Title of the Report
A. Partner, B. Partner, and C. Partner
Abstract
The report abstract is a short summary of the report. It is usually one paragraph (100-200 words) and should include
about one or two sentences on each of the following main points:
1. Purpose of the experiment
2. Key results
3. Major points of discussion
4. Main conclusions
Tip: It may be helpful if you complete the other sections of the report before writing the abstract. You can basically
draw these four main points from them.
example: In this experiment a very important physical effect was studied by measuring the dependence of a quantity
V of the quantity X for two different sample temperatures. The experimental measurements confirmed the quadratic
dependence V = kX2 predicted by Someone’s first law. The value of the mystery parameter k = 15.4 ± 0.5 s was
extracted from the fit. This value is not consistent with the theoretically predicted ktheory = 17.34 s. This discrepancy
is attributed to low efficiency of the V -detector.
1. Introduction
This section is also often referred to as the purpose or
plan. It includes two main categories:
Purpose: It usually is expressed in one or two sen-
tences that include the main method used for accomplish-
ing the purpose of the experiment.
Ex: The purpose of the experiment was to determine
the mass of an ion using the mass spectrometer.
Background and theory: related to the experiment.
This includes explanations of theories, methods or equa-
tions used, etc.; for the example above, you might want to
explain the theory behind mass spectrometer and a short
description about the process and setup you used in the
experiment. It is important to remember that report needs
to be as straightforward as possible. You should comprise
only as much information as needed for the reader to un-
derstand the purpose and methods. Your should also pro-
vide additional information such as a hypothesis (what is
expected to happen in the experiment based on the theory)
or safety information. The main focus of the introduction
mainly focuses on supporting the reader to understand the
purpose, methods, and reasons for these particular meth-
ods.Purpose of the experiment
Example:
Calculation of the pressure coefficient Cp
From the lectures notes, Cp can be obtained by the eq.
(1)
− Cp =
P − P∞
1
2 ∗ ρ ∗ U2∞
(1)
Where P and P∞ are respectively the local pressure and
the atmosphere pressure far away. U∞ is the wind velocity
Preprint submitted to supervisor March 4, 2020
of the wind tunnel.
Calculation of the lift coefficient CL
First, the expression for the pressure force acting nor-
mal to the chord line is given in the lecture notes as eq.(2),
Cn =
∮
Cp(−n̂ ∗ ŷ)dl, (2)
with Cp the coefficient of lift and n̂ the unit normal
vector pointing out of the surface, ŷ is the unit vector in
the direction normal to the chord line. dl is the length of an
infinitesimal line element. Similarly, the axial component
can be express as eq.(3)
Ca ...
ESTIMATE OF THE HEAD PRODUCED BY ELECTRICAL SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS ON GASEOUS PETR...ijaia
This paper reports successful development of an exact and an efficient radial basis function network (RBFN) model to estimate the head of gaseous petroleum fluids (GPFs) in electrical submersible pumps (ESPs). Head of GPFs in ESPs is now often estimated using empirical models. Overfitting and its consequent lack of model generality data is a potentially serious issue. In addition, available data series is fairly small, including the results of 110 experiments. All these limits were considered in RBFN design process, and highly accurate RBFNs were developed and cross validated.
PHYS 221Lab 1 - Acceleration Due to GravityPlease work in g.docxmattjtoni51554
PHYS 221 Lab 1 - Acceleration Due to Gravity
Please work in groups of three. Please submit one lab report per person via Canvas.
In this laboratory we will measure the acceleration due to gravity by studying the motion of a cart accelerating down an inclined plane.
Background
Suppose we start with a level track and then tip it, as shown in Figure 1 below. Let L be the distance between two fixed points on a ramp, selected to be as far apart as possible, on the track. Let h be the difference in the vertical height above the table of these two points.
Figure 1 - Schematic of a cart on an inclined plane. The magnitude of the acceleration of the cart down the ramp can be considered a component of the gravitational acceleration: a = g sinθ
Then we have an incline of angle given by Equation 1:
. (1)
The acceleration of gravity, g, acts vertically downward, so the component of parallel to the incline – which is the acceleration of our cart – is given by Equation 2:
(2)
We see in Equation 2 that a graph of acceleration a as a function of sinθ should be linear with slope g. We will take data to plot such a graph and from its slope determine the value of g.
Setup
Gather the following materials:
· 2 m ramp
· Meter stick
· Lab Stand
· Ramp clamp
· Plastic Box with ULI, AC Adapter, and USB Cable
· Motion Sensor
· Magnetic Bumper
1. Connect the ULI to the computer via the USB cable and connect the AC adapter. Open Logger Pro 3.8.7.
2. Attach the ramp clamp to the lab stand and attach one end of the ramp.
3. Elevate one end of the track slightly using the vertical rod. Choose a value of h so that the angle of inclination stays less than about 8 degrees. (Use Equation 1 to verify).
· You can choose any two points along the track to serve as your L, but they must be the same two points for all your runs!
· Measure h by measuring the difference in the two heights of your two points.
4. Connect a motion sensor to the ULI and mount it on the elevated end of the track. The low end of the track should have a magnetic bumper installed on it (magnets face upward along the track).
Procedure
1. Choose at least five values of height h, to vary over the range 1-8 degrees.
2. Record each value of h chosen, and then obtain a graph of velocity versus time for that value.
3. You have two options for collecting velocity data from the cart:
· Release from the elevated end of the track and let it accelerate to the lower end.
· Push the cart from the lower end of the track up the incline. Record data during its entire motion back to its starting point. This will take slightly more finesse, but the data will be better.
The motion sensor will not record accurate data for a cart closer than 40 cm (the limit of its near range). Do not let the cart collide with the end of the track!
4. Determine the acceleration for the cart by using the Linear Fit tool and highlighting the appropriate region of the velocity graph. Record the .
Fuzzy Logic Modeling of Heat Transfer in a double Pipe Heat Exchanger with Wa...ijiert bestjournal
Fuzzy logic is a method which can be used to model the experiments,and it has been introduced for the first time in 1965 by Zadeh . T he present work represents the use of fuzzy logic to model and predict the experimental results of heat transfer in a double Pipe Heat Exchanger with Wavy (Corrugated) Twiste d Tape Inserts . The tape consists of the corrugations and the twisting with various twist ratios (TR=10.7,8.5,7.1) . The length,width and thickness of twisted tape were 1 m,14 mm and 2 mm respectively. The Reynolds number is varied from 5000 to 17 000. T he friction factor is varied from .0384 to .07241 . The Nusselt number is varied from 69.13 to 266.18. Here the results with various twist ratios tapes were compared with results with plain tube. The experimental results showed that the maximum heat tran sfer was obtained with twisted tape with TR � 7.1 . The Nusselt number increased by 172 % and friction factor value increased by 32.11% as compared to the smooth tube values. For Fuzzy Logic system the twist ratio,temperature and Reynolds Numbers were used as input functions and friction factor and Nusselt number were used as output functions. It is found that a fuzzy inference system named Mamdani is a powerful instrument for predicting the experiments due to its low error.
Last Rev. August 2014 Calibration and Temperature Measurement.docxsmile790243
Last Rev.: August 2014 Calibration and Temperature Measurement Page 2
ME 495—Thermo Fluids Laboratory
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Temperature Measurement and First-
Order Dynamic Response
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
PREPARED BY: GROUP LEADER’S NAME
LAB PARTNERS: NAME
NAME
NAME
TIME/DATE OF EXPERIMENT: TIME , DATE
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
OBJECTIVE — The objectives of this laboratory are:
• To learn basic concepts and definitions associated with the
temperature and temperature measurements.
• To learn how to calibrate a Thermocouple and a Thermistor.
• To determine and compare the time constants of a
thermocouple and a thermometer.
• To determine how a thermocouple and a thermometer
responds to different inputs. You will also observe the
response of a thermocouple to an oscillatory input.
• To develop awareness for sources of error in temperature
measurements.
THEORY – In this lab, we will use first-order models to
approximate the response of a thermometer, thermocouple, and a
thermistor to temperature inputs, as these temperature sensors
measure temperatures in a different way.
A thermometer senses a change in temperature as a change in
the density of a fluid.
A thermocouple consists of two wires of different metals
joined at one end (the junction). When a voltage is applied
across the free ends of the two wires, the differing properties
of the wires create an induced voltage that it proportional to
the temperature change at the junction.
A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance is
dependent on temperature, more so than in standard resistors.
The change in resistance is linear with respect to change in
temperature, thus making a thermistor an accurate
temperature measuring device.
EXPERIMENT PREPARATION - Get a thermometer, a K (or J)
type thermocouple, and a thermistor from the TA. Identify the
positive and negative terminals for the thermocouple.
• Verify that the thermocouple is functioning well. This can be
done by connecting the thermocouple to a DMM and ensuring that
the voltage changes when you hold the thermocouple weld
between your fingers.
• Be familiar with all of the instruments you will be using for this
experiment. Knowing your equipment well is essential.
• Prepare an ice bath. Most EMF (electromotive force) tables use
ice point (0C) as the reference temperature and this traditional
fixed point temperature is preferred for accurate and reliable
measurements. To prepare the ice bath:
o Crush or flake the ice (Ice is available in the white icebox
located on the measurement table).
o Fill the thermos (the blue with white lid) half with crushed-ice,
add water and stir it until the mixture becomes a slush without
having the ice float. [Recall: If the ice floats, the bottom
temperature could be higher than 0C –Anomalous expansion of
water.]
PROCEDURE - Part 1: Modify a VI for temperature measurements
In this lab, you will b ...
Split Second Analysis Covering High Pressure Gas Flow Dynamics At Pipe Outlet...AEIJjournal2
A detailed investigation covering piped gas flow characteristics in high pressure flow conditions. Such flow
analysis can be resolved using established mathematical equations known as the Fanno condition, which
usually cover steady state, or final flow conditions. However, in real life, such flow conditions are
transient, varying with time. This paper uses CFD analysis providing a split second “snapshot” at what
happens at the pipe outlet, and therefore, a closer understanding at what happens at the pipe’s outlet in
high pressure gas flow condition.
In this example air was selected for simulation purposes. In HVAC applications, such gas flow conditions
can occur in typical applications such as; air compressors releasing high pressure air through a pipe, or
compressor over pressure refrigerant gas being released into the atmosphere via a discharge pipe.
Investigation has shown that rather than a steady mass flow rate condition occurring at the pipe outlet,
calculated by the Fanno flow condition, a spiked increase in flow rate occurs at the beginning,and then
stabilizing after a few seconds, with relatively minor ripples in flow rate. Other observations were also
made and commented.
CFD results in mass flow rate were compared with the mathematically derived results, differences were
recorded. The CFD analysis showed how the k-omega turbulence model performed well, with the processor
stabilizing at an early stage.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
One way to improve your verbal communication is to own your thoughts.docxjuliennehar
One way to improve your verbal communication is to own your thoughts and feelings.
You-language
is a way of speaking that projects responsibility onto another person and tends to be judgmental.
I-language
, on the other hand, is a way of speaking that owns responsibility and is descriptive rather than judgmental. Study the following example:
You-language statement
I-language statement
"You make me so mad!"
"I feel very angry when you interrupt me when I'm telling a story."
Complete the following two parts of your written assignment in one Word document. First, show your skill at translating You-language messages into I-language messages. Secondly, apply this skill to your own communication.
Part 1
Translate the following
You-language
statements into
I-language
messages.
Sentences to be translated:
You are so selfish.
You don't understand a word I'm saying.
You are too nosy; mind your own business.
You totally humiliated me in front of our friends.
You never help me around the house.
Part 2
Think of a You-language statement that you find yourself using when you communicate with a friend, family member, spouse, or romantic partner. Compose a paragraph that explains the situation in which you have used this You-language message. Consider how you would translate this You-language statement into an I-language message.
.
One paragraphHas your family experienced significant upward or .docxjuliennehar
One paragraph:
Has your family experienced significant upward or downward mobility over the past three or four generations? How do you think your values and behavior might differ had you experienced the opposite pattern of mobility? How might it have been different had your family been of a different ethnic or racial origin?
One para:
One of the more interesting topics of study is the area of deviance and social control. Choose a form of deviance with which you are familiar (not necessarily something you’ve done, but something someone you know did) and discuss why society views that behavior as deviant and whether perceptions of that behavior have changed over time. Explain which theory of deviance you think works best for understanding the deviant behavior you’ve chosen to discuss
.
More Related Content
Similar to Title of the ReportA. Partner, B. Partner, and C. Partner.docx
ESTIMATE OF THE HEAD PRODUCED BY ELECTRICAL SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS ON GASEOUS PETR...ijaia
This paper reports successful development of an exact and an efficient radial basis function network (RBFN) model to estimate the head of gaseous petroleum fluids (GPFs) in electrical submersible pumps (ESPs). Head of GPFs in ESPs is now often estimated using empirical models. Overfitting and its consequent lack of model generality data is a potentially serious issue. In addition, available data series is fairly small, including the results of 110 experiments. All these limits were considered in RBFN design process, and highly accurate RBFNs were developed and cross validated.
PHYS 221Lab 1 - Acceleration Due to GravityPlease work in g.docxmattjtoni51554
PHYS 221 Lab 1 - Acceleration Due to Gravity
Please work in groups of three. Please submit one lab report per person via Canvas.
In this laboratory we will measure the acceleration due to gravity by studying the motion of a cart accelerating down an inclined plane.
Background
Suppose we start with a level track and then tip it, as shown in Figure 1 below. Let L be the distance between two fixed points on a ramp, selected to be as far apart as possible, on the track. Let h be the difference in the vertical height above the table of these two points.
Figure 1 - Schematic of a cart on an inclined plane. The magnitude of the acceleration of the cart down the ramp can be considered a component of the gravitational acceleration: a = g sinθ
Then we have an incline of angle given by Equation 1:
. (1)
The acceleration of gravity, g, acts vertically downward, so the component of parallel to the incline – which is the acceleration of our cart – is given by Equation 2:
(2)
We see in Equation 2 that a graph of acceleration a as a function of sinθ should be linear with slope g. We will take data to plot such a graph and from its slope determine the value of g.
Setup
Gather the following materials:
· 2 m ramp
· Meter stick
· Lab Stand
· Ramp clamp
· Plastic Box with ULI, AC Adapter, and USB Cable
· Motion Sensor
· Magnetic Bumper
1. Connect the ULI to the computer via the USB cable and connect the AC adapter. Open Logger Pro 3.8.7.
2. Attach the ramp clamp to the lab stand and attach one end of the ramp.
3. Elevate one end of the track slightly using the vertical rod. Choose a value of h so that the angle of inclination stays less than about 8 degrees. (Use Equation 1 to verify).
· You can choose any two points along the track to serve as your L, but they must be the same two points for all your runs!
· Measure h by measuring the difference in the two heights of your two points.
4. Connect a motion sensor to the ULI and mount it on the elevated end of the track. The low end of the track should have a magnetic bumper installed on it (magnets face upward along the track).
Procedure
1. Choose at least five values of height h, to vary over the range 1-8 degrees.
2. Record each value of h chosen, and then obtain a graph of velocity versus time for that value.
3. You have two options for collecting velocity data from the cart:
· Release from the elevated end of the track and let it accelerate to the lower end.
· Push the cart from the lower end of the track up the incline. Record data during its entire motion back to its starting point. This will take slightly more finesse, but the data will be better.
The motion sensor will not record accurate data for a cart closer than 40 cm (the limit of its near range). Do not let the cart collide with the end of the track!
4. Determine the acceleration for the cart by using the Linear Fit tool and highlighting the appropriate region of the velocity graph. Record the .
Fuzzy Logic Modeling of Heat Transfer in a double Pipe Heat Exchanger with Wa...ijiert bestjournal
Fuzzy logic is a method which can be used to model the experiments,and it has been introduced for the first time in 1965 by Zadeh . T he present work represents the use of fuzzy logic to model and predict the experimental results of heat transfer in a double Pipe Heat Exchanger with Wavy (Corrugated) Twiste d Tape Inserts . The tape consists of the corrugations and the twisting with various twist ratios (TR=10.7,8.5,7.1) . The length,width and thickness of twisted tape were 1 m,14 mm and 2 mm respectively. The Reynolds number is varied from 5000 to 17 000. T he friction factor is varied from .0384 to .07241 . The Nusselt number is varied from 69.13 to 266.18. Here the results with various twist ratios tapes were compared with results with plain tube. The experimental results showed that the maximum heat tran sfer was obtained with twisted tape with TR � 7.1 . The Nusselt number increased by 172 % and friction factor value increased by 32.11% as compared to the smooth tube values. For Fuzzy Logic system the twist ratio,temperature and Reynolds Numbers were used as input functions and friction factor and Nusselt number were used as output functions. It is found that a fuzzy inference system named Mamdani is a powerful instrument for predicting the experiments due to its low error.
Last Rev. August 2014 Calibration and Temperature Measurement.docxsmile790243
Last Rev.: August 2014 Calibration and Temperature Measurement Page 2
ME 495—Thermo Fluids Laboratory
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Temperature Measurement and First-
Order Dynamic Response
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
PREPARED BY: GROUP LEADER’S NAME
LAB PARTNERS: NAME
NAME
NAME
TIME/DATE OF EXPERIMENT: TIME , DATE
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
OBJECTIVE — The objectives of this laboratory are:
• To learn basic concepts and definitions associated with the
temperature and temperature measurements.
• To learn how to calibrate a Thermocouple and a Thermistor.
• To determine and compare the time constants of a
thermocouple and a thermometer.
• To determine how a thermocouple and a thermometer
responds to different inputs. You will also observe the
response of a thermocouple to an oscillatory input.
• To develop awareness for sources of error in temperature
measurements.
THEORY – In this lab, we will use first-order models to
approximate the response of a thermometer, thermocouple, and a
thermistor to temperature inputs, as these temperature sensors
measure temperatures in a different way.
A thermometer senses a change in temperature as a change in
the density of a fluid.
A thermocouple consists of two wires of different metals
joined at one end (the junction). When a voltage is applied
across the free ends of the two wires, the differing properties
of the wires create an induced voltage that it proportional to
the temperature change at the junction.
A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance is
dependent on temperature, more so than in standard resistors.
The change in resistance is linear with respect to change in
temperature, thus making a thermistor an accurate
temperature measuring device.
EXPERIMENT PREPARATION - Get a thermometer, a K (or J)
type thermocouple, and a thermistor from the TA. Identify the
positive and negative terminals for the thermocouple.
• Verify that the thermocouple is functioning well. This can be
done by connecting the thermocouple to a DMM and ensuring that
the voltage changes when you hold the thermocouple weld
between your fingers.
• Be familiar with all of the instruments you will be using for this
experiment. Knowing your equipment well is essential.
• Prepare an ice bath. Most EMF (electromotive force) tables use
ice point (0C) as the reference temperature and this traditional
fixed point temperature is preferred for accurate and reliable
measurements. To prepare the ice bath:
o Crush or flake the ice (Ice is available in the white icebox
located on the measurement table).
o Fill the thermos (the blue with white lid) half with crushed-ice,
add water and stir it until the mixture becomes a slush without
having the ice float. [Recall: If the ice floats, the bottom
temperature could be higher than 0C –Anomalous expansion of
water.]
PROCEDURE - Part 1: Modify a VI for temperature measurements
In this lab, you will b ...
Split Second Analysis Covering High Pressure Gas Flow Dynamics At Pipe Outlet...AEIJjournal2
A detailed investigation covering piped gas flow characteristics in high pressure flow conditions. Such flow
analysis can be resolved using established mathematical equations known as the Fanno condition, which
usually cover steady state, or final flow conditions. However, in real life, such flow conditions are
transient, varying with time. This paper uses CFD analysis providing a split second “snapshot” at what
happens at the pipe outlet, and therefore, a closer understanding at what happens at the pipe’s outlet in
high pressure gas flow condition.
In this example air was selected for simulation purposes. In HVAC applications, such gas flow conditions
can occur in typical applications such as; air compressors releasing high pressure air through a pipe, or
compressor over pressure refrigerant gas being released into the atmosphere via a discharge pipe.
Investigation has shown that rather than a steady mass flow rate condition occurring at the pipe outlet,
calculated by the Fanno flow condition, a spiked increase in flow rate occurs at the beginning,and then
stabilizing after a few seconds, with relatively minor ripples in flow rate. Other observations were also
made and commented.
CFD results in mass flow rate were compared with the mathematically derived results, differences were
recorded. The CFD analysis showed how the k-omega turbulence model performed well, with the processor
stabilizing at an early stage.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
One way to improve your verbal communication is to own your thoughts.docxjuliennehar
One way to improve your verbal communication is to own your thoughts and feelings.
You-language
is a way of speaking that projects responsibility onto another person and tends to be judgmental.
I-language
, on the other hand, is a way of speaking that owns responsibility and is descriptive rather than judgmental. Study the following example:
You-language statement
I-language statement
"You make me so mad!"
"I feel very angry when you interrupt me when I'm telling a story."
Complete the following two parts of your written assignment in one Word document. First, show your skill at translating You-language messages into I-language messages. Secondly, apply this skill to your own communication.
Part 1
Translate the following
You-language
statements into
I-language
messages.
Sentences to be translated:
You are so selfish.
You don't understand a word I'm saying.
You are too nosy; mind your own business.
You totally humiliated me in front of our friends.
You never help me around the house.
Part 2
Think of a You-language statement that you find yourself using when you communicate with a friend, family member, spouse, or romantic partner. Compose a paragraph that explains the situation in which you have used this You-language message. Consider how you would translate this You-language statement into an I-language message.
.
One paragraphHas your family experienced significant upward or .docxjuliennehar
One paragraph:
Has your family experienced significant upward or downward mobility over the past three or four generations? How do you think your values and behavior might differ had you experienced the opposite pattern of mobility? How might it have been different had your family been of a different ethnic or racial origin?
One para:
One of the more interesting topics of study is the area of deviance and social control. Choose a form of deviance with which you are familiar (not necessarily something you’ve done, but something someone you know did) and discuss why society views that behavior as deviant and whether perceptions of that behavior have changed over time. Explain which theory of deviance you think works best for understanding the deviant behavior you’ve chosen to discuss
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one paragraph for
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original work
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open and/or closed
? Which systems reflect ascribed and/or achieved status? Explain.
Means of Production
For Karl Marx, what is the
means of production
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Weber's Definitions of Class, Status Group & Party
Distinguish among Weber’s usage of the following terms: class, status group and party. Provide examples of each. Contrast Weber and Marx’s views of social class.
Cultural Capital
How is cultural capital linked to class differences? How is cultural capital linked to power differences? Explain. Discuss cultural capital in relation to material, social and cultural resources. How is cultural capital expressed in attire, housing, vacations, food and sport?
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https://iep.utm.edu/republic/
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one page in APA format.
Using the Competing Values Framework, how would you categorize the culture in your organization or an organization for which you have previously worked and was it effective? Why or why not?
What do you think is your primary ethical perspective when making decisions?
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One more source needs to be added to the ppt. There is a 5-6 min spe.docxjuliennehar
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One of the recent developments facing the public administration of c.docxjuliennehar
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ROUTING.
An array of routing algorithms have been invented, and many of them implemented.
With respect to routing, the Internet is composed of inter-connected regions called autonomous systems (AS). There are 2 layers of routing in the Internet: interior and exterior routing. An interior routing protocol (IRP) operates within an AS. An exterior routing protocol (ERP) operates between AS's. IRP's and ERP's have evolved. Routing protocols may have serious security vulnerabilities that could potentially be exploited by hackers. CISCO has monopolized the router market, but is facing increasing foreign competition.
Discuss routing in
the Internet and other
networks (algorithms, standards, implementations, quality-of-service, security risks, router trends, etc.) .
Answer must be atleast 300 words
.
One of the main themes of this course has been culture as an on-goin.docxjuliennehar
One of the main themes of this course has been culture as an on-going process of adoption and adaptation. Give at least two examples of adoption and adaptation in pre-modern Korea and discuss the significance of those examples for the often-expressed view that pre-modern Korean culture is simply an imitation of Chinese culture.
.
One of the main political separations that divide people today is Li.docxjuliennehar
One of the main political separations that divide people today is Liberal versus Conservative. These two sides have very distinct views on many educational issues. Based on your assigned group, listed below by last name, describe the liberal and conservative perspectives on your specific educational issue
Multiculturalism (Last name begins with A-L)
What roles have these views played in either creating or shaping current educational policy?
.
One of the very first cases that caught Freud’s attention when he wa.docxjuliennehar
One of the very first cases that caught Freud’s attention when he was starting to develop his psychoanalytic theory was that of Anna O, a patient of fellow psychiatrist Josef Breuer. Although Freud did not directly treat her, he did thoroughly analyze her case as he was fascinated by the fact that her hysteria was “cured” by Breuer. It is her case that he believes was the beginning of the psychoanalytic approach.
Through your analysis of this case, you will not only look deeper into Freud’s psychoanalytic theory but also see how Jung’s neo-psychoanalytic theory compares and contrasts with Freud’s theory.
Review the following:
The Case of Anna O.
One of the first cases that inspired Freud in the development of what would eventually become the Psychoanalytic Theory was the case of Anna O. Anna O. was actually a patient of one of Freud’s colleagues Josef Breuer. Using Breuer’s case notes, Freud was able to analyze the key facts of Anna O’s case.
Anna O. first developed her symptoms while she was taking care of her very ill father with whom she was extremely close. Some of her initial symptoms were loss of appetite to the extent of not eating, weakness, anemia, and development a severe nervous cough. Eventually she developed a severe optic headache and lost the ability to move her head, which then progressed into paralysis of both arms. Her symptoms were not solely physical as she would vacillate between a normal, mental state and a manic-type state in which she would become extremely agitated. There was even a notation of a time for which she hallucinated that the ribbons in her hair were snakes.
Toward the end of her father’s life she stopped speaking her native language of German and instead only spoke in English. A little over a year after she began taking care of her father he passed away. After his passing her symptoms grew to affect her vision, a loss of ability to focus her attention, more extreme hallucinations, and a number of suicidal attempts (Hurst, 1982).
Both Freud and Jung would acknowledge that unconscious processes are at work in this woman's problems. However, they would come to different conclusions about the origin of these problems and the method by which she should be treated.
Research Freud’s and Jung’s theories of personality using your textbook, the Internet, and the Argosy University online library resources. Based on your research, respond to the following:
Compare and contrast Freud's view of the unconscious with Jung's view and apply this case example in your explanations.
On what specific points would they agree and disagree regarding the purpose and manifestation of the unconscious in the case of Anna?
How might they each approach the treatment of Anna? What might be those specific interventions? How might Anna experience these interventions considering her history?
Write a 2–3-page paper in Word format. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M2_A.
One of the great benefits of the Apache web server is its wide range.docxjuliennehar
One of the great benefits of the Apache web server is its wide range of OS and platform support. Apache will run on any Unix-like OS (e.g. Linux, Unix, Mac, Solaris, and Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) and most Windows OSs).
If you could pick any OS to run Apache on, which would you pick and why?
Once you select the OS, be sure to discuss the specifics in the steps you would take to install Apache on the operating system
.
Criteria for grading
* Quality of Initial Posting
* Writing mechanics ( Spelling, Grammar, APA) and Information Literacy
.
One of the most difficult components of effective .docxjuliennehar
One of the most difficult components of effective management and leadership is uncertainty. Uncertainty exists everywhere in an organization. Each of the four functions of
management (planning, organizing, leading, and controlling) is affected by uncertainties that lie within an organization and its operations. However, many uncertainties that affect an
organization are external to the organization itself. These cannot always be controlled, but they must be planned for when possible, and adapted to when planning is not possible.
This final week contains a culmination of the concepts introduced throughout the course and is designed to help you think about future challenges involved in management.
Review previous resources as needed to prepare for your Signature Assignment.
Activity Resources:
No Activity Resource available.
Activity Description:
In a paper, discuss the following points:
1. Present an overall description of what management entails and how it is properly implemented in today’s fast paced business environment.
2. Describe and give examples of how the challenges managers face in today’s world are characterized by uncertainty, ambiguity, and sudden changes or
threats from the environment.
3. Describe the skills that are important for managers to have to be successful under these existing conditions.
4. Illustrate the qualities that are important to managers today to function under these conditions.
5. Relate the issues above to a scenario and assessment of yourself as a manager in 5 years. Include a vision of the organization you will be in and the role
you would like to play. Also include a discussion of steps you need to take to strengthen your skills to be successful in your desired managerial role.
Support your paper with minimum of five scholarly resources. In addition to these specified resources, other appropriate scholarly resources, including older
.
One of the high points of the campaign will be a look to the future .docxjuliennehar
One of the high points of the campaign will be a look to the future of Healing Hands Hospital. Mr. Wood asks you to help the public relations committee come up with some ideas that can be used in the campaign of community education.
Create a PowerPoint presentation
(4–6 slides)
outlining some options that the future may hold for Healing Hands Hospital. Include the following information in your presentation:
Future health care trends
Technologies
Innovations
.
One of the most basic aims of human computer interaction has been sp.docxjuliennehar
One of the most basic aims of human computer interaction has been speech-recognition. The ability to talk to machines in common language, rather than through mechanical devices or artificial languages, has been a major desirable in business, education, government, and about every other field of endeavor. In the last few years, there have been enormous strides made by researchers and software engineers alike, and there are now effective products on the market that do a solid basic job. In fact, this particular text that you are now reading was entered into this course by your instructor using a voice-recognition program called Dragon Naturally Speaking. This entire paragraph was entered with only two errors that required correction.
As speech-recognition technology becomes more mature, it has been increasingly applied in many areas.
Assignment Expectations (50 points total)
After reading the course materials, prepare a paper discussing the following topics.
Discuss why HCI is important and has evolved to ensure that the needs of different kinds of users are taken into account in computer systems. Discuss the application of speech recognition as a tool for Human Computer Interaction
In this paper, please consider both current major issues in the field, and major future developments that hold promise.
Length:
Minimum 3–5 pages excluding cover page and references (since a page is about 300 words, this is approximately 900 –1,500 words).
.
One of the most common workplace communication tools is a telephon.docxjuliennehar
One of the most common workplace communication tools is a telephone. What key principles should you keep in mind when conveying a message via phone versus communicating by email? Include a clear description of phone and email etiquette in your response.
Your response should be at least 200 words in length. You are required to use at least your textbook as source material for your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
Anderson, L., & Bolt, S. (2011).
Professionalism: Skills for workplace success
(2nd ed., Pg. 82-84). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Sectors of the Indian Economy - Class 10 Study Notes pdf
Title of the ReportA. Partner, B. Partner, and C. Partner.docx
1. Title of the Report
A. Partner, B. Partner, and C. Partner
Abstract
The report abstract is a short summary of the report. It is
usually one paragraph (100-200 words) and should include
about one or two sentences on each of the following main
points:
1. Purpose of the experiment
2. Key results
3. Major points of discussion
4. Main conclusions
Tip: It may be helpful if you complete the other sections of the
report before writing the abstract. You can basically
draw these four main points from them.
example: In this experiment a very important physical effect
was studied by measuring the dependence of a quantity
V of the quantity X for two different sample temperatures. The
experimental measurements confirmed the quadratic
dependence V = kX2 predicted by Someone’s first law. The
value of the mystery parameter k = 15.4 ± 0.5 s was
extracted from the fit. This value is not consistent with the
theoretically predicted ktheory = 17.34 s. This discrepancy
is attributed to low efficiency of the V -detector.
1. Introduction
2. This section is also often referred to as the purpose or
plan. It includes two main categories:
Purpose: It usually is expressed in one or two sen-
tences that include the main method used for accomplish-
ing the purpose of the experiment.
Ex: The purpose of the experiment was to determine
the mass of an ion using the mass spectrometer.
Background and theory: related to the experiment.
This includes explanations of theories, methods or equa-
tions used, etc.; for the example above, you might want to
explain the theory behind mass spectrometer and a short
description about the process and setup you used in the
experiment. It is important to remember that report needs
to be as straightforward as possible. You should comprise
only as much information as needed for the reader to un-
derstand the purpose and methods. Your should also pro-
vide additional information such as a hypothesis (what is
expected to happen in the experiment based on the theory)
or safety information. The main focus of the introduction
mainly focuses on supporting the reader to understand the
purpose, methods, and reasons for these particular meth-
ods.Purpose of the experiment
Example:
Calculation of the pressure coefficient Cp
From the lectures notes, Cp can be obtained by the eq.
(1)
− Cp =
P − P∞
3. 1
2 ∗ ρ ∗ U2∞
(1)
Where P and P∞ are respectively the local pressure and
the atmosphere pressure far away. U∞ is the wind velocity
Preprint submitted to supervisor March 4, 2020
of the wind tunnel.
Calculation of the lift coefficient CL
First, the expression for the pressure force acting nor-
mal to the chord line is given in the lecture notes as eq.(2),
Cn =
∮
Cp(−n̂ ∗ ŷ)dl, (2)
with Cp the coefficient of lift and n̂ the unit normal
vector pointing out of the surface, ŷ is the unit vector in
the direction normal to the chord line. dl is the length of an
infinitesimal line element. Similarly, the axial component
can be express as eq.(3)
Ca =
∮
Cp(−n̂ ∗ x̂ )dl, (3)
2. Method
4. This is a short (half a page or so) passage in your report
which should include the experimental process exactly as
it was done in the laboratory. The procedure should be
written in paragraph form. You should not copy the lab
manual. It is possible that the experiment you have done
has slightly difference procedures than in the manual. You
should not include any results (things happened during the
procedure). A good rule of thumb for complete but brief
experimental procedures is to provide enough information
so that the reader of your report would be able to repeat
the experiment.
A first offset measurement was taken with the pressure
scanner, sample at 800 Hz for 10 seconds , while matlab
was taking an offset measurement. After the offset measur-
ment done , the wind tunnel VFD RPM was set to reach
the target U∞ within ±0.5m/s. For each of the following
α= [-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 18], the
same procedure was repeated :
The turntable was set to the right angle of attack (as
shown in fig.(1)). Then the dynamic pressure and the tem-
perature were taken (1000 Hz for 30 seconds for pressure,
and 14 Hz for 10 seconds for the temperature).
While Matlab was taking the data , the pressure scan-
ner was run to take measurement at 800 Hz for 60 seconds.
After changing the angle, a break of 5 seconds was taken
in order to fully settle the flow into a steady state before
taking the next set of measurements.
The post-experiment calculations were realized with
Matlab. First, the pressure offset was computed in order
to get the right pressure measurement. With the 2 off-
set measurements and the getfiledate.m Matlab code, the
time of each offset has been taken. A linear interpolation
5. was realized to get the offset at any time.
The pressure points were linked to the corresponding
measurement value of the scanner and the time of each
measurement was obtained with the getfiledate.m code.
The new pressure were finally taken by subtraction of each
corresponding time offset to the measurement pressure for
every angle of attack.
The lower and upper Cp values were computed with
eq.(1). The denominator in the eq.(1) (P − P∞) corre-
spond to the new pressure calculated by subtraction of
the offset . As the pressure points does not surround the
airfoil entirely, the Cp curves had to be closed by interpo-
lation of the data points using piecewises cubic Hermite
polynomials (PCHIP) for the last three points to estimate
a value for the trailing edge. An example of a Cp curve for
a certain angle of attack is shown in fig.(5).
Next, the CL values for each angle of attack were com-
puted using eq.(6). The coordinate system used in eq.(6)
is shown in fig.(2). fig.(5) shows the resulting plot of this
calculation.
Finally, the errors in the lift coefficient were computed
using eq.(9). The different variance values were given
in the lab document and calculated using eq.(8). fig.(3)
shows the resulting plot of this calculation.
Figure 1: Set up of the airfoil experiment
2
3. Results
6. In this section all the results of the experiment is re-
ported, including:
Raw data- in forms of graphs or tables. Each graph,
table, or figure should be labeled and titled properly. Mak-
ing tables and figures is helpful when you refer to and
explain each of them in the report. Make sure that you
attach the appropriate units to all physical quantities.
Assume that the reader has not done the lab; so give
clear definition of each symbol that is used in the re-
port. (ex: âĂIJL is the length of the pendulumâĂİ.)
Important results âĂŞ It is expected to use complete
sentences to communicate the main results, which also
should be expended to discussion section. (Ex: âĂIJThe
gravitational acceleration was calculated to be 9.98 m/sâĂİ)
This enables the important results to stand out from all
the calculations, tables, and figures.
Calculations Normally, one sample of each calcula-
tion is necessary. For example, if the speed of an object is
calculated for 6 trials, you are expected to write out calcu-
lations for only one of them. However, it is important to
mention that the calculation was repeated 6 times and give
the average of all 6. Significant figures should be consid-
ered in all calculations (see appendix of âĂIJSignificant
Figure RulesâĂİ as a resource with significant figures).
Again, make sure units are included in all calculations.
Example: The resulting slope of the Cl for α ∈ [−8, 8]
is 6.174 rad and 6.209 rad for α ∈ [−4, 4] . This devi-
ates by 0.1090 and 0.0745 respectively from the 2π value
predicted by thin airfoil theory, indicating larger errors for
higher AoA’s.
7. The max theoretical error ∆Cl was calculated to be
0.0887, and occurred at α = 16◦, which is in the stall re-
gion. Outside of the stall region the max error was calcu-
lated to be 0.0391, at α = 8◦
The standard deviations presented in tab.1 were used
in the result above. σqinf , and σPi were found with eqn
(8). However, σPi is a vector for all of the pressure ports,
and will not be presented.
Figure 2: Resulting plot of ∆CL
Table 1: Value of variance
σP0 σα σqinf
3.000 0.250 0.453
[Pa] [deg] [Pa]
Figure 3: Resulting plot of CL compared to experimental data
Figure 4: - Cp for α = 8◦
4. Discussion
The most important part of your report is the discus-
sion section. Here you explain your results and allow your
instructor to see that you have a thorough understanding
of the scientific concept of the experiment and the results.
In this section you also compare the expected (theoreti-
cal) results with actual (experimental) ones. It is possible
that your experiment turns out not exactly the way it was
supposed to. Analyze and discuss why the results might
have been different and try to explain why you obtained
the results you did. Be specific what caused the error:
faulty equipment, inaccurate measurements or calculation
errors. After you have discussed the cause of the error,
8. 3
try to suggest how to avoid the error and how to setup
the experiment more effectively (ex: be more careful with
measurements, use more precise equipment, etc.)
Example According to thin airfoil theory, the Cl curve
for cambered airfoils should be straight for low angles of
attack with a slope of ¡textit2π. It should also have a
positive lift at α = 0◦. The resulting CL curve clearly
follows this trend, albeit not perfectly, especially at higher
AoA’s. This likely follows from the assumption of a thin
airfoil, as the NREL S826 has a non negligible aspect ratio
of 5 .
Furthermore, the boundary layer acts as a streamline,
essentially adding some minute thickness to the airfoil flow.
It would therefore experience a higher adverse pressure
gradient due to the curvature, and thus earlier separation.
This can also be observed in figure 4, where a high pressure
gradient is starting to form already for α = 8◦ at xc ≈ 0.2.
Furthermore, stall can be predicted to be about α =
12◦ from figure 3. This seems to fit well with previous
experimental data shown in pink [2], . Larger theoreti-
cal errors are expected in this region, as separation and
irregular flow further complicates the theory.
The discrepancies are also likely to be due to the mea-
surement errors described in the theory section. The max
calculated error ∆CL is 5.93 % of the total CL.
5. Conclusion
9. This section is a short paragraph that includes one or
two sentences. Conclusion summarizes the major result(s)
of the experiment.
Example The goal of this lab was experimentally mea-
sure pressure around an airfoil for different AoA’s and to
compare the resulting lift data with theory. This was done
with numerical integration of the pressure distrubution,
while also adjusting for measurment errors. There seems
to be good agreement between the lab data and theory.
The resulting slope of the CL curve deviates at a maxi-
mum 0.109 from thin airfoil theory outside the stall region.
This is probably due to the thickness of the airfoil, as well
as the measurement error in the equipment. As expected
stall occurs at about α = 12◦, which can be qualitatively
observed in both the CL and CP curves.
References
[1] Scanivalve: MPS4264 Miniature Pressure ScannerManual,
http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/˜uno/abcde.html
[2] Airfoil tools: Previous experimental data for the NREL
S826,
http://airfoiltools.com/airfoil/details?airfoil=s826-nr
4
IntroductionMethodResultsDiscussionConclusion
Sheet1Harmonic Number nFrequency of Vibrator f(Hz)Length
of String Ln(m)Hanging mass m(kg)(fL/n)^2
(Hz.meter)^2→原数据HarmonicfLm(fL/n)^271700.790.07368.09
271530.8120.07314.99150461300.970.09441.7006991.1550.093
63.188306255951.1550.11481.5835951.1550.11481.5830254811
.1480.13540.4234811.1550.13547.03362656253750.9540.15568.
11. 20.59721156852973 22.811071508789055
T tension
V^2
Title of the Report
A. Partner, B. Partner, and C. Partner
Abstract
The report abstract is a short summary of the report. It is
usually one paragraph (100-200 words) and should include
about one or two sentences on each of the following main
points:
1. Purpose of the experiment
2. Key results
3. Major points of discussion
4. Main conclusions
Tip: It may be helpful if you complete the other sections of the
report before writing the abstract. You can basically
draw these four main points from them.
example: In this experiment a very important physical effect
was studied by measuring the dependence of a quantity
V of the quantity X for two different sample temperatures. The
experimental measurements confirmed the quadratic
dependence V = kX2 predicted by Someone’s first law. The
12. value of the mystery parameter k = 15.4 ± 0.5 s was
extracted from the fit. This value is not consistent with the
theoretically predicted ktheory = 17.34 s. This discrepancy
is attributed to low efficiency of the V -detector.
1. Introduction
This section is also often referred to as the purpose or
plan. It includes two main categories:
Purpose: It usually is expressed in one or two sen-
tences that include the main method used for accomplish-
ing the purpose of the experiment.
Ex: The purpose of the experiment was to determine
the mass of an ion using the mass spectrometer.
Background and theory: related to the experiment.
This includes explanations of theories, methods or equa-
tions used, etc.; for the example above, you might want to
explain the theory behind mass spectrometer and a short
description about the process and setup you used in the
experiment. It is important to remember that report needs
to be as straightforward as possible. You should comprise
only as much information as needed for the reader to un-
derstand the purpose and methods. Your should also pro-
vide additional information such as a hypothesis (what is
expected to happen in the experiment based on the theory)
or safety information. The main focus of the introduction
mainly focuses on supporting the reader to understand the
purpose, methods, and reasons for these particular meth-
ods.Purpose of the experiment
Example:
13. Calculation of the pressure coefficient Cp
From the lectures notes, Cp can be obtained by the eq.
(1)
−Cp =
P −P∞
1
2 ∗ ρ∗ U
2
∞
(1)
Where P and P∞ are respectively the local pressure and
the atmosphere pressure far away. U∞ is the wind velocity
Preprint submitted to supervisor September 9, 2019
of the wind tunnel.
Calculation of the lift coefficient CL
First, the expression for the pressure force acting nor-
mal to the chord line is given in the lecture notes as eq.(2),
Cn =
∮
Cp(−n̂ ∗ ŷ)dl, (2)
with Cp the coefficient of lift and n̂ the unit normal vector
pointing out of the surface, ŷ is the unit vector in the
14. direction normal to the chord line. dl is the length of an
infinitesimal line element. Similarly, the axial component
can be express as eq.(3)
Ca =
∮
Cp(−n̂ ∗ x̂ )dl, (3)
2. Method
This is a short (half a page or so) passage in your report
which should include the experimental process exactly as
it was done in the laboratory. The procedure should be
written in paragraph form. You should not copy the lab
manual. It is possible that the experiment you have done
has slightly difference procedures than in the manual. You
should not include any results (things happened during the
procedure). A good rule of thumb for complete but brief
experimental procedures is to provide enough information
so that the reader of your report would be able to repeat
the experiment.
A first offset measurement was taken with the pressure
scanner, sample at 800 Hz for 10 seconds , while matlab
was taking an offset measurement. After the offset measur-
ment done , the wind tunnel VFD RPM was set to reach
the target U∞ within ±0.5m/s. For each of the following
α= [-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 18], the
same procedure was repeated :
The turntable was set to the right angle of attack (as
shown in fig.(1)). Then the dynamic pressure and the tem-
perature were taken (1000 Hz for 30 seconds for pressure,
and 14 Hz for 10 seconds for the temperature).
While Matlab was taking the data , the pressure scan-
15. ner was run to take measurement at 800 Hz for 60 seconds.
After changing the angle, a break of 5 seconds was taken
in order to fully settle the flow into a steady state before
taking the next set of measurements.
The post-experiment calculations were realized with
Matlab. First, the pressure offset was computed in order
to get the right pressure measurement. With the 2 off-
set measurements and the getfiledate.m Matlab code, the
time of each offset has been taken. A linear interpolation
was realized to get the offset at any time.
The pressure points were linked to the corresponding
measurement value of the scanner and the time of each
measurement was obtained with the getfiledate.m code.
The new pressure were finally taken by subtraction of each
corresponding time offset to the measurement pressure for
every angle of attack.
The lower and upper Cp values were computed with
eq.(1). The denominator in the eq.(1) (P − P∞) corre-
spond to the new pressure calculated by subtraction of
the offset . As the pressure points does not surround the
airfoil entirely, the Cp curves had to be closed by interpo-
lation of the data points using piecewises cubic Hermite
polynomials (PCHIP) for the last three points to estimate
a value for the trailing edge. An example of a Cp curve for
a certain angle of attack is shown in fig.(5).
Next, the CL values for each angle of attack were com-
puted using eq.(6). The coordinate system used in eq.(6)
is shown in fig.(2). fig.(5) shows the resulting plot of this
calculation.
Finally, the errors in the lift coefficient were computed
using eq.(9). The different variance values were given
16. in the lab document and calculated using eq.(8). fig.(3)
shows the resulting plot of this calculation.
Figure 1: Set up of the airfoil experiment
2
3. Results
In this section all the results of the experiment is re-
ported, including:
Raw data- in forms of graphs or tables. Each graph,
table, or figure should be labeled and titled properly. Mak-
ing tables and figures is helpful when you refer to and
explain each of them in the report. Make sure that you
attach the appropriate units to all physical quantities.
Assume that the reader has not done the lab; so give
clear definition of each symbol that is used in the re-
port. (ex: âĂIJL is the length of the pendulumâĂİ.)
Important results âĂŞ It is expected to use complete
sentences to communicate the main results, which also
should be expended to discussion section. (Ex: âĂIJThe
gravitational acceleration was calculated to be 9.98 m/sâĂİ)
This enables the important results to stand out from all
the calculations, tables, and figures.
Calculations Normally, one sample of each calcula-
tion is necessary. For example, if the speed of an object is
calculated for 6 trials, you are expected to write out calcu-
lations for only one of them. However, it is important to
mention that the calculation was repeated 6 times and give
17. the average of all 6. Significant figures should be consid-
ered in all calculations (see appendix of âĂIJSignificant
Figure RulesâĂİ as a resource with significant figures).
Again, make sure units are included in all calculations.
Example: The resulting slope of the Cl for α ∈ [−8, 8]
is 6.174 rad and 6.209 rad for α ∈ [−4, 4] . This devi-
ates by 0.1090 and 0.0745 respectively from the 2π value
predicted by thin airfoil theory, indicating larger errors for
higher AoA’s.
The max theoretical error ∆Cl was calculated to be
0.0887, and occurred at α = 16◦, which is in the stall re-
gion. Outside of the stall region the max error was calcu-
lated to be 0.0391, at α = 8◦
The standard deviations presented in tab.1 were used
in the result above. σqinf , and σPi were found with eqn
(8). However, σPi is a vector for all of the pressure ports,
and will not be presented.
Figure 2: Resulting plot of ∆CL
Table 1: Value of variance
σP0 σα σqinf
3.000 0.250 0.453
[Pa] [deg] [Pa]
Figure 3: Resulting plot of CL compared to experimental data
Figure 4: - Cp for α = 8◦
4. Discussion
The most important part of your report is the discus-
sion section. Here you explain your results and allow your
18. instructor to see that you have a thorough understanding
of the scientific concept of the experiment and the results.
In this section you also compare the expected (theoreti-
cal) results with actual (experimental) ones. It is possible
that your experiment turns out not exactly the way it was
supposed to. Analyze and discuss why the results might
have been different and try to explain why you obtained
the results you did. Be specific what caused the error:
faulty equipment, inaccurate measurements or calculation
errors. After you have discussed the cause of the error,
3
try to suggest how to avoid the error and how to setup
the experiment more effectively (ex: be more careful with
measurements, use more precise equipment, etc.)
Example According to thin airfoil theory, the Cl curve
for cambered airfoils should be straight for low angles of
attack with a slope of ¡textit2π. It should also have a
positive lift at α = 0◦. The resulting CL curve clearly
follows this trend, albeit not perfectly, especially at higher
AoA’s. This likely follows from the assumption of a thin
airfoil, as the NREL S826 has a non negligible aspect ratio
of 5 .
Furthermore, the boundary layer acts as a streamline,
essentially adding some minute thickness to the airfoil flow.
It would therefore experience a higher adverse pressure
gradient due to the curvature, and thus earlier separation.
This can also be observed in figure 4, where a high pressure
gradient is starting to form already for α = 8◦ at x
c
19. ≈ 0.2.
Furthermore, stall can be predicted to be about α =
12◦ from figure 3. This seems to fit well with previous
experimental data shown in pink [2], . Larger theoreti-
cal errors are expected in this region, as separation and
irregular flow further complicates the theory.
The discrepancies are also likely to be due to the mea-
surement errors described in the theory section. The max
calculated error ∆CL is 5.93 % of the total CL.
5. Conclusion
This section is a short paragraph that includes one or
two sentences. Conclusion summarizes the major result(s)
of the experiment.
Example The goal of this lab was experimentally mea-
sure pressure around an airfoil for different AoA’s and to
compare the resulting lift data with theory. This was done
with numerical integration of the pressure distrubution,
while also adjusting for measurment errors. There seems
to be good agreement between the lab data and theory.
The resulting slope of the CL curve deviates at a maxi-
mum 0.109 from thin airfoil theory outside the stall region.
This is probably due to the thickness of the airfoil, as well
as the measurement error in the equipment. As expected
stall occurs at about α = 12◦, which can be qualitatively
observed in both the CL and CP curves.
References
[1] Scanivalve: MPS4264 Miniature Pressure ScannerManual,
http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/˜uno/abcde.html
20. [2] Airfoil tools: Previous experimental data for the NREL
S826,
http://airfoiltools.com/airfoil/details?airfoil=s826-nr
4
IntroductionMethodResultsDiscussionConclusion