Thermal properties play a vital role in evaluating polymer performance and processability. Key thermal properties include heat deflection temperature (HDT), Vicat softening temperature, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion, glass transition temperature (Tg), and melting point (Tm). HDT is the temperature at which a polymer bar deflects under a standard load and is used to compare heat resistance. Vicat softening temperature is when a probe penetrates the polymer surface to a set depth. Thermal conductivity measures how quickly heat transfers through a material. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) precisely measures transition temperatures and heat flows associated with phase changes.
Everything You Need to Know About TPE Compounds, Chemistry, and CapabilitiesTeknor Apex Company
TPE Alphabet Soup: TPO, TPV, SBC, TPU, COPE, COPA:
Perhaps you know TPEs. But did you know that there are actually six distinct TPE chemical families? The right chemistry depends on the application, and the design goals.
What’s more, with the right knowledge, teams can design to the advantages of a Styrenic Block Copolymer Compound (SBC or TPE-S) or a Polyolefinic Rubber Blend (TPO or TPE-O) or a Thermoplastic Vulcanizate (TPV or TPV-V).
Some families are highly elastic. Some take color extremely well. Some are better suited for outdoor applications. Some retain their properties at extreme temperatures. Each project is unique, and there are key performance requirements that define what TPE family is ideal for the application.
Then within each TPE family, there are almost limitless possibilities – for hardness, temperature tolerances, surface haptics, chemical resistance and other attributes.
Ultimately, there may be several suitable TPE grades for any one application. Design engineers and compounders work together to evaluate or test subtle trade-offs, and select the optimal material.
Want to increase your fluency in TPE chemistries? Browse our Thermoplastic Elastomer Family tutorial.
To learn more about Teknor Apex visit: https://www.teknorapex.com/thermoplastic-elastomer-division
A calender is a machine that processes polymer melts into sheets or films using heat and pressure between rollers. It works by softening the polymer and passing it through nips between two or more rollers to form a continuous sheet, with the thickness determined by the gap between the last rollers. Common uses of calendered sheets include flooring, rainwear, wall coverings, and signage. Thermoplastics are well-suited for calendering as they can soften without fully melting. Different roller configurations like I, L, and Z types address issues like separating forces between rollers. Calendering is advantageous for heat-sensitive materials but high capital costs and achieving precise thickness can be challenges
This document discusses thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs). TPEs have both thermoplastic and elastomeric properties. They can be melt-processed like thermoplastics but are flexible and elastic like vulcanized rubbers. The most common TPE is a styrene-butadiene block copolymer, which has rigid polystyrene end blocks and soft polybutadiene mid blocks. This structure allows it to behave like a rubber at low temperatures but melt and flow like a thermoplastic at higher temperatures. Common applications of TPEs include automotive parts, medical devices, shoes, and cables due to advantages like recyclability and simpler processing compared to thermoset rubbers
The document discusses the polymer extrusion process. It begins by defining extrusion as a process that forces softened polymer through a die to create constant cross-section products like rods, sheets, pipes and films. It then describes the main steps: plastic is fed into a hopper and pushed by a rotating screw through heating zones in a barrel before exiting through a die. Key components are identified as the screw, barrel, die and cooling unit. Extrusion is used mainly for thermoplastics to create continuous, low-cost products like pipes, films and plastic sheets.
The document discusses multi-layer composite films and the extrusion process used to produce them. It describes how multiple polymer layers from different extruders can be combined into a single film through a multi-manifold die. The film is then cooled on chill rollers before undergoing slitting, gauging, and winding into rolls. Properties like optical clarity and barrier performance can be optimized through adjustments to materials, temperatures, and processing speeds. Common polymers used include polyolefins like polyethylene and polypropylene.
Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) have ceramic matrices reinforced with fibers like carbon or silicon carbide. This gives CMCs high strength, hardness, and temperature tolerance with low density. Common manufacturing involves hot pressing prepreg tapes made from ceramic powder, fibers, and binder.
Carbon-carbon (C-C) composites use carbon fibers in a carbon matrix, allowing use up to 3,315°C. The carbon reinforcement prevents catastrophic failure and improves properties. C-C composites are made through low-pressure carbonization and pyrolysis of phenolic resin-impregnated carbon cloth layers.
C-C composites are used in spacecraft nose cones, aircraft brakes
Pultrusion is a continuous process for manufacture of composite materials with constant cross-section.
It is more widely used in industries where there is a continuous demand of the product
This document discusses various plastic processes used in manufacturing. It begins with an introduction to polymers and thermoplastics versus thermosets. It then provides details on common plastic processing techniques like injection molding, extrusion, blow molding, and others. Specific plastic materials used in each process are identified. Secondary processes like welding and fabrication are also discussed. The document serves to outline the major industrial methods for producing plastic goods from raw polymers.
Everything You Need to Know About TPE Compounds, Chemistry, and CapabilitiesTeknor Apex Company
TPE Alphabet Soup: TPO, TPV, SBC, TPU, COPE, COPA:
Perhaps you know TPEs. But did you know that there are actually six distinct TPE chemical families? The right chemistry depends on the application, and the design goals.
What’s more, with the right knowledge, teams can design to the advantages of a Styrenic Block Copolymer Compound (SBC or TPE-S) or a Polyolefinic Rubber Blend (TPO or TPE-O) or a Thermoplastic Vulcanizate (TPV or TPV-V).
Some families are highly elastic. Some take color extremely well. Some are better suited for outdoor applications. Some retain their properties at extreme temperatures. Each project is unique, and there are key performance requirements that define what TPE family is ideal for the application.
Then within each TPE family, there are almost limitless possibilities – for hardness, temperature tolerances, surface haptics, chemical resistance and other attributes.
Ultimately, there may be several suitable TPE grades for any one application. Design engineers and compounders work together to evaluate or test subtle trade-offs, and select the optimal material.
Want to increase your fluency in TPE chemistries? Browse our Thermoplastic Elastomer Family tutorial.
To learn more about Teknor Apex visit: https://www.teknorapex.com/thermoplastic-elastomer-division
A calender is a machine that processes polymer melts into sheets or films using heat and pressure between rollers. It works by softening the polymer and passing it through nips between two or more rollers to form a continuous sheet, with the thickness determined by the gap between the last rollers. Common uses of calendered sheets include flooring, rainwear, wall coverings, and signage. Thermoplastics are well-suited for calendering as they can soften without fully melting. Different roller configurations like I, L, and Z types address issues like separating forces between rollers. Calendering is advantageous for heat-sensitive materials but high capital costs and achieving precise thickness can be challenges
This document discusses thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs). TPEs have both thermoplastic and elastomeric properties. They can be melt-processed like thermoplastics but are flexible and elastic like vulcanized rubbers. The most common TPE is a styrene-butadiene block copolymer, which has rigid polystyrene end blocks and soft polybutadiene mid blocks. This structure allows it to behave like a rubber at low temperatures but melt and flow like a thermoplastic at higher temperatures. Common applications of TPEs include automotive parts, medical devices, shoes, and cables due to advantages like recyclability and simpler processing compared to thermoset rubbers
The document discusses the polymer extrusion process. It begins by defining extrusion as a process that forces softened polymer through a die to create constant cross-section products like rods, sheets, pipes and films. It then describes the main steps: plastic is fed into a hopper and pushed by a rotating screw through heating zones in a barrel before exiting through a die. Key components are identified as the screw, barrel, die and cooling unit. Extrusion is used mainly for thermoplastics to create continuous, low-cost products like pipes, films and plastic sheets.
The document discusses multi-layer composite films and the extrusion process used to produce them. It describes how multiple polymer layers from different extruders can be combined into a single film through a multi-manifold die. The film is then cooled on chill rollers before undergoing slitting, gauging, and winding into rolls. Properties like optical clarity and barrier performance can be optimized through adjustments to materials, temperatures, and processing speeds. Common polymers used include polyolefins like polyethylene and polypropylene.
Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) have ceramic matrices reinforced with fibers like carbon or silicon carbide. This gives CMCs high strength, hardness, and temperature tolerance with low density. Common manufacturing involves hot pressing prepreg tapes made from ceramic powder, fibers, and binder.
Carbon-carbon (C-C) composites use carbon fibers in a carbon matrix, allowing use up to 3,315°C. The carbon reinforcement prevents catastrophic failure and improves properties. C-C composites are made through low-pressure carbonization and pyrolysis of phenolic resin-impregnated carbon cloth layers.
C-C composites are used in spacecraft nose cones, aircraft brakes
Pultrusion is a continuous process for manufacture of composite materials with constant cross-section.
It is more widely used in industries where there is a continuous demand of the product
This document discusses various plastic processes used in manufacturing. It begins with an introduction to polymers and thermoplastics versus thermosets. It then provides details on common plastic processing techniques like injection molding, extrusion, blow molding, and others. Specific plastic materials used in each process are identified. Secondary processes like welding and fabrication are also discussed. The document serves to outline the major industrial methods for producing plastic goods from raw polymers.
Extrusion is a high-volume manufacturing process where plastic material is melted and forced through a die to create a continuous profile. There are various types of extrusion processes depending on the final product, such as sheet/film extrusion, tubing extrusion, and wire coating. Extruders use either single or twin screws to melt, mix, and convey the plastic material. The processing section of the extruder subjects the material to different conditions like melting, mixing, venting and homogenization. Wear of extruder components can reduce efficiency over time. Final products are cut into pellets using various pelletizing systems after exiting the die.
Sheet molding compound (SMC) is a composite material made of long glass fibers, minerals, and thermosetting resin formed into a malleable sheet. SMC contains 10-60% glass fiber reinforcement that is longer than in bulk molding compound, between 1/2-1 inch. To make SMC, a resin-coated film is layered with chopped fiber strands and pressed between rollers to embed the fibers. The layered sandwich cures while wound, then the film is removed and SMC is molded. SMC offers high strength, corrosion resistance, and electrical insulation for uses like electrical parts housings and medical and dental equipment.
Main topic of the presentation is 'Conversion of Rubber'. You can easily found;
How conversion process are realized?
What type of process are used?
Application areas of conversion rubber.
If you have any questions, contact me. I would be happy to help.
If you like it, please would you like it and comment.
RTM is a low-pressure molding process, where a mixed resin and catalyst are injected into a closed mold containing a fiber pack or preform . when the resin has cured the mold can be opened and finished component removed.
This document discusses polymers and their viscoelastic properties. It begins with definitions of monomers, oligomers, and polymers. It then covers various classifications of polymers based on origin, monomer composition, chain structure, polymerization type, and applications. Fabrication methods like compression molding and injection molding are also presented. The document discusses characterization techniques including SEM, DSC, and tensile testing. Mechanical behavior concepts like stress relaxation and creep are introduced. Models for viscoelasticity such as the Maxwell and Kelvin-Voigt models are covered. The document ends with the latest research on self-healing polymers and conductive polymers.
The document discusses the calendaring process for producing plastic sheets. It involves passing a plastic melt between heated counter-rotating rolls to form a continuous film or sheet. Key steps include compounding the plastic with additives, fluxing the compound, feeding it to heated calendar rolls, and winding the cooled sheet. Parameters like roll temperature, speed, and nip gap are controlled. Common applications of calendared sheets include packaging, medical products, flooring, and automotive parts.
This document discusses additives used in biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) film manufacturing. It describes the BOPP film production process and common film properties required by the market. It then summarizes various additive types used in BOPP films, including antiblock, slip, antistatic, and antioxidant additives. White and pearlescent masterbatch additives for BOPP films are also overviewed along with future trends in BOPP additive technologies.
The document discusses compounding, which is the process of intimately mixing ingredients into a homogeneous mass. There are various criteria and factors that influence compounding, including selecting the appropriate polymer and ingredients based on requirements. Additives can be incorporated at different stages, and various mixing methods are used depending on the material properties and production needs, including dry mixing, batch mixing, continuous mixing, and screw extrusion. Key compounding methods include single and twin screw extruders, which efficiently mix ingredients using heating elements and intermeshing screw motions.
Shape-memory polymers are smart materials that have the ability to return from a deformed state to their original shape induced by an external stimulus, such as temperature change.
This document discusses plastics and polymers. It begins by defining polymers as large organic molecules made of repeating units linked in chains. It then classifies polymers as thermoplastics, thermosets, or elastomers. The document describes common thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers and their applications. It also summarizes several common plastic processing methods like injection molding, extrusion, blow molding, and compression molding.
The document discusses prepreg and resin transfer molding processes for manufacturing textile composites. Prepregs are fibers pre-impregnated with resin that are used to make composites. The processing involves aligning fibers, adding resin-coated backing sheets, and compacting layers. Resin transfer molding injects resin into a closed mold containing fibers to produce near-net shape parts. The process involves pumping resin and catalyst, mixing, injecting the mixture into the mold containing fibers, and curing the part. Both processes produce composites with low void content and control over fiber content and thickness.
This document discusses textile coating, which involves applying a polymeric layer to fabric surfaces to enhance properties. It defines coating and describes common polymers, physical forms, and coating processes used. Key coating methods covered are direct coating, foam coating, transfer coating, hot melt extrusion, and calendar coating. The document also outlines factors considered for substrate selection and coating uniformity. Various applications of coated fabrics are provided across multiple industries.
Polymers are long molecular chains made of repeating monomers. They can be thermosets that permanently harden, or thermoplastics that soften when heated. Composites contain fibers embedded in a polymer matrix to achieve properties neither material has alone. Fiber reinforced plastics are composites with fibers like glass, carbon, or aramid in a plastic matrix. The fibers increase strength and stiffness while the matrix binds them and transfers stress. Composites find applications where high strength and low weight are required.
This document discusses aramid fibers, which are aromatic polyamide fibers used to make materials like Kevlar and Nomex. It describes the two main types of aramid fibers - meta-aramids like Nomex and para-aramids like Kevlar. The document outlines their production process, properties, and applications. Aramid fibers are known for their high strength, heat resistance, and durability, making them useful for applications like protective clothing, tires, cables, and composites.
This presentation addresses the changes and trends in key standards; factors that influence results and solutions; and increasing lab efficiency and throughput in regards to melt flow, heat deflection temperature (HDT), & impact testing.
This document discusses various types of polymer matrix composites, their processing techniques, and applications. It begins by defining polymer matrix composites and describing different types of matrices, including thermoset and thermoplastic polymers. Several processing methods for thermoset composites are then outlined, such as hand layup, filament winding, and resin transfer molding. Common thermoplastic processing techniques like injection molding and film stacking are also mentioned. The document concludes by noting some applications of polymer matrix composites.
The investigation of thermodynamic properties and reactivity yields interesting insights into the chemistry of newly synthesized substances. With thermal analysis extensive information can be gained from small samples (often only a few milligrams). In addition, the data obtained by thermal analysis can be used to plan and optimize a synthesis. Among the most important applications are identification and purity analysis, and the determination of characteristic temperatures and enthalpies of phase transitions (melting, vaporization), phase transformations, and reactions. Investigations into the kinetics of consecutive reactions and decomposition reactions are also possible. With the instruments available today such analyses can usually be performed quickly and easily. In this review the fundamentals of thermoanalytical methods are described and illustrated with selected examples of applications to low and high molecular weight compounds.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermal analysis technique that measures the heat flow into or out of a sample as it is heated, cooled, or held at constant temperature. DSC can be used to analyze physical and chemical changes that involve endothermic or exothermic processes, such as phase transitions, crystallization, melting, and curing. DSC provides quantitative and qualitative material characterization by measuring the heat flow and temperature differences between a sample and an inert reference sample as they undergo temperature changes. The heat flow is directly related to transitions in materials and can be used to determine transition temperatures and associated enthalpies.
Extrusion is a high-volume manufacturing process where plastic material is melted and forced through a die to create a continuous profile. There are various types of extrusion processes depending on the final product, such as sheet/film extrusion, tubing extrusion, and wire coating. Extruders use either single or twin screws to melt, mix, and convey the plastic material. The processing section of the extruder subjects the material to different conditions like melting, mixing, venting and homogenization. Wear of extruder components can reduce efficiency over time. Final products are cut into pellets using various pelletizing systems after exiting the die.
Sheet molding compound (SMC) is a composite material made of long glass fibers, minerals, and thermosetting resin formed into a malleable sheet. SMC contains 10-60% glass fiber reinforcement that is longer than in bulk molding compound, between 1/2-1 inch. To make SMC, a resin-coated film is layered with chopped fiber strands and pressed between rollers to embed the fibers. The layered sandwich cures while wound, then the film is removed and SMC is molded. SMC offers high strength, corrosion resistance, and electrical insulation for uses like electrical parts housings and medical and dental equipment.
Main topic of the presentation is 'Conversion of Rubber'. You can easily found;
How conversion process are realized?
What type of process are used?
Application areas of conversion rubber.
If you have any questions, contact me. I would be happy to help.
If you like it, please would you like it and comment.
RTM is a low-pressure molding process, where a mixed resin and catalyst are injected into a closed mold containing a fiber pack or preform . when the resin has cured the mold can be opened and finished component removed.
This document discusses polymers and their viscoelastic properties. It begins with definitions of monomers, oligomers, and polymers. It then covers various classifications of polymers based on origin, monomer composition, chain structure, polymerization type, and applications. Fabrication methods like compression molding and injection molding are also presented. The document discusses characterization techniques including SEM, DSC, and tensile testing. Mechanical behavior concepts like stress relaxation and creep are introduced. Models for viscoelasticity such as the Maxwell and Kelvin-Voigt models are covered. The document ends with the latest research on self-healing polymers and conductive polymers.
The document discusses the calendaring process for producing plastic sheets. It involves passing a plastic melt between heated counter-rotating rolls to form a continuous film or sheet. Key steps include compounding the plastic with additives, fluxing the compound, feeding it to heated calendar rolls, and winding the cooled sheet. Parameters like roll temperature, speed, and nip gap are controlled. Common applications of calendared sheets include packaging, medical products, flooring, and automotive parts.
This document discusses additives used in biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) film manufacturing. It describes the BOPP film production process and common film properties required by the market. It then summarizes various additive types used in BOPP films, including antiblock, slip, antistatic, and antioxidant additives. White and pearlescent masterbatch additives for BOPP films are also overviewed along with future trends in BOPP additive technologies.
The document discusses compounding, which is the process of intimately mixing ingredients into a homogeneous mass. There are various criteria and factors that influence compounding, including selecting the appropriate polymer and ingredients based on requirements. Additives can be incorporated at different stages, and various mixing methods are used depending on the material properties and production needs, including dry mixing, batch mixing, continuous mixing, and screw extrusion. Key compounding methods include single and twin screw extruders, which efficiently mix ingredients using heating elements and intermeshing screw motions.
Shape-memory polymers are smart materials that have the ability to return from a deformed state to their original shape induced by an external stimulus, such as temperature change.
This document discusses plastics and polymers. It begins by defining polymers as large organic molecules made of repeating units linked in chains. It then classifies polymers as thermoplastics, thermosets, or elastomers. The document describes common thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers and their applications. It also summarizes several common plastic processing methods like injection molding, extrusion, blow molding, and compression molding.
The document discusses prepreg and resin transfer molding processes for manufacturing textile composites. Prepregs are fibers pre-impregnated with resin that are used to make composites. The processing involves aligning fibers, adding resin-coated backing sheets, and compacting layers. Resin transfer molding injects resin into a closed mold containing fibers to produce near-net shape parts. The process involves pumping resin and catalyst, mixing, injecting the mixture into the mold containing fibers, and curing the part. Both processes produce composites with low void content and control over fiber content and thickness.
This document discusses textile coating, which involves applying a polymeric layer to fabric surfaces to enhance properties. It defines coating and describes common polymers, physical forms, and coating processes used. Key coating methods covered are direct coating, foam coating, transfer coating, hot melt extrusion, and calendar coating. The document also outlines factors considered for substrate selection and coating uniformity. Various applications of coated fabrics are provided across multiple industries.
Polymers are long molecular chains made of repeating monomers. They can be thermosets that permanently harden, or thermoplastics that soften when heated. Composites contain fibers embedded in a polymer matrix to achieve properties neither material has alone. Fiber reinforced plastics are composites with fibers like glass, carbon, or aramid in a plastic matrix. The fibers increase strength and stiffness while the matrix binds them and transfers stress. Composites find applications where high strength and low weight are required.
This document discusses aramid fibers, which are aromatic polyamide fibers used to make materials like Kevlar and Nomex. It describes the two main types of aramid fibers - meta-aramids like Nomex and para-aramids like Kevlar. The document outlines their production process, properties, and applications. Aramid fibers are known for their high strength, heat resistance, and durability, making them useful for applications like protective clothing, tires, cables, and composites.
This presentation addresses the changes and trends in key standards; factors that influence results and solutions; and increasing lab efficiency and throughput in regards to melt flow, heat deflection temperature (HDT), & impact testing.
This document discusses various types of polymer matrix composites, their processing techniques, and applications. It begins by defining polymer matrix composites and describing different types of matrices, including thermoset and thermoplastic polymers. Several processing methods for thermoset composites are then outlined, such as hand layup, filament winding, and resin transfer molding. Common thermoplastic processing techniques like injection molding and film stacking are also mentioned. The document concludes by noting some applications of polymer matrix composites.
The investigation of thermodynamic properties and reactivity yields interesting insights into the chemistry of newly synthesized substances. With thermal analysis extensive information can be gained from small samples (often only a few milligrams). In addition, the data obtained by thermal analysis can be used to plan and optimize a synthesis. Among the most important applications are identification and purity analysis, and the determination of characteristic temperatures and enthalpies of phase transitions (melting, vaporization), phase transformations, and reactions. Investigations into the kinetics of consecutive reactions and decomposition reactions are also possible. With the instruments available today such analyses can usually be performed quickly and easily. In this review the fundamentals of thermoanalytical methods are described and illustrated with selected examples of applications to low and high molecular weight compounds.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermal analysis technique that measures the heat flow into or out of a sample as it is heated, cooled, or held at constant temperature. DSC can be used to analyze physical and chemical changes that involve endothermic or exothermic processes, such as phase transitions, crystallization, melting, and curing. DSC provides quantitative and qualitative material characterization by measuring the heat flow and temperature differences between a sample and an inert reference sample as they undergo temperature changes. The heat flow is directly related to transitions in materials and can be used to determine transition temperatures and associated enthalpies.
Thermal analysis techniques such as TGA, DSC and DTA are used to study changes in physical properties of a material as it is heated or cooled. TGA measures weight changes, DSC measures heat flow into or out of a sample, and DTA measures temperature differences between a sample and reference. These techniques provide information on material composition, purity, thermal stability and phase transitions. Key factors affecting the analysis include heating rate, furnace atmosphere, sample properties and instrumentation parameters. Thermal analysis has applications in various fields including analytical chemistry and materials characterization.
This document describes experiments conducted to determine the thermal conductivity of various materials and liquids. In experiment 1A, a guarded hot plate apparatus is used to measure the thermal conductivity of an insulating material sample. Experiment 1B involves determining the thermal conductivity of insulating powder packed between two copper spheres. Experiment 1C measures the thermal conductivity of a liquid using a guarded hot plate assembly to ensure one-dimensional heat conduction. Experiment 1D demonstrates a heat pipe and compares its temperature response over time to copper pipes, showing the heat pipe's nearly isothermal temperature distribution.
This document discusses differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), providing an overview of the technique in 3 paragraphs or less. It describes DSC as a technique that measures the difference in heat flow between a sample and reference material as they are heated. The document outlines some of the main components of a DSC including sample pans, purge gas, and cooling systems. It also briefly discusses sample preparation, the working principle of DSC, interpreting DSC curves, and some common applications and types of DSC instruments.
Thermogravimetric analysis or thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) is a method of thermal analysis in which the mass of a sample is measured over time as the temperature changes
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measures the mass of a sample as it is heated or cooled over time. TGA is performed using a thermobalance, which precisely measures mass changes in a sample as the temperature is varied. This allows chemical and physical processes that cause changes in mass to be identified. Common applications of TGA include determining composition of materials, thermal stability, and decomposition kinetics.
The techniques in which some physical parameters of the systems are determined and /or recorded as a function of temperature.
DSC is a thermal technique in which differences in heat flow into a substance and a reference are measured as a function of sample temperature while the two are subjected to a controlled temperature program.
EXPERIMENT PARAMETERS OF DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY (DSC)Shikha Popali
THE EXPERIMENTAL PARAMETERS USED IN DSC INCLUDING SAMPLE PREPARATION , EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS, CALIBRATION OF APPARATUS, INSTRUMENTS, HEATING RATES AND TEMPERATURES, COOLING RATES,RESOLUTION, ALSO SOURCE OF ERRORS.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry
this device help you for reverse engineering by using this device you can know about compounds glass transition temp or melting temp.
all credit goes to anal bhatt L.D COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermal analysis technique that measures the heat flow into or out of a sample as it is heated, cooled, or held at constant temperature. DSC provides quantitative and qualitative data on physical and chemical changes that involve endothermic or exothermic processes, or changes in heat capacity. A DSC instrument measures the difference in heat flow between the sample and a reference material as both are subjected to a controlled temperature program. This allows the determination of transition temperatures such as melting points, glass transition temperatures, and crystallization temperatures. DSC is commonly used in materials science and polymer chemistry to study phase transitions and thermal stability.
Thermal analysis methods such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) can provide both qualitative and quantitative information about physical and chemical changes in materials as a function of temperature. DSC instruments work by measuring the heat flow into a sample as it is heated, cooled, or held isothermally. This allows the instrument to detect transitions like glass transitions, melting points, crystallization events, and chemical reactions. Key components of DSC instruments include the sample holder, furnace, temperature programmer, recording device, and atmosphere control. DSC has many applications in fields like pharmaceutical analysis, materials characterization, and reaction kinetics studies.
Differential thermal analysis - instrumental methods of analysis SIVASWAROOP YARASI
Differential thermal analysis (DTA) is a thermal analysis technique that measures the temperature difference between a sample and an inert reference material as both are subjected to identical temperature changes. DTA can detect physical and chemical changes that occur in a sample as it is heated or cooled, such as melting, crystallization, and decomposition. The technique works by comparing the temperature of the sample to the reference over time as both are heated or cooled at a controlled rate. Any temperature differences between the sample and reference are plotted against temperature or time to produce a DTA curve, which can provide information about the sample's composition and phase transitions. Key factors that can affect DTA curves include the sample environment, instrumentation used, and characteristics of the sample
This presentation summarizes differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), which measures the heat flow into or out of a sample during heating or cooling. DSC can determine phase transitions like glass transitions, melting points, and crystallization temperatures. It works by heating a sample and reference simultaneously while measuring any heat differential. Factors like heating rate, sample size, and instrumentation can affect results. DSC is useful for characterizing polymers and other materials.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermal analysis technique that measures the heat flow into or out of a sample during phase transitions or chemical reactions. There are several types of DSC instruments that differ in their heating mechanisms and sensitivities. DSC provides quantitative and qualitative data on endothermic and exothermic processes through analysis of the resulting thermograms. Common applications include measuring glass transition temperatures, melting points, heats of fusion or crystallization, and curing kinetics.
THERMAL TECHNIQUE AND DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRYAmruta Balekundri
This document provides an overview of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It discusses the history, principle, instrumentation, and applications of DSC. Specifically, it describes how DSC works by measuring the difference in the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a sample and reference. This allows it to analyze endothermic and exothermic reactions that occur with temperature changes in materials. The document also summarizes different types of DSC instruments including heat flux DSC, power compensated DSC, and modulated DSC.
The document discusses Advanced Product Quality Planning (APQP), which involves organizing a team to define the project scope and ensure customer and supplier involvement throughout the stages of product development. These stages include team-to-team training, simultaneous engineering, control plans, concern resolution, and a product quality timing plan to coordinate activities. The timing plan involves planning and defining the program, product design and development, process design and development, product and process validation, and feedback and corrective action. Key inputs for planning the program include the voice of the customer, business plan, product assumptions, and reliability studies. Inputs for product design include design goals, reliability and quality goals, and preliminary bills of materials and processes.
This document discusses the evolution of quality concepts over time. It begins with an emphasis on craftsmanship in the 19th century. The industrial revolution led to a focus on specifications, measurement and inspection. Statistical quality control was developed after World War 2. More recently, there has been a shift to defect prevention and quality management systems. The key aspects of a quality management system discussed include customer focus, leadership, involvement of people, and continual improvement.
The document discusses various polymerization techniques used to produce common commercial polymers like polyamides, polycarbonates, polyesters, and more. It provides a table listing the specific polymerization method used for each polymer, including bulk, solution, suspension, emulsion, and more. The document also summarizes advantages and disadvantages of emulsion and suspension polymerization techniques. Finally, it reviews several structure-property relationships for polymers including glass transition temperature, molecular weight, tacticity, thermal stability, and more.
This document provides information on 7 QC tools used for problem solving. It discusses tools such as why-why analysis, check sheets, control charts, histograms, scatter diagrams, cause and effect diagrams, Pareto diagrams and stratification. For each tool, it provides a definition, examples of when and how it is used, and the type of results that can be obtained from its use, such as identifying root causes, variations in data, and processes that are out of control. The tools are part of a library of problem solving techniques and aim to help users collect and analyze data to solve problems in a systematic manner.
This document discusses different types of polymerization processes including bulk polymerization, solution polymerization, suspension polymerization, and emulsion polymerization. Emulsion polymerization is the most common and involves emulsifying monomer droplets in a continuous water phase using surfactants, with water-soluble polymers sometimes used as additional emulsifiers or stabilizers.
The document describes several quality control charts that can be used to analyze processes and identify issues:
1) A flowchart shows the steps in a process and how inputs move through activities to become outputs. It uses standard symbols to visually depict the flow.
2) A cause-and-effect diagram organizes potential causes of a problem into categories to help identify root causes. It graphs the defined problem and branches off categories and specific causes.
3) A histogram arranges data values into intervals to show the distribution and identify outliers. It graphs the frequency of observations within each class.
4) A Pareto chart lists problems in order of impact and graphs the cumulative percentage to focus on the most important issues
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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2. SM - 2
• Plays a vital role in evaluating the product
performance & processibilty characteristics in
polymers.
• Thermal analytical methods monitor
differences in some sample property as the
temperature increases, or differences in
temperature between a sample and a standard
as a function of added heat. These methods
are usually applied to solids to characterize
the materials.
THERMAL PROPERTIES
3. SM - 3
• Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT)
• Vicat Softening Temperature (VSP)
• Thermal Endurance
• Thermal Conductivity
• Thermal Expansion
• Low Temperature Brittleness
• Flammability
• Melting Point, Tm, and Glass Transition, Tg (DSC)
• Thermomechanical Analysis
THERMAL PROPERTIES
4. SM - 4
Heat Deflection Temperature
Defined as the temperature at which a standard test
bar (5 x ½ x ¼ in ) deflects 0.010 inch under a stated
load of either 66 or 264 psi.
Significance:
• HDT values are used to compare the elevated
temperature performance of the materials under
load at the stated conditions.
• Used for screening and ranking materials for
short-term heat resistance.
• HDT values do not represent the upper
temperature limit for a specific material or
application.
• The data are not intended for use in design or
predicting endurance at elevated temperatures.
5. SM - 5
Test Methods, Specimen &
Conditioning
Test Method:
• ASTMD 648, ISO 75 -1 and 75-2
Test Specimen:
• 127mm (5 in.) in length, 13mm (½ in.) in depth by any
width from 3mm (⅛ in.) to 13mm ((½ in.)
Conditioning:
• 23 ± 2oC and 50 ± 5% RH for not less than 40 hrs prior
to test.
Two replicate specimens are used for each test
6. SM - 6
Apparatus for Determination
of HDT
• Specimen Supports: Metal
supports for the specimen of 100
± 2mm
• Immersion Bath
• Deflection Measurement Device
• Weights: 0.455 MPa (66 psi) ±
2.5% or 1.82 MPa (264 psi) ±
2.5%.
• Temperature Measurement
System
Apparatus
7. SM - 7
Procedure
• Measure the width and depth of each specimen
• Position the test specimens edgewise in the apparatus
• Position the thermometer bulb sensitive part of the
temperature
• Stir the liquid-heat transfer medium thoroughly
• Apply the loaded rod to the specimen and lower the
assembly into the bath.
• Adjust the load to obtain desired stress of 0.455 MPa (66 psi)
or 1.82 MPa (264 psi)
• Five minutes after applying the load, adjust the deflection
measurement device to zero or record its starting position
• Heat the liquid heat-transfer medium at a rate of 2.0 ±
0.2oC/min.
• Record the temperature of the liquid heat-transfer medium at
which the specimen has deflected the specified amount at
the specified fibre stress.
8. SM - 8
Calculation
The weight of the rod used to transfer the force on the test
specimen is included as part of the total load. The load (P) is
calculated as:
P = 2Sbd2 / 3L
Where,
S = Max. Fibre stress in the specimen of 66 Psi / 264 Psi
b = Width of specimen
d = Depth of specimen
L = Width of span between support (4 in)
9. SM - 9
• A bar of rectangular cross section is tested in the edgewise
position as a simple beam.
• Load applied at the center to give maximum fibre stresses of
66 /264 psi.
• The specimen is immersed under load in a heat-transfer
medium provided with a means of raising the temperature at 2
± 0.2oC/min.
• The temperature of the medium is measured when the test bar
has deflected 0.25mm (0.010 in).
• This temperature is recorded as the deflection temperature
under flexural load of the test specimen.
Results & Conclusion
10. SM - 10
Factors influencing
• HDT of unannealed (heat treatment) specimen is
usually lower than that of annealed specimen.
• Specimen thickness is directly proportional to HDT
because of the inherently low thermal conductivity
of plastic materials.
• Higher the fibre stress or loading lower the HDT.
• Injection moulded specimen tend to have a lower
HDT than compression – moulded specimen.
• Compression moulded specimen are relatively
stress free.
11. SM - 11
Vicat Softening Point (VSP)
Defined as the temperature at which a flat ended
probe with 1 mm2 cross section penetrates a
plastic specimen to 0.04 inch (1 mm) depth.
Significance
• Data obtained by this test method may be
used to compare the heat-softening qualities
of thermoplastic materials.
• This test method is useful in the areas of
quality control, development and
characterization of plastic materials.
12. SM - 12
Test Methods, Specimen &
Conditioning
Test Method:
• ASTMD 1525 or ISO 306
Test Specimens :
• The specimen shall be flat, between 3 and 6.5mm
thick and at least 10 by 10mm in area or 10mm in
diameter.
Conditioning:
• 23 ± 2oC and at 50 ± 5% relative humidity of not
less than 40 hrs
A minimum of two specimens shall be used to test
each sample.
13. SM - 13
Fig. 2 Apparatus for Softening Temperature Determination
• Immersion Bath
• Heat-Transfer Medium
• Specimen Support
• Penetration-Measuring Device
Masses: 10 ± 0.2N or 50 ±1.0N
• Temperature-Measuring Device
• Needle
Apparatus
14. SM - 14
Procedure
• Prepare the immersion bath so that the temperature of the heat-
transfer medium is between 20 and 23oC at the start of the test
• Place the specimen, which is at room temperature, on the
specimen support.
• The needle should not be nearer than 3mm to the edge of the
specimen.
• Gently lower the needle rod, without the extra mass, so that the
needle rests on the surface of the specimen and holds it in
position.
• Position the temperature-measuring device so that the sensing
end is located within 10mm from where the load is applied to the
surface of the specimen.
• Lower the assembly into the bath and apply the extra mass
required to increase the load on the specimen to 10 ± 0.2N
(Loading 1) or 50 ± 1.0N (Loading 2).
• After a 5-min waiting period, set the penetration indicator to zero.
• Start the temperature rise.
• Record the temperature of the bath when the needle has
penetrated 1 ± 0.01mm into the test specimen.
15. SM - 15
Results & Conclusion
• Vicat softening temperature is expressed as the
arithmetic mean of the temperature of
penetration of all specimens tested.
• If the range of penetration temperatures for the
individual test specimens exceeds 2oC, record
the individual results and repeat the test, using
at least two new specimens.
16. SM - 16
Thermal Conductivity
• Rate at which heat is transferred by conduction through a unit
cross sectional area of a material when a temperature gradient
exists perpendicular to the area.
• `
• The coefficient of thermal conductivity (K factor), is defined as
the quantity of heat that passes through a unit cube of the
substance in a given unit time when the difference in
temperature of the two faces is 10C.
• Mathematically, thermal conductivity is expressed as
K = Qt/A(T1-T2)
• Q = amount of heat passing through a cross section, A causing
a temperature difference, ∆T (T1-T2), t = thickness of the
specimen.
• K is the thermal conductivity, typically measured as BTU.in /
(hr.ft2.0F) indicates the materials ability to conduct heat energy.
17. SM - 17
Significance
• Thermal conductivity is particularly important in
applications such as headlight housings, pot handles &
hair curlers that require thermal insulation or heat
dissipation properties.
• Computerized mold-filling analysis programs requires
special thermal conductivity data derived at higher
temperatures than specified by most tests.
18. SM - 18
Test Methods & Specimen
• Test method: Guarded hot plate test
ASTM D177, ISO 2582
• Test Specimen: two identical specimens
having plane surface of such size as to
completely cover the heating unit surface
• The thickness should be greater than that for
which the apparent thermal resistivity does
not change by more than 2% with further
increase in thickness
19. SM - 19
Apparatus
The apparatus is broadly of two different categories
of the following:
• Type I (low temperature) Temperature of cold plate : 21
K, Temperature of heating unit:<500 K
• Type II (High temperature) Temperature of heating unit
range:>550 K -<1350K
• Heating units
• Gap & Metering Area
• Unbalance Detectors
• Cooling units
• Sensors for measuring Temperature difference
• Clamping force
• Measuring system for Temperature detector outputs
20. SM - 20
Guarded Hot plate Apparatus
Courtesy: Bayer Material Data Sheet
Guarded Hot plate Apparatus
21. SM - 21
• Two test specimens are sandwiched between the
heat source (main heater) & heat sink; one on either
side of the heat source.
• The clamping force is so adjusted that the
specimens remain in perfect contact with the heater
& sink
• Guard heaters are provided to prevent heat flow in
all except in the axial direction towards the specimen
• The time of stabilization of input & out put
temperature is noted.
• Temperature difference between the hot & cold
surfaces of the specimen should not be less that 5 K
or suitable differences as required.
Procedure
22. SM - 22
Calculation
The relationship between the quantity of heat flow
and thermal conductivity is defined as
Q ~ K/ x
Q = Quantity of heat flow
K = Thermal Conductivity
X = The distance the heat must flow
Thermal conductivity is calculated as :
K = Qt / A (T1 – T2)
Q = Rate of heat flow (w)
T = Thickness of specimen (m)
A = Area under test (m2)
T1 = Temperature of hot surface of specimen (k)
T2 = Temperature of cold surface of specimen (k)
23. SM - 23
• Thermal conductivity is calculated by
using the value of rate of flow at a
fixed temperature gradient.
• Data are obtained in the steady state
Results & Conclusion
24. SM - 24
Factors influencing
• Crystallites have higher conductivity.
• As the density of the cellular plastic
decreases, the conductivity also decreases
up to a minimum value and rises again due
to increased convection effects caused by a
higher proportion of open cells.
25. SM - 25
Thermal Expansion (Coefficient of
Linear Thermal Expansion, CLTE)
• Measures the change in length per unit length
of a material, per unit change in temperature.
• Expressed as in/in/0F or cm/cm/0C
• Mathematically, CLTE (α), between
temperatures T1 and T2 for a specimen of
length L0 at the reference temperature, is
given by :
• α = (L2 – L1)/[L0(T2 – T1)] = L/L0ΔT
26. SM - 26
Significance
• Determines the rate at which a material expands
as a function of temperature.
• The higher the value for this coefficient the more a
material expands and contracts with temperature
changes.
• Plastics tend to expand and contract anywhere
from six to nine times more than materials that are
metallic.
• The thermal expansion difference develops internal
stresses and stress concentrations in the polymer,
which allows premature failure to occur.
27. SM - 27
Test Method: ASTMD 696
Test Specimen:
• 12.5 by 6.3mm (½ in. by ¼ in.) 12.5 by
3mm (½ by ⅛ in.), 12.5mm (½ in.) in
diameter or 6.3mm (¼ in.) in diameter.
Conditioning: 23 ± 2oC and 50 ± 5% RH
for not less than 40h prior to test.
28. SM - 28
• A vitreous silica dilometer
• Dial gage
• The weight of the inner silica tube +
the measuring device reaction shall
not exert a stress > 70 kPa on the
specimen so that the specimen is
not distorted or appreciably
indented.
• Scale or Caliper
• Controlled Temperature
Environment
• Means shall be provided for stirring
the bath
• Thermometer or thermocouple
Apparatus
29. SM - 29
Procedure
• Measure the length of two conditioned specimen at room temperature
• Mount each specimen in a dilatometer, install the dilatometer in the –
30oC control environment.
• Maintain the temperature of the bath in the range –32oC to –28oC ±
0.2oC until temperature of the specimen along the length is constant
• Record the actual temperature and the measuring device reading.
• Change to the + 30oC bath, so that the top of the specimen is at least
50mm below the liquid level of the bath.
• Maintain the temperature of the bath in the range from + 28 to 32oC ±
0.2oC
• Record the actual temperature and the measuring device reading.
• Change to –30oC and repeat the above procedure & measure the final
length of the specimen at room temperature.
• If the change in length per degree of temperature difference due to
heating does not agree with the change length per degree due to
cooling within 10% of their average investigate the cause of the
discrepancy and if possible eliminate.
• Repeat the test until agreement is reached.
30. SM - 30
• Calculate the CLTE over the temperature range as:
α = ΔL/LoΔT
α = Average coefficient of linear thermal expansion degree
Celsius.
ΔL = Change in length of test specimen due to heating or to
cooling,
Lo = Length of test specimen at room temperature (ΔL and
Lo being measured in the same units), and
ΔT = Temperature differences, oC, over which the change in
the length of the specimen is measured.
• The values of α for heating and for cooling shall be averaged to give the
value to be reported.
Calculation
31. SM - 31
Result & Conclusion
• Provide a means of determining the CLTE of plastics, which are
not distorted or indented by the thrust of the dilatometer on the
specimen.
• The specimen is placed at the bottom of the outer dilatometer
tube with the inner one resting on it.
• The measuring device, which is firmly, attached to the outer tube
is in contact with top of the inner tube and indicates variations in
the length of the specimen with changes in temperature.
• Temperature changes are brought about by immersing the outer
tube in a liquid bath or other controlled temperature environment
maintained at the desired temperature.
• The nature of most plastics and the construction of the
dilatometer make –30 to +30oC a convenient temperature ranges
for linear thermal expansion measurements of plastics.
• This range covers the temperatures in which plastics are most
commonly used.
32. SM - 32
• Thermal expansion is substantially affected
• by the use of additives
• especially fillers
• Wt% Of loading
Lowers the coefficient of thermal expansion.
Factors influencing
33. SM - 33
Differential Scanning
Calorimetry (DSC)
• DSC measures the heat flow into or from a
sample as it is heated, cooled or held under
isothermal conditions
• Applications of DSC includes characterization of
• Polymers
• fibres
• Elastomers
• Composites
• films
• pharamaceuticals
• foods
• cosmetics
34. SM - 34
• DSC provides the following important properties
of materials
• Glass Transition Temp. (Tg)
• Melting point (Tm)
• Crystallization times & Temp.
• Heats of melting & crystallization
• Percent Crystallinities
• Heat set temp.
• OIT
• Compositional Analysis
• Heat capacities
• Heats of cure
• Thermal Stabilities
35. SM - 35
DSC apparatus consists of
Furnace
Temperature Sensor
Differential Sensor
Test Chamber Environment
Temperature Controller
Recording Device
Sealed pans
Balance
Apparatus
36. SM - 36
Terminologies:
Glass Transition Temperature (Tg): it is defined as the temperature below
which the polymer is in the glassy state & above which it attains rubbery
state.
First order transitions: In a first-order transition there is a transfer of heat
between system and surroundings and the system undergoes an abrupt
volume change eg. Melting point (Tm), Crystallization Temperature (Tc)
Second order transitions: In a second-order transition, there is no
transfer of heat, but the heat capacity does change. The volume changes to
accommodate the increased motion of the wiggling chains, but it does not
change discontinuously..
• Samples: Powder, Liquids, crystal
37. SM - 37
Procedure
DSC apparatus consists of two sealed pans
sample and reference aluminum pans
The pans are heated, or cooled, uniformly while
the heat flow difference between the two is
monitored.
This can be done at a constant temperature
(isothermally), but is more commonly done by
changing the temperature at a constant rate,
called temperature scanning.
The instrument detects differences in the heat
flow between the sample and reference & plots
the differential heat flow between the reference
and sample cell as a function of temperature.
38. SM - 38
Specimen mass appropriate of 5-mg is taken in the pan
Intimate thermal contact between the pan and specimen is
established for reproducible results.
Heat the sample at a rate of 10oC/min under inert gas
atmosphere from 50oC below to 30oC above the melting
point to erase the thermal history .
The selection of temperature and time are critical when
effect of annealing is studied.
Hold temperature for 10min.
Cool to 50oC below the peak crystallization temperature at
a rate of 10oC/min and record the cooling curve.
Repeat heating as soon as possible under inert purge gas
at a rate of 10oC/min, and record the heating curve.
First Order Transitions (Tc, Tm)
39. SM - 39
Use a specimen mass of 5-mg.
Perform and record a preliminary thermal cycle as up
to a temperatures 30oC above the extrapolated end
temperature, Te, to erase previous thermal history,
heating at a rate of 20oC/min.
Hold temperature for 10min.
Quench cool to 50oC below the transition
temperature of interest.
Hold temperature for 10min.
Repeat heating at a rate of 20oC/min, and record the
heating curve until all desired transition have been
completed.
For Second order Transition (Tg)
41. SM - 41
Measurement of various
Properties/Explanations
• Heat Capacity
• Heating the sample & Reference pans, the
the difference in heat output of the two
heaters is plotted against temperature. i.e
the heat absorbed by the polymer against
temperature.
42. SM - 42
Dividing,
Heat Capacity
• The heat flow at a given temperature is represented
units of heat, q supplied per unit time, t.
• The heating rate is temperature increase T per unit
time, t.
43. SM - 43
Glass Transition
• Property of the amorphous
region
• Below Tg: Disordered amorphous
solid with immobile molecules
• Above Tg: Disordered amorphous
solid in which portions of
molecules can wiggle around
• A second order transition (
Increase in heat capacity but
there is no transfer of heat
44. SM - 44
We call crystallization an exothermic transition.
Crystallization
• Above Tg, the polymers are in mobile conditions.
• When they reach the right temperature, they gain enough energy
to move into very ordered arrangements, which we call crystals,
• When polymers fall into these crystalline arrangements, they give
off heat.
• When this heat is dumped out, there is drop in the heat flow as a
big dip in the plot of heat flow versus temperature:
45. SM - 45
Melting
Above Tc, we reach the polymer's melting
temperature, or Tm, those polymer crystals begin
to fall apart, that is they melt.
The chains come out of their ordered
arrangements, and begin to move around freely.
Melting is a first order transition (Tm).
47. SM - 47
multiply this by the mass of the sample
Polymer crystallinity
Measure the area of under the melting of the
polymer.
Plot of heat flow per gram of material, versus
temperature.
48. SM - 48
X 100% = Xc
Where H’= Heat of Fusion determined from DSC thermogram
H*m= Heat of fusion of a 100% crystalline sample
Degree of crystallinity is given by
49. SM - 49
Results & Conclusion
• DSC thermograms provides an elaborate
picture of various transitions in a polymer.
• The degree of crystallinity in a polymer
sample, specific heat etc. can be determined.
• Any side reaction (for example, crosslinking,
thermal degradation or oxidation) shall also
be reported and the reaction identified if
possible.
50. SM - 50
Factors affecting
• Addition of fillers affects the transitions in
DSC
• Previous thermal history of the samples also
affects the DSC transitions.
• There should be proper contact between the
samples & pans
51. SM - 51
Thermo Gravimetric
Analysis (TGA)
Changes in weight of the specimen
is recorded as the specimen is
heated in air or in a controlled
atmosphere such as nitrogen
52. SM - 52
Terminologies
Highly volatile matter – moisture, plasticizer, residual
solvent or other low boiling (200oC or less)
components.
Medium volatile matter – medium volatility materials
such as oil and polymer degradation products. In
general, these materials degrade or volatilize in the
temperature range 200 to 750oC.
Combustible material – oxidizable material not volatile
(in the unoxidized from) at 750oC, or some stipulated
temperature dependent on material. Carbon is an
example of such a material.
Ash – nonvolatile residues in an oxidizing atmosphere
which may include metal components, filler content or
inert reinforcing materials.
Mass loss plateau – a region of a thermogravimetric
curve with a relatively constant mass.
53. SM - 53
Thermogravimetric curves (thermograms) provide information regarding
polymerization reactions, the efficiencies of stabilizers and activators, the
thermal stability of final materials, and direct analysis.
Provides a general technique to determine the amount of highly volatile matter,
medium volatile matter, combustible material and ash content of compounds.
This test method is useful in performing a compositional analysis in polymers
This test method is applicable to solids and liquids.
Significance
55. SM - 55
Procedure
Establish the inert (nitrogen) and reactive (air oxygen) gases at
the desired flow rates in the range of 10 to 100mL/min.
Switch the purge gas to the inert (nitrogen) gas.
Zero the recorder and tare the balance.
Open the apparatus to expose the specimen holder.
Prepare the specimen of 10 to 30mg and carefully place it in the
specimen holder.
Position the specimen temperature sensor
Enclose the specimen holder.
Record the initial mass.
Initiate the heating program within the desired temperature
range.
Record the specimen mass change continuously over the
temperature interval.
The mass loss profile may be expressed in either milligrams or
mass percent of original specimen mass.
Once a mass loss plateau is established in the range 600 to
1200oC, depending on the material, switch from inert to reactive
environment.
56. SM - 56
Highly volatile matter content may be determined by the following equation
V = [(W-R)/W] x 100% (1)
Where:
V = highly volatile matter content, as received basis (%),
W = original specimen mass (mg), and
R = mass measured at Temperature X (mg).
Calculation
57. SM - 57
Medium volatile matter content can be determined using the following
equation:
O = [(R-S)/W] x 100% (2)
Where:
O = medium volatile matter content, as-received basis, %
R = mass measured at Temperature X, (mg),
S = mass measured at Temperature Y, (mg), and
W = original specimen mass, (mg).
Calculation
58. SM - 58
Combustible material content may be calculated by the following equation:
C = [(S-T)/W] x 100% (3)
Where:
C = combustible material content, as-received basis, (%),
S = mass measured at Temperature Y, (mg),
T = mass measured at Temperature Z, (mg) and
W = original specimen mass, (mg).
Calculation
59. SM - 59
The ash content may be calculated using the following equation:
A = (T/W) x 100% (4)
Where:
A = ash content, as received basis, (%),
T = mass measured at Temperature Z, (mg) and
W = original specimen mass.
Calculation
60. SM - 60
Factors influencing
• Oil-filled elastomers have such high molecular weight oils and
such low molecular weight polymer content that the oil and
polymer may not be separated based upon temperature stability.
• Ash content materials (metals) are slowly oxidized at high
temperatures and in an air atmosphere, so that their mass
increases (or decreases) with time. Under such conditions, a
specific temperature or time region must be identified for the
measurement of that component.
• Polymers, especially neoprene and acrylonitrile butadiene rubber
(NBR), carbonize to a considerable extent, giving low values for
the polymer and high rubber values.
Others, such as calcium carbonate, release CO2 upon
decomposition at interference is dependent upon the type and
quantity of pigment present.
61. SM - 61
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
(DMA)
DMA is a technique in which a substance
while under an oscillating load is measured
as a function of temperature or time as the
substance is subjected to a controlled
temperature program in a controlled
atmosphere.
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)
examines materials between -170°C and
+1000°C.
62. SM - 62
DMA - Storage Modulus
Storage Modulus
DSC
Tg
Hard and
Brittle
Elastic and
Deformable
Fluid
Tm
10
5
10
6
10
7
10
8
10
9
10
10
Temperature
63. SM - 63
DMA for Testing Recyclates
Virgin ABS and ABS with 25%
Recyclate
-150 Temperature (C) 100
E’
E”
DMA of ABS With Recyclates
The high inherent
sensitivity of DMA
provides a means of
testing polymers with
recyclates
In this example of virgin
ABS and ABS with 25%
recyclates, the effects
of the recyclates can
be easily observed
Testing was done with
3-point bending probe
64. SM - 64
FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED
TECHNIQUE
Identification of plastic through structural
analysis
Identification of additives, fillers, etc.
Polymer blend analysis
Monomer content analysis on plastics
Compatibility studies on blends
Curing of polymers
Degradation studies