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Thesis Presentation

This document outlines the evaluation of warm mix asphalt additives for use in modified asphalt mixtures. The study had two phases: Phase I evaluated additional work on mixtures' resistance to permanent deformation and fatigue cracking. Phase II involved new mix designs to evaluate moisture damage resistance and permanent deformation resistance. The study found that warm mix additives had little effect on mixture performance, with some warm mix asphalt mixtures performing similarly or better than traditional hot mix asphalt mixtures.

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EVALUATION OF WARM MIX ASPHALT ADDITIVES FOR USE IN MODIFIED ASPHALT MIXTURES MS Thesis Defense Presented by: Zahi Chamoun Thesis Advisor: Peter E. Sebaaly, Ph.D., P.E. Thursday, September 17, 2015
OUTLINE  Objective  Summary of Previous Work  Phase I- Additional Work:  Resistance to Permanent Deformation  Resistance to Fatigue Cracking  Phase II:  Materials  Mix Designs /TSR  Resistance Moisture Damage  Resistance to Permanent Deformation  Conclusions and Recommendations
OBJECTIVE  Evaluate the use of WMA additives with polymer modified and terminal blend tire rubber asphalt mixtures according to NDOT and Caltrans specifications.  Phase I – Additional Work (existing Mix Designs):  Performance Tests  Phase II:  Mix Designs  Moisture Damage  Performance Test
SUMMARY OF PREVIOUS WORK  Hveem Mix Design for Heavy Traffic (according to NDOT Type 2C and Caltrans ¾” max Type A specifications)  1 Aggregate Source (meets both NDOT and Caltrans specifications)  3 Binder types:  PG64-22  PG64-28NV/PM (polymer modified)  PG64-28NV/TR (terminal blend tire rubber)  2 WMA Additives:  Advera  Sasobit  2 Anti-strip additives:  Liquid anti-strip: Morlife 5000 at 0.5% by wt of binder  Hydrated lime: 1.0% dwa added on wet aggregates
SUMMARY OF PREVIOUS WORK  Properties Evaluated  Impact of Residual Moisture of Untreated WMA Mixtures to Moisture Damage  Impact of Warm Mix Additives on the Resistance to Moisture Damage of Anti-strip Treated WMA Mixtures  Impact of Long Term-Aging on the Resistance to Moisture Damage of WMA Mixtures.
PHASE I-ADDITIONAL WORK: EXPERIMENTAL PLAN HMA(22) HMA(22) 2h Cured @WMA Comp Temp WMA(22)_ Adv WMA(22)_ Sas HMA(PM) HMA(PM) 2h Cured @WMA Comp Temp WMA(PM)_ Adv WMA(PM)_S as HMA(TR) HMA(TR) 2h Cured @WMA Comp Temp WMA(TR)_ Adv WMA(TR)_ Sas FN(Short termaging) 2@0FT cycles -- 2@0FT cycles 2@0FT cycles 2@0FT cycles -- 2@0FT cycles 2@0FT cycles 2@0FT cycles -- 2@0FT cycles 2@0FT cycles Fatigue Life(Long termaging) 6samples, 3strain levels 6samples, 3strain levels 6samples, 3strain levels 6samples, 3strain levels 6samples, 3strain levels 6 samples, 3strain levels 6samples, 3strain levels 6samples,3 strain levels 6 samples, 3strain levels 6samples, 3strain levels 6samples, 3strain levels 6samples, 3strain levels Untreated Property Mixtures PG 64-22 PG 64-28NV/PM PG 64-28NVTR/TR Untreated,Lime-treated,and Liquid-treated
PHASE I-ADDITIONAL WORK: FN @ 58˚C 46 36 60 54 38 110 35 43 65 56 30 60 161 111 470 146 66 110 83 33 51 61 59 121 29 35 52 0 100 200 300 400 500 HMA(22) WMA(22)_Adv WMA(22)_Sas HMA(NV) WMA(NV)_Adv WMA(NV)_Sas HMA(TR) WMA(TR)_Adv WMA(TR)_Sas PG64-22 PG64-28NV PG64-28TR FlowNumber(FN)at58˚C Untreated Lime-treated Liquid-treated
PHASE I: FATIGUE LIFE  Beam Fatigue Test @ 21˚C  3D-Move Analysis 2 1 1 k fN k        
PHASE I: BEAM FATIGUE - PG64-22 100 1,000 10,000 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 FlexuralStrain(microns) Cycles to Failure HMA(22) WMA(22)_Adv HMA(22) cured 2h @ WMA comp temp WMA(22)_Sas
PHASE I: BEAM FATIGUE - PG64-28NV/PM 100 1,000 10,000 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 FlexuralStrain(microns) Cycles to Failure HMA(NV) WMA(NV)_Adv HMA(NV) 2h Cured @ WMA Comp Temp WMA(NV)_Sas
PHASE I: BEAM FATIGUE - PG64-28NV/TR 100 1,000 10,000 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 FlexuralStrain(microns) Cycles to Failure HMA(TR) WMA(TR)_Adv HMA(TR) 2h Cured @ WMA Comp Temp WMA(TR)_Sas
PHASE I: NF COMPARISON OF ALL MIXTURES USING 3D- MOVE STATIC AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS FOR THIN PAVEMENT 0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 700,000 800,000 900,000 HMA(22) WMA(22)_Adv WMA(22)_Sas HMA(NV) WMA(NV)_Adv WMA(NV)_Sas HMA(TR) WMA(TR)_Adv WMA(TR)_Sas PG64-22 PG64-28NV PG64-28TR Thin Pavement Static 3D-Move Thin Pavement Dynamic 3D-Move
PHASE I: NF COMPARISON OF ALL MIXTURES USING 3D-MOVE STATIC AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS FOR THICK PAVEMENT 0 5,000,000 10,000,000 15,000,000 20,000,000 25,000,000 30,000,000 35,000,000 40,000,000 HMA(22) WMA(22)_Adv WMA(22)_Sas HMA(NV) WMA(NV)_Adv WMA(NV)_Sas HMA(TR) WMA(TR)_Adv WMA(TR)_Sas PG64-22 PG64-28NV PG64-28TR Thick Pavement Static 3D-Move Thick Pavement Dynamic 3D-Move
PHASE I: NF COMPARISON OF ALL MIXTURES USING 3D- MOVE DYNAMIC AND STATIC ANALYSIS AND THE BEAM FATIGUE TEST RESULTS ANALYSIS FOR THIN PAVEMENT 0 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 3,000,000 3,500,000 HMA(22) WMA(22)_Adv WMA(22)_Sas HMA(NV) WMA(NV)_Adv WMA(NV)_Sas HMA(TR) WMA(TR)_Adv WMA(TR)_Sas PG64-22 PG64-28NV PG64-28TR Thin Pavement Static 3D-Move Beam Fatigue Test 300.00 mStrain Thin Pavement Dynamic 3D-Move
PHASE II: MATERIALS  Hveem Mix Design for Heavy Traffic Conducted for Both HMA and WMA Mixtures (according to NDOT Type 2C and Caltrans ¾” max Type A specifications)  1 Aggregate Source (meets both NDOT and Caltrans specifications)  3 Binder types:  PG64-22  PG64-28NV/PM (polymer modified)  PG64-28NV/TR (terminal blend tire rubber)  1 WMA Additives:  Evotherm  2 Anti-strip additives:  Liquid anti-strip: Morlife 5000 at 0.5% by wt of binder  Hydrated lime: 1.0% dwa added on wet aggregates
PHASE II: MIX DESIGN  Properties Evaluated  Impact of Residual Moisture of Untreated WMA Mixtures to Moisture Damage  Impact of Warm Mix Additives on the Resistance to Moisture Damage of Anti-strip Treated WMA Mixtures  Permanent Deformation/FN
PHASE II: EVALUATED MIXTURES HMA HMA 2h cured @ WMA Comp Temp WMA - Evotherm PG 64-22 X X X PG64-28NV/PM X X X PG64-28NV-TR/TR X X X X = Untreated, Lime-treated, Liquid-treated Total: 27 mixtures
PHASE II: MIX DESIGNS PROCESS Mix Design HMA Conduct Mixing Temp Vis. Chart Compaction Temp 230˚F Select Optimum WMA Conduct Mixing Temp (NCHRP 9- 43) Aging Index (AI) Coating Compactibility Compaction Temp 230˚F Select Optimum
PHASE II: MIX DESIGNS PROCESS/OPTIMUM BINDER CONTENT None -- 5.70% Evotherm 0.40% 5.40% None -- 5.70% Evotherm 0.40% 5.20% None -- 5.60% Evotherm 0.40% 5.50% None -- 5.80% Evotherm 0.40% 5.80% None -- 5.50% Evotherm 0.40% 5.40% None -- 5.50% Evotherm 0.40% 5.40% None -- 5.80% Evotherm 0.30% 5.60% None -- 5.55% Evotherm 0.30% 5.00% None -- 5.70% Evotherm 0.30% 5.30% Liquid-treated PG64- 28NV/PM Untreated Lime-treated Liquid-treated PG64- 28NV/TR Untreated Lime-treated Liquid-treated Asphalt Binder Type Mixture Type WMA Additives/ Techniques % Evotherm Optimum Binder Content (% by TWA) PG64-22 Untreated Lime-treated
PHASE II: MIXING / COMPACTION TEMPERATURES 308 255 308 265 308 255 320 275 320 275 320 275 320 275 320 275 320 275280 230 280 240 280 230 285 250 285 250 285 250 285 250 285 250 285 250 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 HMA WMA_Evo HMA WMA_Evo HMA WMA_Evo HMA WMA_Evo HMA WMA_Evo HMA WMA_Evo HMA WMA_Evo HMA WMA_Evo HMA WMA_Evo Untreated Lime- treated Liquid- treated Untreated Lime- treated Liquid- treated Untreated Lime- treated Liquid- treated PG64-22 PG64-28NV/PM PG64-28NV/TR Mixing Temperature, ⁰F Compaction Temperature, ⁰F
PHASE II: MIX DESIGN TENSILE STRENGTH AT 77F 584 515 550 591 620 610 457 487 522 449 607 576 594 504 547 665 653 642 376 482 512 456 460 463 362 435 459 371 451 415 356 422 428 489 548 451 64 94 93 77 74 76 79 89 88 83 74 72 60 84 78 73 84 70 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 Untreated Lime-treated Liquid-treated Untreated Lime-treated Liquid-treated Untreated Lime-treated Liquid-treated Untreated Lime-treated Liquid-treated Untreated Lime-treated Liquid-treated Untreated Lime-treated Liquid-treated HMA(22) WMA(22)_Evo HMA(NV) WMA(NV)_Evo HMA(TR) WMA(TR)_Evo PG64-22 PG64-28NV PG64-28TR TensileStrengthRatio(TSR)at25°C,% TensileStrength(TS)at25°C,kPa Unconditioned TS Conditioned TS TSR
PHASE II: EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM  Impact of Residual Moisture on Untreated Mixes  Impact of Anti-strip Additives  Lime  Liquid Anti-Strip (LAS)  Permanent Deformation/FN
PHASE II: IMPACT OF RESIDUAL MOISTURE / EXPERIMENTAL PLAN HMA(22) HMA(22) 2h Cured @ WMA Comp Temp WMA(22) _Evo HMA(PM) HMA(PM) 2h Cured @ WMA Comp Temp WMA(PM) _Evo HMA(TR) HMA(TR) 2h Cured @ WMA Comp Temp WMA(TR) _Evo |E*| vs. F-T cycles (unaged) 2 @ 0, 1 and 6 FT cycles 2 @ 0, 1 and 6 FT cycles 2 @ 0, 1 and 6 FT cycles 2 @ 0, 1 and 6 FT cycles 2 @ 0, 1 and 6 FT cycles 2 @ 0, 1 and 6 FT cycles 2 @ 0, 1 and 6 FT cycles 2 @ 0, 1 and 6 FT cycles 2 @ 0, 1 and 6 FT cycles |E*|Moist vs. F-T cycles (unaged) -- -- 2 @ 0, 1 and 6 FT cycles -- -- 2 @ 0, 1 and 6 FT cycles -- -- 2 @ 0, 1 and 6 FT cycles Without Residual Moisture With Residual Moisture Property Untreated Mixtures PG 64-22 PG 64-28 NV/PM PG 64-28 NVTR/TR
PHASE II: IMPACT OF RESIDUAL MOISTURE – PG64-28NV/TR MIXTURE 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E-05 1.E-04 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 DynamicModulus|E*|at70⁰F,ksi Reduced Frequency, Hz HMA_TR_None_Dry_0FT HMA_TR_None_Dry_1FT HMA_TR_None_Dry_6FT
PHASE II: IMPACT OF RESIDUAL MOISTURE - PG64-28NV/TR MIXTURE 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E-05 1.E-04 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 DynamicModulus|E*|at70⁰F,ksi Reduced Frequency, Hz HMA_TR_None_Dry (2h curing @ WMA comp temp)_0FT HMA_TR_None_Dry (2h curing @ WMA comp temp)_1FT HMA_TR_None_Dry (2h curing @ WMA comp temp)_6FT
PHASE II: IMPACT OF RESIDUAL MOISTURE - PG64-28NV/TR MIXTURE 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E-05 1.E-04 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 DynamicModulus|E*|at70⁰F,ksi Reduced Frequency, Hz WMA_TR_Evo_Dry_0FT WMA_TR_Evo_Dry_1FT WMA_TR_Evo_Dry_6FT WMA_TR_Evo_Moist_0FT WMA_TR_Evo_Moist_1FT WMA_TR_Evo_Moist_6FT
PHASE II: IMPACT OF RESIDUAL MOISTURE SUMMARY OF RESULTS – PG64-22 MIXTURES 830 639 515 686 639 367 821 647 532 822 525 576 0.77 0.62 0.93 0.54 0.79 0.65 0.64 0.70 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 |E*|Ratioat70⁰Fand10Hz DynamicModulus|E*|at70⁰Fand10Hz,ksi Sample ID Estar ECR
PHASE II: IMPACT OF RESIDUAL MOISTURE SUMMARY OF RESULTS – PG64-28NV/PM MIXTURES 497 348 299 431 348 254 443 288 232 392 256 282 0.70 0.60 0.81 0.59 0.65 0.52 0.65 0.72 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 E*|Ratioat70⁰Fand10Hz DynamicModulus|E*|at70⁰Fand10Hz,ksi Estar ECR
PHASE II: IMPACT OF RESIDUAL MOISTURE SUMMARY OF RESULTS – PG64-28NV/TR MIXTURES 637 431 323 550 431 237 636 383 343 571 355 372 0.68 0.51 0.78 0.43 0.60 0.54 0.62 0.65 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 |E*|Ratioat70⁰Fand10Hz DynamicModulus|E*|at70⁰Fand10Hz,ksi Sample ID Estar ECR
PHASE II: IMPACT OF ANTI-STRIP ADDITIVES / EXPERIMENTAL PLAN HMA(22) HMA(22) 2h Cured @ WMA Comp Temp WMA(22) _Evo HMA(PM) HMA(PM) 2h Cured @ WMA Comp Temp WMA(PM) _Evo HMA(TR) HMA(TR) 2h Cured @ WMA Comp Temp WMA(TR) _Evo |E*| vs. F-T cycles (unaged) 2 @ 0, 6 FT cycles 2 @ 0, 6 FT cycles -- 2 @ 0, 6 FT cycles 2 @ 0, 6 FT cycles -- 2 @ 0, 6 FT cycles 2 @ 0, 6 FT cycles -- |E*|Moist vs. F-T cycles (unaged) -- -- 2 @ 0, 6 FT cycles -- -- 2 @ 0, 6 FT cycles -- -- 2 @ 0, 6 FT cycles Without Residual Moisture With Residual Moisture Property Lime-treated, Liquid-treated Mixtures PG 64-22 PG 64-28 NV/PM PG 64-28 NVTR/TR
PHASE II: IMPACT OF ANTI-STRIP ADDITIVES SUMMARY OF RESULTS – PG64-22 MIXTURES 0.62 0.48 0.70 0.90 1.00 0.84 0.58 0.68 0.64 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 0FT 6FT 0FT 6FT 0FT 6FT HMA HMA 2h cured @ WMA Comp Temp WMA_Moist_Evo PG64-22 |E*|Ratioat70⁰Fand10Hz |E*|at70⁰Fand10Hz,ksi |E*|_Untreated |E*|_Lime-treated |E*|_Liquid-treated |E*| Ratio_Untreated |E*| Ratio_Lime-treated |E*| Ratio_Liquid-treated
PHASE II: IMPACT OF ANTI-STRIP ADDITIVES SUMMARY OF RESULTS – PG64-28NV/PM MIXTURES 0.53 0.59 0.72 0.76 0.92 0.55 0.55 0.63 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 0FT 6FT 0FT 6FT 0FT 6FT HMA HMA 2h cured @ WMA Comp Temp WMA_Moist_Evo PG64-28NV |E*|Ratioat70⁰Fand10Hz |E*|at70⁰Fand10Hz,ksi |E*|_Untreated |E*|_Lime-treated |E*|_Liquid-treated |E*| Ratio_Untreated |E*| Ratio_Lime-treated |E*| Ratio_Liquid-treated
PHASE II: IMPACT OF ANTI-STRIP ADDITIVES SUMMARY OF RESULTS – PG64-28NV/TR MIXTURES 0.51 0.43 0.65 0.82 0.73 0.80 0.59 0.52 0.60 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 0FT 6FT 0FT 6FT 0FT 6FT HMA HMA 2h cured @ WMA Comp Temp WMA_Moist_Evo PG64-28TR |E*|Ratioat70⁰Fand10Hz |E*|at70⁰Fand10Hz,ksi |E*|_Untreated |E*|_Lime-treated |E*|_Liquid-treated |E*| Ratio_Untreated |E*| Ratio_Lime-treated |E*| Ratio_Liquid-treated
PHASE II: PERMANENT DEFORMATION / EXPERIMENTAL PLAN HMA(22) HMA(22) 2h Cured @ WMA Comp Temp WMA(22) _Evo HMA(PM) HMA(PM) 2h Cured @ WMA Comp Temp WMA(PM) _Evo HMA(TR) HMA(TR) 2h Cured @ WMA Comp Temp WMA(TR) _Evo FN(Short term aging) 3 @ 0 FT cycles 3 @ 0 FT cycles 3 @ 0 FT cycles 3 @ 0 FT cycles 3 @ 0 FT cycles 3 @ 0 FT cycles 3 @ 0 FT cycles 3 @ 0 FT cycles 3 @ 0 FT cycles Untreated, Lime-treated, and Liquid-treated Property Mixtures PG 64-22 PG 64-28 NV/PM PG 64-28 NVTR/TR
PHASE II: FN @ 58˚C 88 39 47 137 83 64 109 95 43 84 27 56 164 106 174 126 118 332 71 37 62 155 97 72 160 84 128 0 100 200 300 400 500 HMA(22) WMA(22)_Evo HMA(22)-Cured2h@WMAComp Temp HMA(NV) WMA(NV)_Evo HMA(NV)_Cured2h@WMAComp Temp HMA(TR) WMA(TR)_Evo HMA(TR)-Cured2h@WMAComp Temp PG64-22 PG64-28NV PG64-28TR FlowNumber(FN)at58˚C un-treated Lime-treated Liquid-treated
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS  WMA Additives Evaluated: 1. Advera : a) Showed a moderate reduction of the FN compared to the control HMA for all Mixtures tested. b) Demonstrated a high resistance to fatigue cracking at high strains and a lower resistance at low strains in comparison with the control HMA for PG64-22 and PG64-28NV Mixtures. Opposite behavior was observed with the PG64-28NV/TR Mixtures.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS  WMA Additives Evaluated: 2. Sasobit : a) The resistance to fatigue cracking of mixtures with Sasobit was similar to the Advera mixtures. b) The Addition of Sasobit into the mixture significantly improved the FN.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS  WMA Additives Evaluated: 3. Evotherm : a) A minimal to moderate reduction in the E* was observed due to the moisture damage. b) Introducing an anti-strip agent into the mixtures helped improving their resistance to moisture damage. c) Reduction in the FN for all mixtures after the addition of Evotherm.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Which WMA Additive is the Best?
Thesis Presentation

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Thesis Presentation

  • 1.
    EVALUATION OF WARMMIX ASPHALT ADDITIVES FOR USE IN MODIFIED ASPHALT MIXTURES MS Thesis Defense Presented by: Zahi Chamoun Thesis Advisor: Peter E. Sebaaly, Ph.D., P.E. Thursday, September 17, 2015
  • 2.
    OUTLINE  Objective  Summaryof Previous Work  Phase I- Additional Work:  Resistance to Permanent Deformation  Resistance to Fatigue Cracking  Phase II:  Materials  Mix Designs /TSR  Resistance Moisture Damage  Resistance to Permanent Deformation  Conclusions and Recommendations
  • 3.
    OBJECTIVE  Evaluate theuse of WMA additives with polymer modified and terminal blend tire rubber asphalt mixtures according to NDOT and Caltrans specifications.  Phase I – Additional Work (existing Mix Designs):  Performance Tests  Phase II:  Mix Designs  Moisture Damage  Performance Test
  • 4.
    SUMMARY OF PREVIOUSWORK  Hveem Mix Design for Heavy Traffic (according to NDOT Type 2C and Caltrans ¾” max Type A specifications)  1 Aggregate Source (meets both NDOT and Caltrans specifications)  3 Binder types:  PG64-22  PG64-28NV/PM (polymer modified)  PG64-28NV/TR (terminal blend tire rubber)  2 WMA Additives:  Advera  Sasobit  2 Anti-strip additives:  Liquid anti-strip: Morlife 5000 at 0.5% by wt of binder  Hydrated lime: 1.0% dwa added on wet aggregates
  • 5.
    SUMMARY OF PREVIOUSWORK  Properties Evaluated  Impact of Residual Moisture of Untreated WMA Mixtures to Moisture Damage  Impact of Warm Mix Additives on the Resistance to Moisture Damage of Anti-strip Treated WMA Mixtures  Impact of Long Term-Aging on the Resistance to Moisture Damage of WMA Mixtures.
  • 6.
    PHASE I-ADDITIONAL WORK:EXPERIMENTAL PLAN HMA(22) HMA(22) 2h Cured @WMA Comp Temp WMA(22)_ Adv WMA(22)_ Sas HMA(PM) HMA(PM) 2h Cured @WMA Comp Temp WMA(PM)_ Adv WMA(PM)_S as HMA(TR) HMA(TR) 2h Cured @WMA Comp Temp WMA(TR)_ Adv WMA(TR)_ Sas FN(Short termaging) 2@0FT cycles -- 2@0FT cycles 2@0FT cycles 2@0FT cycles -- 2@0FT cycles 2@0FT cycles 2@0FT cycles -- 2@0FT cycles 2@0FT cycles Fatigue Life(Long termaging) 6samples, 3strain levels 6samples, 3strain levels 6samples, 3strain levels 6samples, 3strain levels 6samples, 3strain levels 6 samples, 3strain levels 6samples, 3strain levels 6samples,3 strain levels 6 samples, 3strain levels 6samples, 3strain levels 6samples, 3strain levels 6samples, 3strain levels Untreated Property Mixtures PG 64-22 PG 64-28NV/PM PG 64-28NVTR/TR Untreated,Lime-treated,and Liquid-treated
  • 7.
    PHASE I-ADDITIONAL WORK:FN @ 58˚C 46 36 60 54 38 110 35 43 65 56 30 60 161 111 470 146 66 110 83 33 51 61 59 121 29 35 52 0 100 200 300 400 500 HMA(22) WMA(22)_Adv WMA(22)_Sas HMA(NV) WMA(NV)_Adv WMA(NV)_Sas HMA(TR) WMA(TR)_Adv WMA(TR)_Sas PG64-22 PG64-28NV PG64-28TR FlowNumber(FN)at58˚C Untreated Lime-treated Liquid-treated
  • 8.
    PHASE I: FATIGUELIFE  Beam Fatigue Test @ 21˚C  3D-Move Analysis 2 1 1 k fN k        
  • 9.
    PHASE I: BEAMFATIGUE - PG64-22 100 1,000 10,000 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 FlexuralStrain(microns) Cycles to Failure HMA(22) WMA(22)_Adv HMA(22) cured 2h @ WMA comp temp WMA(22)_Sas
  • 10.
    PHASE I: BEAMFATIGUE - PG64-28NV/PM 100 1,000 10,000 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 FlexuralStrain(microns) Cycles to Failure HMA(NV) WMA(NV)_Adv HMA(NV) 2h Cured @ WMA Comp Temp WMA(NV)_Sas
  • 11.
    PHASE I: BEAMFATIGUE - PG64-28NV/TR 100 1,000 10,000 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 FlexuralStrain(microns) Cycles to Failure HMA(TR) WMA(TR)_Adv HMA(TR) 2h Cured @ WMA Comp Temp WMA(TR)_Sas
  • 12.
    PHASE I: NFCOMPARISON OF ALL MIXTURES USING 3D- MOVE STATIC AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS FOR THIN PAVEMENT 0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 700,000 800,000 900,000 HMA(22) WMA(22)_Adv WMA(22)_Sas HMA(NV) WMA(NV)_Adv WMA(NV)_Sas HMA(TR) WMA(TR)_Adv WMA(TR)_Sas PG64-22 PG64-28NV PG64-28TR Thin Pavement Static 3D-Move Thin Pavement Dynamic 3D-Move
  • 13.
    PHASE I: NFCOMPARISON OF ALL MIXTURES USING 3D-MOVE STATIC AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS FOR THICK PAVEMENT 0 5,000,000 10,000,000 15,000,000 20,000,000 25,000,000 30,000,000 35,000,000 40,000,000 HMA(22) WMA(22)_Adv WMA(22)_Sas HMA(NV) WMA(NV)_Adv WMA(NV)_Sas HMA(TR) WMA(TR)_Adv WMA(TR)_Sas PG64-22 PG64-28NV PG64-28TR Thick Pavement Static 3D-Move Thick Pavement Dynamic 3D-Move
  • 14.
    PHASE I: NFCOMPARISON OF ALL MIXTURES USING 3D- MOVE DYNAMIC AND STATIC ANALYSIS AND THE BEAM FATIGUE TEST RESULTS ANALYSIS FOR THIN PAVEMENT 0 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 3,000,000 3,500,000 HMA(22) WMA(22)_Adv WMA(22)_Sas HMA(NV) WMA(NV)_Adv WMA(NV)_Sas HMA(TR) WMA(TR)_Adv WMA(TR)_Sas PG64-22 PG64-28NV PG64-28TR Thin Pavement Static 3D-Move Beam Fatigue Test 300.00 mStrain Thin Pavement Dynamic 3D-Move
  • 15.
    PHASE II: MATERIALS Hveem Mix Design for Heavy Traffic Conducted for Both HMA and WMA Mixtures (according to NDOT Type 2C and Caltrans ¾” max Type A specifications)  1 Aggregate Source (meets both NDOT and Caltrans specifications)  3 Binder types:  PG64-22  PG64-28NV/PM (polymer modified)  PG64-28NV/TR (terminal blend tire rubber)  1 WMA Additives:  Evotherm  2 Anti-strip additives:  Liquid anti-strip: Morlife 5000 at 0.5% by wt of binder  Hydrated lime: 1.0% dwa added on wet aggregates
  • 16.
    PHASE II: MIXDESIGN  Properties Evaluated  Impact of Residual Moisture of Untreated WMA Mixtures to Moisture Damage  Impact of Warm Mix Additives on the Resistance to Moisture Damage of Anti-strip Treated WMA Mixtures  Permanent Deformation/FN
  • 17.
    PHASE II: EVALUATEDMIXTURES HMA HMA 2h cured @ WMA Comp Temp WMA - Evotherm PG 64-22 X X X PG64-28NV/PM X X X PG64-28NV-TR/TR X X X X = Untreated, Lime-treated, Liquid-treated Total: 27 mixtures
  • 18.
    PHASE II: MIXDESIGNS PROCESS Mix Design HMA Conduct Mixing Temp Vis. Chart Compaction Temp 230˚F Select Optimum WMA Conduct Mixing Temp (NCHRP 9- 43) Aging Index (AI) Coating Compactibility Compaction Temp 230˚F Select Optimum
  • 19.
    PHASE II: MIXDESIGNS PROCESS/OPTIMUM BINDER CONTENT None -- 5.70% Evotherm 0.40% 5.40% None -- 5.70% Evotherm 0.40% 5.20% None -- 5.60% Evotherm 0.40% 5.50% None -- 5.80% Evotherm 0.40% 5.80% None -- 5.50% Evotherm 0.40% 5.40% None -- 5.50% Evotherm 0.40% 5.40% None -- 5.80% Evotherm 0.30% 5.60% None -- 5.55% Evotherm 0.30% 5.00% None -- 5.70% Evotherm 0.30% 5.30% Liquid-treated PG64- 28NV/PM Untreated Lime-treated Liquid-treated PG64- 28NV/TR Untreated Lime-treated Liquid-treated Asphalt Binder Type Mixture Type WMA Additives/ Techniques % Evotherm Optimum Binder Content (% by TWA) PG64-22 Untreated Lime-treated
  • 20.
    PHASE II: MIXING/ COMPACTION TEMPERATURES 308 255 308 265 308 255 320 275 320 275 320 275 320 275 320 275 320 275280 230 280 240 280 230 285 250 285 250 285 250 285 250 285 250 285 250 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 HMA WMA_Evo HMA WMA_Evo HMA WMA_Evo HMA WMA_Evo HMA WMA_Evo HMA WMA_Evo HMA WMA_Evo HMA WMA_Evo HMA WMA_Evo Untreated Lime- treated Liquid- treated Untreated Lime- treated Liquid- treated Untreated Lime- treated Liquid- treated PG64-22 PG64-28NV/PM PG64-28NV/TR Mixing Temperature, ⁰F Compaction Temperature, ⁰F
  • 21.
    PHASE II: MIXDESIGN TENSILE STRENGTH AT 77F 584 515 550 591 620 610 457 487 522 449 607 576 594 504 547 665 653 642 376 482 512 456 460 463 362 435 459 371 451 415 356 422 428 489 548 451 64 94 93 77 74 76 79 89 88 83 74 72 60 84 78 73 84 70 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 Untreated Lime-treated Liquid-treated Untreated Lime-treated Liquid-treated Untreated Lime-treated Liquid-treated Untreated Lime-treated Liquid-treated Untreated Lime-treated Liquid-treated Untreated Lime-treated Liquid-treated HMA(22) WMA(22)_Evo HMA(NV) WMA(NV)_Evo HMA(TR) WMA(TR)_Evo PG64-22 PG64-28NV PG64-28TR TensileStrengthRatio(TSR)at25°C,% TensileStrength(TS)at25°C,kPa Unconditioned TS Conditioned TS TSR
  • 22.
    PHASE II: EXPERIMENTALPROGRAM  Impact of Residual Moisture on Untreated Mixes  Impact of Anti-strip Additives  Lime  Liquid Anti-Strip (LAS)  Permanent Deformation/FN
  • 23.
    PHASE II: IMPACTOF RESIDUAL MOISTURE / EXPERIMENTAL PLAN HMA(22) HMA(22) 2h Cured @ WMA Comp Temp WMA(22) _Evo HMA(PM) HMA(PM) 2h Cured @ WMA Comp Temp WMA(PM) _Evo HMA(TR) HMA(TR) 2h Cured @ WMA Comp Temp WMA(TR) _Evo |E*| vs. F-T cycles (unaged) 2 @ 0, 1 and 6 FT cycles 2 @ 0, 1 and 6 FT cycles 2 @ 0, 1 and 6 FT cycles 2 @ 0, 1 and 6 FT cycles 2 @ 0, 1 and 6 FT cycles 2 @ 0, 1 and 6 FT cycles 2 @ 0, 1 and 6 FT cycles 2 @ 0, 1 and 6 FT cycles 2 @ 0, 1 and 6 FT cycles |E*|Moist vs. F-T cycles (unaged) -- -- 2 @ 0, 1 and 6 FT cycles -- -- 2 @ 0, 1 and 6 FT cycles -- -- 2 @ 0, 1 and 6 FT cycles Without Residual Moisture With Residual Moisture Property Untreated Mixtures PG 64-22 PG 64-28 NV/PM PG 64-28 NVTR/TR
  • 24.
    PHASE II: IMPACTOF RESIDUAL MOISTURE – PG64-28NV/TR MIXTURE 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E-05 1.E-04 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 DynamicModulus|E*|at70⁰F,ksi Reduced Frequency, Hz HMA_TR_None_Dry_0FT HMA_TR_None_Dry_1FT HMA_TR_None_Dry_6FT
  • 25.
    PHASE II: IMPACTOF RESIDUAL MOISTURE - PG64-28NV/TR MIXTURE 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E-05 1.E-04 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 DynamicModulus|E*|at70⁰F,ksi Reduced Frequency, Hz HMA_TR_None_Dry (2h curing @ WMA comp temp)_0FT HMA_TR_None_Dry (2h curing @ WMA comp temp)_1FT HMA_TR_None_Dry (2h curing @ WMA comp temp)_6FT
  • 26.
    PHASE II: IMPACTOF RESIDUAL MOISTURE - PG64-28NV/TR MIXTURE 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E-05 1.E-04 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 DynamicModulus|E*|at70⁰F,ksi Reduced Frequency, Hz WMA_TR_Evo_Dry_0FT WMA_TR_Evo_Dry_1FT WMA_TR_Evo_Dry_6FT WMA_TR_Evo_Moist_0FT WMA_TR_Evo_Moist_1FT WMA_TR_Evo_Moist_6FT
  • 27.
    PHASE II: IMPACTOF RESIDUAL MOISTURE SUMMARY OF RESULTS – PG64-22 MIXTURES 830 639 515 686 639 367 821 647 532 822 525 576 0.77 0.62 0.93 0.54 0.79 0.65 0.64 0.70 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 |E*|Ratioat70⁰Fand10Hz DynamicModulus|E*|at70⁰Fand10Hz,ksi Sample ID Estar ECR
  • 28.
    PHASE II: IMPACTOF RESIDUAL MOISTURE SUMMARY OF RESULTS – PG64-28NV/PM MIXTURES 497 348 299 431 348 254 443 288 232 392 256 282 0.70 0.60 0.81 0.59 0.65 0.52 0.65 0.72 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 E*|Ratioat70⁰Fand10Hz DynamicModulus|E*|at70⁰Fand10Hz,ksi Estar ECR
  • 29.
    PHASE II: IMPACTOF RESIDUAL MOISTURE SUMMARY OF RESULTS – PG64-28NV/TR MIXTURES 637 431 323 550 431 237 636 383 343 571 355 372 0.68 0.51 0.78 0.43 0.60 0.54 0.62 0.65 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 |E*|Ratioat70⁰Fand10Hz DynamicModulus|E*|at70⁰Fand10Hz,ksi Sample ID Estar ECR
  • 30.
    PHASE II: IMPACTOF ANTI-STRIP ADDITIVES / EXPERIMENTAL PLAN HMA(22) HMA(22) 2h Cured @ WMA Comp Temp WMA(22) _Evo HMA(PM) HMA(PM) 2h Cured @ WMA Comp Temp WMA(PM) _Evo HMA(TR) HMA(TR) 2h Cured @ WMA Comp Temp WMA(TR) _Evo |E*| vs. F-T cycles (unaged) 2 @ 0, 6 FT cycles 2 @ 0, 6 FT cycles -- 2 @ 0, 6 FT cycles 2 @ 0, 6 FT cycles -- 2 @ 0, 6 FT cycles 2 @ 0, 6 FT cycles -- |E*|Moist vs. F-T cycles (unaged) -- -- 2 @ 0, 6 FT cycles -- -- 2 @ 0, 6 FT cycles -- -- 2 @ 0, 6 FT cycles Without Residual Moisture With Residual Moisture Property Lime-treated, Liquid-treated Mixtures PG 64-22 PG 64-28 NV/PM PG 64-28 NVTR/TR
  • 31.
    PHASE II: IMPACTOF ANTI-STRIP ADDITIVES SUMMARY OF RESULTS – PG64-22 MIXTURES 0.62 0.48 0.70 0.90 1.00 0.84 0.58 0.68 0.64 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 0FT 6FT 0FT 6FT 0FT 6FT HMA HMA 2h cured @ WMA Comp Temp WMA_Moist_Evo PG64-22 |E*|Ratioat70⁰Fand10Hz |E*|at70⁰Fand10Hz,ksi |E*|_Untreated |E*|_Lime-treated |E*|_Liquid-treated |E*| Ratio_Untreated |E*| Ratio_Lime-treated |E*| Ratio_Liquid-treated
  • 32.
    PHASE II: IMPACTOF ANTI-STRIP ADDITIVES SUMMARY OF RESULTS – PG64-28NV/PM MIXTURES 0.53 0.59 0.72 0.76 0.92 0.55 0.55 0.63 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 0FT 6FT 0FT 6FT 0FT 6FT HMA HMA 2h cured @ WMA Comp Temp WMA_Moist_Evo PG64-28NV |E*|Ratioat70⁰Fand10Hz |E*|at70⁰Fand10Hz,ksi |E*|_Untreated |E*|_Lime-treated |E*|_Liquid-treated |E*| Ratio_Untreated |E*| Ratio_Lime-treated |E*| Ratio_Liquid-treated
  • 33.
    PHASE II: IMPACTOF ANTI-STRIP ADDITIVES SUMMARY OF RESULTS – PG64-28NV/TR MIXTURES 0.51 0.43 0.65 0.82 0.73 0.80 0.59 0.52 0.60 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 0FT 6FT 0FT 6FT 0FT 6FT HMA HMA 2h cured @ WMA Comp Temp WMA_Moist_Evo PG64-28TR |E*|Ratioat70⁰Fand10Hz |E*|at70⁰Fand10Hz,ksi |E*|_Untreated |E*|_Lime-treated |E*|_Liquid-treated |E*| Ratio_Untreated |E*| Ratio_Lime-treated |E*| Ratio_Liquid-treated
  • 34.
    PHASE II: PERMANENTDEFORMATION / EXPERIMENTAL PLAN HMA(22) HMA(22) 2h Cured @ WMA Comp Temp WMA(22) _Evo HMA(PM) HMA(PM) 2h Cured @ WMA Comp Temp WMA(PM) _Evo HMA(TR) HMA(TR) 2h Cured @ WMA Comp Temp WMA(TR) _Evo FN(Short term aging) 3 @ 0 FT cycles 3 @ 0 FT cycles 3 @ 0 FT cycles 3 @ 0 FT cycles 3 @ 0 FT cycles 3 @ 0 FT cycles 3 @ 0 FT cycles 3 @ 0 FT cycles 3 @ 0 FT cycles Untreated, Lime-treated, and Liquid-treated Property Mixtures PG 64-22 PG 64-28 NV/PM PG 64-28 NVTR/TR
  • 35.
    PHASE II: FN@ 58˚C 88 39 47 137 83 64 109 95 43 84 27 56 164 106 174 126 118 332 71 37 62 155 97 72 160 84 128 0 100 200 300 400 500 HMA(22) WMA(22)_Evo HMA(22)-Cured2h@WMAComp Temp HMA(NV) WMA(NV)_Evo HMA(NV)_Cured2h@WMAComp Temp HMA(TR) WMA(TR)_Evo HMA(TR)-Cured2h@WMAComp Temp PG64-22 PG64-28NV PG64-28TR FlowNumber(FN)at58˚C un-treated Lime-treated Liquid-treated
  • 36.
    CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS WMA Additives Evaluated: 1. Advera : a) Showed a moderate reduction of the FN compared to the control HMA for all Mixtures tested. b) Demonstrated a high resistance to fatigue cracking at high strains and a lower resistance at low strains in comparison with the control HMA for PG64-22 and PG64-28NV Mixtures. Opposite behavior was observed with the PG64-28NV/TR Mixtures.
  • 37.
    CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS WMA Additives Evaluated: 2. Sasobit : a) The resistance to fatigue cracking of mixtures with Sasobit was similar to the Advera mixtures. b) The Addition of Sasobit into the mixture significantly improved the FN.
  • 38.
    CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS WMA Additives Evaluated: 3. Evotherm : a) A minimal to moderate reduction in the E* was observed due to the moisture damage. b) Introducing an anti-strip agent into the mixtures helped improving their resistance to moisture damage. c) Reduction in the FN for all mixtures after the addition of Evotherm.
  • 39.
    CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS WhichWMA Additive is the Best?