This document outlines the evaluation of warm mix asphalt additives for use in modified asphalt mixtures. The study had two phases: Phase I evaluated additional work on mixtures' resistance to permanent deformation and fatigue cracking. Phase II involved new mix designs to evaluate moisture damage resistance and permanent deformation resistance. The study found that warm mix additives had little effect on mixture performance, with some warm mix asphalt mixtures performing similarly or better than traditional hot mix asphalt mixtures.

1. EVALUATION OF WARM MIX
ASPHALT ADDITIVES FOR USE IN
MODIFIED ASPHALT MIXTURES
MS Thesis Defense
Presented by: Zahi Chamoun
Thesis Advisor: Peter E. Sebaaly, Ph.D., P.E.
Thursday, September 17, 2015

2. OUTLINE
 Objective
 Summary of Previous Work
 Phase I- Additional Work:
 Resistance to Permanent Deformation
 Resistance to Fatigue Cracking
 Phase II:
 Materials
 Mix Designs /TSR
 Resistance Moisture Damage
 Resistance to Permanent Deformation
 Conclusions and Recommendations

3. OBJECTIVE
 Evaluate the use of WMA additives with polymer
modified and terminal blend tire rubber asphalt
mixtures according to NDOT and Caltrans
specifications.
 Phase I – Additional Work (existing Mix Designs):
 Performance Tests
 Phase II:
 Mix Designs
 Moisture Damage
 Performance Test

4. SUMMARY OF PREVIOUS WORK
 Hveem Mix Design for Heavy Traffic (according to NDOT
Type 2C and Caltrans ¾” max Type A specifications)
 1 Aggregate Source (meets both NDOT and Caltrans
specifications)
 3 Binder types:
 PG64-22
 PG64-28NV/PM (polymer modified)
 PG64-28NV/TR (terminal blend tire rubber)
 2 WMA Additives:
 Advera
 Sasobit
 2 Anti-strip additives:
 Liquid anti-strip: Morlife 5000 at 0.5% by wt of binder
 Hydrated lime: 1.0% dwa added on wet aggregates

5. SUMMARY OF PREVIOUS WORK
 Properties Evaluated
 Impact of Residual Moisture of Untreated WMA
Mixtures to Moisture Damage
 Impact of Warm Mix Additives on the Resistance to
Moisture Damage of Anti-strip Treated WMA
Mixtures
 Impact of Long Term-Aging on the Resistance to
Moisture Damage of WMA Mixtures.

6. PHASE I-ADDITIONAL WORK: EXPERIMENTAL
PLAN
HMA(22)
HMA(22)
2h Cured
@WMA
Comp Temp
WMA(22)_
Adv
WMA(22)_
Sas
HMA(PM)
HMA(PM)
2h Cured
@WMA
Comp
Temp
WMA(PM)_
Adv
WMA(PM)_S
as
HMA(TR)
HMA(TR)
2h Cured
@WMA
Comp
Temp
WMA(TR)_
Adv
WMA(TR)_
Sas
FN(Short
termaging)
2@0FT
cycles
--
2@0FT
cycles
2@0FT
cycles
2@0FT
cycles
--
2@0FT
cycles
2@0FT
cycles
2@0FT
cycles
--
2@0FT
cycles
2@0FT
cycles
Fatigue
Life(Long
termaging)
6samples,
3strain
levels
6samples,
3strain
levels
6samples,
3strain
levels
6samples,
3strain
levels
6samples,
3strain
levels
6
samples,
3strain
levels
6samples,
3strain
levels
6samples,3
strain levels
6
samples,
3strain
levels
6samples,
3strain
levels
6samples,
3strain
levels
6samples,
3strain
levels
Untreated
Property
Mixtures
PG 64-22 PG 64-28NV/PM PG 64-28NVTR/TR
Untreated,Lime-treated,and Liquid-treated

7. PHASE I-ADDITIONAL WORK: FN @ 58˚C
46
36
60 54
38
110
35 43
65
56
30
60
161
111
470
146
66
110
83
33
51
61 59
121
29 35
52
0
100
200
300
400
500 HMA(22)
WMA(22)_Adv
WMA(22)_Sas
HMA(NV)
WMA(NV)_Adv
WMA(NV)_Sas
HMA(TR)
WMA(TR)_Adv
WMA(TR)_Sas
PG64-22 PG64-28NV PG64-28TR
FlowNumber(FN)at58˚C
Untreated
Lime-treated
Liquid-treated

8. PHASE I: FATIGUE LIFE
 Beam Fatigue Test @ 21˚C
 3D-Move Analysis
2
1
1
k
fN k

 
  
 

9. PHASE I: BEAM FATIGUE - PG64-22
100
1,000
10,000
1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000
FlexuralStrain(microns)
Cycles to Failure
HMA(22) WMA(22)_Adv HMA(22) cured 2h @ WMA comp temp WMA(22)_Sas

10. PHASE I: BEAM FATIGUE - PG64-28NV/PM
100
1,000
10,000
1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000
FlexuralStrain(microns)
Cycles to Failure
HMA(NV) WMA(NV)_Adv HMA(NV) 2h Cured @ WMA Comp Temp WMA(NV)_Sas

11. PHASE I: BEAM FATIGUE - PG64-28NV/TR
100
1,000
10,000
1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000
FlexuralStrain(microns)
Cycles to Failure
HMA(TR) WMA(TR)_Adv HMA(TR) 2h Cured @ WMA Comp Temp WMA(TR)_Sas

12. PHASE I: NF COMPARISON OF ALL MIXTURES USING 3D-
MOVE STATIC AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS FOR THIN PAVEMENT
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
HMA(22)
WMA(22)_Adv
WMA(22)_Sas
HMA(NV)
WMA(NV)_Adv
WMA(NV)_Sas
HMA(TR)
WMA(TR)_Adv
WMA(TR)_Sas
PG64-22 PG64-28NV PG64-28TR
Thin Pavement Static 3D-Move Thin Pavement Dynamic 3D-Move

13. PHASE I: NF COMPARISON OF ALL MIXTURES USING
3D-MOVE STATIC AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS FOR THICK
PAVEMENT
0
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
30,000,000
35,000,000
40,000,000 HMA(22)
WMA(22)_Adv
WMA(22)_Sas
HMA(NV)
WMA(NV)_Adv
WMA(NV)_Sas
HMA(TR)
WMA(TR)_Adv
WMA(TR)_Sas
PG64-22 PG64-28NV PG64-28TR
Thick Pavement Static 3D-Move Thick Pavement Dynamic 3D-Move

14. PHASE I: NF COMPARISON OF ALL MIXTURES USING 3D-
MOVE DYNAMIC AND STATIC ANALYSIS AND THE BEAM
FATIGUE TEST RESULTS ANALYSIS FOR THIN PAVEMENT
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
HMA(22)
WMA(22)_Adv
WMA(22)_Sas
HMA(NV)
WMA(NV)_Adv
WMA(NV)_Sas
HMA(TR)
WMA(TR)_Adv
WMA(TR)_Sas
PG64-22 PG64-28NV PG64-28TR
Thin Pavement Static 3D-Move Beam Fatigue Test 300.00 mStrain Thin Pavement Dynamic 3D-Move

15. PHASE II: MATERIALS
 Hveem Mix Design for Heavy Traffic Conducted for Both
HMA and WMA Mixtures (according to NDOT Type 2C and Caltrans ¾”
max Type A specifications)
 1 Aggregate Source (meets both NDOT and Caltrans
specifications)
 3 Binder types:
 PG64-22
 PG64-28NV/PM (polymer modified)
 PG64-28NV/TR (terminal blend tire rubber)
 1 WMA Additives:
 Evotherm
 2 Anti-strip additives:
 Liquid anti-strip: Morlife 5000 at 0.5% by wt of binder
 Hydrated lime: 1.0% dwa added on wet aggregates

16. PHASE II: MIX DESIGN
 Properties Evaluated
 Impact of Residual Moisture of Untreated WMA
Mixtures to Moisture Damage
 Impact of Warm Mix Additives on the Resistance to
Moisture Damage of Anti-strip Treated WMA
Mixtures
 Permanent Deformation/FN

17. PHASE II: EVALUATED MIXTURES
HMA
HMA 2h cured
@ WMA Comp
Temp
WMA -
Evotherm
PG 64-22 X X X
PG64-28NV/PM X X X
PG64-28NV-TR/TR X X X
X = Untreated, Lime-treated, Liquid-treated
Total: 27 mixtures

18. PHASE II: MIX DESIGNS PROCESS
Mix
Design
HMA
Conduct
Mixing
Temp
Vis.
Chart
Compaction
Temp
230˚F
Select
Optimum
WMA
Conduct
Mixing Temp
(NCHRP 9-
43)
Aging
Index (AI)
Coating
Compactibility
Compaction
Temp
230˚F
Select
Optimum

19. PHASE II: MIX DESIGNS PROCESS/OPTIMUM
BINDER CONTENT
None -- 5.70%
Evotherm 0.40% 5.40%
None -- 5.70%
Evotherm 0.40% 5.20%
None -- 5.60%
Evotherm 0.40% 5.50%
None -- 5.80%
Evotherm 0.40% 5.80%
None -- 5.50%
Evotherm 0.40% 5.40%
None -- 5.50%
Evotherm 0.40% 5.40%
None -- 5.80%
Evotherm 0.30% 5.60%
None -- 5.55%
Evotherm 0.30% 5.00%
None -- 5.70%
Evotherm 0.30% 5.30%
Liquid-treated
PG64-
28NV/PM
Untreated
Lime-treated
Liquid-treated
PG64-
28NV/TR
Untreated
Lime-treated
Liquid-treated
Asphalt
Binder Type
Mixture Type
WMA Additives/
Techniques
% Evotherm
Optimum Binder
Content (% by
TWA)
PG64-22
Untreated
Lime-treated

20. PHASE II: MIXING / COMPACTION
TEMPERATURES
308
255
308
265
308
255
320
275
320
275
320
275
320
275
320
275
320
275280
230
280
240
280
230
285
250
285
250
285
250
285
250
285
250
285
250
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
HMA
WMA_Evo
HMA
WMA_Evo
HMA
WMA_Evo
HMA
WMA_Evo
HMA
WMA_Evo
HMA
WMA_Evo
HMA
WMA_Evo
HMA
WMA_Evo
HMA
WMA_Evo
Untreated Lime-
treated
Liquid-
treated
Untreated Lime-
treated
Liquid-
treated
Untreated Lime-
treated
Liquid-
treated
PG64-22 PG64-28NV/PM PG64-28NV/TR
Mixing Temperature, ⁰F Compaction Temperature, ⁰F

21. PHASE II: MIX DESIGN
TENSILE STRENGTH AT 77F
584
515
550
591
620 610
457
487
522
449
607
576 594
504
547
665 653 642
376
482
512
456 460 463
362
435 459
371
451
415
356
422 428
489
548
451
64
94 93
77
74 76
79
89 88
83
74 72
60
84
78
73
84
70
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
Untreated
Lime-treated
Liquid-treated
Untreated
Lime-treated
Liquid-treated
Untreated
Lime-treated
Liquid-treated
Untreated
Lime-treated
Liquid-treated
Untreated
Lime-treated
Liquid-treated
Untreated
Lime-treated
Liquid-treated
HMA(22) WMA(22)_Evo HMA(NV) WMA(NV)_Evo HMA(TR) WMA(TR)_Evo
PG64-22 PG64-28NV PG64-28TR
TensileStrengthRatio(TSR)at25°C,%
TensileStrength(TS)at25°C,kPa
Unconditioned TS Conditioned TS TSR

22. PHASE II: EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
 Impact of Residual Moisture on Untreated Mixes
 Impact of Anti-strip Additives
 Lime
 Liquid Anti-Strip (LAS)
 Permanent Deformation/FN

23. PHASE II: IMPACT OF RESIDUAL MOISTURE /
EXPERIMENTAL PLAN
HMA(22)
HMA(22)
2h
Cured
@ WMA
Comp
Temp
WMA(22)
_Evo
HMA(PM)
HMA(PM)
2h
Cured @
WMA
Comp
Temp
WMA(PM)
_Evo
HMA(TR)
HMA(TR)
2h Cured
@ WMA
Comp
Temp
WMA(TR)
_Evo
|E*| vs.
F-T
cycles
(unaged)
2 @ 0, 1
and 6 FT
cycles
2 @ 0, 1
and 6 FT
cycles
2 @ 0, 1
and 6 FT
cycles
2 @ 0, 1
and 6 FT
cycles
2 @ 0, 1
and 6 FT
cycles
2 @ 0, 1
and 6 FT
cycles
2 @ 0, 1
and 6 FT
cycles
2 @ 0, 1
and 6 FT
cycles
2 @ 0, 1
and 6 FT
cycles
|E*|Moist
vs. F-T
cycles
(unaged)
-- --
2 @ 0, 1
and 6 FT
cycles
-- --
2 @ 0, 1
and 6 FT
cycles
-- --
2 @ 0, 1
and 6 FT
cycles
Without Residual Moisture
With Residual Moisture
Property
Untreated Mixtures
PG 64-22 PG 64-28 NV/PM PG 64-28 NVTR/TR

24. PHASE II: IMPACT OF RESIDUAL MOISTURE –
PG64-28NV/TR MIXTURE
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E-05 1.E-04 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05
DynamicModulus|E*|at70⁰F,ksi
Reduced Frequency, Hz
HMA_TR_None_Dry_0FT
HMA_TR_None_Dry_1FT
HMA_TR_None_Dry_6FT

25. PHASE II: IMPACT OF RESIDUAL MOISTURE -
PG64-28NV/TR MIXTURE
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E-05 1.E-04 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05
DynamicModulus|E*|at70⁰F,ksi
Reduced Frequency, Hz
HMA_TR_None_Dry (2h curing
@ WMA comp temp)_0FT
HMA_TR_None_Dry (2h
curing @ WMA comp
temp)_1FT
HMA_TR_None_Dry (2h
curing @ WMA comp
temp)_6FT

26. PHASE II: IMPACT OF RESIDUAL MOISTURE -
PG64-28NV/TR MIXTURE
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E-05 1.E-04 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05
DynamicModulus|E*|at70⁰F,ksi
Reduced Frequency, Hz
WMA_TR_Evo_Dry_0FT
WMA_TR_Evo_Dry_1FT
WMA_TR_Evo_Dry_6FT
WMA_TR_Evo_Moist_0FT
WMA_TR_Evo_Moist_1FT
WMA_TR_Evo_Moist_6FT

27. PHASE II: IMPACT OF RESIDUAL MOISTURE
SUMMARY OF RESULTS – PG64-22 MIXTURES
830
639
515
686 639
367
821
647
532
822
525 576
0.77
0.62
0.93
0.54
0.79
0.65 0.64
0.70
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
|E*|Ratioat70⁰Fand10Hz
DynamicModulus|E*|at70⁰Fand10Hz,ksi
Sample ID
Estar
ECR

28. PHASE II: IMPACT OF RESIDUAL MOISTURE
SUMMARY OF RESULTS – PG64-28NV/PM MIXTURES
497
348
299
431
348
254
443
288
232
392
256 282
0.70
0.60
0.81
0.59
0.65
0.52
0.65
0.72
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
E*|Ratioat70⁰Fand10Hz
DynamicModulus|E*|at70⁰Fand10Hz,ksi
Estar
ECR

29. PHASE II: IMPACT OF RESIDUAL MOISTURE
SUMMARY OF RESULTS – PG64-28NV/TR MIXTURES
637
431
323
550
431
237
636
383 343
571
355 372
0.68
0.51
0.78
0.43
0.60
0.54
0.62 0.65
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
|E*|Ratioat70⁰Fand10Hz
DynamicModulus|E*|at70⁰Fand10Hz,ksi
Sample ID
Estar
ECR

30. PHASE II: IMPACT OF ANTI-STRIP ADDITIVES /
EXPERIMENTAL PLAN
HMA(22)
HMA(22)
2h
Cured
@ WMA
Comp
Temp
WMA(22)
_Evo
HMA(PM)
HMA(PM)
2h
Cured @
WMA
Comp
Temp
WMA(PM)
_Evo
HMA(TR)
HMA(TR)
2h Cured
@ WMA
Comp
Temp
WMA(TR)
_Evo
|E*| vs.
F-T
cycles
(unaged)
2 @ 0, 6
FT cycles
2 @ 0, 6
FT cycles
--
2 @ 0, 6
FT cycles
2 @ 0, 6
FT cycles
--
2 @ 0, 6
FT cycles
2 @ 0, 6
FT cycles
--
|E*|Moist
vs. F-T
cycles
(unaged)
-- --
2 @ 0, 6
FT cycles
-- --
2 @ 0, 6
FT cycles
-- --
2 @ 0, 6
FT cycles
Without Residual Moisture
With Residual Moisture
Property
Lime-treated, Liquid-treated Mixtures
PG 64-22 PG 64-28 NV/PM PG 64-28 NVTR/TR

31. PHASE II: IMPACT OF ANTI-STRIP ADDITIVES
SUMMARY OF RESULTS – PG64-22 MIXTURES
0.62
0.48
0.70
0.90
1.00
0.84
0.58
0.68
0.64
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0FT 6FT 0FT 6FT 0FT 6FT
HMA HMA 2h cured @ WMA
Comp Temp
WMA_Moist_Evo
PG64-22
|E*|Ratioat70⁰Fand10Hz
|E*|at70⁰Fand10Hz,ksi
|E*|_Untreated |E*|_Lime-treated |E*|_Liquid-treated
|E*| Ratio_Untreated |E*| Ratio_Lime-treated |E*| Ratio_Liquid-treated

32. PHASE II: IMPACT OF ANTI-STRIP ADDITIVES
SUMMARY OF RESULTS – PG64-28NV/PM MIXTURES
0.53
0.59
0.72
0.76
0.92
0.55
0.55
0.63
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0FT 6FT 0FT 6FT 0FT 6FT
HMA HMA 2h cured @ WMA
Comp Temp
WMA_Moist_Evo
PG64-28NV
|E*|Ratioat70⁰Fand10Hz
|E*|at70⁰Fand10Hz,ksi
|E*|_Untreated |E*|_Lime-treated |E*|_Liquid-treated
|E*| Ratio_Untreated |E*| Ratio_Lime-treated |E*| Ratio_Liquid-treated

33. PHASE II: IMPACT OF ANTI-STRIP ADDITIVES
SUMMARY OF RESULTS – PG64-28NV/TR MIXTURES
0.51
0.43
0.65
0.82
0.73
0.80
0.59
0.52
0.60
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0FT 6FT 0FT 6FT 0FT 6FT
HMA HMA 2h cured @ WMA
Comp Temp
WMA_Moist_Evo
PG64-28TR
|E*|Ratioat70⁰Fand10Hz
|E*|at70⁰Fand10Hz,ksi
|E*|_Untreated |E*|_Lime-treated |E*|_Liquid-treated
|E*| Ratio_Untreated |E*| Ratio_Lime-treated |E*| Ratio_Liquid-treated

34. PHASE II: PERMANENT DEFORMATION /
EXPERIMENTAL PLAN
HMA(22)
HMA(22)
2h
Cured
@ WMA
Comp
Temp
WMA(22)
_Evo
HMA(PM)
HMA(PM)
2h
Cured @
WMA
Comp
Temp
WMA(PM)
_Evo
HMA(TR)
HMA(TR)
2h Cured
@ WMA
Comp
Temp
WMA(TR)
_Evo
FN(Short
term
aging)
3 @ 0 FT
cycles
3 @ 0 FT
cycles
3 @ 0 FT
cycles
3 @ 0 FT
cycles
3 @ 0 FT
cycles
3 @ 0 FT
cycles
3 @ 0 FT
cycles
3 @ 0 FT
cycles
3 @ 0 FT
cycles
Untreated, Lime-treated, and Liquid-treated
Property
Mixtures
PG 64-22 PG 64-28 NV/PM PG 64-28 NVTR/TR

35. PHASE II: FN @ 58˚C
88
39 47
137
83
64
109 95
43
84
27 56
164
106
174
126 118
332
71
37
62
155
97
72
160
84
128
0
100
200
300
400
500
HMA(22)
WMA(22)_Evo
HMA(22)-Cured2h@WMAComp
Temp
HMA(NV)
WMA(NV)_Evo
HMA(NV)_Cured2h@WMAComp
Temp
HMA(TR)
WMA(TR)_Evo
HMA(TR)-Cured2h@WMAComp
Temp
PG64-22 PG64-28NV PG64-28TR
FlowNumber(FN)at58˚C
un-treated
Lime-treated
Liquid-treated

36. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
 WMA Additives Evaluated:
1. Advera :
a) Showed a moderate reduction of the FN compared
to the control HMA for all Mixtures tested.
b) Demonstrated a high resistance to fatigue cracking
at high strains and a lower resistance at low strains
in comparison with the control HMA for PG64-22
and PG64-28NV Mixtures. Opposite behavior was
observed with the PG64-28NV/TR Mixtures.

37. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
 WMA Additives Evaluated:
2. Sasobit :
a) The resistance to fatigue cracking of mixtures with
Sasobit was similar to the Advera mixtures.
b) The Addition of Sasobit into the mixture
significantly improved the FN.

38. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
 WMA Additives Evaluated:
3. Evotherm :
a) A minimal to moderate reduction in the E* was
observed due to the moisture damage.
b) Introducing an anti-strip agent into the mixtures
helped improving their resistance to moisture
damage.
c) Reduction in the FN for all mixtures after the
addition of Evotherm.

39. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Which WMA Additive is the Best?