographs to convey concepts and push the boundaries of what constituted art. Some key ideas were that art is essentially conceptual, minimal in form, and aims to dematerialize the art object. Artists like Joseph Kosuth, Tracy Emin, and Damien Hirst used unconventional materials and forms of presentation to challenge viewers' perceptions of art.
Conceptual art emerged in the mid-1960s and early 1970s as a reaction against formalism. It emphasizes ideas and concepts over the creation of traditional art objects. Conceptual artists use images, objects, and text to convey ideas and get viewers to think about the meaning and definition of art. Key figures like Joseph Kosuth, Damien Hirst, and Tracy Emin created conceptual works that pushed boundaries and provoked questions about the nature of art.
Performance art emerged in the late 19th/early 20th century from experimental art and theatrical performances. It creates contact with basic human instincts and concerns through violating borders. The document profiles three influential performance artists: Marina Abramovic, known for physically and emotionally demanding ritualistic performances exploring themes of the Balkans, relationships and vulnerability; Joseph Beuys who used performance, installations and multimedia to promote social and political reform influenced by his experiences in WWII; and Chris Burden who endangered his life in performances addressing sociological and environmental issues.
The document summarizes the origins and history of contemporary street art. It began in the late 1970s in New York City as political propaganda and an expression of rebellion through vandalism. Key early artists included Keith Haring and Jean-Michel Basquiat in the 1980s who brought more than just graffiti to the streets. Modern street artists mentioned include Invader, JR, Blu, Banksy, Shepard Fairey and his Obey movement, who have continued using street art to make political statements and connect with the public.
This document provides an overview of installation art, including its definition, history, and important figures. Installation art creates an immersive environment for viewing that aims to evoke emotions or thoughts in participants. It began in the 1970s with artists questioning boundaries and using everyday objects as art. Three influential artists discussed are Kara Walker, known for her large silhouettes addressing race and history; Judy Pfaff, who creates colorful mixed-media pieces; and Félix Gonzáles-Torres, whose minimalist works reflected his experience with AIDS. The document also explores connections between installation art and past movements as well as other cultures.
Earth art, also known as land art, earthworks, or environmental art, involves creating artworks directly in nature using natural materials like stones, leaves, mud, and twigs. The document discusses several earth artists like Andy Goldsworthy, Robert Smithson, and Richard Long. It provides examples of their artworks, which are typically large-scale sculptures or installations created outdoors using materials found in the natural environment. The emergence of earth art in the 1960s-70s was influenced by a reaction against commercialism and a desire to create art outside the gallery setting and integrate it with the natural world.
After World War I, many European artists rejected traditional values and created strange, shocking works inspired by dreams, fantasy, and the subconscious. This artistic movement was called Surrealism. Surrealism combined unrelated objects in unnatural settings and was influenced by psychoanalysis and thinkers like Sigmund Freud. Important Surrealist artists included Salvador Dali, known for his highly detailed works exploring dreams and motifs, and René Magritte, who used playful and humorous juxtapositions of illogical elements. Surrealism was considered revolutionary as it challenged conventions about what constituted art.
At the beginning of the 20th century, artists faced a rapidly changing world due to new technologies like photography, film, sound recording, and transportation innovations. This led artists to develop more radical styles like abstraction to match the expanded boundaries in communication and travel. Abstraction removes characteristics from subjects to focus on their essential forms. Cubism, an early abstract movement, rejected traditional perspective by depicting objects from multiple views and emphasizing the flatness of the canvas through fractured, flattened shapes. Key abstract artists from this period included Picasso, Braque, Duchamp, Gris, Doesburg, and in Picasso's Bull series.
The document discusses developments in art and architecture from the Early Medieval period through the Renaissance. In the Early Medieval period, Christianity was spreading across Europe leading to the rise of powerful churches and early universities. Gothic cathedrals like Notre Dame featured architecture aimed at expressing a unity between God and humanity. Early Renaissance art moved away from flat, symbolic figures toward more naturalistic and human representations that explored how space could be rationally organized. Key artists of the Italian Renaissance included Brunelleschi, Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Botticelli, and Raphael, who pioneered techniques like linear perspective, while northern European masters like Jan van Eyck and Albrecht Dürer also made important contributions.
This document provides an overview of prehistoric and ancient art from 15,000 BCE to the Byzantine period. It describes cave paintings found at Lascaux, France from around 15,000 BCE, as well as the Venus of Willendorf figurine from 25,000 BCE. Egyptian art from around 3000 BCE to 1500 BCE is discussed, including pyramids and tomb art. Examples given include the pyramids at Giza and a painting of Queen Nefertiti from 1360 BCE. Ancient Greek art from around 1600 BCE to 0 AD is summarized, mentioning vases, statuary, and the Aphrodite of Milos sculpture. Finally, Byzantine art from the 4th century AD is briefly
Martin Luther sparked the Protestant Reformation in 1517 by posting his 95 Theses criticizing the Catholic Church. In the 1600s, Baroque art like Caravaggio's works emphasized emotion and drama. Rococo art in the 1700s featured themes of gaiety and wealth as seen in Fragonard's The Swing. In the 1800s, artistic movements like Neoclassicism, Romanticism, and Realism emerged in reaction to previous styles, with Neoclassicism drawing from Roman influences, Romanticism embracing emotion, and Realism depicting everyday common people.
Impressionism... Post Impressionsim, Expressionismteamhumanities
The document provides an overview of several art movements from Impressionism to Expressionism. It notes that Impressionism focused on capturing light and color through loose brushstrokes rather than detailed analysis. Post-Impressionism built on Impressionist techniques but with unique individual styles. Expressionism was less interested in naturalism and used emotional states, distortion, and vivid color. It highlights key works and artists within each movement like Monet, Seurat, Cezanne, Van Gogh, Gaugin, Kirchner, Beckman, Dix, Matisse, and Picasso's Cubist portrait.
This document provides a chronological overview of artistic styles and movements from prehistoric cave paintings in Algeria from around 6000 BC to works by contemporary artist Jenny Saville who was born in 1970. It traces the evolution of art from early cave paintings through Egyptian wall paintings, Greek vase paintings, early Christian art, Renaissance works by Cimabue and Leonardo da Vinci, Romanticism depicted by Delacroix, Impressionism and Renoir, Cubism and Duchamp, Expressionism and Picasso, Abstract Expressionism and De Kooning, Photo Realism and Chuck Close, and Contemporary art with Jenny Saville.
Spoken language can be an effective way to communicate knowledge, as demonstrated by an exercise where one person described images for their blindfolded partner to draw. However, spoken language also faces limitations, as descriptions require clear and shared understanding of vocabulary, and knowledge related to abstract concepts or processes may be harder to convey solely through words. Overall, while spoken language allowed knowledge sharing in drawing simple images, its effectiveness depends on the topic and ability to clarify any misunderstandings that arise.
The document summarizes how sport has become increasingly globalized over time. It began with foreign athletes participating in events like the ancient Greek Olympics. Modern international competitions emerged in the late 19th century with events like Wimbledon in 1877. The first Olympic Games in the modern era took place in 1924. Sport globalized further in the 20th century, with governing bodies established and international competitions regularized. Globalization of sport was also driven by commercialization, as sponsorship and merchandising grew enormously. Many sporting goods are now produced in low-cost countries. Sports like football/soccer have over 250 million participants worldwide and involve over 500 million people through related industries. The global profits of imported and exported sporting goods was estimated at $
The document summarizes how sport has become increasingly globalized over time. It began with foreign athletes participating in events like the ancient Greek Olympics. Modern international competitions emerged with industrialization in the late 19th century, including Wimbledon in 1877. Sport globalization accelerated in the 20th century with events like the modern Olympics beginning in 1924. Globalization involves the spread of sports to new regions, international tournaments, and growing commercialization through sponsorship. Many sporting goods are now produced in low-cost countries. Transnational corporations have played a major role in the globalization of sport through sponsorship of teams and events.
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
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This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
1. TOK Prescribed Title # 3
Using history and at least one other area of knowledge,
examine the claim that it is possible to attain knowledge
despite problems of bias and selection
4. Contestable Concept
Using history and at least one other area of knowledge,
ehavene the claim that it is possible to attain knowledge
despite problems of bias and selection
Is this true?
7. Command Term
Using history and at least one other area of knowledge,
examine the claim that it is possible to attain knowledge
despite problems of bias and selection
8. Command Term
Using history and at least one other area of knowledge,
examine Consider an argument or concept in a way that uncovers the
assumptions and interrelationships of the issue
9. Command Term
Using history and at least one other area of knowledge,
examine Consider an argument or concept in a way that uncovers the
assumptions and interrelationships of the issue
10. Command Term
Using history and at least one other area of knowledge,
examine Consider an argument or Claim in a way that uncovers the
Knowledge concept
assumptions and interrelationships of the issue
11. The Claim to be Examined
Using history and at least one other area of knowledge,
examine the claim that it is possible to attain knowledge
despite problems of bias and selection
12. The Claim to be Examined
Using history and at least one other area of knowledge,
examine the claim that It is possible to attain knowledge
despite problems of bias and selection.
13. The Areas of Knowledge
Using history and at least one other area of knowledge,
examine the claim that it is possible to attain knowledge
despite problems of bias and selection
14. The Areas of Knowledge
Using history and at least one other area of knowledge,
examine the claim that it is possible to attain knowledge
despite problems of bias and selection
16. The Areas of Knowledge
Using history - What is it?
17. The Areas of Knowledge
Using history - What is it?
Define it
18. The Areas of Knowledge
In what ways is it Biased?
Using history - What is it?
Define it
19. The Areas of Knowledge
In what ways is it Biased?
Using history - What is it?
Define it
What problems of
selection?
20. The Areas of Knowledge
Using history - What is it?
21. The Areas of Knowledge
Using history - What is it?
In History, the historian has to filter information, looking for the relevant facts.
What are the problems inherent in this? Doesn’t this filtering depend on the
historian? The historian’s culture? a host of other things? Despite these problems,
don’t we know some history?
22. The Areas of Knowledge
Using history - What is it?
In History, the historian has to filter information, looking for the relevant facts.
What are the problems inherent in this? Doesn’t this filtering depend on the
historian? The historian’s culture? a host of other things?
Arnold Toynbee: Brilliant British historian or
culturally biased, dead, white guy?
23. The Areas of Knowledge
Using history - What is it?
In History, the historian has to filter information, looking for the relevant facts.
What are the problems inherent in this? Doesn’t this filtering depend on the
historian? The historian’s culture? a host of other things?
Probably both
24. The Areas of Knowledge
Using history - What is it?
In History, the historian has to filter information, looking for the relevant facts.
What are the problems inherent in this? Doesn’t this filtering depend on the
historian? The historian’s culture? a host of other things?
He is known for radically changing his views (i.e. on
Greece/Turkey, pro/anti-zionism) based on
argument, evidence and the persuasion of others.
25. The Areas of Knowledge
Using history and at least one other area of knowledge,
examine the claim that it is possible to attain knowledge
despite problems of bias and selection
26. The Areas of Knowledge
Using history and at least one other area of knowledge,
examine the claim that it is possible to attain knowledge
despite problems of bias and selection
27. The Areas of Knowledge
You must choose another aok
35. The Areas of Knowledge
Human Sciences?
Yanomamo -the mirror of other’s dreams?
36. The Areas of Knowledge
While we’re at it...make sure you define your Areas
of knowledge here (i.e. history) but personalize the
definition don’t just webster dictionary-slap your
reader.
37. A Worker Reads History by Bertolt Brecht
Who built the seven gates of Thebes?
The books are filled with names of kings.
Was it the kings who hauled the craggy blocks of stone?
And Babylon, so many times destroyed.
Who built the city up each time? In which of Lima's houses,
That city glittering with gold, lived those who built it?
In the evening when the Chinese wall was finished
Where did the masons go? Imperial Rome
Is full of arcs of triumph. Who reared them up? Over whom
Did the Caesars triumph? Byzantium lives in song.
Were all her dwellings palaces? And even in Atlantis of the legend
The night the seas rushed in,
The drowning men still bellowed for their slaves.
Young Alexander conquered India.
He alone?
Caesar beat the Gauls.
Was there not even a cook in his army?
Phillip of Spain wept as his fleet
was sunk and destroyed. Were there no other tears?
Frederick the Greek triumphed in the Seven Years War.
Who triumphed with him?
Each page a victory
At whose expense the victory ball?
Every ten years a great man,
Who paid the piper?
So many particulars.
So many questions.
38. A Worker Reads History by Bertolt Brecht
Do history books leave out the whole truth? As history has changed/evolved?,
history has concerned itself more with the unexplored details. The daily life of
the little guy has become a major focus of history study but we still know
about Caesar.
41. consider again the
Command Term
Examine
To consider an argument or concept in a way that uncovers the assumptions and interrelationships of the issue..
42. consider again the
Command Term
Examine
To consider an argument or concept in a way that uncovers the assumptions and interrelationships of the issue.
From here you might have a conclusion of your
own. Basically, yes you can gain knowledge despite
bias or no you can’t. Even better: yes you can
but..... or no you can’t but.....
43. A Final Thought
consider the implications of three popular theories of truth
•The Correspondence Theory of Truth
•The Coherence Theory of Truth
•The Pragmatic Theory of Truth
44. The Correspondence Theory of Truth:
The Correspondence Theory of Truth is probably the most common and widespread way of understanding the
nature of truth and falsehood. Put quite simply, the Correspondence Theory argues that “truth” is whatever
corresponds to reality. An idea which corresponds with reality is true while an idea which does not correspond
with reality is false.
It is important to note here that “truth” is not a property of “facts.” This may seem odd at first, but a distinction
is being made here between facts and beliefs. A fact is some set of circumstances in the world while a belief is
an opinion about those what those facts are. A fact cannot be either true or false, it simply is because that is
the way the world is. A belief, however, is capable of being true or false because it may or may not accurately
describe the world.
Under the Correspondence Theory of Truth, the reason why we label certain beliefs as “true” is because they
correspond to those facts about the world. Thus, the belief that the sky is blue is a “true” belief because of the
fact that the sky is blue. Along with beliefs, we can count statements, propositions, sentences, etc. as capable
of being true or false.
45. The Coherence Theory of Truth:
The Coherence Theory of truth is probably second in popularity to the Correspondence Theory even
though it often seems to be an accurate description of how our conception of truth actually works. Put
simply: a belief is true when we are able to incorporate it in an orderly and logical manner into a larger and
complex system of beliefs or, even more simply still, a belief is true when it fits in with the set of all our
other beliefs without creating a contradiction.
Sometimes this seems like an odd way to actually describe truth. After all, a belief can be an inaccurate
description of reality and fit in with a larger, complex system of further inaccurate descriptions of reality,
according to the Coherence Theory, that inaccurate belief would still be called “truth” even though it didn’t
actually describe the way the world really was. Does that really make any sense?
Well, possibly … the reason is because statements can’t really be verified in isolation. Whenever you test
an idea, you are also actually testing a whole set of ideas at the same time. For example, when you pick
up a ball in your hand and drop it, it isn’t simply our belief about gravity which is tested but also our beliefs
about a host of other things, not least of which would be the accuracy of our visual perception.
Because of this, the Coherence Theory does manage to capture something important about the way we
actually conceive of truth in our daily lives. It isn’t that unusual to dismiss something as false precisely
because it fails to cohere with a system of ideas which we are confident are true. Granted, maybe the
system we assume to be true is quite a way off the mark, but so long as it continues to be successful and
is capable of slight adjustments in the light of new data, our confidence is reasonable.
46. The Pragmatic Theory of Truth:
The Pragmatic Theory of truth determines whether or not a belief is true or not based on whether it has a
useful (pragmatic) application in the world. If it does not, then it is not true. As with Coherence Theory, truth in
this sense is nothing to do with the way the world ‘really is’ but is just a function of whether an idea can be
used as a model to make useful predictions about what is going to happen in the world. As a result pragmatic
truths can only be learnt through interaction with the world: we don’t discover truth by sitting alone in a room
and thinking about it.
There are, of course, a number of obvious objections that can be raised against the Pragmatic Theory of
Truth. For one thing, the notion of “what works” is very ambiguous. What happens when a belief works in one
sense, but fails in another? For example, a belief that one will succeed may give a person the psychological
strength needed to accomplish a great deal but in the end, they may fail in their ultimate goal. Was their belief
“true”?
Furthermore, when a belief “works” in this sense, why call it “true”? Why not call it something like “useful”? A
useful belief is not necessarily the same as a true belief and, what’s worse, is that people don’t typically use
the word “true” in normal conversation to mean useful. For example, for the average person, the statement “It
is useful to believe that my spouse is faithful” does not at all mean the same as “It is true that my spouse is
faithful.” Granted, it may be the case that true beliefs are also usually the ones that are useful, but not always.
As Nietzsche argued, sometimes untruth may be more useful than truth.
Now, pragmatism may be a handy means for distinguishing truth from untruth. After all, that which is true
should produce predictable consequences for us in our lives. In order to determine what is real and what is
unreal, it would not be unreasonable to focus primarily upon that which works. This, however, is not quite the
same as the Pragmatic Theory of Truth.