Fuzzy logic is a method which can be used to model the experiments,and it has been introduced for the first time in 1965 by Zadeh . T he present work represents the use of fuzzy logic to model and predict the experimental results of heat transfer in a double Pipe Heat Exchanger with Wavy (Corrugated) Twiste d Tape Inserts . The tape consists of the corrugations and the twisting with various twist ratios (TR=10.7,8.5,7.1) . The length,width and thickness of twisted tape were 1 m,14 mm and 2 mm respectively. The Reynolds number is varied from 5000 to 17 000. T he friction factor is varied from .0384 to .07241 . The Nusselt number is varied from 69.13 to 266.18. Here the results with various twist ratios tapes were compared with results with plain tube. The experimental results showed that the maximum heat tran sfer was obtained with twisted tape with TR � 7.1 . The Nusselt number increased by 172 % and friction factor value increased by 32.11% as compared to the smooth tube values. For Fuzzy Logic system the twist ratio,temperature and Reynolds Numbers were used as input functions and friction factor and Nusselt number were used as output functions. It is found that a fuzzy inference system named Mamdani is a powerful instrument for predicting the experiments due to its low error.
NEED FOR THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS - STATEMENT - CARNOT CYCLE - REFRIGERATOR CONCEPT - CONCEPT OF ENTROPY - FREE ENERGY FUNCTIONS - GIBB'S HELMHOLTZ EQUATIONS - MAXEWELL'S RELATIONS - THERMODYNAMICS EQUATION OF STATE - CRITERIA OF SPONTANITY - CHEMICAL POTENTIAL - GIBB'S DUHEM EQUATION
NEED FOR THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS - STATEMENT - CARNOT CYCLE - REFRIGERATOR CONCEPT - CONCEPT OF ENTROPY - FREE ENERGY FUNCTIONS - GIBB'S HELMHOLTZ EQUATIONS - MAXEWELL'S RELATIONS - THERMODYNAMICS EQUATION OF STATE - CRITERIA OF SPONTANITY - CHEMICAL POTENTIAL - GIBB'S DUHEM EQUATION
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed
Development and theoretical analysis of mathematical expressions for change o...ijsrd.com
This paper introduces a novel technique and algorithm for theoretical study of entropy changes for exothermic reactions by mechanistic modelling and dynamic simulation; considering factors such as kinetics, reaction environment and flow patterns with an ultimate objective of minimization of energy loss and entropy generation in the system. It mainly focuses on exothermic reactors cooled by means of a constant inlet temperature utility fluid which flows along the external surface of the reactor vessel. Using basic concepts of heat and mass balances and definitions in thermodynamics, variation of related system variables with time is modelled and by simulation in MS-Excel, a polynomial fit is generated for sample problems in order to make the illustrations handier. Usages of the developed expressions for energy optimization are also commented upon.
EES Functions and Procedures for Natural convection heat transfertmuliya
This file contains notes on Engineering Equation Solver (EES) Functions and Procedures for Natural (or, free) convection heat transfer calculations. Some problems are also included.
These notes were prepared while teaching Heat Transfer course to the M.Tech. students in Mechanical Engineering Dept. of St. Joseph Engineering College, Vamanjoor, Mangalore, India.
It is hoped that these notes will be useful to teachers, students, researchers and professionals working in this field.
Contents:
• Natural convection formulas - Tables
• Natural convection from Vertical plates & cylinders, horizontal plates, cylinders and spheres, from enclosed spaces, rotating disks and spheres, and from finned surfaces
• Combined Natural and forced convection
Learn about Conduction, Convection, Radiation and Heat exchangers in a most comprehensive and interactive way. Derivations of formulas, concepts, Numerical, examples are inculcated in the course with advance applications. The course aims at covering all the topics and concepts of HMT as per academics of students. Following are the topics (in detail) that will be covered in the course.
Conduction
Thermal conductivity, Heat conduction in gases, Interpretation Of Fourier's law, Electrical analogy of heat transfer, Critical radius of insulation, Heat generation in a slab and cylinder, Fins, Unsteady/Transient conduction.
Convection
Forced convection heat transfer, Reynold’s Number, Prandtl Number, Nusselt Number, Incompressible flow over flat surface, HBL, TBL, Forced convection in flow through pipes and ducts, Free/Natural convection.
Heat Exchangers
Types of heat exchangers, First law of thermodynamics, Classification of heat exchangers, LMTD for parallel and counter flow, NTU, Fouling factor.
Radiation
Absorbtivity, Reflectivity, Transmitivity, Laws of thermal radiation, Shape factor, Radiation heat exchange
COPY-PASTE below URL to ENROLL in the COMPLETE course & see the hidden contents with proper explanations.
https://www.udemy.com/course/heat-and-mass-transfer
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed
Development and theoretical analysis of mathematical expressions for change o...ijsrd.com
This paper introduces a novel technique and algorithm for theoretical study of entropy changes for exothermic reactions by mechanistic modelling and dynamic simulation; considering factors such as kinetics, reaction environment and flow patterns with an ultimate objective of minimization of energy loss and entropy generation in the system. It mainly focuses on exothermic reactors cooled by means of a constant inlet temperature utility fluid which flows along the external surface of the reactor vessel. Using basic concepts of heat and mass balances and definitions in thermodynamics, variation of related system variables with time is modelled and by simulation in MS-Excel, a polynomial fit is generated for sample problems in order to make the illustrations handier. Usages of the developed expressions for energy optimization are also commented upon.
EES Functions and Procedures for Natural convection heat transfertmuliya
This file contains notes on Engineering Equation Solver (EES) Functions and Procedures for Natural (or, free) convection heat transfer calculations. Some problems are also included.
These notes were prepared while teaching Heat Transfer course to the M.Tech. students in Mechanical Engineering Dept. of St. Joseph Engineering College, Vamanjoor, Mangalore, India.
It is hoped that these notes will be useful to teachers, students, researchers and professionals working in this field.
Contents:
• Natural convection formulas - Tables
• Natural convection from Vertical plates & cylinders, horizontal plates, cylinders and spheres, from enclosed spaces, rotating disks and spheres, and from finned surfaces
• Combined Natural and forced convection
Learn about Conduction, Convection, Radiation and Heat exchangers in a most comprehensive and interactive way. Derivations of formulas, concepts, Numerical, examples are inculcated in the course with advance applications. The course aims at covering all the topics and concepts of HMT as per academics of students. Following are the topics (in detail) that will be covered in the course.
Conduction
Thermal conductivity, Heat conduction in gases, Interpretation Of Fourier's law, Electrical analogy of heat transfer, Critical radius of insulation, Heat generation in a slab and cylinder, Fins, Unsteady/Transient conduction.
Convection
Forced convection heat transfer, Reynold’s Number, Prandtl Number, Nusselt Number, Incompressible flow over flat surface, HBL, TBL, Forced convection in flow through pipes and ducts, Free/Natural convection.
Heat Exchangers
Types of heat exchangers, First law of thermodynamics, Classification of heat exchangers, LMTD for parallel and counter flow, NTU, Fouling factor.
Radiation
Absorbtivity, Reflectivity, Transmitivity, Laws of thermal radiation, Shape factor, Radiation heat exchange
COPY-PASTE below URL to ENROLL in the COMPLETE course & see the hidden contents with proper explanations.
https://www.udemy.com/course/heat-and-mass-transfer
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Experimental investigate to obtain the effectiveness of regenerator using Air.IJESFT
The regenerator is a kind of heat exchanger that provides a way to get the gas to the low temperature with as much potential work (cooling power) as possible without carrying a lot of heat with it. It doesn’t put heat in or out of the system but it absorbs heat from the gas on one part of the pressure cycle and returns heat to the gas on the other part.
More recent applications of regenerators in cryogenic systems can be found in small cryogenic refrigerators (cryocoolers). Systems such as the Stirling Gifford-McMahon, pulse tube, Solvay, Vuilleumier and magnetic cycle refrigerators all use either a static or rotary regenerator. In fact, the success these coolers have achieved is directly related to the characteristics of compact size and efficiency of the regenerator.
Regenerator effectiveness of 99% results in 21% loss of refrigeration effect, similarly regenerator effectiveness of 98% results in 42% loss of refrigeration effect, with refrigeration effectiveness of 95.238% the loss of refrigeration is 100%. i.e. no net cooling is produced.
In cryogenic applications the regenerator is typically made up of 100 to 500 meshes SS 304, Phosphorous bronze screens or small lead spheres (150 to 300 micro meters) are used, that are tightly packed together and held in place on either end in the same manner.
To develop experimental setup at our laboratory level by using air as working fluid and find out the effectiveness of various regenerative materials is basic goal of this work.
Effect of Wavy (Corrugated) Twisted Tape Inserts on Heat Transfer in a double...ijiert bestjournal
In the present work heat transfer and friction factor properties we re experimentally investigated by using copper wavy (corrugated) twisted tape inserts. The turbulent flow w as created by inserting the wavy twisted tape inserts into the inner tube of heat exchanger creating high rate of t urbulence in pipe,which results in increasing heat transfer enhancement and pressure drop. The tape consists of the cor rugations and the twisting with various twist ratios (TR=10.7,8.5,7.1). The length and width of insert was 1 meter an d 14 mm respectively. The outer tube of heat exchanger is made up of mild steel with outside diameter .0198 m & .0142 m inside diameter and the inner tube is made up of copper with .038 m outside diameter and .032 m inside di ameter. The length of pipe in pipe heat exchanger is 1.4 m. The bulk mean temperatures at various posit ions are used for different flow rate of water. From the obtained results the new Correlations for Nusselt number and friction factor are developed for twisted tape inserts. The Reynolds number is varied from 5000 to 17000. The results of varying twists in wavy twisted tape inserts with different pitches have been compared with the val ues for the smooth tube. It showed that the highest heat transfer rate was achieved for the wavy twis ted tape with twist ration 7.1. The Nusselt number value increased by 172 % and friction factor value increased by 32.11% as compared to the sm ooth tube values.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT BY USING NANOFLUID JET IMPINGEMENTijiert bestjournal
An experimental investigation was carried out for s tudying the heat transfer performance of the water-Al2O3 (28nm average particle size) nanofluid inside a liquid evacuated impinging jet system dest ined to the cooling of circular target surface. Results have shown that th e surface heat transfer coefficient increases consi derably when the mass flow rate is increased,but is relatively insensitive to the nozzle-to heated-surface distance. It was foun d that the use of a nanofluid can provide a heat transfer enhancement when compared t o water. Thus most practical applications of jet im pingement occur in industries where the heat transfer requirements hav e exceeded capacity of ordinary heating and cooling techniques. This work presents and discusses the results of an experiment al investigation of heat transfer between the horiz ontal smooth plate of impinged jets.
Experiment on single-mode feedback control of oscillatory thermocapillary con...IJERA Editor
Feedback control was carried out on nonlinear thermocapillary convections in a half-zone liquid bridge of a high
Prandtl number fluid under normal gravity. In the liquid bridge, the convection changed from a two-dimensional
steady flow to a three-dimensional oscillatory flow at a critical temperature difference. Feedback control was
realized by locally modifying the free surface temperature using local temperature measured at different
positions. The present study aims to confirm whether the control method can effectively suppress oscillatory
flows with every modal structure. Consequently, the control was theoretically verified to be effective for
oscillatory flows with every modal structure in a high Marangoni number range.
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF HEAT TRANSFER AND FLUID FLOW IN MICRO-CHANNEL HEAT SINKijmech
In this paper heat transfer in single phase through micro-channels was studied. The validation of classical correlations of conventional channels to micro-channels is explored. It is found that classical approach is in good agreement with the experimental results of heat transfer in micro-channels .The material used for micro-channel heat sink (MCHS) is copper, experiments were conducted using water as cooling agent in
this study. Micro-channels are made with the help of EDM machine on the upper surface of MCHS. Variation of heat transfer rates, effect of friction factor, effect of pressure drop and variation in temperature distribution is investigated in this study. It is observed in the study that with decrease in
velocity flow friction also decreases.
Since so many years a problem occurs in KSB Pump Va mbori for casting process i.e. cracks occurs in the castings & it is repeated one. Therefore the compan y has given opportunity to me to solve this problem . In case of steel casting there are mainly cracks & also blo w holes induced due to the casting procedure. There are many factors for the casting defects .The factor is unev en material feeding in casting & also due to the mo uld material & also the core material. These cracks finally brea k directly the component of the casting i.e. in cas e of pump the casting component is like Impeller,Volute casing & casing cover. At the time of feeding of steel material in to the casting the material is in liquid us form i.e. it i s hot material & this material is feeding into casting at the time o f feeding it develop different region of heat. At o ne side the temp is high &at other side the temp is low this also pr oduce cracks. To simulate that casting we use the M AGMA SOFTWARE for simulation & validate it using NDT.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DESIGN OF SIMPLE SPUR GEAR TRAIN AND HELICAL GEAR TRAI...ijiert bestjournal
In recent times,the gear design has become a highl y complicated and comprehensive subject. A designer of modern gear drive system must have to r emember that the main objective of gear drive is to transmit higher power with comparatively smaller overall dim ensions of the driving system which can be construc ted with minimum possible manufacturing cost,runs reas onably free of noise and vibration and which requir es little maintenance. In this paper single stage spur gear t rain and helical gear train with a idler gear are d esigned by American Gear Manufacturing Association (AGMA) stan dard. A idler gear is placed between two gearwheel to obtained the same direction of rotation. AGMA stres s equation is used to determined the tooth bending strength and surface contact strength. As a result,dimensio ns of gears are find out and comparative study is c arried out to select the optimum design of gear train for a give n input parameter
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CONVENTIONAL LEAF SPRING AND COMPOSITE LEAFijiert bestjournal
A leaf spring is a simple form of spring,commonly used for the suspension in wheeled vehicles. It is also one of the oldest forms of spring. Sometimes referred to as a semielliptical l eaf spring (SELS) it takes the form of a slender ar c-shaped length of spring steel of rectangular cross section. The centre of the arc p rovides location for the axle,while tie holes are provided at either end for attaching to the vehicle body. In the present work,a seven-leaf steel spring use d in passenger cars is replaced with a composite mu lti leaf spring made of glass/epoxy composites. The dimensions sand the num ber of leaves for both steel leaf spring and compos ite leaf springs are considered to be the same. The primary objective is to compare their load carrying capacity,stiffness and weight savings of composite leaf spring. Finally,fatigue life of steel and com posite leaf spring is also predicted using life dat a
Brimmed diffuser is collection�acceleration device which shrouds a wind turbine.For a given turbine di ameter,the power augmentation can be achieved by brimmed diffuser,p opularly known as wind lens. The present numerical investigation deals with the effect of low pressure region created by wind l ens and hence to analyze the strong vortices formed by a brim attached to the shroud diffuser at exit. Also in this analysis,a c omparative numerical prediction of mass flow rates through the wind turbine has been carried out with various types of wind lens wh ich in turn helps to optimize the torque augmentati on. It has been numerically proved that there is significant increase in the wa ke formation & vortex strength when brimming effect is added to a diffuser
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF CONNECTING ROD OF MG-ALLOY ijiert bestjournal
The automobile engine connecting rod is a high volume production,critical component. It co nnects reciprocating piston to rotating crankshaft,transmitting the thrust of the piston to the crankshaft. Every vehicle that uses an internal combustion engine requires at least one connecting rod depending upon the number of cylinders in the engine. As the purp ose of the connecting rod is to transfer the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion of the crankshaft. Connecting ro ds for automotive applications are typically manufactured by forging from either w rought steel or powdered metal. the material used f or this process is Mg-Alloy and also finite element analysis of connecting rod
REVIEW ON CRITICAL SPEED IMPROVEMENT IN SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE VALVE TRAINijiert bestjournal
The purpose of valve train is to operate the inlet and outlet valves of the engine. The valve train m ainly consists of rocker arm,push rod,cam,poppet valve and spring for kee p the valves closed position. The Greaves G400WG en gine valve train is operated at the maximum speed of 3600 rpm. The main objective of this project is to improve the valve train speed up to safe speed limit that is up to 5000 rpm. The valve spring parameters are optimized based on space availability,stress limit,stiffness,buckl ing of pushrod and natural frequency of the system. The optimized valv e spring configuration is used in the push rod type valve train and the valve train dynamics for different engine speed is studie d using commercially available multi-body dynamic A DMAS software. A comparative valve train dynamics analysis is also c arried out with the existing and optimized valve sp ring combinations. It is observed that valve jump engine speed with respect to optimized valve spring is enhanced to considerab le amount when compared to the existing valve spring configuration. Design improvements include detail study on following topi cs:1. Valve Spring Stiffness. 2. Push rod buckling. 3. Valve closing Velocity. 4. Contact stress between cam and follower
ENERGY CONVERSION PHENOMENON IN IMPLEMENTATION OF WATER LIFTING BY USING PEND...ijiert bestjournal
This paper consist of working of reciprocating pump which is driven by a compound pendulum. It provide s the energy required to lift the water from a tank placed approximately several meter below the ground level. Basic application of the mechanism will be for watering the garden which will be operated by means of operation opening and closing of entrance gate. Paper consists of basic concept,design of pump and compound pendulum mecha nism and fabricationed model. The concept can also be implemented in the rural areas,having the problem of electric supply. We aim at making a prototype for providing some me an for pumping of water by the pump which requires less human efforts,conside ring cost effectiveness,easy to operate and portab le mechanism.
The IC engine has seen numerous revolutionary and e volutionary modifications in technology and design over the past few decades. The sole motto behind the modifications wa s to increase the overall efficiency of the IC Engi ne including volumetric and thermal efficiency. Recently few benchmarking techn ologies like the CRDI,MPFI,HCCI,etc. in the Otto cycle and Diesel cycle engines have created an enormous revolution in the automobile industry. In spite of these technologica l and design advances,the efficiencies are not being more than a particular l imit. However,the concept of split cycle engines has dra stically increased the overall performance in all respect. The split cycle concept basically separates the fou r strokes of the conventional cycle. The Scuderi engine one of the best-in-class engine desi gns based on the split cycle concept. The Scuderi engine works on the split cycle and gives higher efficiency than the previous split cycle engines resulting overall high perform ance. It also eliminates the problems faced by previous engines based on the spl it cycle in terms of breathing (volumetric efficien cy) and thermal efficiency. This paper throws light on the greater volumetric,thermal and overall efficiency key points related t o the Scuderi Engines.
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN JOURNAL BEARING OPERAT...ijiert bestjournal
The excessive rise of temperature in the journal be aring operating at boundary/mixed lubrication regim es. Journal bearing test set- up is used to measure the temperature along the cir cumference of the bearing specimen for different lo ading conditions. Here in this journal bearing of l/d ratio 1,diameter of jo urnal is 60mm and the bearing length is 60mm,clear ance is .06mm has been designed and tested to access the temperature rise of the bearing. The result shows that as the load o n the bearing is increasing temperature also increasing. Temperature analysis o f journal bearing is also done by the Ansys workben ch software
STUDY OF SOLAR THERMAL CAVITY RECEIVER FOR PARABOLIC CONCENTRATING COLLECTOR ijiert bestjournal
Energy is one of the building blocks of the country . The growth of the country has been fueled by chea p,abundant energy resources. Solar energy is a form of renewable ener gy which is available abundantly and collected unre servedly. The parabolic concentrator reflects the direct incident solar rad iation onto a receiver mounted above the dish at it s focal point. The conversion of concentrated solar radiation to heat takes place in receiver. The heat transfer characteristics of the receiver changes during the rotation of the receiver which affects thermal performance. The working temperature may also influence the ther mal performance and overall efficiency of the system. Thermal as well as optica l losses affect the performance of a solar paraboli c dish-cavity receiver system. The thermal losses of a solar cavity receiver include c onvective and radiative losses to the air in the ca vity and conductive heat loss through the insulation used behind the helical tube surface. Convective and radiative heat losses form the major constituents of the thermal losses. The convection heat loss from cavit y receiver in parabolic dish solar thermal power sy stem can significantly reduce the efficiency and consequently the cost effectiveness of the system. It is important to assess this heat loss and subsequently improve the thermal performance of the receiver.
DESIGN, OPTIMIZATION AND FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF CRANKSHAFTijiert bestjournal
Crankshaft is a crucial component in an engine asse mbly. Crankshaft is consisting of two web sections and one crankpin,which converts the reciprocating displacement of the pist on to a rotary motion with a four link mechanism. G enerally crankshafts are manufactured using cast iron and forged steel mater ial. In this work to design and finite element anal ysis of crankshaft of 4 cylinder petrol engine of Maruti swift Vxi. of 1200 cubic capacity. The finite element analysis in ABA QUS software by using six materials based on their composition viz. Cast iron,EN30B,SAE4340,Structural steel,C70 Alloy steel and Aluminium based composite material reinforced with silicon carbide & fly ash. The parameter like von misses stress,deformation;maximum and minimum principal stress & strain were obtained from analysis software. The results of Finite element show that t he Aluminium based composite material is best mater ial among all. Compare the result like weight and Stiffness parameter. It is resulted of 65.539 % of weight,with reduction i n deformation.
ELECTRO CHEMICAL MACHINING AND ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING PROCESSES MICRO...ijiert bestjournal
Nowadays,necessity of small components is a common trend. These requirements encourage the researcher s to develop very minutest size components to fulfill the demand. The manufact uring of these type of components is a difficult ob ligation and for that various machining methods are develop to manufacture such c omponents. In this article the Electro Chemical mac hining and Electrical Discharge Machining is reviewed. We tried to summar ize the work of various researchers. The study show s that this type of machining processes gives good alternative.
MODIFICATION AND OPTIMIZATION IN STEEL SANDWICH PANELS USING ANSYS WORKBENCH ijiert bestjournal
The demand for bigger,faster and lighter moving ve hicles,such as ships,trains,trucks and buses has increased the importance of efficient str uctural arrangements. In principle two approaches exist to develop efficient structures:e ither application of new materials or the use of new structural design. A proven and well-establi shed solution is the use of composite materials and sandwich structures. In this way high strength to weight ratio and minimum weight can be obtained. The sandwich structures have potential to offer a w ide range of attractive design solutions. In addition to the obtained weight reduction,these so lutions can often bring space savings,fire resistance,noise control and improved heating and cooling performance. Laser-welded metallic sandwich panels offer a number of outstand ing properties allowing the designer to develop light and efficient structural configuratio ns for a large variety of applications. These panels have been under active investigations during the last 15 years in the world.
IMPACT ANALYSIS OF ALUMINUM HONEYCOMB SANDWICH PANEL BUMPER BEAM: A REVIEW ijiert bestjournal
Bumper is a energy absorbing protective element whi ch absorb the energy in front collision and protect valuable parts like radiator etc. Bumper is act like protect ive shield generally made of steel material. As eco nomic point of view and to reduce consumption of fuel manufacturin g of light weight vehicle is requirement of current situation. Application of composite material in automobile sec tor is now day common thing. Aluminum honeycomb san dwich panel is basically material from aerospace industri es and known for its high strength to weight ratio. Sandwich structure basically having its properties due to ge ometry. To determine various properties of sandwich structure conducting experiments is expensive,so generally F EA is used .However complex geometry is hurdle so t here are various theories are available for simplification o f model. These theories convert 3D model in to homo genous model .As far as concerning India manufacturing rate of s andwich structure is very less,so generally cost i s more. Greatest giant manufacturer is china we can observe their bu llet train and metro transport facility constructio n. Recently in march 2014 largest selling Indian cars are failed in NCap test in 100% frontal crash test. So requirement of more energy absorbing material with economy cons ideration is important.
Robotic welding requires specialized fixtures to ac curately hold the work piece during the welding operation. Despite the large variety of welding fix tures available today the focus has shifted in maki ng the welding arms more versatile,not the fixture. T he new fixture design reduces cycle time and operat or labor while increasing functionality;and allows co mplex welding operations to be completed on simple two axis welding arms
ADVANCED TRANSIENT THERMAL AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF DISC BRAKE BY USING ANS...ijiert bestjournal
In these paper structural fields of the solid disc brake during short and emergency braking with four different materials is studied. The distribution of the tempe rature depends on the various factors such as frict ion,surface roughness and speed. The effect of the angular velo city and the contact pressure induces the temperatu re rise of disc brake. The finite element simulation for three -dimensional model was preferred due to the heat fl ux ratio constantly distributed in circumferential direction . Here value of temperature,friction contact power,nodal displacement and deformation for different pressure condition using analysis software with four materi als namely cast iron,cast steel,aluminium and carbon fibre reinforced plastic are taken. Presently the D isc brakes are made up of cast iron and cast steel. With the v alue of simulation result best suitable material fo r the brake drum with higher life span is determined.
REVIEW ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NON-ASBESTOS COMPOSITE MATERIAL USED IN BR...ijiert bestjournal
Metallic matrix composites are combinations of two or more different metals inter metallic compounds or second phases in which dispersed phases are embe dded within the metallic matrix. They are produced by controlling the morphologies of the constituents to achieve optimum combination of properties. Properties of the composites depend on the properti es of the constituent phases,their relative amount,and dispersed phase geometry including particle siz e,shape and orientation in the matrix. In this pap er,The mechanical properties,behaviour and micro stru ctural evolution of aluminium metal matrix metallic composites fabricated under various process conditi ons were investigated to understand their process- structure�property relations by optimization proces s. Addition of silicon carbide to aluminum has show n an increase in its mechanical properties.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF COTTON SEED OIL FOR MULT...ijiert bestjournal
A lubricant is a substance that reduces friction an d wear by providing a protective film between two moving surfaces. Good lubricants possess the proper ties such as low toxicity,high viscosity index,hi gh load carrying capacity,excellent coefficient of fr iction,good anti-wear capability,low emission int o the environment,high ignition temperature. So tribolog y related problems can be minimized by proper selection of lubricant from wear consideration. Tod ay,the depletion of reserves of crude oil,the gro wing prices of crude oil and concern about protecting th e environment against pollution have developed the interest towards environment-friendly lubricants. B ecause of these the purpose of this work is to eval uate the anti-wear characteristics of cottonseed oil and to check the suitability of cottonseed oil as a lu bricant for multi-cylinder engine. Four ball testing machin e is used for anti-wear testing as per ASTM D 4172. The wear preventive characteristic of cottonseed oi l is obtained by measuring wear scar diameter. The present study shows the potential of cotton seed oi l as an alternating lubricant.
Magnetic abrasive finishing is a machining process where the tooling allowance is remove by media wi th both magnetic and abrasive properties,with a magnetic f ield acting as a binder of a grain. Such machining falls into the category of erosion by abrasive suspension and lend itself to the finishing of any type of surface . The possibility of finishing complex surfaces is a spec ial benefit of this machining. Magnetic abrasive fi nishing process is most suitable for obtaining quality fini sh on metallic and non-metallic surfaces. Magnetic abrasive finishing used for complicated product finishing & Roughness and tolerance band achieved that is diffi cult using conventional machine process. The product dimension al requirement easily possible with taking trial wi th MAF parameters.
DESIGN OF INNER LID OF PRESSURE COOKER WITH CIRCULAR SHAPE HAVING STRAIGHT ED...ijiert bestjournal
Pressure cooker works hand in hand with the workin g woman. This is happening because of saving in tim e & energy. It means that pressure cooker become the in evitable item in kitchen. If we concentrate on the analysis of inner lid of the pressure cooker,it is highly bene ficial for everyone. That is why we concentrate on the possible shapes of lids of pressure cooker. The existing pre ssure cooker is of two type i. e. inner lid and out er lid type. The shape of existing inner lid pressure cooker is gene rally having elliptical shape. This shape is becaus e of locking & easy handling. The different alternatives are arisi ng. Out of which the best alternative found is the circular shape having straight edges at the edges. The modificatio n suggested here is also serving the same purposes as like the previous one. The advantages obtained here are also giving better result for locking,increase the hea t transfer area & saving in cooling time for food in measurable way as compare with the elliptical inner lid pressure c ooker. The result obtained will be definitely good comparing w ith the old model. Here simple & thermal stress ana lysis had been done by finite element method for the load & t emperature stability.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
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The family offers a choice of engines
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Fuzzy Logic Modeling of Heat Transfer in a double Pipe Heat Exchanger with Wavy (Corrugated) Twisted Tape Inserts
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Fuzzy Logic Modeling of Heat Transfer in a double Pipe Heat Exchanger
with Wavy (Corrugated) Twisted Tape Inserts
Mr. A. S .Kurhade
Department of Mechanical Engineering, GSMCOE, University of Pune, India
Prof. M. M. Dange
Department of Mechanical Engg. Faculty of Engineering, GSMCOE, University of Pune, India
Prof. D. B. Nalawade
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, VIIT, University of Pune, India
Abstract
Fuzzy logic is a method which can be used to model the experiments, and it has been introduced for the first time
in 1965 by Zadeh. The present work represents the use of fuzzy logic to model and predict the experimental
results of heat transfer in a double Pipe Heat Exchanger with Wavy (Corrugated) Twisted Tape Inserts. The tape
consists of the corrugations and the twisting with various twist ratios (TR=10.7, 8.5, 7.1). The length, width and
thickness of twisted tape were 1 m, 14 mm and 2 mm respectively. The Reynolds number is varied from 5000 to
17000. The friction factor is varied from 0.03840 to 0.07241. The Nusselt number is varied from 69.13 to
266.18. Here the results with various twist ratios tapes were compared with results with plain tube. The
experimental results showed that the maximum heat transfer was obtained with twisted tape with TR – 7.1. The
Nusselt number increased by 172 % and friction factor value increased by 32.11% as compared to the smooth
tube values. For Fuzzy Logic system the twist ratio, temperature and Reynolds Numbers were used as input
functions and friction factor and Nusselt number were used as output functions. It is found that a fuzzy inference
system named Mamdani is a powerful instrument for predicting the experiments due to its low error.
Keywords –Heat transfer, double pipe heat exchanger, wavy twisted tape, fuzzy logic, Mamdani inference
system turbulent, and pressure drop, friction factor,
Introduction
In heat exchanger, at different temperatures, the heat is transferred between two or more fluids. The use of heat
exchangers are in various industrial processes for heating and cooling applications such as air conditioning and
refrigeration systems, heat recovery processes etc. The major challenge in designing a heat exchanger is to make
the equipment more compact and achieve a high heat transfer rate using minimum pumping power. Fuzzy logic
is a method which can be used to model the experiments. Modeling of experiments can be helpful to reduce its
costs. By using the models, we can predict results of experiments, which have not performed, or are not possible
to perform due to some restrictions. In this study, the fuzzy logic methodology has been used in order to model
and predict the experimental results. A simple fuzzy consists from four major parts: Fuzzification interface,
Fuzzy rule base, Fuzzy inference engine, and defuzzification interface. The fuzzy logic system is useful in
following ways,
1) Define the control objectives and criteria: The main objective of heat transfer enhancement depends upon Re,
Temperature, and friction factor
2) Determine the input and output relationships and choose a minimum number of variables for input to the FL
engine. Input to the system is Temperature, Reynolds number and Output is the Nusselt number, Friction factor
3) Using the rule-based structure of FL, break the control problem down into a series of IF X AND Y THEN Z
rules that define the desired system output response for given system input conditions. The number and
complexity of rules depends on the number of input parameters that are to be processed and the number fuzzy
variables associated with each parameter. If possible, use at least one variable and its time derivative.
4) Create FL membership functions that define the meaning (values) of Input/Output terms used in the rules.
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5) Test the system, evaluate the results, tune the rules and membership functions, and retest until satisfactory
results are obtained Linguistic variables are used to represent an FL system's operating parameters. The rule
matrix is a simple graphical tool for mapping the FL control system rules. It accommodates two input variables
and expresses their logical product (AND) as one output response variable. To use, define the system using
plain-English rules based upon the inputs, decide appropriate output response conclusions, and load these into
the rule matrix.
Fig.1 Performance of a simple fuzzy model
Experimental Set-Up
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Fig. 2 The schematic diagram of experimentation
The experimental set up and the various measuring devices were shown in figure. In the experiment, initially the
water tank was filled with cold water and maintained its temperature up to 80 0C by using water heater. Then,
this hot water was flowed through the rota meter by opening the flow control valve with help of hot water pump
and through the inner pipe of heat exchanger. The cold water from the cold water tank was allowed to enter the
heat exchanger through rota meter by flow control valve & cold water pump. Adjust the flow rate of cold water
at 100 LPH and made it constant during whole experiment. The flow rate of hot water was adjusted at 300 LPH
and kept it constant. When the steady state was reached, the temperatures of the inlet and outlet of the cold and
the hot waters were recorded and pressure drop across the test tube was measured for plain tube without inserts.
Thereafter repeat same procedure with wavy twisted tapes having twist ratio (TR=10.7, 8.5, 7.1) for various flow
rates of hot water like 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 850, 900 & 950 LPH. The figure 3a, 3b, 3c shows the wavy tape
inserts with twist ratio 10.7, 8.5, 7.1 respectively.
Specifications of inserts
Fig. 3a Wavy corrugated twisted tape with TR – 10.7
Fig. 3b Wavy corrugated twisted tape with TR – 8.5
Fig. 3c Wavy corrugated twisted tape with TR – 7.1
Specifications:
1. Material = Copper
2. Width of twisted tape (W) = 14 mm
3. Twist ratio (TR) = 10.7, 8.5, 7.1.
4. Length of insert = 1000 mm
5. Thickness of inserts = 2 mm
6. Wave-width (WW) = 10 mm
7. Depth of wave = 10 mm
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Data Reduction
1. The Properties of hot water and cold water are calculated at their bulk mean temperature,
Tbh =
2
T+T h2h1
,
Tbc =
2
T+T c2c1
Tbh and Tbc are bulk mean temperature of hot & cold water. Th1 & Th2 and Tc1 & Tc2 are inlet and outlet
temperature of hot & cold water respectively.
2. Hot water heat transfer rate, 3. Cold water heat transfer rate,
Qh = mh Cph (Th1-Th2) Qc = mc Cpc (Tc2-Tc1)
4. An average heat transfer rate can be written as,
Qavg. =
2
Ch QQ
Qavg. = TmAsU
Tm =
2
1
ln
21
T
T
TT
T1 = Th1 – Tc2
T2 = Th2 – Tc1
As , U & ∆Tm is the surface area of tube, overall heat transfer coefficient & Logarithmic mean temperature
difference respectively.
5. Nusselt Number of cold water flowing through the annular space is given by,
Nuo = 0.023(Reo) 0.8
(Pr) 0.3
6.Heat transfer coefficient (h0) of cold water flowing through the annular space is given by,
Nuo =
K
hoDh
7. Heat transfer coefficient of hot water (hi),
oi hhU
111
8. Nusselt Number (Experimental) of hot water flowing through the tube, Nui =
K
iidh
9. Theoretical Nusselt Number of hot water flowing through the tube is given by (Dittus Boelter equation).
Nui = 0.023(Rei) 0.8
(Pr) 0.3
10. Experimental Friction Factor is calculated by, 11. Theoretical Friction Factor f can be written as,
2
2
i
i
LU
hgd
f
33.0
6
Re
10
5010055.0
i
f
Result and discussion
After the experimental study, the results were compared with the correlation of Dittus and Boelter for Nusselt
number & John Nikuradse for friction factor.
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Fig. 5a Nu Vs Re Fig. 5b F Vs Re
Fig.5a shows the variation of Nusselt number with Reynolds number at various twist ratios (TR=10.7, 8.5, 7.1).
This figure indicates that the Nusselt number is directly proportional to Reynolds number. Therefore heat
transfer rate is more with higher Reynolds number. Here Nusselt number is more for the twisted tape with lesser
twist ratio (TR – 7.1) for particular Reynolds number compared with other twisted tapes. So highest heat transfer
rate was obtained for lesser twist ratio. Fig.5b shows the variation of friction factor with Reynolds number. It
was found that the friction factor become greater as the twist ratio decreased. The value of friction factor is more
for the wavy twisted tape insert having twist ratio 7.1 as compared with other inserts.
Fuzzy Logic Modelling
The purpose of this Fuzzy logic is to consider the effect of main factors, Reynolds number, twist ratios and the
temperature. For the operation of Fuzzy Logic system, the input and output variables were selected for their
levels. Reynolds number (Re) in 3 levels ranging from 5000 to 17000, temperature in three levels from 35° c to
51°c, Number of twists from 07 to 11 as input variables and friction factor and Nusselt No and friction factor as
output variable were chosen. The Mamdani inference system used in this study is shown in Fig.6a. Fig. 6b, 6c
and 6d shows membership functions for input variables, i.e. TR, Re and Temp. The membership functions of
friction factor and Nusslet No. are brought in Fig.6e & 6f. Some parts of rules, which were chosen for the fuzzy
model, are shown in Fig 6g & Fig. 6h. The three dimensional graphs which shows the relations between I.P.
Variable Re, TR with output variable f and I.P. Variable Re, TR with output variable Nu are shown in Fig. 6i &
6j. Therefore experimental results are modeled by fuzzy interference system, which shows that, the fuzzy logic is
a reliable method to model & predict the heat transfer. According to fuzzy logic, with increasing Reynolds
number, the Nusselt number increases.
Fig. 6a Mamdani inference system Fig. 6b Membership functions for TR
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Fig. 6c Membership functions for Re Fig. 6d Membership functions for Tem.
Fig. 6e Membership functions for friction factor Fig. 6f Membership functions for Nusselt No
Fig. 6g Rule Editor Window
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Fig. 6h Rule Viewer Window
Fig. 6i I.P. Variable Re, Tem with output variable f Fig. 6j I.P. Variable Re, TR with output variable Nu
Conclusion
The highest heat transfer rate was achieved for twist ratio 7.1. In comparison with plain tube all wavy twisted
tape inserts would significantly enhance the heat transfer rate. The more twist increased the heat transfer and
decreased the friction factor. From this experimental study the results can be concluded as follows, The Nusselt
number for wavy twisted tape insert with twist ratio 10.7, 8.5 and 7.1 was found to be 75.75 %, 157 % and 172
% respectively and the Friction factor is increased approximately by 9.4 %, 22.44 % and 32.11 % with twist ratio
10.7, 8.5 and 7.1 respectively. The Fuzzy logic is an effective method for the prediction of results due to its high
accuracy so that it can be used to model the experiments precisely.
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Nomenclatures
As Lateral surface area of tube, m2
Re Reynolds number
Cp Specific heat, J/Kg K V Mean velocity of water
f Friction factor L Length of inner tube
h Heat transfer coefficient, W/m2
K ν Kinematic viscosity of water
k Thermal conductivity, W/mK ρ Density of water
Nu Nusselt number Pr Prandle number
∆P Prassure drop I.P Input put
TR Twist Ratio FL Fuzzy logic
References
[1] Pongjet Promvonge, "Enhancement of heat transfer in a tube with regularly-spaced helical tape swirl
generators" , International Energy Journal , 2008.
[2] R.L. Webb, “Performance evaluation criteria for use of enhanced heat transfer surfaces in heat exchanger
design”. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 24(1981)715e726.
[3] Y.A. Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, second ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1998.
[4] M.C. Zaghdoudi, M. Lallemand, “Pool boiling heat transfer enhancement by means of high dc electric field”
, The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 30, Number 2B.
[5] El-Sheikh, H A. and Garimella, S V ., "Enhancement of Air Jet Impingement Heat T ransfer using Pin-Fin
Heat Sinks", CTRC Research Publications. Paper 63.
[6] L.A. Zadeh, “Fuzzy sets,” Information Control, vol.8, pp.338-353, 1965.
[7] K. Belarbi, F. Titel, W. Bourebia, K. Benmahammed, “Design of Mamdani Fuzzy logic controllers with rule
base minimisation using genetic algorithm,” Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, vol.18, pp.875-
880, 2005.
[8] M. Sugeno, Industrial Applications of Fuzzy control, Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1985.
[9] L. A. Zadeh, “Fuzzy Logic Toolbox,” Berkeley: The Math Works, Inc, 2002, pp. 99-100.
[10] J.S.R. Jang, C.T. Sun, E. Mizutani, Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: A Computational Approach to
Learning and Machine Intelligence, London, Prentice Hall International, 1997.