This document appears to be about a person named Kalyani R. Saudagar and the topic of tissues and their functions. It mentions Kalyani R. Saudagar and the biological topic of tissues, but provides no other details about the content.
The document introduces the ADDIE model, which is a framework for developing effective training programs. The ADDIE model consists of 5 phases - Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. In the Analysis phase, goals and objectives are determined. The Design phase creates a plan to meet the goals. Development produces the training materials. Implementation deploys the training. Evaluation measures whether the training was successful.
Bloom's taxonomy was created in 1956 by educational psychologist Dr. Benjamin Bloom as a classification system to define different levels of human cognition, including learning, thinking, and understanding. It breaks cognition into three domains - the cognitive domain involving thinking, the affective domain involving emotion and feeling, and the psychomotor domain involving physical skills. Within each domain are levels of objectives ranging from basic knowledge and recall to higher order thinking skills like synthesis and evaluation.
This document provides guidelines for feeding premature and low birth weight infants based on their gestational age and weight. It discusses initiating feeding through intravenous fluids, nasogastric or orogastric tubes, spoon or cup feeding, or breastfeeding. For infants under 1,200g or less than 30 weeks gestation, total parenteral nutrition is usually required. The document also describes techniques for non-nutritive sucking, gavage feeds through nasogastric tubes, and nasojejunal feeding for infants less than 1,500g. Complications of tube feeding like aspiration, infection and blockage are mentioned.
This document discusses the water-soluble vitamins, their sources, daily requirements, and deficiency diseases. It provides details on vitamins B1, B2, B6, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, folic acid, B12, and vitamin C. For each vitamin, it lists the absorption site, deficiency diseases, daily requirements, and common food sources rich in that vitamin. The document aims to provide an overview of the essential water-soluble vitamins, where they are absorbed in the body, symptoms of deficiency, recommended daily intake, and dietary sources.
Weaning is the process of gradually introducing solid foods to a baby while reducing breastmilk as the primary source of nutrition. The document provides guidelines for introducing appropriate weaning foods at different ages from 6 months to 18 months. Weaning foods should start as liquids and progress to semisolids and solids, be nutritious, easy to digest, and prepared hygienically at home. Breastfeeding should continue to be the main source of nutrition during weaning.
The document discusses common types of accidents that toddlers experience such as burns, falls, drowning, cuts, and poisoning. It recommends preventing accidents through educating children and parents about safety, improving home design, proper supervision of children, and storing chemicals and medicines out of children's reach. Prevention can be achieved by keeping children away from dangers like streets, kitchens, and inappropriate toys for their age.
The document introduces the ADDIE model, which is a framework for developing effective training programs. The ADDIE model consists of 5 phases - Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. In the Analysis phase, goals and objectives are determined. The Design phase creates a plan to meet the goals. Development produces the training materials. Implementation deploys the training. Evaluation measures whether the training was successful.
Bloom's taxonomy was created in 1956 by educational psychologist Dr. Benjamin Bloom as a classification system to define different levels of human cognition, including learning, thinking, and understanding. It breaks cognition into three domains - the cognitive domain involving thinking, the affective domain involving emotion and feeling, and the psychomotor domain involving physical skills. Within each domain are levels of objectives ranging from basic knowledge and recall to higher order thinking skills like synthesis and evaluation.
This document provides guidelines for feeding premature and low birth weight infants based on their gestational age and weight. It discusses initiating feeding through intravenous fluids, nasogastric or orogastric tubes, spoon or cup feeding, or breastfeeding. For infants under 1,200g or less than 30 weeks gestation, total parenteral nutrition is usually required. The document also describes techniques for non-nutritive sucking, gavage feeds through nasogastric tubes, and nasojejunal feeding for infants less than 1,500g. Complications of tube feeding like aspiration, infection and blockage are mentioned.
This document discusses the water-soluble vitamins, their sources, daily requirements, and deficiency diseases. It provides details on vitamins B1, B2, B6, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, folic acid, B12, and vitamin C. For each vitamin, it lists the absorption site, deficiency diseases, daily requirements, and common food sources rich in that vitamin. The document aims to provide an overview of the essential water-soluble vitamins, where they are absorbed in the body, symptoms of deficiency, recommended daily intake, and dietary sources.
Weaning is the process of gradually introducing solid foods to a baby while reducing breastmilk as the primary source of nutrition. The document provides guidelines for introducing appropriate weaning foods at different ages from 6 months to 18 months. Weaning foods should start as liquids and progress to semisolids and solids, be nutritious, easy to digest, and prepared hygienically at home. Breastfeeding should continue to be the main source of nutrition during weaning.
The document discusses common types of accidents that toddlers experience such as burns, falls, drowning, cuts, and poisoning. It recommends preventing accidents through educating children and parents about safety, improving home design, proper supervision of children, and storing chemicals and medicines out of children's reach. Prevention can be achieved by keeping children away from dangers like streets, kitchens, and inappropriate toys for their age.
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the special senses, focusing on vision and hearing. It describes:
1) The accessory structures of the eye that facilitate vision like the eyelids, conjunctiva, and lacrimal glands.
2) The three layers that make up the walls of the eyeball - fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, and sensory tunic containing photoreceptors.
3) How sound waves are collected by the outer ear, amplified by the middle ear bones, and transduced into nerve impulses in the inner ear for hearing.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. Regular exercise can improve cardiovascular health, reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety, enhance mood, and reduce stress levels. Staying physically active for at least 30 minutes each day is recommended for overall health and well-being.
As adults,we know that procrastination can be one of the
biggest killers of productivity. Teachers can help their students overcome this unhelpful habit early so that they can live up to their potential in the classroom and beyond! help for you...i hope its useful to you and best luck...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we know that procrastination can be one of the biggest killers of productivity. Teachers can help their students overcome this unhelpful habit early so that they can live up to their potential in the classroom and beyond!,,best of luck to all........help for you
the beautiful thing about learning is that no one can take it away from you...so study and hard .....i hope it is helpful to you and its useful for study...best of luck
The urinary system functions to excrete waste from the blood, eliminate waste from other organ systems, regulate water balance and pH levels, and produce hormones. The kidneys filter blood to form urine, which travels through the ureters to the bladder and is eventually excreted through the urethra. Urine formation involves filtration, reabsorption, concentration, and secretion processes in the nephrons. Abnormal constituents in urine can indicate various kidney and urinary tract disorders.
The document discusses basic nursing questions and answers related to vital signs, infection prevention, hand hygiene, medication administration rights, BLS and ACLS protocols, oxygen administration, normal lab values, code blue response, IV site selection, temperature measurement sites, pulse measurement sites, electrolyte values, needlestick injury protocol, and 5 common emergency medications with dosages. Key topics covered include normal vital signs ranges, hand washing as the best infection prevention method, the rights of medication administration, chest compression to breath ratio in CPR, and preferred and non-preferred IV sites and related complications.
UNICEF's GOBI-FFF programs aim to reduce child mortality rates through relatively simple and inexpensive methods. The GOBI methods are: Growth monitoring to prevent malnutrition; Oral rehydration to treat diarrheal dehydration; Breastfeeding to provide optimal nutrition and immunity for infants; and Immunization to protect against deadly diseases. The additional FFF strategies are: Female education for mothers, since lack of education doubles infant mortality; Family spacing to reduce risks of close birth intervals; and Food supplements for at-risk pregnant women to lower risks of low birthweight and infant death.
The document discusses the importance of renewable energy sources like solar and wind power for addressing climate change and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. It notes that while renewable energy resources are plentiful, challenges remain in developing infrastructure and battery storage technology to better integrate renewable energy into the electric grid. The document argues that with focused research and investment, renewable resources can be more widely deployed to meet a significant portion of global energy needs in the coming decades.
Leadership is defined as guiding others towards a common goal by example and raising performance standards. It involves the ability to influence subordinates' behavior and motivate them to follow a particular course of action. Key characteristics of good leadership include empathy, consistency, honesty, direction, communication, and assuming obligations. Qualities of an effective leader are intelligence, emotional stability, understanding human behavior, motivating followers, initiative, responsibility, guidance, personality, dignity, and honesty. Good leaders understand different views, judge situations well, and make decisions while guiding and motivating subordinates.
This document defines a high risk newborn as one with a greater chance of morbidity within the first 28 days of life, regardless of birth weight or gestational age. It identifies high risk factors such as low birth weight, multiple births, high birth order, artificial feeding, and infection. The goals of care for high risk newborns are outlined as perinatal prevention, resuscitation, evaluation and management, monitoring, and family centered care. Assessment methods including initial assessment, APGAR scoring, clinical assessment, transitional assessment, behavioral assessment, physical assessment, and reflex assessment are discussed.
This document provides information on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), including:
- ADHD is a neurological disorder marked by inattention, impulsiveness and sometimes hyperactivity. Left untreated it can lead to conduct disorders, academic/job failure, depression and substance abuse.
- Boys are four times more likely to have ADHD than girls. Risk factors include prenatal drug exposure, birth complications, low birth weight and lead poisoning.
- Symptoms include inattention, impulsiveness and hyperactivity that is more severe when unstructured or boring. Diagnosis involves medical evaluation, psychiatric assessment and observations from parents and teachers.
- Treatment includes stimulant medication, therapy, behavior modification,
Regulatory bodies play an important role in nursing by setting and enforcing standards of practice, education, and registration. The major regulatory bodies discussed are the International Council of Nurses, American Nurses Association, Indian Nursing Council, state nursing councils, Trained Nurses Association of India, and student nursing associations. These bodies work to improve nursing standards, protect the public, support nurses, and regulate nursing education and registration across international, national, and local levels.
The document discusses the kidney and urine formation. It begins by describing the basic structures and functions of the kidney, including the renal cortex, medulla, nephrons, and blood supply. It then explains the three-step process of urine formation: filtration of blood in the glomerulus, reabsorption of water and solutes back into blood vessels, and secretion of wastes. Finally, it describes the composition of normal urine and how urine travels through the ureters, bladder and urethra to be excreted from the body.
The stomach is located in the upper left quadrant and epigastrium. It has four sections - the cardia, fundus, body, and antrum. The stomach wall consists of serosa, muscularis propria with smooth muscle layers, submucosa, and mucosa. The stomach contains parietal, chief, enteroendocrine, and other cells. It receives blood supply from gastric and gastroepiploic arteries and drains into gastric veins. The stomach is regulated by hormones like gastrin and somatostatin which stimulate or inhibit acid secretion and motility. Acid secretion occurs basally and can be stimulated in cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases through neural and horm
The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body. It consists of the gastrointestinal tract (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines) and accessory organs (teeth, tongue, liver, pancreas, gallbladder). Ingested food is broken down by both mechanical and chemical digestion. Mechanical digestion is carried out by chewing and muscular movements in the GI tract. Chemical digestion involves enzymes that are secreted by the mouth, stomach, pancreas, and intestines. The nutrients produced during digestion are then absorbed into the bloodstream and lymphatic system.
The liver performs many important metabolic functions:
1) It plays a central role in carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism, maintaining blood glucose levels and producing most plasma proteins.
2) Carbohydrate metabolism includes glycogen storage and gluconeogenesis to regulate blood sugar.
3) The liver manufactures many proteins including blood clotting factors, enzymes, and carrier proteins.
This document defines rotation in nursing as the regular succession of nurses or nursing students between different clinical areas or classes. It discusses three main types of rotation plans: 1) A master rotation plan that outlines the overall rotation of students between years/classes, 2) An individual rotation plan that is specific to each student, and 3) A clinical rotation plan that groups students and schedules their placements according to their learning experiences and the hospital's needs. Basic principles for effective clinical rotation plans include aligning with curriculum, hospital policies, and supervision requirements while avoiding overcrowding of units.
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the special senses, focusing on vision and hearing. It describes:
1) The accessory structures of the eye that facilitate vision like the eyelids, conjunctiva, and lacrimal glands.
2) The three layers that make up the walls of the eyeball - fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, and sensory tunic containing photoreceptors.
3) How sound waves are collected by the outer ear, amplified by the middle ear bones, and transduced into nerve impulses in the inner ear for hearing.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. Regular exercise can improve cardiovascular health, reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety, enhance mood, and reduce stress levels. Staying physically active for at least 30 minutes each day is recommended for overall health and well-being.
As adults,we know that procrastination can be one of the
biggest killers of productivity. Teachers can help their students overcome this unhelpful habit early so that they can live up to their potential in the classroom and beyond! help for you...i hope its useful to you and best luck...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
we know that procrastination can be one of the biggest killers of productivity. Teachers can help their students overcome this unhelpful habit early so that they can live up to their potential in the classroom and beyond!,,best of luck to all........help for you
the beautiful thing about learning is that no one can take it away from you...so study and hard .....i hope it is helpful to you and its useful for study...best of luck
The urinary system functions to excrete waste from the blood, eliminate waste from other organ systems, regulate water balance and pH levels, and produce hormones. The kidneys filter blood to form urine, which travels through the ureters to the bladder and is eventually excreted through the urethra. Urine formation involves filtration, reabsorption, concentration, and secretion processes in the nephrons. Abnormal constituents in urine can indicate various kidney and urinary tract disorders.
The document discusses basic nursing questions and answers related to vital signs, infection prevention, hand hygiene, medication administration rights, BLS and ACLS protocols, oxygen administration, normal lab values, code blue response, IV site selection, temperature measurement sites, pulse measurement sites, electrolyte values, needlestick injury protocol, and 5 common emergency medications with dosages. Key topics covered include normal vital signs ranges, hand washing as the best infection prevention method, the rights of medication administration, chest compression to breath ratio in CPR, and preferred and non-preferred IV sites and related complications.
UNICEF's GOBI-FFF programs aim to reduce child mortality rates through relatively simple and inexpensive methods. The GOBI methods are: Growth monitoring to prevent malnutrition; Oral rehydration to treat diarrheal dehydration; Breastfeeding to provide optimal nutrition and immunity for infants; and Immunization to protect against deadly diseases. The additional FFF strategies are: Female education for mothers, since lack of education doubles infant mortality; Family spacing to reduce risks of close birth intervals; and Food supplements for at-risk pregnant women to lower risks of low birthweight and infant death.
The document discusses the importance of renewable energy sources like solar and wind power for addressing climate change and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. It notes that while renewable energy resources are plentiful, challenges remain in developing infrastructure and battery storage technology to better integrate renewable energy into the electric grid. The document argues that with focused research and investment, renewable resources can be more widely deployed to meet a significant portion of global energy needs in the coming decades.
Leadership is defined as guiding others towards a common goal by example and raising performance standards. It involves the ability to influence subordinates' behavior and motivate them to follow a particular course of action. Key characteristics of good leadership include empathy, consistency, honesty, direction, communication, and assuming obligations. Qualities of an effective leader are intelligence, emotional stability, understanding human behavior, motivating followers, initiative, responsibility, guidance, personality, dignity, and honesty. Good leaders understand different views, judge situations well, and make decisions while guiding and motivating subordinates.
This document defines a high risk newborn as one with a greater chance of morbidity within the first 28 days of life, regardless of birth weight or gestational age. It identifies high risk factors such as low birth weight, multiple births, high birth order, artificial feeding, and infection. The goals of care for high risk newborns are outlined as perinatal prevention, resuscitation, evaluation and management, monitoring, and family centered care. Assessment methods including initial assessment, APGAR scoring, clinical assessment, transitional assessment, behavioral assessment, physical assessment, and reflex assessment are discussed.
This document provides information on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), including:
- ADHD is a neurological disorder marked by inattention, impulsiveness and sometimes hyperactivity. Left untreated it can lead to conduct disorders, academic/job failure, depression and substance abuse.
- Boys are four times more likely to have ADHD than girls. Risk factors include prenatal drug exposure, birth complications, low birth weight and lead poisoning.
- Symptoms include inattention, impulsiveness and hyperactivity that is more severe when unstructured or boring. Diagnosis involves medical evaluation, psychiatric assessment and observations from parents and teachers.
- Treatment includes stimulant medication, therapy, behavior modification,
Regulatory bodies play an important role in nursing by setting and enforcing standards of practice, education, and registration. The major regulatory bodies discussed are the International Council of Nurses, American Nurses Association, Indian Nursing Council, state nursing councils, Trained Nurses Association of India, and student nursing associations. These bodies work to improve nursing standards, protect the public, support nurses, and regulate nursing education and registration across international, national, and local levels.
The document discusses the kidney and urine formation. It begins by describing the basic structures and functions of the kidney, including the renal cortex, medulla, nephrons, and blood supply. It then explains the three-step process of urine formation: filtration of blood in the glomerulus, reabsorption of water and solutes back into blood vessels, and secretion of wastes. Finally, it describes the composition of normal urine and how urine travels through the ureters, bladder and urethra to be excreted from the body.
The stomach is located in the upper left quadrant and epigastrium. It has four sections - the cardia, fundus, body, and antrum. The stomach wall consists of serosa, muscularis propria with smooth muscle layers, submucosa, and mucosa. The stomach contains parietal, chief, enteroendocrine, and other cells. It receives blood supply from gastric and gastroepiploic arteries and drains into gastric veins. The stomach is regulated by hormones like gastrin and somatostatin which stimulate or inhibit acid secretion and motility. Acid secretion occurs basally and can be stimulated in cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases through neural and horm
The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body. It consists of the gastrointestinal tract (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines) and accessory organs (teeth, tongue, liver, pancreas, gallbladder). Ingested food is broken down by both mechanical and chemical digestion. Mechanical digestion is carried out by chewing and muscular movements in the GI tract. Chemical digestion involves enzymes that are secreted by the mouth, stomach, pancreas, and intestines. The nutrients produced during digestion are then absorbed into the bloodstream and lymphatic system.
The liver performs many important metabolic functions:
1) It plays a central role in carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism, maintaining blood glucose levels and producing most plasma proteins.
2) Carbohydrate metabolism includes glycogen storage and gluconeogenesis to regulate blood sugar.
3) The liver manufactures many proteins including blood clotting factors, enzymes, and carrier proteins.
This document defines rotation in nursing as the regular succession of nurses or nursing students between different clinical areas or classes. It discusses three main types of rotation plans: 1) A master rotation plan that outlines the overall rotation of students between years/classes, 2) An individual rotation plan that is specific to each student, and 3) A clinical rotation plan that groups students and schedules their placements according to their learning experiences and the hospital's needs. Basic principles for effective clinical rotation plans include aligning with curriculum, hospital policies, and supervision requirements while avoiding overcrowding of units.
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)MuskanShingari
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...Université de Montréal
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Montreal Expanding the medical model to embrace the humanities. Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-psychiatry-and-the-humanities-an-innovative-course-at-the-university-of-montreal
Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
After getting it read you will definitely understand the topic.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/RvdYsTzgQq8
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/ECILGWtgZko
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Gene therapy can be broadly defined as the transfer of genetic material to cure a disease or at least to improve the clinical status of a patient.
One of the basic concepts of gene therapy is to transform viruses into genetic shuttles, which will deliver the gene of interest into the target cells.
Safe methods have been devised to do this, using several viral and non-viral vectors.
In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgery.
The biggest hurdle faced by medical research in gene therapy is the availability of effective gene-carrying vectors that meet all of the following criteria:
Protection of transgene or genetic cargo from degradative action of systemic and endonucleases,
Delivery of genetic material to the target site, i.e., either cell cytoplasm or nucleus,
Low potential of triggering unwanted immune responses or genotoxicity,
Economical and feasible availability for patients .
Viruses are naturally evolved vehicles that efficiently transfer their genes into host cells.
Choice of viral vector is dependent on gene transfer efficiency, capacity to carry foreign genes, toxicity, stability, immune responses towards viral antigens and potential viral recombination.
There are a wide variety of vectors used to deliver DNA or oligo nucleotides into mammalian cells, either in vitro or in vivo.
The most common vector system based on retroviruses, adenoviruses, herpes simplex viruses, adeno associated viruses.