The document describes an emulsified heavy crude oil equipment called ECH-A that can save energy and reduce carbon emissions. ECH-A emulsifies heavy crude oil with up to 40% water to generate micro-explosions during combustion for more complete burning. Test results show that compared to heavy crude oil alone, ECH-A emulsified oil can achieve a higher oil-efficient rate of 16.19% and reduce maximum flame temperatures.
Vegetable oils as Diesel Fuels for Rebuilt Vehicles QW9
This document discusses using vegetable oils and animal fats as diesel fuels in standard diesel engines. It summarizes results from tests of a passenger car running on rapeseed oil, chicken fat, and blends of rapeseed oil with ethanol. The key findings are:
1) Vegetable oils and animal fats have higher viscosity than diesel fuel, which can cause incomplete combustion and deposits. Various approaches can help address this, such as blending with diesel, heating the oils, or adding alcohols.
2) Engine tests showed maximum power and torque were lower when running on vegetable oils/animal fats compared to diesel fuel, due to their lower energy content.
3) Emissions of particulate matter and
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes an experimental study that compares combustion, performance, and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with diesel and biodiesel (made from neem oil). Biodiesel was tested in a conventional diesel engine and in a low heat rejection (LHR) diesel engine, which was modified by coating the combustion chamber with a ceramic thermal barrier coating. The coating aimed to suppress heat loss from the engine, allowing improved efficiency. Test results found the LHR engine performance with biodiesel was similar to the conventional diesel engine. Brake thermal efficiency of the LHR engine decreased slightly with biodiesel compared to diesel. Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions decreased with biodiesel in both engine types. The results suggest
This document summarizes chemical EOR progress and challenges in China. It outlines recent advancements in chemicals, laboratory studies, simulation techniques, and field applications of polymer flooding and ASP flooding. Polymer flooding has been applied successfully at large scales in the Daqing and Shengli oilfields in China, stabilizing production and doubling polymer usage over 10 years. ASP flooding also shows potential but faces challenges with emulsions, scaling, and stability. Overall chemical EOR continues to advance but challenges remain around applications at higher temperatures and developing low-cost solutions.
As Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) moves into the mainstream, hear the latest research on WMA performance from the respected National Center for Asphalt Technology, which puts various pavement technologies to the test under live traffic on a test track in Alabama.
Warm Mix Asphalt training documents provided by the National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT) for classes held June 26 & 27, 2013 in California, sponsored by the California Asphalt Pavement Association (CalAPA).
Warm Mix Asphalt training documents provided by the National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT) for classes held June 26 & 27, 2013 in California, sponsored by the California Asphalt Pavement Association (CalAPA).
1. The document analyzes combustion and heat release characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with blends of soybean biodiesel and diesel. Soybean oil was converted to biodiesel via transesterification, producing soybean methyl ester (SOME) biodiesel.
2. Combustion tests were conducted with SOME blends (5%, 10%, 15%) using pistons with different geometries - torodial, shallow torodial, and deep torodial. The shallow torodial piston showed the best combustion characteristics, with up to 6% higher peak cylinder pressure compared to the other pistons.
3. In-cylinder pressure and heat release rate were measured. SOME blends
Vegetable oils as Diesel Fuels for Rebuilt Vehicles QW9
This document discusses using vegetable oils and animal fats as diesel fuels in standard diesel engines. It summarizes results from tests of a passenger car running on rapeseed oil, chicken fat, and blends of rapeseed oil with ethanol. The key findings are:
1) Vegetable oils and animal fats have higher viscosity than diesel fuel, which can cause incomplete combustion and deposits. Various approaches can help address this, such as blending with diesel, heating the oils, or adding alcohols.
2) Engine tests showed maximum power and torque were lower when running on vegetable oils/animal fats compared to diesel fuel, due to their lower energy content.
3) Emissions of particulate matter and
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes an experimental study that compares combustion, performance, and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with diesel and biodiesel (made from neem oil). Biodiesel was tested in a conventional diesel engine and in a low heat rejection (LHR) diesel engine, which was modified by coating the combustion chamber with a ceramic thermal barrier coating. The coating aimed to suppress heat loss from the engine, allowing improved efficiency. Test results found the LHR engine performance with biodiesel was similar to the conventional diesel engine. Brake thermal efficiency of the LHR engine decreased slightly with biodiesel compared to diesel. Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions decreased with biodiesel in both engine types. The results suggest
This document summarizes chemical EOR progress and challenges in China. It outlines recent advancements in chemicals, laboratory studies, simulation techniques, and field applications of polymer flooding and ASP flooding. Polymer flooding has been applied successfully at large scales in the Daqing and Shengli oilfields in China, stabilizing production and doubling polymer usage over 10 years. ASP flooding also shows potential but faces challenges with emulsions, scaling, and stability. Overall chemical EOR continues to advance but challenges remain around applications at higher temperatures and developing low-cost solutions.
As Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) moves into the mainstream, hear the latest research on WMA performance from the respected National Center for Asphalt Technology, which puts various pavement technologies to the test under live traffic on a test track in Alabama.
Warm Mix Asphalt training documents provided by the National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT) for classes held June 26 & 27, 2013 in California, sponsored by the California Asphalt Pavement Association (CalAPA).
Warm Mix Asphalt training documents provided by the National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT) for classes held June 26 & 27, 2013 in California, sponsored by the California Asphalt Pavement Association (CalAPA).
1. The document analyzes combustion and heat release characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with blends of soybean biodiesel and diesel. Soybean oil was converted to biodiesel via transesterification, producing soybean methyl ester (SOME) biodiesel.
2. Combustion tests were conducted with SOME blends (5%, 10%, 15%) using pistons with different geometries - torodial, shallow torodial, and deep torodial. The shallow torodial piston showed the best combustion characteristics, with up to 6% higher peak cylinder pressure compared to the other pistons.
3. In-cylinder pressure and heat release rate were measured. SOME blends
This document summarizes recent advancements and challenges with chemical EOR methods like polymer flooding and alkaline-surfactant-polymer flooding in China. It discusses how polymer flooding has been applied at large scales successfully in the Daqing and Shengli oilfields, stabilizing oil production. Alkaline-surfactant polymer flooding pilots have also been conducted but face challenges with emulsions and scale. Advances in chemicals, laboratory studies, simulation tools, and injection facilities have improved performance and understanding. However, challenges remain around chemicals for high temperatures and low permeability reservoirs.
ENERGICO: A Revolutionary Software Design Tool for Gas Turbine Combustor and ...Reaction Design
ENERGICO is a complex system-design simulation tool that works by applying detailed chemistry technology to solve the toughest gas-turbine engineering problems related to emissions reduction and stability. By using ENERGICO to model and test new combustor designs, companies can save millions in gas turbine development costs and substantially reduce time-to-market when compared to traditional physical prototype testing.
Warm Mix Asphalt training documents provided by the National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT) for classes held June 26 & 27, 2013 in California, sponsored by the California Asphalt Pavement Association (CalAPA).
The document provides an overview of various chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods including polymer flooding, colloidal dispersion gels, alkaline flooding, alkaline-polymer flooding, surfactant-polymer flooding, and alkaline-surfactant-polymer flooding. It discusses the basics of each method, how they work to increase oil recovery, examples of their application, and screening criteria for determining applicability to different reservoirs. Key topics covered include the use of polymers to increase water viscosity and improve sweep efficiency, using alkalis and surfactants to lower oil-water interfacial tension, and combining methods such as polymer gels followed by chemical EOR to control conformance.
Biomass to olefins cracking of renewable naphthapxguru
This document discusses cracking renewable naphtha produced from biomass to produce light olefins like ethylene and propylene. The biomass is first converted to a renewable naphtha fraction using a two-step process involving hydrodeoxygenation and hydrocracking. Comprehensive characterization of the renewable naphtha showed it consists mainly of paraffins suitable for steam cracking. Steam cracking this naphtha in a pilot plant yielded high amounts of ethylene (31 wt%) and propylene (17.5 wt%) while producing small amounts of byproducts. Experimental coking studies also showed this naphtha feed has attractive coking properties. Simulations predict higher run lengths compared to fossil n
This document discusses quality assurance testing of petroleum products. It describes the formation of crude oil deposits from microbial remains millions of years ago. Crude oil is refined into fuel, lubricants, and petrochemical products that are essential to the global economy. The document outlines various standards and methods for analyzing properties of petroleum products like acid/base numbers, sulfur/mercaptan content, bromine number, hydroxyl number, chlorine content, oxidation stability, and water content. Key analytical techniques mentioned are potentiometric titration using electrodes like Solvotrode and Ag Titrode, as well as Karl Fischer titration for water determination.
The document summarizes an industry-standard fuel economy test between two nearly identical diesel trucks using conventional versus AMSOIL synthetic lubricants. The test found that the truck using synthetic lubricants saw a 6.54% increase in fuel economy compared to the truck using conventional lubricants. Specifically, the truck using synthetic lubricants consumed 18,779 gallons of fuel annually at 6.39 mpg versus 20,000 gallons at 6 mpg for the conventional lubricants truck. This represents an annual fuel cost savings of $4,579 per truck when switching to AMSOIL synthetic lubricants.
The document discusses a polymer flooding project in the Bohai Bay offshore oilfield in China. It summarizes that the project used a hydrophobically associating water-soluble polymer (HAWP) for polymer flooding due to challenges of high salinity water and highly viscous oil. The HAWP demonstrated good viscosification, solubility even at high salinity, resistance to mechanical degradation, long-term thermal stability, and could be treated from produced fluids. The polymer flooding project using HAWP achieved a decrease in water cut and increase in oil production for the wells.
The document discusses studies on exhaust emissions from a diesel engine with a ceramic coated combustion chamber fueled with mixtures of carbureted methanol and crude jatropha oil. The maximum methanol induction was 50% for the recommended injection timing and 45% for the optimum timing. Exhaust emissions of smoke decreased by 125% and nitrogen oxides decreased by 70% with the engine using the combustion chamber fueled with methanol-oil mixtures compared to crude oil alone. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde emissions increased substantially. Brake thermal efficiency increased up to a methanol level of 35% due to improved combustion but decreased at higher levels due to increased ignition delay.
This document summarizes research on hydrogen generation from glycerol via aqueous phase reforming (APR). [1] Glycerol is a byproduct of biodiesel production and APR can convert it to hydrogen at low temperatures using a platinum catalyst. [2] Testing on different catalysts showed platinum on alumina to be most effective, producing over 60% hydrogen. [3] Reaction conditions like temperature, pressure and feed rate were found to impact hydrogen selectivity.
The document discusses CO2-enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) and its role in carbon capture and storage (CCS). It provides an overview of CO2-EOR, noting that it can provide a business case for CCS if the CO2 is from anthropogenic sources and stored permanently. The Global CCS Institute is conducting various activities to better understand and support CO2-EOR projects, including a thematic program, workshops, and an EOR project to be completed mid-year. Legal and regulatory hurdles for transitioning CO2-EOR projects to dedicated storage exist but can be addressed.
Additional information will be presented by Dr. Terry Ramus and Dr. Scott Hein at the RTGA webinar on June 18 at 4-5pm CEST. Please register at: http://bit.ly/LT6A4n
Introduction
The last few years have seen an accelerating pace of new fuel development. This has increasingly lead to the need for high performing diagnostic and monitoring tools that can help lower costs and improve efficiencies. Rapid quantitative chemical measurement can aid in the understanding and design of all aspects of fuel processing systems.
The Diablo 5000A Real-Time Gas Analyzer (RTGA) based on the Agilent 5975 Mass Selective Detector has proven to be a powerful analytical tool for the study and optimization of fuel cell systems and ‘syngas’ production and use. This white paper will detail how the Diablo 5000A RTGA provides a stable, reliable and quantitative solution to continuous chemical monitoring in fuel processing systems that is not possible with residual gas analyzers.
Thank you for downloading the RTGA White Paper.
This document outlines the evaluation of warm mix asphalt additives for use in modified asphalt mixtures. The study had two phases: Phase I evaluated additional work on mixtures' resistance to permanent deformation and fatigue cracking. Phase II involved new mix designs to evaluate moisture damage resistance and permanent deformation resistance. The study found that warm mix additives had little effect on mixture performance, with some warm mix asphalt mixtures performing similarly or better than traditional hot mix asphalt mixtures.
This document summarizes an experimental study on the effects of using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as an alternative fuel in a spark ignition engine originally designed for gasoline. Temperatures, power, and torque were measured for the engine running on gasoline and LPG at different speeds. The results showed that all temperatures increased significantly with LPG use. Power and torque decreased by 5-20% with LPG compared to gasoline under similar conditions. Safety issues were also examined for retrofitting vehicles with LPG systems not designed for factory installation.
The document discusses the progression of US emissions requirements for heavy duty diesel engines and the technologies developed to meet these stricter standards. Tighter particulate matter and nitrogen oxide regulations have driven the use of advanced injection systems, diesel particulate filters, and selective catalytic reduction to reduce emissions by over 98%. Ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel is also needed to enable the use of after-treatment systems and meet stringent emissions limits.
The document summarizes an experimental investigation of operating a diesel engine in dual fuel mode using LPG and processed waste engine oil. Key findings from the study include:
- Performance characteristics of the engine using processed waste engine oil were comparable to diesel, while NO emissions decreased and CO/UHC increased.
- In dual fuel mode, efficiency slightly decreased while CO/UHC increased and NO/smoke decreased compared to single fuel diesel mode.
- Further work is needed to develop better waste oil processing methods and evaluate dual fuel operation with other gases like natural gas.
This document summarizes a study investigating ultra-deep adsorptive desulfurization of diesel fuel over supported TiO2−CeO2 adsorbents. Key findings include:
1) Light irradiation of diesel fuel prior to adsorption treatment resulted in a 30-fold increase in desulfurization capacity compared to untreated fuel, achieving sulfur removal to below 1 ppmw.
2) Sulfur K-edge XANES analysis identified sulfones as the primary sulfur species on spent adsorbents, suggesting light irradiation chemically transforms original sulfur compounds.
3) Adsorption selectivity tests showed higher removal of indole and sulfones compared to thiophenes and poly
This document describes a study that used Aspen and SimaPro software to analyze the life cycle of producing liquid biofuel from fast pyrolysis of woody biomass. The study adapted an existing Aspen model of a 2000 tonne/day pyrolysis facility to develop a life cycle inventory. The SimaPro analysis found biofuel from pine chips had significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions than refined fuel oil. It also showed biofuel production was near carbon neutral and could reduce CO2 emissions by substituting for refined oil. Energy required for biofuel production was mostly self-generated.
The document presents a model for sulfur oxidation in large two-stroke diesel engines. It reviews current models and describes a new detailed kinetic model coupled to a multi-zone approach. Results show good agreement with experiments, with sulfur conversion ranging from 2.5-6.7% depending on load. The model can be simplified for applications in computational fluid dynamics codes while maintaining predictive capabilities. Future work includes coupling oxidation results with mass transport models and experimental validation.
IRJET- Performance Analysis of Jatropha Based-Base Catalysed Biofuels on a Di...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the performance of biodiesel fuels produced from Jatropha seeds using different catalysts in a diesel engine. Jatropha oil was converted to ethyl and methyl esters using base-catalyzed transesterification with KOH and NaOH catalysts. The biodiesel fuels were blended with diesel fuel in a 25% biodiesel, 75% diesel ratio. Testing of the blended fuels found that Jatropha ethyl ester produced with KOH had better properties and engine performance than the other fuels. Properties like viscosity, calorific value, cloud point, and flash point of the blended fuels met biodiesel standards. The blended fuels were then tested in
This paper describes the CFD analysis and experimental validation for a blend of Ethanol and Diesel in CI Engine. Ethanol is the alcohol found in alcoholic beverages but it also makes an effective motor fuel. Since, ethanol possess low Cetane number it fails to auto ignite. In order to overcome this Diesel is blended with Ethanol. Thus the Diesel will ignite and thus facilitate the Ethanol to start burning. In this work a CFD model was created and the combustion analysis was carried out and the results were validated with experimental data. The Ethanol and Diesel fuels were mixed in different proportions and they were injected to the combustion chamber of a normal diesel engine. A single cylinder PC based VCR Engine was operated with this Ethanol - Diesel blend in different concentrations and at various loads. The experiment was successful and it showed that the Ethanol could be mixed with Diesel and could be injected without any engine modification. The difference between CFD and the experimental results obtained was found within acceptable range.
This document summarizes recent advancements and challenges with chemical EOR methods like polymer flooding and alkaline-surfactant-polymer flooding in China. It discusses how polymer flooding has been applied at large scales successfully in the Daqing and Shengli oilfields, stabilizing oil production. Alkaline-surfactant polymer flooding pilots have also been conducted but face challenges with emulsions and scale. Advances in chemicals, laboratory studies, simulation tools, and injection facilities have improved performance and understanding. However, challenges remain around chemicals for high temperatures and low permeability reservoirs.
ENERGICO: A Revolutionary Software Design Tool for Gas Turbine Combustor and ...Reaction Design
ENERGICO is a complex system-design simulation tool that works by applying detailed chemistry technology to solve the toughest gas-turbine engineering problems related to emissions reduction and stability. By using ENERGICO to model and test new combustor designs, companies can save millions in gas turbine development costs and substantially reduce time-to-market when compared to traditional physical prototype testing.
Warm Mix Asphalt training documents provided by the National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT) for classes held June 26 & 27, 2013 in California, sponsored by the California Asphalt Pavement Association (CalAPA).
The document provides an overview of various chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods including polymer flooding, colloidal dispersion gels, alkaline flooding, alkaline-polymer flooding, surfactant-polymer flooding, and alkaline-surfactant-polymer flooding. It discusses the basics of each method, how they work to increase oil recovery, examples of their application, and screening criteria for determining applicability to different reservoirs. Key topics covered include the use of polymers to increase water viscosity and improve sweep efficiency, using alkalis and surfactants to lower oil-water interfacial tension, and combining methods such as polymer gels followed by chemical EOR to control conformance.
Biomass to olefins cracking of renewable naphthapxguru
This document discusses cracking renewable naphtha produced from biomass to produce light olefins like ethylene and propylene. The biomass is first converted to a renewable naphtha fraction using a two-step process involving hydrodeoxygenation and hydrocracking. Comprehensive characterization of the renewable naphtha showed it consists mainly of paraffins suitable for steam cracking. Steam cracking this naphtha in a pilot plant yielded high amounts of ethylene (31 wt%) and propylene (17.5 wt%) while producing small amounts of byproducts. Experimental coking studies also showed this naphtha feed has attractive coking properties. Simulations predict higher run lengths compared to fossil n
This document discusses quality assurance testing of petroleum products. It describes the formation of crude oil deposits from microbial remains millions of years ago. Crude oil is refined into fuel, lubricants, and petrochemical products that are essential to the global economy. The document outlines various standards and methods for analyzing properties of petroleum products like acid/base numbers, sulfur/mercaptan content, bromine number, hydroxyl number, chlorine content, oxidation stability, and water content. Key analytical techniques mentioned are potentiometric titration using electrodes like Solvotrode and Ag Titrode, as well as Karl Fischer titration for water determination.
The document summarizes an industry-standard fuel economy test between two nearly identical diesel trucks using conventional versus AMSOIL synthetic lubricants. The test found that the truck using synthetic lubricants saw a 6.54% increase in fuel economy compared to the truck using conventional lubricants. Specifically, the truck using synthetic lubricants consumed 18,779 gallons of fuel annually at 6.39 mpg versus 20,000 gallons at 6 mpg for the conventional lubricants truck. This represents an annual fuel cost savings of $4,579 per truck when switching to AMSOIL synthetic lubricants.
The document discusses a polymer flooding project in the Bohai Bay offshore oilfield in China. It summarizes that the project used a hydrophobically associating water-soluble polymer (HAWP) for polymer flooding due to challenges of high salinity water and highly viscous oil. The HAWP demonstrated good viscosification, solubility even at high salinity, resistance to mechanical degradation, long-term thermal stability, and could be treated from produced fluids. The polymer flooding project using HAWP achieved a decrease in water cut and increase in oil production for the wells.
The document discusses studies on exhaust emissions from a diesel engine with a ceramic coated combustion chamber fueled with mixtures of carbureted methanol and crude jatropha oil. The maximum methanol induction was 50% for the recommended injection timing and 45% for the optimum timing. Exhaust emissions of smoke decreased by 125% and nitrogen oxides decreased by 70% with the engine using the combustion chamber fueled with methanol-oil mixtures compared to crude oil alone. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde emissions increased substantially. Brake thermal efficiency increased up to a methanol level of 35% due to improved combustion but decreased at higher levels due to increased ignition delay.
This document summarizes research on hydrogen generation from glycerol via aqueous phase reforming (APR). [1] Glycerol is a byproduct of biodiesel production and APR can convert it to hydrogen at low temperatures using a platinum catalyst. [2] Testing on different catalysts showed platinum on alumina to be most effective, producing over 60% hydrogen. [3] Reaction conditions like temperature, pressure and feed rate were found to impact hydrogen selectivity.
The document discusses CO2-enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) and its role in carbon capture and storage (CCS). It provides an overview of CO2-EOR, noting that it can provide a business case for CCS if the CO2 is from anthropogenic sources and stored permanently. The Global CCS Institute is conducting various activities to better understand and support CO2-EOR projects, including a thematic program, workshops, and an EOR project to be completed mid-year. Legal and regulatory hurdles for transitioning CO2-EOR projects to dedicated storage exist but can be addressed.
Additional information will be presented by Dr. Terry Ramus and Dr. Scott Hein at the RTGA webinar on June 18 at 4-5pm CEST. Please register at: http://bit.ly/LT6A4n
Introduction
The last few years have seen an accelerating pace of new fuel development. This has increasingly lead to the need for high performing diagnostic and monitoring tools that can help lower costs and improve efficiencies. Rapid quantitative chemical measurement can aid in the understanding and design of all aspects of fuel processing systems.
The Diablo 5000A Real-Time Gas Analyzer (RTGA) based on the Agilent 5975 Mass Selective Detector has proven to be a powerful analytical tool for the study and optimization of fuel cell systems and ‘syngas’ production and use. This white paper will detail how the Diablo 5000A RTGA provides a stable, reliable and quantitative solution to continuous chemical monitoring in fuel processing systems that is not possible with residual gas analyzers.
Thank you for downloading the RTGA White Paper.
This document outlines the evaluation of warm mix asphalt additives for use in modified asphalt mixtures. The study had two phases: Phase I evaluated additional work on mixtures' resistance to permanent deformation and fatigue cracking. Phase II involved new mix designs to evaluate moisture damage resistance and permanent deformation resistance. The study found that warm mix additives had little effect on mixture performance, with some warm mix asphalt mixtures performing similarly or better than traditional hot mix asphalt mixtures.
This document summarizes an experimental study on the effects of using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as an alternative fuel in a spark ignition engine originally designed for gasoline. Temperatures, power, and torque were measured for the engine running on gasoline and LPG at different speeds. The results showed that all temperatures increased significantly with LPG use. Power and torque decreased by 5-20% with LPG compared to gasoline under similar conditions. Safety issues were also examined for retrofitting vehicles with LPG systems not designed for factory installation.
The document discusses the progression of US emissions requirements for heavy duty diesel engines and the technologies developed to meet these stricter standards. Tighter particulate matter and nitrogen oxide regulations have driven the use of advanced injection systems, diesel particulate filters, and selective catalytic reduction to reduce emissions by over 98%. Ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel is also needed to enable the use of after-treatment systems and meet stringent emissions limits.
The document summarizes an experimental investigation of operating a diesel engine in dual fuel mode using LPG and processed waste engine oil. Key findings from the study include:
- Performance characteristics of the engine using processed waste engine oil were comparable to diesel, while NO emissions decreased and CO/UHC increased.
- In dual fuel mode, efficiency slightly decreased while CO/UHC increased and NO/smoke decreased compared to single fuel diesel mode.
- Further work is needed to develop better waste oil processing methods and evaluate dual fuel operation with other gases like natural gas.
This document summarizes a study investigating ultra-deep adsorptive desulfurization of diesel fuel over supported TiO2−CeO2 adsorbents. Key findings include:
1) Light irradiation of diesel fuel prior to adsorption treatment resulted in a 30-fold increase in desulfurization capacity compared to untreated fuel, achieving sulfur removal to below 1 ppmw.
2) Sulfur K-edge XANES analysis identified sulfones as the primary sulfur species on spent adsorbents, suggesting light irradiation chemically transforms original sulfur compounds.
3) Adsorption selectivity tests showed higher removal of indole and sulfones compared to thiophenes and poly
This document describes a study that used Aspen and SimaPro software to analyze the life cycle of producing liquid biofuel from fast pyrolysis of woody biomass. The study adapted an existing Aspen model of a 2000 tonne/day pyrolysis facility to develop a life cycle inventory. The SimaPro analysis found biofuel from pine chips had significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions than refined fuel oil. It also showed biofuel production was near carbon neutral and could reduce CO2 emissions by substituting for refined oil. Energy required for biofuel production was mostly self-generated.
The document presents a model for sulfur oxidation in large two-stroke diesel engines. It reviews current models and describes a new detailed kinetic model coupled to a multi-zone approach. Results show good agreement with experiments, with sulfur conversion ranging from 2.5-6.7% depending on load. The model can be simplified for applications in computational fluid dynamics codes while maintaining predictive capabilities. Future work includes coupling oxidation results with mass transport models and experimental validation.
IRJET- Performance Analysis of Jatropha Based-Base Catalysed Biofuels on a Di...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the performance of biodiesel fuels produced from Jatropha seeds using different catalysts in a diesel engine. Jatropha oil was converted to ethyl and methyl esters using base-catalyzed transesterification with KOH and NaOH catalysts. The biodiesel fuels were blended with diesel fuel in a 25% biodiesel, 75% diesel ratio. Testing of the blended fuels found that Jatropha ethyl ester produced with KOH had better properties and engine performance than the other fuels. Properties like viscosity, calorific value, cloud point, and flash point of the blended fuels met biodiesel standards. The blended fuels were then tested in
This paper describes the CFD analysis and experimental validation for a blend of Ethanol and Diesel in CI Engine. Ethanol is the alcohol found in alcoholic beverages but it also makes an effective motor fuel. Since, ethanol possess low Cetane number it fails to auto ignite. In order to overcome this Diesel is blended with Ethanol. Thus the Diesel will ignite and thus facilitate the Ethanol to start burning. In this work a CFD model was created and the combustion analysis was carried out and the results were validated with experimental data. The Ethanol and Diesel fuels were mixed in different proportions and they were injected to the combustion chamber of a normal diesel engine. A single cylinder PC based VCR Engine was operated with this Ethanol - Diesel blend in different concentrations and at various loads. The experiment was successful and it showed that the Ethanol could be mixed with Diesel and could be injected without any engine modification. The difference between CFD and the experimental results obtained was found within acceptable range.
ICME 2015 - Experimental Study on the Performance Characteristics and Emissio...Ekramul Haque Ehite
This document presents an experimental study on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine using vegetable oils. Sesame seed oil and rice bran oil were tested in various blends with kerosene as fuel for a diesel engine. The properties of the fuels were analyzed and compared to diesel. The engine was then tested using the various fuel blends. It was found that rice bran oil blends performed better than sesame oil blends in terms of power, fuel consumption and carbon monoxide emissions. Emissions generally increased with vegetable oil blends compared to diesel, but rice bran oil blends had lower emissions than sesame oil blends. This study shows the potential for using vegetable oils and their blends as alternative fuels in diesel
Experimental investigation of using kerosene-biodiesel blend as an alternativ...Mustansiriyah University
1) Researchers tested blends of biodiesel produced from sunflower oil and kerosene as alternative fuels in a diesel engine. They tested blends with biodiesel content from 15-60% by volume and kerosene content from 85-40%.
2) Test results showed that biodiesel-kerosene blends produced higher brake thermal efficiency and lower brake specific fuel consumption compared to diesel. Emissions of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons decreased with increasing kerosene content in the blends.
3) Nitrogen oxide emissions were highest for pure biodiesel but decreased with higher kerosene content in the blends, with the 15% biodiesel blend reducing NOx
IRJET- Effect of Copper Oxide and Carbon Nanotubes as Additives in Diesel Ble...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that tested the effects of adding copper oxide and carbon nanotubes as additives to a 20:80 blend of biodiesel and diesel in a variable compression ratio engine. The study found that some additive blends showed improvements in brake power output of up to 2% and brake thermal efficiency of up to 3.9% compared to pure diesel, along with reductions in harmful emissions like carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and smoke. Specifically, a blend with 40ppm of carbon nanotubes and 20ppm of copper oxide performed the best, showing lower emissions and higher power and efficiency than other blends and pure diesel. The document concludes the additive blends,
PRODUCTION OPTIMIZATION ASSESSMENT USING THAI, AND VAPEX EOR METHODS BY USING...Mahmood Ajabbar
Nowadays the energy sources generation is getting more difficult by using the enhanced and advanced level of technology around the world and as non-renewable energy oil and gas industries have become the largest and most demanded supplements of energy generation.
In brief, this project utilizes two types of EOR methods which use to produce heavy oil. The first method is the TAHI method which use steam to reduce the viscosity. The second method is the VAPEX method which use solvent to produce the heavy oil with economical way and friendly environment. It has bee got the RF for VAPEX IS around 62%, and for THAI is 71%. After comparing the both results in term of ability, now will compared it in terms of economics, the THAI method has profit which is 211.96×10^6 Dollars, and the VAPEX method is around 184.04×10^6$. So, the best method for this reservoir is the THAI method.
Project thesis Refining of used motor oil using Solvent ExtractionSyed Waqas Haider
It is thesis of my final year project at the completion of my BE Chemical Engineering Degree
Project Title: Refining Of Used Motor Oil
Technique Used: Solvent Extraction technique was used for refining
Analytical Method: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR)
This document summarizes a study that investigated the formulation of neem seed oil and jatropha seed oil with antimony dialkyldithiocarbohate (ADTC) additives for use as bio-based lubricants. Tribological tests were conducted using a four-ball tribometer to evaluate the lubricity performance of the two oil formulations. The results showed that the jatropha seed oil formulation had lower friction coefficients and better wear protection under the test conditions, indicating it performed better as a lubricant. The study concluded that jatropha seed oil with ADTC additives showed potential for use as an environmentally-friendly bio-based lubricant.
This document reviews blending of biofuels to address issues with rising fuel prices and emissions. Blending involves mixing two fuels to reduce harmful effects while improving efficiency. Specifically discussed are:
1) Blending heavy fuel oil with jatropha and adding water emulsification to reduce viscosity and emissions. Testing showed blending can increase fuel consumption but reduce emissions.
2) Emulsifying jatropha biodiesel and diesel, which improved fuel properties and reduced emissions over diesel alone.
3) Using nano-emulsions of water and diesel to reduce NOx and soot emissions. Testing of emulsified fuels found increased engine torque, power and efficiency.
In conclusion, blending fuels is promising for economic and environmental
In the course of this study, an eco-friendly alternative fuel was manufactured by transesterifying waste oils with the help of alcohol and a catalyst. As required by the American society for testing and materials (ASTM) requirements, we conducted an analysis on the acquired waste cooking oil
biofuel (WOB) to determine its most important properties. We were successful in producing three separate fuel mixes, which we will refer to as BF100WOB0 (100% diesel), BF80WOB20 (80% diesel and 20% biofuel),
and BF0WOB100 (100% biofuel) respectively. This research used a diesel engine with direct injection; the engine had a single cylinder, and the
computer that operated it was located in the cabin. The results showed that the BF80WOB20 had a 3.8% increase in fuel consumption and a 1.4% loss
in thermal efficiency while it was at a temperature of 26.5° b top dead center (TDC) conditions with low injection time led to decreased levels of both nitrogen oxides (NOx) and hartridge smoke level (HSL) emissions. The addition of 20% WOB to the fundamental fuel improved the engine
combustion characteristics at 26.5° b TDC. This improvement occurred at the same time.
Anxiety of greenhouse gases and exigency of conventional fuels is an attractive exploration reneged to the researchers view, turn towards alternative fuels. The present work is to demonstrate on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of 20% Karanja Methyl Ester (KOME) blend (B20) and hydrogen with 5, 10, and 15 lpm (liters per Minute) of low flow rate on a dual fuel mode direct injection diesel engine operated at 1500 rpm with rated power output of 3.5 kW. The experimental test were conducted at three various injection operating pressure of 200, 220, and 240bar. The obtained data of above test were compared with base line pressure of diesel at 200 bars. Higher brake thermal efficiency, less brake specific fuel consumption, lower HC, and CO emissions with raised concentration of NOx were obtained at IOP of 240 bars for B20- hydrogen dual fuel mode. The current analysis discovered that the IOP of 240 bars for 15 lpm hydrogen flow rate with B20 dual fuel approach was optimum.
This document evaluates the thermooxidation stabilities of additive-free base oils used in two commercially available grades of automotive crankcase oil (SAE-28W50 and SAE-10W40). The base oils were obtained by stripping the commercial oils of their additive components. The base oils were then thermally oxidized using a modified Turbine Oil Oxidation Test apparatus at increasing temperatures up to 380°C. The stabilities were evaluated based on parameters like Total Acid Number and Total Oxidation Products. Results showed that the synthetic base oil (SAE-10W40) was the least stable, followed by the blended base oil, while the mineral base oil (SAE-28
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Vegetable oils and alcohols (methanol and methanol) are important substitutes for diesel fuel as they are renewable in nature. However drawbacks associated with vegetable oils (high viscosity and low volatility) and alcohols (low cetane number) call for engine with hot combustion chamber with its significance characteristics of higher operating temperature, maximum heat release, higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and ability to handle the lower calorific value fuel. Methanol was inducted into the engine through a variable jet carburetor, installed at the inlet manifold of the engine at different percentages of crude vegetable oil at full load operation on mass basis. Crude vegetable oil was injected at near end of compression stroke
This document summarizes an experimental investigation on the performance of a diesel engine using methyl esters of linseed oil (LSOME) and neem oil (NOME) as biofuels. Tests were conducted on a single cylinder, water cooled diesel engine at a constant speed of 1500 rpm using blends of LSOME and NOME with diesel (B10 and B20). Results show that the brake specific fuel consumption and indicated specific fuel consumption decreased for the biofuel blends compared to diesel. The brake thermal efficiency increased for the biofuel blends, with B20 showing equal efficiency to diesel. It was concluded that the biofuel blends derived from linseed and neem oils can be used as sustainable alternatives to
Experimental investigation of four stroke single cylinder rope brake dynamome...Premier Publishers
The present work is focused on the effects of waste cooking oil based methyl ester and its blends with petrodiesel on a single cylinder, 4 stroke, naturally aspirated, direct injection, water cooled, rope brake dynamometer assisted CI engine at varying loads. The physical and chemical properties of WCO based methyl ester were determined using standard ASTM methods. The suitability of WCO based methyl ester and its blends were evaluated through determining the performance and emission characteristics of CI engine. These results were compared to petrodiesel for validation. By analyzing these results, it was observed that the performance and emission characteristics were shown both satisfactory and unsatisfactory results. This was due to lower calorific value and high viscosity of waste cooking oil methyl ester resulted delay in combustion. From the critical analysis, it was observed that B20 of WCO based methyl ester reserved 32.2% brake thermal efficiency slightly greater than petrodiesel i.e. 32% without any engine modifications. It is concluded that B20 of WCO based methyl ester is suitable with no modification in engine.
Experimental Investigations on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Bio...IRJET Journal
The document presents the results of experiments conducted to evaluate the combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel blends made from Java plum seed oil and custard apple seed oil. The key findings are:
- Biodiesel blends produced lower brake thermal efficiency compared to diesel fuel due to their lower energy content.
- Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions were lower for biodiesel fuels compared to diesel, while NOx emissions were slightly higher.
- Ignition delay was shorter for Java plum seed methyl ester blends compared to custard apple methyl ester blends and diesel fuel.
- The combustion characteristics of the methyl ester blends closely followed those of
Investigation of Pine Oil-Gasoline Blends through Performance and Emission An...IRJET Journal
This document investigates the performance and emissions of a gasoline engine fueled with blends of pine oil and gasoline. Pine oil was extracted from pine trees using water distillation and then blended with gasoline in variations of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% pine oil. The blends were tested in a Tata Nano engine under various load conditions and the results were compared to gasoline alone. It was found that the 20% pine oil blend increased brake thermal efficiency by 1.64% over gasoline alone due to the blend's higher calorific value and lower viscosity improving combustion. Emissions of CO and HC decreased with the 10% pine oil blend while NOx increased slightly.
The document summarizes an experimental study that evaluated the potential of castor oil-based lubricants blended with mahua oil for automotive applications. The study tested lubricant samples including refined castor oil, mahua oil, and their blends at different ratios, against a commercial servo gear oil. Tests were conducted using a four ball tester to analyze coefficient of friction and wear scar formation at different time intervals and temperatures. The results showed that a 50% castor oil and 50% mahua oil blend produced the lowest coefficient of friction and smallest wear scar. This blend also showed better performance than the commercial servo gear oil in resisting wear under boundary lubrication conditions. The study suggests castor oil has potential as a
Studies on exhaust emissions of ceramic coated di diesel engine fuelled with ...IAEME Publication
The document summarizes a study on the exhaust emissions of a diesel engine with a ceramic coated cylinder head fueled with cotton seed biodiesel. The study investigated exhaust emissions under different operating conditions, including normal and pre-heated biodiesel temperatures, varied injector opening pressures and injection timings. Particulate and NOx emissions were evaluated at different brake mean effective pressures and compared to a conventional engine fueled with biodiesel and mineral diesel under similar operating conditions. The results showed that particulate emissions decreased while NOx levels increased for the engine with the low-heat rejection combustion chamber compared to the conventional engine when fueled with biodiesel.
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In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
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My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
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Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
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This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
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• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
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• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
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Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
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In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
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Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
1. ECH-A
Energy-Saving and Carbon-
Reducing Emulsified Heavy
Crude Oil Equipment
VAST CALIBRE TECHNOLOGY INC.
E- mail:VIGIRA@HOTMAIL.COM
TEL:886955111899(Rep) SKYPE: VIGIRA
2. Table of Contents
Use of Heavy Crude Oil and Problems 2
Related technologies 3
Comparison of related technologies 4
ECH-A Emulsification Device 5
ECH-A Performance Test and Comparison 9
Estimation and Comparison of ECH-A and
Related Techniques in Their Oil-efficient
Capacity 25
Water Addition Suggestion for Energy-saving
Heavy Crude Oil. 29
1
3. Use of Heavy Crude Oil and Problems
Characteristics and Use of Heavy Crude Oil
Heavy crude oil is the residues at the bottom of the tower
left over from processing and cracking of crude oil. Its
heating value (8,500 ~ 11,000 Kcal/kg) is high, so are its
bitumen and sulfur content.
Because heavy crude oil has a high heating value and is
relatively cheap, it is widely used.
Problems associated with use of heavy crude oil
Incomplete burning is likely, which will lead to greater air
pollution and higher emission indexes (suspension
particulates SS, SOx, NOx, NO, CO, and tail gas emission
temperature)
Because heavy crude oil has greater viscosity and
repeated heating is thus necessary, bitumen will sediment
and oil silt will clog the nozzle and pipeline. As such, the
frequency of cleaning the burner nozzles and the oil tank is
relatively high, leading to economic losses.
2
4. Related technologies
Additives in the heavy crude oil:
To enhance the burning performance of heavy crude oil, additives can be
pour point depressants, demulsifiers, and bitumen dissipating agents.
Bottleneck problems
Compared with the saved fuels, additives are expensive with limited
benefits.
Without auxiliary equipment, additives cannot be used separately.
Average oil-efficient rate after additives costs are deducted:
8%
With ECH-A, bottleneck problems are solved.
There is no need for any additives and it saves on fuels, with numerous
benefits
There is no need to add auxiliary equipment. Installation is easy.
Ratio of water addition can be as high as 40%, depending on the needs.
With addition of 18.5% of water, the oil-efficient rate is 16.19%.
Emulsifying water can be replaced by organic industrial waste water. It
is more eco-friendly.
3
5. Comparison of related technologies
Related Techniques Use of additives ECH-A
Comparison Items
1. Cost-saving Low (below 8%) High (With addition of 18.5%
(Relatively reduced fuel of water, the oil-efficient rate
expenses) is 16.19%)
2. Air pollution High High
improvement
3.Stability High High
4. Burner and peripheral High Low
equipments
5. Overall economic Low High
benefit
4
6. ECH-A Emulsification Device
ECH-A Design Concepts
Online reconstitution of energy-saving and eco-
friendly emulsified heavy crude oil.
Complete emulsification of heavy crude oil + water to
generate highly-efficient secondary nebulization and
contribute to complete burning for enhanced oil-
efficent rate.
Complete homogenizing emulsification. Storage and
transportation is possible.
Complete homogenizing emulsification with stable
burning conditions.
Optimized reconstitution ratio can be applied with the
burning equipment on-site to reflect actual demand.
5
8. Energy-Saving and Eco-Friendly
Heavy Crude Oil Process of ECH-A
Raw material
heavy crude oil
(60 – 100%) ECH-A energy-
saving and eco- Burning device
friendly heavy
Water or organic crude oil
industrial waste
water
(0-40%)
ECH-A Emulsification Device
7
9. Secondary nebulization of oil mist
in the burning chamber
(Micro-explosion) = The key for
ECH-A to enhance oil-efficient and
reduce emissions of pollutants.
8
10. ECH-A Performance Test and
Comparison
Testing Institution
Research Developments on Combustion, Science
and Technology, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, National Cheng Kung University
Secondary nebulization water drop distribution
and analysis
Comparison of ECH-A and heavy crude oil
Burning test
Air pollution test
9
12. From ECH-A oil mist to secondary nebulization
(micro-explosion)
1. ECH oil mist is heated
2. When the temperature exceeds 100℃, water
in the oil mist starts to gasify and the volume
starts to inflate.
3. When the water gasifying pressure is greater
than the tension on the surface of the oil mist,
the oil mist explodes.
4. The oil mist explodes to several particles with
smaller diameters. Their oxygen-absorbing
capability is enhanced, contributing to the
burning.
11
13. ECH-A Emulsified Heavy Crude Oil –
Water Drop Distribution Analysis
100 amplification factor 200 amplification factor 400 amplification factor 100 amplification factor 200 amplification factor 400 amplification factor
Figure 4 Distribution Map of Water Drop Diameters in Oil No. F03-25-10B (Test No.
Figure 3 Distribution Map of Water Drop Diameters in Oil No. F03-25-10B (Test No. M06-21-10B)
M05-15-10B)
Test No. M05-15-10B M06-21-10B
Measured water drop quantity 200 200
Manufactured Date 03/25/2010 Location: Sanxia, Taipei
Test 1, 05/15/2010 Location: Guiren Campus, National Average diameter (μm) 4.96 5.3
Cheng Kung University Standard deviation (μm) 3.09 2.6
Test 2, 06/21/2010 Location: Guiren Campus, National Maximum diameter (μm) 19.25 18.3
Cheng Kung University Minimum diameter (μm) 1.16 2.2
Distribution Map of Water Drop Fig. 3 Fig. 4
Diameters
12
14. Heavy Crude Oil VS. ECH-A Emulsified
Heavy Crude Oil
Burning Temperature Test – Testing
Platform
Figure 2 Photographs of Multiple-Fuel Burning Test Equipment
Figure 3 Configuration Layout of Temperature Measurements for Horizontal Burners.
13
15. Heavy Oil VS. ECH-A Emulsified Heavy Crude Oil
Comparison Table and Statistics of Burning
Temperatures
Fuel oil Content % Water Minimum Maximum
addition ratio flame flame
% temperature temperature
℃(R7) ℃(R7)
Heavy crude 100% 0% 1104 1136
oil
ECH-A 81.5 % 18.5 % 1057 1095
Emulsified oil
14
16. Heavy Crude Oil VS. ECH-A Emulsified Heavy Crude Oil
Comparison Table of Burning Temperatures – Actual
Measurement Record Sheet
Heavy crude oil Burning Performance (Oil No. F06-07-10A; Test No.: B06-16-10A)
Time*(minute )
Original Data
6%O2 Modification
Original Data
6%O2 Modification
ECH-A Burning Performance (Oil No. F06-07-10B; Test No.: B06-16-10B)
Time*(minute )
Original Data
6%O2 Modification
Original Data
6%O2 Modification
*Timing starts after the oil has gone through the pre-burn test for 1 hour.
15
17. Heavy Crude Oil VS ECH-A Emulsified
Heavy Crude Oil
Comparison Table of Secondary Air Supply
Fuel oil Content % Water Consumption Secondary air
addition ratio L/Hr supply
% M3/hr
Heavy crude 100% 0% 20 210
oil
ECH-A 81.5 % 18.5 % 20 195
Emulsified oil
16
18. Heavy Crude Oil VS ECH-A Emulsified
Heavy Crude Oil
Comparison of Secondary Air Supply – Actual
Measurement Record Sheet
Heavy crude oil ECH-A
17
19. Heavy Crude Oil VS ECH-A Emulsified
Heavy Crude Oil
Comparison Table of Burning Efficiency
Fuel oil Content % Water Minimum Maximum
addition ratio efficiency % efficiency %
%
Heavy crude 100% 0% 84 85
oil
ECH-A 81.5 % 18.5 % 85 86
Emulsified oil
18
20. Heavy Crude Oil VS ECH-A Emulsified Heavy
Crude Oil
Comparison Table of Efficiency and Stability –
Actual Measurement Record Sheet
Heavy crude oil ECH-A
19
21. Heavy Crude Oil VS ECH-A Emulsified
Heavy Crude Oil
Comparison Table of Heating Values
Fuel oil Heavy crude Water Net heating
oil content % addition ratio value
% cal/g
Heavy crude 100% 0% 9711
oil
ECH-A 81.5 % 18.5 % 9440
Emulsified oil
20
22. Heavy Crude Oil VS ECH-A Emulsified Heavy
Crude Oil
Comparison Table and Statistics of Heating Values
Oil No. Heavy crude oil ECH-A Test method
Density@60℉, g/mL
Flash point, ℃
Sulfur content, %
Flow, ℃
Dynamic
viscosity cSt
Total aromatic hydrocarbons, wt%
Water content, vol%
Carbon content, wt%
Hydrogen content, wt%
Nitrogen content, μg%
Net heating value, cal/g
Total heating value, cal/g
Note: “-" in the table means that the analysis was not performed. 21
23. #6 Heavy Crude Oil VS ECH-A Emulsified
Heavy Crude Oil
Comparison of Air Pollution Emissions
Air Pollution Emissions Testing Equipment
22
24. Heavy Crude Oil VS ECH-A Emulsified
Heavy Crude Oil
Comparison Table of Air Pollution Emissions
Fuel oil O2 % max CO2 % max CO (ppm) NOx (ppm) Sox (ppm)
min max max
Heavy 6.2 10.9 0 369 199.5
crude oil
ECH-A 6.15 10.5 0 286.6 180.6
Emulsified
oil
Water
Content
18.5%
23
25. Heavy Crude Oil VS ECH-A Emulsified Heavy Crude Oil
Comparison Table and Statistics of Air Pollution
Emissions
Burning Performance (Oil No. F06-07-10A; Test No.: B06-16-10A) Heavy crude oil
Time*(minute )
Original Data
6%O2
Modification
Original Data
6%O2
Modification
Burning Performance (Oil No. F06-07-10B; Test No.: B06-16-10B) ECH-A
Time*(minute )
Original Data
6%O2
Modification
Original Data
6%O2
Modification
24
*Timing starts after the oil has gone through the pre-burn test for 1 hour.
27. ECH-A Average Oil-efficient Rate Estimate Table * Based on Test
Report on 07/09/2010
Example: Water Content of 20%
I. Oil-efficient rate
1. #6 Heavy crude oil total heating value: 10,260 cal/g = 10,260,000 kcal/MT
2. Total heating value of ECH-A (including 18.5% of water) emulsified heavy crude oil
3. For ECH-A emulsified heavy crude oil to reach the total heating value 10,260,000
kcal/MT, the fuels that need to be used are 10,260,000 kcal/MT /9,986,000 kcal/MT =
1.027MT = 1,027kg. In other words, to maintain the same heating value when ECH-A
is used, additional 1,027 – 1,000 kg = 27kg of ECH-A fuel oil that contains 18.5% of
water needs to be used.
4. Therefore, the oil-saving rate when ECH-A emulsified heavy crude oil is used is 1,000
kg – (815.0 kg + 27 kg)=158.0kg. In other words, the oil-efficient rate is
158.0kg/1,000kg=15.8%.
II. Saved expenditure
Suppose the cost for each ton of #6 heavy crude oil is NT 19,528 / MT
5. The cost for each ton of ECH-A emulsified heavy oil is NT 19,528 /MT*0.815(fuel oil) +
(NT65*0.1850)(Water)+ (NT 2.74kw-h*2.2kw- h)(electricity cost)= NT15,915 + 12.0 +
7.0 = NT 15,934
6. When ECH-A with an equivalent heating value is used, it is NT 15,934/MT*1.027 MT =
NT 16365.
7. Saved fuel cost with ECH-A = NT 19,528 –NT 16365 = NT3,163
8. Saved expenditure with ECH-A = NT3,163 / NT 19,528 = 16.19%
Saved expenditure with water addition ratio of 18.5%= 16.19%.
26
28. Estimate Table of Average Oil-efficient Rates
for Related Technologies (GFXP)
Example: Water content of 12.85% and emulsifying agent of 0.65%
I. Oil-efficient rate
#6 Heavy crude oil total heating value: 10,260 cal/g = 10,260,000 kcal/MT
2. Total heating value of GFXP (including 18.5% of water) emulsified heavy crude oil =
10,162 cal/g =10,162,000kcal/MT
3. For GFXP emulsified heavy crude oil to reach the total heating value 10,627,000
kcal/MT, the fuels that need to be used are 10, 627,000 kcal/MT / 10,162,000
kcal/MT = 1.046MT = 1,046kg. In other words, to maintain the same heating value,
additional 1,046 – 1,000 kg = 46kg of GFXP fuel oil that contains 12.85% of water
and 0.65% of emulsifying agent needs to be used.
4. Therefore, the oil-saving rate when GFXP emulsified heavy crude oil is used is 1,000
kg – (865.5 kg + 46 kg)=88.5kg. In other words, the oil-efficient rate is
88.5kg/1,000kg=8.85%.
II. Saved expenditure
Suppose the cost for each ton of #6 heavy crude oil is NT 19,528 / MT
5. Cost for each ton of GFXP emulsified heavy crude oil= = NT 19,528 /MT*0.8655 (fuel
oil) + (NT65*0.1280)(Water)+ (NT29,100*0.0065)(emulsifying agent)(NT 2.74kw-
h*7.6kw- h)(electricity cost)= NT16,901 + 8.32 + 189.15 + 20.824 = NT 17,119
6. When GFXP with an equivalent heating value is used, it is NT 17,119/MT*1.046 MT =
NT 17,907.
7. Saved fuel cost with GFXP = NT 19,528 –NT 17,907 = NT1,621
8. Saved expenditure with GFXP = NT1,621 / NT 19,528 = 8.3%
Saved expenditure with water addition ratio of 18.5%= 8.3%.
27
29. Comparison Table of ECH-A and Related
Technologies (GFXP) in Energy-Saving
Energy-saving technology Oil-efficient rate Saved expenditure
ECH-A 15.8% 16.19%
(Water content of 18.5%)
GFXP 8.85% 8.3%
(Water content of 12.85% and
emulsifying additives of
0.65%)
28
30. Recommended water addition rates for
ECH-A emulsified heavy crude oil used
in different industries
Industry Application Water addition
rates
Glass fiber manufacturers, glass
industries, ceramics industries, Furnaces, ~20%
cement industries, metallurgical melting pots,
industries, mining industries, baking ovens
asphalt factories, power plants
Pharmaceutical industries,
petrochemical industries, dyeing Steam boilers ~30%
and finishing industries, printing
and dyeing industries, textiles, dairy
industries, chemical industries, dye
industries
Food industry, hospitals, hotels, Steam boilers,
swimming pools, public architecture, Hot water boilers ~40%
general industries
29