There are two types of respirationAerobic respiration takes plac.pdf
•
0 likes•3 views
There are two types of respiration: Aerobic respiration: takes place in presence of Oxygen to produce ATP. The electron transport chain helps to convert NADH and FADH2 in to ATP. Most of the ATP produced by cellular respiration are made with the help of Oxidative phosphorylation. Anaerobic respiration where electron acceptors are other than oxygen .In anaerobes less oxidizing agents are used such as nitrates where substrate level phosphorylation is used to produce ATP. Based on the above descriptions, the correct answers are: a. Aerobic respiration: Substrate level phosphorylation b. Anaerobic respiration with nitrate used as the terminal electron acceptor: Substrate level phosphorylation c. Embden Meyerhoff pathway for glucose catabolism: Oxidative phosphorylation d. Anaerobic respiration with iron used as the terminal electon acceptor: Substrate level phosphorylation Solution There are two types of respiration: Aerobic respiration: takes place in presence of Oxygen to produce ATP. The electron transport chain helps to convert NADH and FADH2 in to ATP. Most of the ATP produced by cellular respiration are made with the help of Oxidative phosphorylation. Anaerobic respiration where electron acceptors are other than oxygen .In anaerobes less oxidizing agents are used such as nitrates where substrate level phosphorylation is used to produce ATP. Based on the above descriptions, the correct answers are: a. Aerobic respiration: Substrate level phosphorylation b. Anaerobic respiration with nitrate used as the terminal electron acceptor: Substrate level phosphorylation c. Embden Meyerhoff pathway for glucose catabolism: Oxidative phosphorylation d. Anaerobic respiration with iron used as the terminal electon acceptor: Substrate level phosphorylation.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Download to read offline
Recommended
1Which of the following isare true There are four correct.pdf
1.Which of the following is/are true? There are four correct choices.
Three end products of fermentation are listed.
Three different electron acceptors are listed for anaerobic respiration, while one electron accepter
is listed for aerobic respiration.
NADH, CO2 and ATP are the end products of only aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are the same for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
NADH, FADH2 and CO2 are products of Krebs cycle for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Aerobic respiration has the highest maximum net yield of ATPs.
Three end products of
A.
fermentation are listed.
Three different electron
acceptors are listed for
B. anaerobic respiration, while one
electron accepter is listed for
aerobic respiration.
NADH, CO2 and ATP are the
C. end products of only aerobic
and anaerobic respiration.
Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
D. are the same for both aerobic
and anaerobic respiration.
NADH, FADH2 and CO2 are
products of Krebs cycle for both
E.
aerobic and anaerobic
respiration.
Aerobic respiration has the
F. highest maximum net yield of
ATPs..
Basic Energy Yielding Mechanism of Chemoautotrophic & Photoautotrophic Bacteria
- The document discusses autotrophs and how they obtain energy and fix carbon. It focuses on two types of autotrophs: chemoautotrophs and phototrophs.
- Chemoautotrophs obtain energy through the oxidation of inorganic compounds like hydrogen sulfide or ferrous iron. This generates a proton gradient used to produce ATP via electron transport chains. One example is Thiobacillus ferrooxidans.
- Phototrophs use light energy to produce ATP through photophosphorylation. They contain light-harvesting pigments like chlorophyll and convert light to chemical energy. There are two types of light reactions: oxygenic and anoxygenic.
Respiration
The document discusses cellular respiration and its role in producing ATP through either aerobic or anaerobic pathways. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to fully oxidize glucose through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain to generate large amounts of ATP. Anaerobic pathways generate some ATP through glycolysis but without oxygen, fermentation is used to regenerate NAD+ so glycolysis can continue. The composition of air and gas pressure are also briefly covered.
Respiration
The document discusses cellular respiration and its role in harvesting energy from food. It describes the two main types of cellular respiration - aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen, and anaerobic respiration, which does not. Aerobic respiration involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain to generate ATP from glucose. Anaerobic respiration, which occurs without oxygen, involves fermentation pathways to regenerate NAD+ needed for glycolysis.
anaerobic reapiratory.pptx
Respiration is the process by which organic compounds release energy through exergonic reactions. There are two types of respiration: aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen and releases more energy; and anaerobic respiration, which does not require oxygen but releases less energy. The hydrolysis of ATP provides energy for chemical reactions in cells through a controlled release of small amounts of energy. There are two types of anaerobic respiration: in humans, glucose is broken down into lactic acid and energy; in yeast, glucose is broken down into ethanol, carbon dioxide, and energy.
Nov. 2 (aerobic vs. anaerobic)
The document is the agenda and lesson plan for a biology class. It discusses aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces more ATP through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen and only produces 2 ATP through lactic acid or alcohol fermentation.
Arobic and anerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen and completely breaks down glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water, and a high amount of energy. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and incompletely breaks down glucose to produce lactic acid or ethanol and less energy. The key differences are that aerobic respiration produces more energy through multiple pathways and requires oxygen, while anaerobic respiration is faster but produces less energy without using oxygen.
Oxidative phosphorylation
ATP, biological oxidation, bioenergetics and oxidative phosphorylation for undergraduate medical students
Recommended
1Which of the following isare true There are four correct.pdf
1.Which of the following is/are true? There are four correct choices.
Three end products of fermentation are listed.
Three different electron acceptors are listed for anaerobic respiration, while one electron accepter
is listed for aerobic respiration.
NADH, CO2 and ATP are the end products of only aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are the same for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
NADH, FADH2 and CO2 are products of Krebs cycle for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Aerobic respiration has the highest maximum net yield of ATPs.
Three end products of
A.
fermentation are listed.
Three different electron
acceptors are listed for
B. anaerobic respiration, while one
electron accepter is listed for
aerobic respiration.
NADH, CO2 and ATP are the
C. end products of only aerobic
and anaerobic respiration.
Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
D. are the same for both aerobic
and anaerobic respiration.
NADH, FADH2 and CO2 are
products of Krebs cycle for both
E.
aerobic and anaerobic
respiration.
Aerobic respiration has the
F. highest maximum net yield of
ATPs..
Basic Energy Yielding Mechanism of Chemoautotrophic & Photoautotrophic Bacteria
- The document discusses autotrophs and how they obtain energy and fix carbon. It focuses on two types of autotrophs: chemoautotrophs and phototrophs.
- Chemoautotrophs obtain energy through the oxidation of inorganic compounds like hydrogen sulfide or ferrous iron. This generates a proton gradient used to produce ATP via electron transport chains. One example is Thiobacillus ferrooxidans.
- Phototrophs use light energy to produce ATP through photophosphorylation. They contain light-harvesting pigments like chlorophyll and convert light to chemical energy. There are two types of light reactions: oxygenic and anoxygenic.
Respiration
The document discusses cellular respiration and its role in producing ATP through either aerobic or anaerobic pathways. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to fully oxidize glucose through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain to generate large amounts of ATP. Anaerobic pathways generate some ATP through glycolysis but without oxygen, fermentation is used to regenerate NAD+ so glycolysis can continue. The composition of air and gas pressure are also briefly covered.
Respiration
The document discusses cellular respiration and its role in harvesting energy from food. It describes the two main types of cellular respiration - aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen, and anaerobic respiration, which does not. Aerobic respiration involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain to generate ATP from glucose. Anaerobic respiration, which occurs without oxygen, involves fermentation pathways to regenerate NAD+ needed for glycolysis.
anaerobic reapiratory.pptx
Respiration is the process by which organic compounds release energy through exergonic reactions. There are two types of respiration: aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen and releases more energy; and anaerobic respiration, which does not require oxygen but releases less energy. The hydrolysis of ATP provides energy for chemical reactions in cells through a controlled release of small amounts of energy. There are two types of anaerobic respiration: in humans, glucose is broken down into lactic acid and energy; in yeast, glucose is broken down into ethanol, carbon dioxide, and energy.
Nov. 2 (aerobic vs. anaerobic)
The document is the agenda and lesson plan for a biology class. It discusses aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces more ATP through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen and only produces 2 ATP through lactic acid or alcohol fermentation.
Arobic and anerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen and completely breaks down glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water, and a high amount of energy. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and incompletely breaks down glucose to produce lactic acid or ethanol and less energy. The key differences are that aerobic respiration produces more energy through multiple pathways and requires oxygen, while anaerobic respiration is faster but produces less energy without using oxygen.
Oxidative phosphorylation
ATP, biological oxidation, bioenergetics and oxidative phosphorylation for undergraduate medical students
Bioenergetics
Bioenergetics is the study of energy changes in biochemical reactions and biological systems. The laws of thermodynamics govern energy changes. ATP is the primary energy currency in cells. It is produced through oxidative phosphorylation where the energy released from redox reactions is used to pump protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane, creating a proton gradient. ATP synthase uses this proton gradient to phosphorylate ADP, producing ATP. Diseases can result from defects in the electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation.
BiologicalReview29_4_ATP_Presentation (1).pptx
This document discusses ATP (adenosine triphosphate), including its structure, importance, and how it is made. ATP is an important energy carrier in cells that contains adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. It is produced through substrate-level phosphorylation during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. Most ATP is made through oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria during cellular respiration, as well as through photophosphorylation in the chloroplasts during photosynthesis. Both processes use chemiosmosis and ATP synthase to produce ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate using energy released from electron transport chains.
11 Unit 5 (1).pptx zrggxxxxthtrrthrrrrrr
The document describes the process of aerobic respiration and how ATP is produced. It discusses the four stages of aerobic respiration: glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. In glycolysis, glucose is broken down to pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. In the link reaction, pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA. The Krebs cycle further breaks down acetyl-CoA, producing more ATP and reduced coenzymes. These reduced coenzymes pass electrons to the electron transport chain, powering proton pumps that create a proton gradient. ATP synthase uses this gradient to produce most of the cell's ATP through che
In oxidative phosphorylation and phosphorylation, the enzyme ATP synt.pdf
In oxidative phosphorylation and phosphorylation, the enzyme ATP syntheses couples the
synthesis of ATP to which one of the following processes? A. The facilitated diffusion of
protons B. The splitting of water with the release of O_2 C. The excilation of the Chlorophyll
reaction center D. The reduction of NADP\' through NADP* reductase E. carboxylation of
RuBP using the enzyme rubisco During which process(es) does the splitting of carbon dioxide
to form oxygen gas and carbon A. photosynthesis B. both photosynthesis and respiration C.
respiration D. neither photosynthesis nor respiration E. photorespiration. Which of the
following describes a property of water necessary for life? A. Water changes temperature
rapidly. B. Water is non-cohesive. C. Water is most dense as a solid. D. Water has constant
high pH. E. Water can dissolve many chemicals. What is the lowest level of biological
organization that can perform all of the activities required for life? A. organelle B. molecule C.
cell D. tissue E. organism
Solution
30. The proton gradient generated during electron transport drives the synthesis of ATP through
ATP synthase. This process is similar in both oxidative phosphorylation and
photophosphorylation.
Excitation of the chlorophyll reaction center, the splitting of water with the release of O2 and, the
reduction of NADP+ through NADP+ reductase occur only during the process of
photophosphorylation.
Carboxylation of RuBP using the enzyme rubisco takes place during Calvin cycle.
Therefore, option A is correct.
The enzyme ATP synthase couples the synthesis of ATP to the facilitated diffusion of protons
during oxidative phosphorylation, and photophosphorylation.
31. Photosynthesis is the process in which light energy is used to reduce carbon dioxide to yield
carbohydrates.
During respiration, oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide is released.
Therefore, option A is correct.
The splitting of carbon dioxide to form oxygen gas and yield carbohydrates occurs during the
process of photosynthesis.
32. Water helps to regulate the temperature of the body.
Water does not have high ph. It has a neutral ph.
Water can dissolve many chemicals. It helps to transport essential molecules and chemicals
throughout the body.
Therefore, option E is correct.
33. Cell is the lowest level of biological organization that can perform all of the activities
required for life.
Cells that perform the same function are grouped together to form tissues,
An aggregation of different tissues for a specialized function is called as an organ.
Therefore, option C is correct.
Cell is the lowest level of biological organization that can perform all of the activities required
for life..
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
1. Early scientists like van Helmont, Priestly, and Ingenhousz discovered and proved that plants produce oxygen during photosynthesis and require sunlight to do so.
2. Later, scientists like Mayer, Engelmann, Kamen, and Calvin further elucidated the process, such as that plants convert light energy to chemical energy and that oxygen produced comes from water.
3. C4 plants like maize use a process called the Hatch-Slack pathway to initially fix carbon in their mesophyll cells before transferring it to bundle sheath cells for reduction, allowing more efficient photosynthesis even at low carbon dioxide levels. CAM plants similarly separate carbon fixation and reduction in time between night and day.
Microbial metabolism
1. Microbial metabolism involves catabolic and anabolic reactions. Catabolism breaks down complex substances into simple ones with energy release, while anabolism uses this energy to synthesize complex substances from simple ones.
2. ATP acts as the universal energy carrier in living organisms. It stores and transfers energy released during catabolism to drive anabolic reactions.
3. Microbes obtain energy and carbon through various metabolic pathways like glycolysis, TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation during aerobic respiration or fermentation during anaerobic respiration.
Biological oxidation L5 (oxidative phosphorylation) pdf
The document discusses oxidative phosphorylation and chemiosmotic theory. It explains that oxidative phosphorylation is the process of synthesizing ATP from ADP and Pi coupled to the electron transport chain. The chemiosmotic theory proposes that the electron transport chain pumps protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating an electrochemical gradient. ATP synthase then uses this proton gradient to drive the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. The theory is supported by evidence that ATP synthase acts as a proton-driven rotary motor to generate ATP through conformational changes.
Chapter09 section02 edit
1) The Krebs cycle breaks down pyruvic acid in the mitochondrion, producing carbon dioxide, NADH, and FADH2.
2) The electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 to convert ADP to ATP via ATP synthase.
3) Cellular respiration completely breaks down glucose to produce 36 ATP molecules, while glycolysis alone produces only 2 ATP.
Photosynthesis powerpoint
This document provides an overview of photosynthesis presented by Mr. M Dlamini in 2022. It discusses the key components and processes of photosynthesis including light and light-independent reactions, the Calvin cycle, and C3, C4 and CAM pathways. Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds to fuel life on Earth. It occurs in chloroplasts in plant cells and involves the absorption of light, transfer of electrons, and synthesis of ATP and NADPH followed by carbon fixation through the Calvin cycle.
Chapter 13 photosynthesis in higher plants
this presentation contains briefing of the chapter as per NCERT syllabus in details that contains photosynthesis process, early experiments, photosynthetic pigments,photophosphorylation, light reactions and dark reactions n factors affecting photsynthesis.
gen-bio1-reviewer.docx
1. The document provides an overview of key concepts in biology including cellular transport mechanisms, cellular respiration, photosynthesis, enzymes, and ATP.
2. It defines different types of cellular transport such as diffusion, osmosis, active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis. Active transport requires energy and uses carrier proteins to move materials against a concentration gradient.
3. Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are described as processes by which cells generate energy. Cellular respiration breaks down glucose to produce ATP through pathways like glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Photosynthesis uses light to produce oxygen, ATP, and NADPH through light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
BIOENERGETICS.pptx biology ande sciences
The document discusses bioenergetics, which focuses on how cells transform energy through processes like cellular respiration and photosynthesis. These bioenergetic processes are essential to life. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the molecule that cells use to store and transport energy. ATP is produced through catabolic pathways that break down molecules and through phosphorylation, either substrate-level or oxidative phosphorylation during cellular respiration. Photosynthesis uses light energy to produce sugars and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. This involves two stages - the light-dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the Calvin cycle where sugars are formed.
cape biology unit 2 -_respiration_and_photosynthesis_version_1
Metabolism refers to the chemical reactions that take place in cells. There are thousands of metabolic reactions that are organized into pathways. The two main types are catabolic reactions, which release energy, and anabolic reactions, which use energy. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are key metabolic pathways that involve the interconversion of light energy, chemical energy, and heat energy. Cellular respiration breaks down glucose and uses oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP as energy. It takes place in three main stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain - within the mitochondria. Photosynthesis is the reverse process that uses light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen. It also occurs
anaerobic.ppt
1) Some prokaryotes are able to perform anaerobic respiration using inorganic molecules other than oxygen as the final electron acceptor, such as nitrate or nitrite.
2) In the absence of an electron acceptor, cells perform fermentation which is an inefficient process producing only 2 ATP per glucose molecule instead of the 30-34 from aerobic respiration.
3) Fermentation allows cells to regenerate NAD+ needed for glycolysis by having intermediates accept electrons from NADH.
Respirasi Sell
Cellular respiration is the process cells use to break down glucose and harvest energy. It involves three main stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis breaks down glucose and generates a small amount of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation. The citric acid cycle further oxidizes the products of glycolysis and generates more ATP. During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred through an electron transport chain which establishes a proton gradient used to power ATP synthase and produce most of the cell's ATP. Fermentation is an alternative pathway used by some cells to regenerate NAD+ without oxygen present.
Photosynthesis.ppt
Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich organic molecules like glucose. The light reactions use chlorophyll to absorb sunlight and produce ATP and NADPH through an electron transport chain. The Calvin cycle then uses the ATP and NADPH to reduce carbon dioxide and produce glucose, regenerating ADP and NADP for reuse in the light reactions. Photosynthesis is essential for life on Earth as it provides energy and organic molecules for all organisms.
Bioenergetics lecture sethu
Bioenergetics is the study of energy changes in biological systems and biochemical reactions. The laws of thermodynamics govern energy in systems. ATP is the primary energy carrier in cells. Electron transport chain uses redox reactions and proton pumping to create an electrochemical gradient, trapping energy as ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. Malate-aspartate and glycerol-3-phosphate shuttles transport reducing equivalents into mitochondria. Diseases can result from mitochondrial electron transport chain defects.
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert sugars into energy. It occurs through aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen to break down fuels, or anaerobic respiration, which breaks down fuels without oxygen. Aerobic respiration yields much more ATP through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation using the electron transport chain. Anaerobic respiration yields less ATP through glycolysis followed by lactic acid fermentation or alcoholic fermentation.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds like glucose to form ATP. There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen, and anaerobic respiration, which does not. Glycolysis is the first step, in which glucose is broken down into pyruvate and a small amount of ATP is produced. In aerobic respiration, pyruvate then enters the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria to produce more ATP through oxidation. The electron transport chain uses protons to power ATP synthase and produce most of the ATP through chemiosmosis.
Cellular Respiration with audio
Cellular respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds like glucose to form ATP. There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen, and anaerobic respiration, which does not. Glycolysis is the first step, in which glucose is broken down into pyruvate and a small amount of ATP is produced. In aerobic respiration, pyruvate then enters the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria to produce more ATP through oxidation. The electron transport chain uses protons to power ATP synthase and produce most of the ATP through chemiosmosis.
Given the evidence available at the time (early 1800s) nothing was.pdf
Given the evidence available at the time (early 1800\'s) nothing was wrong with Dalton\'s
theory. It accounted for the variations among elements, their relative masses, the observed
conservation of mass, and the observations made by earlier scientists about the proportions of
elements found in compounds. Dalton did conjecture that atoms somehow stuck together to make
compounds, but he couldn\'t explain how. It was only much later that electrons were discovered,
showing that atoms weren\'t indestructible solid objects, and later still that it was shown that
atoms had a specific internal structure, the exact nature of which is still under investigation.
None of these discoveries invalidate Dalton\'s atomic theory -- they expand and enrich it.
Dalton\'s theory did exactly what good scientific theories do -- explain and relate existing
evidence, and provide a foundation for further inquiry.
Solution
Given the evidence available at the time (early 1800\'s) nothing was wrong with Dalton\'s
theory. It accounted for the variations among elements, their relative masses, the observed
conservation of mass, and the observations made by earlier scientists about the proportions of
elements found in compounds. Dalton did conjecture that atoms somehow stuck together to make
compounds, but he couldn\'t explain how. It was only much later that electrons were discovered,
showing that atoms weren\'t indestructible solid objects, and later still that it was shown that
atoms had a specific internal structure, the exact nature of which is still under investigation.
None of these discoveries invalidate Dalton\'s atomic theory -- they expand and enrich it.
Dalton\'s theory did exactly what good scientific theories do -- explain and relate existing
evidence, and provide a foundation for further inquiry..
1. Enzymatic digestion of proteins in to amino acids by pepsin.3. .pdf
1. Enzymatic digestion of proteins in to amino acids by pepsin.
3. Secretion of bile.
4. Enzymatic digestion of triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol by gastric lipase.
8. Secretion of HCl.
Solution
1. Enzymatic digestion of proteins in to amino acids by pepsin.
3. Secretion of bile.
4. Enzymatic digestion of triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol by gastric lipase.
8. Secretion of HCl..
More Related Content
Similar to There are two types of respirationAerobic respiration takes plac.pdf
Bioenergetics
Bioenergetics is the study of energy changes in biochemical reactions and biological systems. The laws of thermodynamics govern energy changes. ATP is the primary energy currency in cells. It is produced through oxidative phosphorylation where the energy released from redox reactions is used to pump protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane, creating a proton gradient. ATP synthase uses this proton gradient to phosphorylate ADP, producing ATP. Diseases can result from defects in the electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation.
BiologicalReview29_4_ATP_Presentation (1).pptx
This document discusses ATP (adenosine triphosphate), including its structure, importance, and how it is made. ATP is an important energy carrier in cells that contains adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. It is produced through substrate-level phosphorylation during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. Most ATP is made through oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria during cellular respiration, as well as through photophosphorylation in the chloroplasts during photosynthesis. Both processes use chemiosmosis and ATP synthase to produce ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate using energy released from electron transport chains.
11 Unit 5 (1).pptx zrggxxxxthtrrthrrrrrr
The document describes the process of aerobic respiration and how ATP is produced. It discusses the four stages of aerobic respiration: glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. In glycolysis, glucose is broken down to pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. In the link reaction, pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA. The Krebs cycle further breaks down acetyl-CoA, producing more ATP and reduced coenzymes. These reduced coenzymes pass electrons to the electron transport chain, powering proton pumps that create a proton gradient. ATP synthase uses this gradient to produce most of the cell's ATP through che
In oxidative phosphorylation and phosphorylation, the enzyme ATP synt.pdf
In oxidative phosphorylation and phosphorylation, the enzyme ATP syntheses couples the
synthesis of ATP to which one of the following processes? A. The facilitated diffusion of
protons B. The splitting of water with the release of O_2 C. The excilation of the Chlorophyll
reaction center D. The reduction of NADP\' through NADP* reductase E. carboxylation of
RuBP using the enzyme rubisco During which process(es) does the splitting of carbon dioxide
to form oxygen gas and carbon A. photosynthesis B. both photosynthesis and respiration C.
respiration D. neither photosynthesis nor respiration E. photorespiration. Which of the
following describes a property of water necessary for life? A. Water changes temperature
rapidly. B. Water is non-cohesive. C. Water is most dense as a solid. D. Water has constant
high pH. E. Water can dissolve many chemicals. What is the lowest level of biological
organization that can perform all of the activities required for life? A. organelle B. molecule C.
cell D. tissue E. organism
Solution
30. The proton gradient generated during electron transport drives the synthesis of ATP through
ATP synthase. This process is similar in both oxidative phosphorylation and
photophosphorylation.
Excitation of the chlorophyll reaction center, the splitting of water with the release of O2 and, the
reduction of NADP+ through NADP+ reductase occur only during the process of
photophosphorylation.
Carboxylation of RuBP using the enzyme rubisco takes place during Calvin cycle.
Therefore, option A is correct.
The enzyme ATP synthase couples the synthesis of ATP to the facilitated diffusion of protons
during oxidative phosphorylation, and photophosphorylation.
31. Photosynthesis is the process in which light energy is used to reduce carbon dioxide to yield
carbohydrates.
During respiration, oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide is released.
Therefore, option A is correct.
The splitting of carbon dioxide to form oxygen gas and yield carbohydrates occurs during the
process of photosynthesis.
32. Water helps to regulate the temperature of the body.
Water does not have high ph. It has a neutral ph.
Water can dissolve many chemicals. It helps to transport essential molecules and chemicals
throughout the body.
Therefore, option E is correct.
33. Cell is the lowest level of biological organization that can perform all of the activities
required for life.
Cells that perform the same function are grouped together to form tissues,
An aggregation of different tissues for a specialized function is called as an organ.
Therefore, option C is correct.
Cell is the lowest level of biological organization that can perform all of the activities required
for life..
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
1. Early scientists like van Helmont, Priestly, and Ingenhousz discovered and proved that plants produce oxygen during photosynthesis and require sunlight to do so.
2. Later, scientists like Mayer, Engelmann, Kamen, and Calvin further elucidated the process, such as that plants convert light energy to chemical energy and that oxygen produced comes from water.
3. C4 plants like maize use a process called the Hatch-Slack pathway to initially fix carbon in their mesophyll cells before transferring it to bundle sheath cells for reduction, allowing more efficient photosynthesis even at low carbon dioxide levels. CAM plants similarly separate carbon fixation and reduction in time between night and day.
Microbial metabolism
1. Microbial metabolism involves catabolic and anabolic reactions. Catabolism breaks down complex substances into simple ones with energy release, while anabolism uses this energy to synthesize complex substances from simple ones.
2. ATP acts as the universal energy carrier in living organisms. It stores and transfers energy released during catabolism to drive anabolic reactions.
3. Microbes obtain energy and carbon through various metabolic pathways like glycolysis, TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation during aerobic respiration or fermentation during anaerobic respiration.
Biological oxidation L5 (oxidative phosphorylation) pdf
The document discusses oxidative phosphorylation and chemiosmotic theory. It explains that oxidative phosphorylation is the process of synthesizing ATP from ADP and Pi coupled to the electron transport chain. The chemiosmotic theory proposes that the electron transport chain pumps protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating an electrochemical gradient. ATP synthase then uses this proton gradient to drive the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. The theory is supported by evidence that ATP synthase acts as a proton-driven rotary motor to generate ATP through conformational changes.
Chapter09 section02 edit
1) The Krebs cycle breaks down pyruvic acid in the mitochondrion, producing carbon dioxide, NADH, and FADH2.
2) The electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 to convert ADP to ATP via ATP synthase.
3) Cellular respiration completely breaks down glucose to produce 36 ATP molecules, while glycolysis alone produces only 2 ATP.
Photosynthesis powerpoint
This document provides an overview of photosynthesis presented by Mr. M Dlamini in 2022. It discusses the key components and processes of photosynthesis including light and light-independent reactions, the Calvin cycle, and C3, C4 and CAM pathways. Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds to fuel life on Earth. It occurs in chloroplasts in plant cells and involves the absorption of light, transfer of electrons, and synthesis of ATP and NADPH followed by carbon fixation through the Calvin cycle.
Chapter 13 photosynthesis in higher plants
this presentation contains briefing of the chapter as per NCERT syllabus in details that contains photosynthesis process, early experiments, photosynthetic pigments,photophosphorylation, light reactions and dark reactions n factors affecting photsynthesis.
gen-bio1-reviewer.docx
1. The document provides an overview of key concepts in biology including cellular transport mechanisms, cellular respiration, photosynthesis, enzymes, and ATP.
2. It defines different types of cellular transport such as diffusion, osmosis, active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis. Active transport requires energy and uses carrier proteins to move materials against a concentration gradient.
3. Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are described as processes by which cells generate energy. Cellular respiration breaks down glucose to produce ATP through pathways like glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Photosynthesis uses light to produce oxygen, ATP, and NADPH through light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
BIOENERGETICS.pptx biology ande sciences
The document discusses bioenergetics, which focuses on how cells transform energy through processes like cellular respiration and photosynthesis. These bioenergetic processes are essential to life. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the molecule that cells use to store and transport energy. ATP is produced through catabolic pathways that break down molecules and through phosphorylation, either substrate-level or oxidative phosphorylation during cellular respiration. Photosynthesis uses light energy to produce sugars and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. This involves two stages - the light-dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the Calvin cycle where sugars are formed.
cape biology unit 2 -_respiration_and_photosynthesis_version_1
Metabolism refers to the chemical reactions that take place in cells. There are thousands of metabolic reactions that are organized into pathways. The two main types are catabolic reactions, which release energy, and anabolic reactions, which use energy. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are key metabolic pathways that involve the interconversion of light energy, chemical energy, and heat energy. Cellular respiration breaks down glucose and uses oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP as energy. It takes place in three main stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain - within the mitochondria. Photosynthesis is the reverse process that uses light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen. It also occurs
anaerobic.ppt
1) Some prokaryotes are able to perform anaerobic respiration using inorganic molecules other than oxygen as the final electron acceptor, such as nitrate or nitrite.
2) In the absence of an electron acceptor, cells perform fermentation which is an inefficient process producing only 2 ATP per glucose molecule instead of the 30-34 from aerobic respiration.
3) Fermentation allows cells to regenerate NAD+ needed for glycolysis by having intermediates accept electrons from NADH.
Respirasi Sell
Cellular respiration is the process cells use to break down glucose and harvest energy. It involves three main stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis breaks down glucose and generates a small amount of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation. The citric acid cycle further oxidizes the products of glycolysis and generates more ATP. During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred through an electron transport chain which establishes a proton gradient used to power ATP synthase and produce most of the cell's ATP. Fermentation is an alternative pathway used by some cells to regenerate NAD+ without oxygen present.
Photosynthesis.ppt
Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich organic molecules like glucose. The light reactions use chlorophyll to absorb sunlight and produce ATP and NADPH through an electron transport chain. The Calvin cycle then uses the ATP and NADPH to reduce carbon dioxide and produce glucose, regenerating ADP and NADP for reuse in the light reactions. Photosynthesis is essential for life on Earth as it provides energy and organic molecules for all organisms.
Bioenergetics lecture sethu
Bioenergetics is the study of energy changes in biological systems and biochemical reactions. The laws of thermodynamics govern energy in systems. ATP is the primary energy carrier in cells. Electron transport chain uses redox reactions and proton pumping to create an electrochemical gradient, trapping energy as ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. Malate-aspartate and glycerol-3-phosphate shuttles transport reducing equivalents into mitochondria. Diseases can result from mitochondrial electron transport chain defects.
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert sugars into energy. It occurs through aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen to break down fuels, or anaerobic respiration, which breaks down fuels without oxygen. Aerobic respiration yields much more ATP through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation using the electron transport chain. Anaerobic respiration yields less ATP through glycolysis followed by lactic acid fermentation or alcoholic fermentation.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds like glucose to form ATP. There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen, and anaerobic respiration, which does not. Glycolysis is the first step, in which glucose is broken down into pyruvate and a small amount of ATP is produced. In aerobic respiration, pyruvate then enters the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria to produce more ATP through oxidation. The electron transport chain uses protons to power ATP synthase and produce most of the ATP through chemiosmosis.
Cellular Respiration with audio
Cellular respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds like glucose to form ATP. There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen, and anaerobic respiration, which does not. Glycolysis is the first step, in which glucose is broken down into pyruvate and a small amount of ATP is produced. In aerobic respiration, pyruvate then enters the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria to produce more ATP through oxidation. The electron transport chain uses protons to power ATP synthase and produce most of the ATP through chemiosmosis.
Similar to There are two types of respirationAerobic respiration takes plac.pdf (20)
In oxidative phosphorylation and phosphorylation, the enzyme ATP synt.pdf
In oxidative phosphorylation and phosphorylation, the enzyme ATP synt.pdf
Biological oxidation L5 (oxidative phosphorylation) pdf
Biological oxidation L5 (oxidative phosphorylation) pdf
cape biology unit 2 -_respiration_and_photosynthesis_version_1
cape biology unit 2 -_respiration_and_photosynthesis_version_1
More from navyugenterprisesdoo
Given the evidence available at the time (early 1800s) nothing was.pdf
Given the evidence available at the time (early 1800\'s) nothing was wrong with Dalton\'s
theory. It accounted for the variations among elements, their relative masses, the observed
conservation of mass, and the observations made by earlier scientists about the proportions of
elements found in compounds. Dalton did conjecture that atoms somehow stuck together to make
compounds, but he couldn\'t explain how. It was only much later that electrons were discovered,
showing that atoms weren\'t indestructible solid objects, and later still that it was shown that
atoms had a specific internal structure, the exact nature of which is still under investigation.
None of these discoveries invalidate Dalton\'s atomic theory -- they expand and enrich it.
Dalton\'s theory did exactly what good scientific theories do -- explain and relate existing
evidence, and provide a foundation for further inquiry.
Solution
Given the evidence available at the time (early 1800\'s) nothing was wrong with Dalton\'s
theory. It accounted for the variations among elements, their relative masses, the observed
conservation of mass, and the observations made by earlier scientists about the proportions of
elements found in compounds. Dalton did conjecture that atoms somehow stuck together to make
compounds, but he couldn\'t explain how. It was only much later that electrons were discovered,
showing that atoms weren\'t indestructible solid objects, and later still that it was shown that
atoms had a specific internal structure, the exact nature of which is still under investigation.
None of these discoveries invalidate Dalton\'s atomic theory -- they expand and enrich it.
Dalton\'s theory did exactly what good scientific theories do -- explain and relate existing
evidence, and provide a foundation for further inquiry..
1. Enzymatic digestion of proteins in to amino acids by pepsin.3. .pdf
1. Enzymatic digestion of proteins in to amino acids by pepsin.
3. Secretion of bile.
4. Enzymatic digestion of triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol by gastric lipase.
8. Secretion of HCl.
Solution
1. Enzymatic digestion of proteins in to amino acids by pepsin.
3. Secretion of bile.
4. Enzymatic digestion of triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol by gastric lipase.
8. Secretion of HCl..
1. Assume that those DNA molecules are same in length as well as in .pdf
1. Assume that those DNA molecules are same in length as well as in other properities such as
supercoiling...etc, in gel after electrophoresis, we can observe one thick band.
2. As DNA is -vely charged molecules due to P- ions, if the electrodes connects in wrong
direction, it won\'t enter in to gel. Those molecules sometimes may migrate to buffer chambers.
Solution
1. Assume that those DNA molecules are same in length as well as in other properities such as
supercoiling...etc, in gel after electrophoresis, we can observe one thick band.
2. As DNA is -vely charged molecules due to P- ions, if the electrodes connects in wrong
direction, it won\'t enter in to gel. Those molecules sometimes may migrate to buffer chambers..
Try to save the file using .vbs extension rather than .wsfType thi.pdf
Try to save the file using .vbs extension rather than .wsf
Type this in notepad and save the file as SHutdownReminder.vbs and add this file into local
group policy.
Solution
Try to save the file using .vbs extension rather than .wsf
Type this in notepad and save the file as SHutdownReminder.vbs and add this file into local
group policy..
The triangle DEF -- TRIANGLE HIG is a glide reflection.Reflection.pdf
The triangle DEF --> TRIANGLE HIG is a glide reflection.
Reflection line:
Each point of a reflected image is the same distance from the line of reflection as the
corresponding point of the original figure. In other words, the line of reflection lies directly in the
middle between the figure and its image -- it is the perpendicular bisector of the segment joining
any point to its image.
The reflection line = IG
Translation rule:
The translation rule is shift.
Shifts
A shift is a rigid translation in that it does not change the shape or size of the graph of the
function. All that a shift will do is change the location of the graph. A vertical shift
adds/subtracts a constant to/from every y-coordinate while leaving the x-coordinate unchanged.
A horizontal shift adds/subtracts a constant to/from every x-coordinate while leaving the y-
coordinate unchanged. Vertical and horizontal shifts can be combined into one expression.
Shifts are added/subtracted to the x or f(x) components. If the constant is grouped with the x,
then it is a horizontal shift, otherwise it is a vertical shift.
center and angle of rotation:
Glide translation rule:and reflection line:
When a translation (a slide or glide) and a reflection are performed one after the other, a
transformation called a glide reflection is produced. In a glide reflection, the line of reflection is
parallel to the direction of the translation. It does not matter whether you glide first and then
reflect, or reflect first and then glide. This transformation is commutative.
When two or more transformations are combined to form a new transformation, the result is
called a composition of transformations. Since translations and reflections are both isometries, a
glide reflection is also an isometry.
Solution
The triangle DEF --> TRIANGLE HIG is a glide reflection.
Reflection line:
Each point of a reflected image is the same distance from the line of reflection as the
corresponding point of the original figure. In other words, the line of reflection lies directly in the
middle between the figure and its image -- it is the perpendicular bisector of the segment joining
any point to its image.
The reflection line = IG
Translation rule:
The translation rule is shift.
Shifts
A shift is a rigid translation in that it does not change the shape or size of the graph of the
function. All that a shift will do is change the location of the graph. A vertical shift
adds/subtracts a constant to/from every y-coordinate while leaving the x-coordinate unchanged.
A horizontal shift adds/subtracts a constant to/from every x-coordinate while leaving the y-
coordinate unchanged. Vertical and horizontal shifts can be combined into one expression.
Shifts are added/subtracted to the x or f(x) components. If the constant is grouped with the x,
then it is a horizontal shift, otherwise it is a vertical shift.
center and angle of rotation:
Glide translation rule:and reflection line:
When a translation (a slide or glide) and a reflectio.
The process of making a chip begins with sand. Sand contains 25 sil.pdf
The process of making a chip begins with sand. Sand contains 25% silicon by mass. Sand
especially Quartz contains high percentage of Silicon dioxide which is the basic ingredient of
semiconductor manufacturing.
Silicon is purified in multiple stages to obtain the quality called Electronic Grade Silicon in the
form of Ingots. Ingots are big mono crystals. Mono crystal Silicon Ingots have highly pure
silicon of purity 99.99%.
The Ingots are cut into individual silicon discs or slices called wafers. These wafers are polished
untile mirror smooth surfaces are obtained. A photo resis layer is applied by rotating the wafers.
Wafers are rotated for an even finish. The photo resist finish is exposed to ultra violet light which
triggers a chemical reaction which transforms the photo resist to a soluble . UV light exposure is
for creating various circuit patterns on the wafer.
Solvents are used to clean out the Photo resist to reveal the patterns. made using UV light.
Unwanted material is removed by etching.
Ion implantation is done by bombarding the various chemical impurities called Ions. Ions are
implanted by shooting them onto the surface with a very high speed of over 3 x 10^5 km/h. The
wafers are put into a copper sulphate solution . As a result the copper ions are deposited onto the
transistor through a process called electroplating. The copper ions settle as a thin layer of copper
and the excess material is polished off.
Multiple metal layers are created to interconnect. the architecture and design is dependent on the
functionality of the transistor or part in which the chip has to work. Functionality tests are done
to evaluate the response of every single chip. Wafers are cut into pieces. Furthermore , the
defaulty pieces are discarded off. Groups of pieces are arranged to cater for the respective
functionality. Hence , the procedure for sand to chip
Solution
The process of making a chip begins with sand. Sand contains 25% silicon by mass. Sand
especially Quartz contains high percentage of Silicon dioxide which is the basic ingredient of
semiconductor manufacturing.
Silicon is purified in multiple stages to obtain the quality called Electronic Grade Silicon in the
form of Ingots. Ingots are big mono crystals. Mono crystal Silicon Ingots have highly pure
silicon of purity 99.99%.
The Ingots are cut into individual silicon discs or slices called wafers. These wafers are polished
untile mirror smooth surfaces are obtained. A photo resis layer is applied by rotating the wafers.
Wafers are rotated for an even finish. The photo resist finish is exposed to ultra violet light which
triggers a chemical reaction which transforms the photo resist to a soluble . UV light exposure is
for creating various circuit patterns on the wafer.
Solvents are used to clean out the Photo resist to reveal the patterns. made using UV light.
Unwanted material is removed by etching.
Ion implantation is done by bombarding the various chemical impurities called Ions. Ions ar.
The Permian Period was the ultimate period of the Paleozoic Era whic.pdf
The Permian Period was the ultimate period of the Paleozoic Era which lasted from 299 million
to 251 million years ago.It preceded the Triassic Period. The evolutionary innovations of seed
and pollen are as follows.
The giant swamp forests began to dry out totally. The mossy plants that depended on spores for
reproduction were being replaced by the the gymnosperms which were the first seed-bearing
plants. They are vascular plants, that transport water internally. They have exposed seeds that
develop on the scales of cones and are fertilized when pollen sifts down and lands directly on the
seed. Today’s conifers are gymnosperms, as are the short palm like cycads.
Solution
The Permian Period was the ultimate period of the Paleozoic Era which lasted from 299 million
to 251 million years ago.It preceded the Triassic Period. The evolutionary innovations of seed
and pollen are as follows.
The giant swamp forests began to dry out totally. The mossy plants that depended on spores for
reproduction were being replaced by the the gymnosperms which were the first seed-bearing
plants. They are vascular plants, that transport water internally. They have exposed seeds that
develop on the scales of cones and are fertilized when pollen sifts down and lands directly on the
seed. Today’s conifers are gymnosperms, as are the short palm like cycads..
RNs role in kidney transplant recipient in the immediate post-operat.pdf
RNs role in kidney transplant recipient in the immediate post-operative period;
RN\'s role in organ transplantation to assess, plan, implement, practice evidence based approach
to evaluate care interventions in the care of the transplant patient . To analyse the biological,
psychological and sociological effects of transplantation on the patient.
Post-transplant nursing care for the patient begins in the post-anesthesia care unit.
The first 24 hours after transplantation represent a critical period, marked by hemodynamic and
respiratory instability, and there is a great risk of developing complications, mainly of graft
rejection. The nurse treating the patient in the early post-transplant period needs specialized
knowledge to reduce the problems, prevent or anticipate and intervene immediately to maximize
the result of long-term graft and provide quality care throughout the hospitalization period.
The behavior of diuresis is the most important element in the monitoring of renal
functions, since it causes therapeutic behaviors such as hydration, medication and even surgery
for urologic complications.
The urinary catheter placement provides accurate measurement of urine output and determines
the presence of hemorrhage and blood clot, acute graft rejection, and vascular thrombosis, and is
a predictor of the development of transplantation.
The urinary catheter is removed after proper healing of the anastomosis of the ureter into the
bladder, when continued monitoring of urine volume is required. During the hospitalization of
the patient, daily blood tests must be done, with the most relevant results including levels of
serum creatinine, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), white cell count, and levels of
immunosuppressive drugs. These parameters determine that the kidney function is effective and
show the first signs of a possible rejection or infection, and whether the drug levels are within the
therapeutic range required for the maintenance of immunosuppression or induction, maintenance
and treatment of rejection.
The nurse should moniter the patient\'s hemodynamic status and fluid volume to avoid post-
transplant complications while maintaining central venous pressure at 10 mmHg and systolic
blood pressure above 120 mmHg.
Urine output is replaced on an hourly milliliter-for-milliliter basis and should be recorded
hourly.
RNs role in kidney transplant donor in the immediate post-operative period
Donors face the possibility of post-operative complications such as bleeding, wound infection,
fever, etc. Most of the post-operative complications are generally short-term and can be
addressed with quality medical care.
Closely monitor the renal function to assess for impairment and monitor the hematocrit to asses
for bleeding .
Donors experience more pain than recipient. Donor who had an open surgical approach may
experience more pain than when a laproscopic approach used. Donors who had open approach
will be usually discharged from hospital in 4 or 5 day.
Corporate form of business is where an entity is owned by a small .pdf
Corporate form of business is where an entity is owned by a small or large group of people
,called owners /shareholders ,each of whose liability is limited by shares--subject to laws of the
state in which it operates. It has access to finance through issue of shares in the public It is a
separate legal entity ,distinct from its shareholders.So, unlike ,sole-proprietorships&
partnerships, the shareholders are not personally liable,if the business goes into liquidation.
But,the primary disadvantage of this type of business form is double taxation of earnings &
dividends of the company. ie. Any distribution of profits to shareholders ,is only from after-
tax(corporate tax rate) income of the company. But they are also taxed at the personal level,on
receipt of dividends,at the hands of the shareholders.So, the shareholder is subject to double
taxation . So, ANSWER: b) double taxation
Solution
Corporate form of business is where an entity is owned by a small or large group of people
,called owners /shareholders ,each of whose liability is limited by shares--subject to laws of the
state in which it operates. It has access to finance through issue of shares in the public It is a
separate legal entity ,distinct from its shareholders.So, unlike ,sole-proprietorships&
partnerships, the shareholders are not personally liable,if the business goes into liquidation.
But,the primary disadvantage of this type of business form is double taxation of earnings &
dividends of the company. ie. Any distribution of profits to shareholders ,is only from after-
tax(corporate tax rate) income of the company. But they are also taxed at the personal level,on
receipt of dividends,at the hands of the shareholders.So, the shareholder is subject to double
taxation . So, ANSWER: b) double taxation.
Well first thing to remember is that C,N,S, and P.pdf
Well first thing to remember is that C,N,S, and P are more often the central atom
because they are more likely to bond with more atoms than O,F,H, and Cl. If it wants to bond
with more atoms naturally, it will be at the center more often. (If a C always wants 4 atoms
attached to it, it will usually get 4 atoms to attach to it, making it the center). Well choice a. can
be thrown out because its saying that C,N,S, and P cannot hybridize atomic orbitals (which is
already wrong) to allow as many bonds as allowed (meaning that because they can\'t hybridize,
they cant hold as many bonds). This is an argument against why they are not central atoms.
Choice d. can be thrown out too as well because O,F,H, and Cl are less metalic than the others,
yet they do not take as many electrons (because the more electrons an atom shares, the more
bonds it makes). If this was true, O,F,H, and Cl would act more as central atoms. This is also a
negative argument. Left is B and C. C states that more metallic nonmetals have more desire for
electrons, meaning C,N,S, and P want more electrons. This seems true, but then why does B
usually only become BF3, meaning they do not want more electrons. B is true because it says
that O,F,H, and Cl are less likely to share electrons with more than 2 atoms. It doesn\'t say why,
just that it is less likely to. This is true because the sharing electrons with an atom = forming a
bond with an atom. So if they don\'t want to share electrons with more than 2, it means they
don\'t want to naturally form bonds with more than 2 atoms, which is absolutely true. Compared
to C,N,S, and P who are more likely to share electrons with more than 2 atoms and bonding with
more atoms meaning they are more often bonded to several atoms aka being the center.
Solution
Well first thing to remember is that C,N,S, and P are more often the central atom
because they are more likely to bond with more atoms than O,F,H, and Cl. If it wants to bond
with more atoms naturally, it will be at the center more often. (If a C always wants 4 atoms
attached to it, it will usually get 4 atoms to attach to it, making it the center). Well choice a. can
be thrown out because its saying that C,N,S, and P cannot hybridize atomic orbitals (which is
already wrong) to allow as many bonds as allowed (meaning that because they can\'t hybridize,
they cant hold as many bonds). This is an argument against why they are not central atoms.
Choice d. can be thrown out too as well because O,F,H, and Cl are less metalic than the others,
yet they do not take as many electrons (because the more electrons an atom shares, the more
bonds it makes). If this was true, O,F,H, and Cl would act more as central atoms. This is also a
negative argument. Left is B and C. C states that more metallic nonmetals have more desire for
electrons, meaning C,N,S, and P want more electrons. This seems true, but then why does B
usually only become BF3, meaning they do not want more electrons. B is true because it s.
They both have dipole-dipole interactions, interm.pdf
They both have dipole-dipole interactions, intermolecular hydrogen bonding, and
vander wals force. However, water has two lone pairs that can do hydrogen bonding whereas
ammonia has only 1 lone pair.
Solution
They both have dipole-dipole interactions, intermolecular hydrogen bonding, and
vander wals force. However, water has two lone pairs that can do hydrogen bonding whereas
ammonia has only 1 lone pair..
The violin is a string instrument, usually with f.pdf
The violin is a string instrument, usually with four strings tuned in perfect fifths. It
is the smallest, highest-pitched member of the violin family of string instruments, which also
includes the viola and cello. The violin is sometimes informally called a fiddle, regardless of
the type of music played on it. The word violin comes from the Medieval Latin word vitula,
meaning stringed instrument;this word is also believed to be the source of the Germanic
\"fiddle\".The violin, while it has ancient origins, acquired most of its modern characteristics in
16th-century Italy, with some further modifications occurring in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Violinists and collectors particularly prize the instruments made by the Gasparo da Sal
Solution
The violin is a string instrument, usually with four strings tuned in perfect fifths. It
is the smallest, highest-pitched member of the violin family of string instruments, which also
includes the viola and cello. The violin is sometimes informally called a fiddle, regardless of
the type of music played on it. The word violin comes from the Medieval Latin word vitula,
meaning stringed instrument;this word is also believed to be the source of the Germanic
\"fiddle\".The violin, while it has ancient origins, acquired most of its modern characteristics in
16th-century Italy, with some further modifications occurring in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Violinists and collectors particularly prize the instruments made by the Gasparo da Sal.
the element is phosphorus (P) Solution .pdf
Phosphorus is the element being discussed. The document states that the element is phosphorus and repeats that the element is phosphorus.
Step1 False ; An elemental sample consists of one.pdf
An elemental sample consists of only one kind of atom. The statement "An elemental sample consists of one kind of atoms" is false because an elemental sample contains only one type of atom, not multiple kinds of atoms. The solution confirms that the first step is false.
solution or homogeneous mixture Solution .pdf
A solution is a homogeneous mixture that is made up of two or more substances. The substances that make up a solution are evenly distributed throughout and cannot be easily separated. A solution forms a single phase rather than being made up of separate components.
PV ^ n = constant using pv = N R T we get P ^ .pdf
PV ^ n = constant using pv = N* R * T we get P ^ 1-n * T ^ n = contant T1= 150
T1= 293 P2= 600 T2 = 393 k P1/P2 = (T2/T1 ) ^ n/1-n 1/4 = ( 1.34)^ n/1-n taking log on both
side log( 1/4) = n/1-n * ( log (1.34) n/1-n =-4.736 n= 1.267
Solution
PV ^ n = constant using pv = N* R * T we get P ^ 1-n * T ^ n = contant T1= 150
T1= 293 P2= 600 T2 = 393 k P1/P2 = (T2/T1 ) ^ n/1-n 1/4 = ( 1.34)^ n/1-n taking log on both
side log( 1/4) = n/1-n * ( log (1.34) n/1-n =-4.736 n= 1.267.
methyl-m-nitrobenzoate is more polar than methyl .pdf
methyl-m-nitrobenzoate is more polar than methyl benzoate. There is a large
separation of charge in the nitro group (between the nitrogen and oxygens). This leads to a
higher level of polarity, and the compound containing the nitro is more polar. Hope this helps!
Solution
methyl-m-nitrobenzoate is more polar than methyl benzoate. There is a large
separation of charge in the nitro group (between the nitrogen and oxygens). This leads to a
higher level of polarity, and the compound containing the nitro is more polar. Hope this helps!.
L(f(t)) = 6s^4 - 2s^3 .pdf
This document provides the Laplace transform of a function f(t) which is equal to 6/s^4 - 2/s^3. The Laplace transform of the function f(t) is given as L(f(t)) = 6/s^4 - 2/s^3.
It was a 19th century geologist who first recogni.pdf
It was a 19th century geologist who first recognized periodicity in the physical
properties of the elements. Alexandre Beguyer de Chancourtois (1820-1886), professor of
geology at the School of Mines in Paris, published in 1862 a list of all the known elements. The
list was constructed as a helical graph wrapped around a cylinder--elements with similar
properties occupied positions on the same vertical line of cylinder (the list also included some
ions and compounds). Using geological terms and published without the diagram, de
Chancourtois ideas were completely ignored until the work of Mendeleev. it is used to
distinguish elements by their properties
Solution
It was a 19th century geologist who first recognized periodicity in the physical
properties of the elements. Alexandre Beguyer de Chancourtois (1820-1886), professor of
geology at the School of Mines in Paris, published in 1862 a list of all the known elements. The
list was constructed as a helical graph wrapped around a cylinder--elements with similar
properties occupied positions on the same vertical line of cylinder (the list also included some
ions and compounds). Using geological terms and published without the diagram, de
Chancourtois ideas were completely ignored until the work of Mendeleev. it is used to
distinguish elements by their properties.
here the solution is 0.015 M HCl so we have HCl -.pdf
here the solution is 0.015 M HCl so we have HCl --> H+ + Cl- now, [H+] = 0.0015
M so we have pH = -log[H+] = - log [ 0.0015] = 2.82 and [H3O +]
= [H2O][H+] = 0.0015 * 1.4 x 10-14 = 2.1 x 10-17 M
Solution
here the solution is 0.015 M HCl so we have HCl --> H+ + Cl- now, [H+] = 0.0015
M so we have pH = -log[H+] = - log [ 0.0015] = 2.82 and [H3O +]
= [H2O][H+] = 0.0015 * 1.4 x 10-14 = 2.1 x 10-17 M.
More from navyugenterprisesdoo (20)
Given the evidence available at the time (early 1800s) nothing was.pdf
Given the evidence available at the time (early 1800s) nothing was.pdf
1. Enzymatic digestion of proteins in to amino acids by pepsin.3. .pdf
1. Enzymatic digestion of proteins in to amino acids by pepsin.3. .pdf
1. Assume that those DNA molecules are same in length as well as in .pdf
1. Assume that those DNA molecules are same in length as well as in .pdf
Try to save the file using .vbs extension rather than .wsfType thi.pdf
Try to save the file using .vbs extension rather than .wsfType thi.pdf
The triangle DEF -- TRIANGLE HIG is a glide reflection.Reflection.pdf
The triangle DEF -- TRIANGLE HIG is a glide reflection.Reflection.pdf
The process of making a chip begins with sand. Sand contains 25 sil.pdf
The process of making a chip begins with sand. Sand contains 25 sil.pdf
The Permian Period was the ultimate period of the Paleozoic Era whic.pdf
The Permian Period was the ultimate period of the Paleozoic Era whic.pdf
RNs role in kidney transplant recipient in the immediate post-operat.pdf
RNs role in kidney transplant recipient in the immediate post-operat.pdf
Corporate form of business is where an entity is owned by a small .pdf
Corporate form of business is where an entity is owned by a small .pdf
Well first thing to remember is that C,N,S, and P.pdf
Well first thing to remember is that C,N,S, and P.pdf
They both have dipole-dipole interactions, interm.pdf
They both have dipole-dipole interactions, interm.pdf
The violin is a string instrument, usually with f.pdf
The violin is a string instrument, usually with f.pdf
Step1 False ; An elemental sample consists of one.pdf
Step1 False ; An elemental sample consists of one.pdf
PV ^ n = constant using pv = N R T we get P ^ .pdf
PV ^ n = constant using pv = N R T we get P ^ .pdf
methyl-m-nitrobenzoate is more polar than methyl .pdf
methyl-m-nitrobenzoate is more polar than methyl .pdf
It was a 19th century geologist who first recogni.pdf
It was a 19th century geologist who first recogni.pdf
here the solution is 0.015 M HCl so we have HCl -.pdf
here the solution is 0.015 M HCl so we have HCl -.pdf
Recently uploaded
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP Module
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...National Information Standards Organization (NISO)
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Community pharmacy- Social and preventive pharmacy UNIT 5
Covered community pharmacy topic of the subject Social and preventive pharmacy for Diploma and Bachelor of pharmacy
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective UpskillingExcellence Foundation for South Sudan
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
RPMS Template 2023-2024 by: Irene S. Rueco
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
described clinical examination all orthopeadic conditions .
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Recently uploaded (20)
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
Community pharmacy- Social and preventive pharmacy UNIT 5
Community pharmacy- Social and preventive pharmacy UNIT 5
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
There are two types of respirationAerobic respiration takes plac.pdf
- 1. There are two types of respiration: Aerobic respiration: takes place in presence of Oxygen to produce ATP. The electron transport chain helps to convert NADH and FADH2 in to ATP. Most of the ATP produced by cellular respiration are made with the help of Oxidative phosphorylation. Anaerobic respiration where electron acceptors are other than oxygen .In anaerobes less oxidizing agents are used such as nitrates where substrate level phosphorylation is used to produce ATP. Based on the above descriptions, the correct answers are: a. Aerobic respiration: Substrate level phosphorylation b. Anaerobic respiration with nitrate used as the terminal electron acceptor: Substrate level phosphorylation c. Embden Meyerhoff pathway for glucose catabolism: Oxidative phosphorylation d. Anaerobic respiration with iron used as the terminal electon acceptor: Substrate level phosphorylation Solution There are two types of respiration: Aerobic respiration: takes place in presence of Oxygen to produce ATP. The electron transport chain helps to convert NADH and FADH2 in to ATP. Most of the ATP produced by cellular respiration are made with the help of Oxidative phosphorylation. Anaerobic respiration where electron acceptors are other than oxygen .In anaerobes less oxidizing agents are used such as nitrates where substrate level phosphorylation is used to produce ATP. Based on the above descriptions, the correct answers are: a. Aerobic respiration: Substrate level phosphorylation b. Anaerobic respiration with nitrate used as the terminal electron acceptor: Substrate level phosphorylation c. Embden Meyerhoff pathway for glucose catabolism: Oxidative phosphorylation d. Anaerobic respiration with iron used as the terminal electon acceptor: Substrate level phosphorylation