presentation on mixing and compaction temperatures

1. INTERNATIONL CONFERENCE ON
MULTIDICIPLINARY RESEARCH
(ICMR-2022)
1
ORGANISED BY SHARABASAVA
UNIVERSITY,KALABURGI

2. Evaluation of Mixing and Compaction Characteristics of
VG-30 and SBS-PMB-40 neat and by using WMA
additives for paving applications
Presented By
ANIL KUMAR.L
(USN: 3PD13PCN03))
Under the guidance of
Dr. SIDRAMAPPA. S. AWANTI
P.D.A College of Engineering, Gulbarga
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3. Warm mix asphalt (WMA) refers to asphalt concrete mixtures they are
produced at lower temperatures than the temperatures typically used in the
production of hot mix asphalt (HMA).
WMA is produced at temperatures 50 to 100°F (28 to 56°C) lower than
typical HMA, which are typically produced in either batch or drum plants at
a discharge temperature of between 280°F (138°C) and 320°F (160°C).
For HMA, it is necessary to use these elevated temperatures to dry the
aggregate, coat it with the asphalt binder, and achieve the desired
workability. WMA uses the principles of a wide range of technologies such
as: organic, chemical, and foaming processes that allow for production and
placement of asphalt mix at lower temperatures than those required by
traditional HMA technology.
This study makes an initial attempt to evaluate and investigate viscosity
temperature relationship for VG-30 neat and SBS-PMb-40 with WMA
additives (Sasobit, evotherm and Zycotherm) by Marshall stability, Coating
and Brooke field Viscometer methods.
INTRODUCTION
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4. LITERATURE REVIEW
WMA can be produce by one or combination of several technologies
involving HMA plant processes and equipment, mineral additives or
chemicals that allow the reduction of mix production temperature and fall
broadly into one of four categories based on the type of additive used,
namely those having water-based additives, water-bearing additives,
chemical additives and organic additives. Thirteen WMA technologies are
identified by the Warm Mix Asphalt Technical Working Group
(WarmMixAsphalt.com).
Warm Mix asphalt (WMA) technology is likely to be an appropriate
solution, which allows the mixing, laying and rolling at lower
temperature. It is reported by Betz et al that WMA reduces production and
laying temperature as much as up to 30 °C depending upon the method
and additive used. The lower production and placement temperature bring
several benefits such as fuel saving, reduced pollution and safety to crew.

5. Mixing and paving/compaction are the two main tasks of the asphalt
production process, which together determine the quality of material
and With the objective of finding new methodologies to determine
adequate mixing and compaction temperatures for asphalt production
with modified bitumen, several researchers have carried out studies
during the last decade on viscosity variation with test conditions and
influence of the production temperature on volumetric and mechanical
properties.
Construction technical guides do not specify any methodology to
determine mixing and compaction temperatures of modified bitumen’s, or
it simply defines as EN 12697-33 does: “When using modified binder or
hard grade bitumen binder or additives, the temperature may be adjusted“.
Many studies have confirmed that the increase of temperature have serious
consequences to modified bitumen’s (oxidation, breakdown of long chain
polymers, volatile loss, emissions, odor-causing compounds) Arafatyero,
etal
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6. Hakseo Kim and Amirkahanian et al 2010 demonstrated in their findings
that WMA technology (Aspha-min and sosaobit) can be used to decrease the
compaction temperatures of SBS modified asphalt mixtures as compared
with HMA mixtures to satisfy the targeted air voids contents. The facts that
those WMA mixtures, especially at lower compactions levels showed lower
air voids than that of HMA mixtures at lower temperatures indicates that
WMA technologies can help in reducing the compaction effort during the
initial stages of constructions.
National Centre for Asphalt technology (NCAT) has probably conducted
more studies of WMA than any other than any other agencies. The US
(Hurley and Prowell, 2005a, 2005b, 2006a, 2006b, NCAT 2005). They have
demonstrated that aspha-min, Sasobit and Evotherm improve compatibility
in the super pave gyratory compactor and reduce air voids by an average of
0.65, 0.87 and 1.5 respectively, over that of the corresponding control mix
improved compaction was noted at temperatures as low as 190°F. Addition
of aspha-min, Sasobit and Evotherm did not affect the resilient modulus of
mixes.
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8. 8

9. SASOBIT
Sasobit is a fine, crystalline, long-chain synthetic wax. The material is added at
3 to 4 % by weight of the total mix. The wax melts at 210ºF and reduces
viscosity of the binder at plant and compaction temperatures.
WMA technology (Apsha-min and Sasobit) can be used to decrease the
compaction temperatures of SBS modified asphalt mixtures (WMA mixtures)
as compared with HMA mixtures to satisfy the targeted sir voids contents. the
fact that those WMA mixtures especially at lower compactions levels, showed
lower air voids than HMA mixtures and lower temperature indicates that HMA
mixtures at lower temperatures indicates that WMA technologies can help in
reducing the compaction.

10. HYBRID TECHNOLOGIES
Hybrid technologies utilize a combination of two or more WMA technologies
to achieve the reduction in temperature. For example, Low Energy Asphalt
(LEA) utilizes a chemical additive with a water injection system to improve
coating at lower temperatures.
OTHER TECHNOLOGIES
Finally, there are products that were originally developed for other
uses, but do incorporate the WMA technology for reducing temperature
and hence better utilization of the product. Examples are (sulfur and
WMA) and TLAX(Trinidad lake asphalt and WMA technology).

11. The decrease in viscosity allows lower operational
temperature depending upon nature and dose of additive. The addition of the
organic surfactant of the binders at high temperature as reported by Gandhi and
Amirkhanian. Recently Kandhal reported a comprehensive review of various
WMA technologies used globally. The decrease of the viscosity at operational
temperature. Ambika et al and Kakade et al reported results of field and laboratory
studies on use of wax as surfactant modified traditiona warmmixes.
Warm mix asphalt technologies facilitate compaction. Certain systems have been
described as “Flow Improvers” to improve “compact ability” of bituminous mixes
even in adverse windy and cold weather conditions. The objective of WMA
systems is to modify the temperature/viscosity relationship in a manner such that,
suitable mixing and compaction viscosities are achieved at lower temperatures,
while Adequate viscosity is maintained at service temperatures.
11

12. • Awanti et al 2006 studied influences of modified marshal compaction
techniques o engineering properties of polymer modified and neat bituminous
concrete mixes and reported about the various laboratory investigations
carried out on two types of polymer modified bituminous concrete mixes with
SBS copolymer and SBR and neat bituminous concrete mix 80/100 bitumen
and studied the effects of adopting modified Marshall compaction technique
on engineering properties of optimum binder content and Marshall
parameters.
• Marshall Test results indicated higher stability, higher flow, higher unit
weight lower air voids and lower optimum binder content for all mixes
compacted with modified Marshall Hammer when compared to standard
Marshall Compaction. Static ratio, resilient modulus ratio and fatigue life
were found to be higher for mixes compacted with modified compaction
when compared with standard Marshall Compaction. Modified compaction
shows permanent deformation as well as deformation rate.
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13. TEMPERATURE SUSCEPTIBILITY
Investigations showed that the addition of polymer not only increases the
application temperature range of asphaltic binders but also increases the traffic
resistance. Further, it was also discussed that the thermal cracking resistance of
a pavement is controlled by the temperature at which the binder reaches a
modulus close to its glassy modulus.
WMA MIXING AND COMPACTION TEMPERATURE
Mixing and paving/compaction are the two main tasks of the asphalt
production process, which together determine the quality of material and With
the objective of finding new methodologies to determine adequate mixing and
compaction temperatures for asphalt production with modified bitumen,
several researchers have carried out studies during the last decade on viscosity
variation with test conditions and influence of the production temperature on

14. • According Hensley mixing temperatures can be defined as that
temperatures which produces a uniform and sufficient caoting of the
coarse aggregate which is estimated to be on the basis of experience.
In order to determine mixing and compacting temperatures by this
approach for PMB with SBS and SBR,several mixing trails were tried at
different temperatures such as 150,160,170 and 180 °C.at lower
temperatures due to higher viscosity of binder the coating of bituminous
binder to aggregates was not thorough. but at a higher temperature of
180°C the aggregates were coated thoroughly with PMB-SBS and PMB-
SBR.Hence from this approach mixing and thecompaction temperature
was taken as 170°C(Awanti etal)
14

15. • According to Hensley(1998), mixing temperature can be defined as that
temperature, which produces a uniform and sufficient coating of the coarse
aggregates, which is to be estimated on the basis of experience. Based on several
trails, mixing temperature for polymer modified bitumen was found to be 180ᵒc
and the compaction temperature was taken as 170ᵒc. When the WMA(SBS ) was
added the mixing and compaction temperature of the mix is reduced to
10ᵒc,20ᵒc,30ᵒc and 40ᵒc .The amount of WMA added to the mix is 0.15% of the
bitumen content and then the mix is heated and stirred till the bitumen is coated
completely to the aggregates. After the aggregates are completely coated with
bitumen then the mix is poured into the mould and the compaction is done by
giving 75 blows on the either sides of the mould by the hammer.
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16. OBJECTIVES
To carryout Marshall Mix design of HMA and WMA for the DBM mix grading-2
specified by MoRT&H.
To determine and compare the volumetric properties and stability of
bituminous mix produced using VG-30 neat with WMA Additives
To determine and compare the volumetric properties and stability of
bituminous mix produced using SBC-PMB 40 neat with WMA Additives
To determine mixing and compaction temperatures for styrene-butadiene-
styrene (SBS) polymer modified bitumen 40 grade (SBC-PMB 40) and neat
bitumen of VG 30 Grade with and without warm mix asphalt (WMA)
chemicals.

17. METHODOLOGY
• Physical properties of aggregates SBS-PMB 40 and VG30 Grade for
virgin as well as aged bitumen are to be determined with and without WMA
chemicals.
• Determination of Mixing and compaction by brooke field viscometer,
coating method and marshall stability test method is adopated
• Determination of Mixing and compaction temperatures developing
viscosity temperature relationships for VG-30 bitumen and SBS-PMB- 40 for varying
percentages of WMA additives. On the basis of viscosity values as per ASTM
standards mixing and compaction temperatures will be determined

18. Viscosity temperature relationship by
• Brookfield Viscometer method
• The Brookfield Viscometer is the lab standard used around the world. Brookfield
viscometers employ the principle of rotational viscometry - the torque required to
turn an object, such as a spindle, in a fluid indicates the viscosity of the fluid.
Torque is applied through a calibrated spring to a disk or bob spindle immersed in
test fluid and the spring deflection measures the viscous drag of the fluid against the
spindle.
• The amount of viscous drag is proportional to the amount of torque required to
rotate the spindle, and thus to the viscosity of a Newtonian fluid. In the case of non-
Newtonian fluids, Brookfield viscosities measured under the same conditions
(model, spindle, speed, temperature, time of test, container, and any other sample
preparation procedures that may affect the behavior of the fluid) can be compared.
When developing a new test method, trial and error is often necessary in order to
determine the proper spindle and speeds. Successful test methods will deliver a %
torque reading between 10 and 100.
• The rheological behavior of the test fluid can be observed using the same spindle at
different speeds, but because the geometry of the fluid around a rotating bob or disk
spindle in a large container does not allow a single shear rate to be assigned, proper
rhinometry is not feasible using this setup.
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19. 19

20. Trial and Error method
• According to Hensley(1998), mixing temperature can be defined as that
temperature, which produces a uniform and sufficient coating of the
coarse aggregates, which is to be estimated on the basis of experience.
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21. Gradation achieved for aggregates DBM
21

22. Marshall stability test
• After determining the gradation,Marshall stability tests were conducted
with 5.5% of binder content to determine the volumetric properties of VG-
30 neat with WMA Additives (Sasobit Evotherm and Zycotherm) and also
to for SBS-PMB-40 neat WMA Additives (Sasobit Evotherm and
Zycotherm) for different mixing and compaction temperatures the tests
were conducted according to IS specifications
Marshall mix design - 0.23A+0.30B+0.16C+0.31D
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23. Results and discussions
Viscocity Vs Temperature relationship Graphs for VG-30 neat and with
WMA additives
23

24. Viscocity Vs Temperature relationship Graphs for SBS-PMB-40 neat and
with WMA additives
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25. 25
Mixing and compaction temperatures from Brooke fields viscometer graphs
arameters Mixing temperature oC for 1.56
poise( ASTM D 1559-89)
Compaction temperature oC
For 2.56 poise
( ASTM D 1559-89)
VG-30 neat 142 135
VG-30 neat +3%Sasobit 132 118
VG-30 neat
.75%Evotherm
128 120
VG-30 neat
0.3%Zycotherm
130 125
arameters Mixing temperature oC for 4 poise
(IRC-SP 53-2002)
Compaction temperature oC
For 5 poise (IRC-SP 53-2002)
BS-PMB-40 neat 172 162
BS-PMB-40 +3%Sasobit 168 162
BS-PMB-40
0.75%Evotherm
150 135
BS-PMB-40
0.3%Zycotherm
150 142

26. Results from Trial and Error method Aggregate Coating Method
Parameters Coating
temperature
oC
Parameters Coating
temperature oC
VG-30 neat
140
SBS-PMB-40 neat 158
VG-30 neat
+3%Sasobit 110
SBS-PMB-40
+3%Sasobit
132
VG-30 neat
0.75%Evotherm 110
SBS-PMB-
40+0.75%%Evotherm
148
VG-30 neat
+0.2%Zycother
m
100
SBS-PMB-40
+0.2%Zycotherm
140
26

27. VG-30 Neat VG-30
+Neat+3%Sasobit
VG-30 Neat+
0.5%Evotherm
VG-30 Neat+0.3
zycotherm
mpaction tempts 140/130 110/100 110/100 120/110
ght of specimen 5.5 5.84 5.84 6.6
r gms 1042 1105 1105 1287
ater gms 596 652 652 768
y gm/cc 2.5 2.43 2.43 2.48
density 2.57 2.58 2.58 2.58
r voids Vv,% 3.1 3.78 4.78 4.0
bitumen Vb,% 12.24 11.72 11.72 11.12
eral aggregates 15.58 17.50 17.50 15.12
with bitumen 78.92 67.14 67.14 73.70
1090 1053 1053 1343
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28. Parameters SBS-
PMB-40
Neat
SBS-PMB-40
Neat+3%Sasobit
SBS-PMB-40
Neat+0.5%Evothe
rm
SBS
Nea
zy
/Compaction tempts degree C 170/160 130/120 150/140 1
age height of specimen cms 6.5 6.60 6.12 6.00
Weight in air gms 1169 1152 1190 1162
Weight in water gms 674 664 707 684
Bulk density gm/cc 2.37 2.36 2.46 2.44
Theorotical density 2.55 2.56 2.55 2.55
olume of air voids Vv,% 7.18 7.81 3.40 4.56
olume of bitumen Vb,% 11.43 12.48 12.99 12.87
n mineral aggregates VMA ,% 18.62 20.30 16.40 17.44
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29. Conclusions
• The viscosity tests conducted by using brooke field viscometer
on VG-30 neat shows a mixing temperature of 142 °C and a compaction
temperature of 135°C where as VG-30 neat with 3%sasobit 132°C and
118°C,with 0.75%Evotherm 128 and 120°C and for 0.3% Zycotherm
130°C and 125°C.it can be clearly seen that the addition of additives
seems to have positive effect on strength of the samples,
• The viscosity tests conducted by using brooke field viscometer
on SBS-PMB-40 neat shows a mixing temperature of 172 °C and a
compaction temperature of 162°C where as SBS-PMB-40 neat with
3%sasobit 168°C and 162°C, with 0.75%Evotherm 150° and 135°C and
for 0.3% Zycotherm 150°C and 142°C.it can be clearly seen that the
addition of additives seems to have positive effect on strength of the
samples.
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30. •Trail method results shows the coating temperature was found
to be 140°C for VG-30 neat 110,110,and 100°C for 3,0.75 and 0.2
% sasobit,evotherm and zycotherm respectively similarly for SBS-
PMB-40 coating temperatures were found to be 158 for neat
132,148 and 140°C for 3,0.75 and 0.2 % for sasobit,evotherm
and zycotherm respectively.
•Marshall tests results indicated higher stability,Bulk
Density,Lower air voids and reduced mixing and compaction
temperatures for addition of 3% sasobit in VG-30 neat and SBS-
PMB-40 ,
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31. • Addition of 3% sasobit reduces the mixing and compaction temperatures
in the range of 15 to 20 degree centigrade ,for VG-30 and SBS-PMB-
40,addition of 0.75%Evotherm reduces the mixing and compaction
temperatures of 16 to 18 degree centigrade and addition of 0.3%
zycotherm reduce the mixing and compaction temperatures of 12 to 18
degrees Centigrade this shows addition of 3% sasobit satisfies the limits.
• From the point of Viscosity-temperature relationship susceptibility the
addition of WMA adiitives make VG30 and SBS-PMB-40 more temperature
susuceptible which shows that addition of these additives can reduce the
mixing and compaction temperatures.
•The addition of Evotherm and zycotherm shows very less trends but addition
of sasobit shows better mixing and compaction temperatures for both VG-30
and SBS-PMB-40 binders.
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