The process of making a chip begins with sand. Sand contains 25% silicon by mass. Sand
especially Quartz contains high percentage of Silicon dioxide which is the basic ingredient of
semiconductor manufacturing.
Silicon is purified in multiple stages to obtain the quality called Electronic Grade Silicon in the
form of Ingots. Ingots are big mono crystals. Mono crystal Silicon Ingots have highly pure
silicon of purity 99.99%.
The Ingots are cut into individual silicon discs or slices called wafers. These wafers are polished
untile mirror smooth surfaces are obtained. A photo resis layer is applied by rotating the wafers.
Wafers are rotated for an even finish. The photo resist finish is exposed to ultra violet light which
triggers a chemical reaction which transforms the photo resist to a soluble . UV light exposure is
for creating various circuit patterns on the wafer.
Solvents are used to clean out the Photo resist to reveal the patterns. made using UV light.
Unwanted material is removed by etching.
Ion implantation is done by bombarding the various chemical impurities called Ions. Ions are
implanted by shooting them onto the surface with a very high speed of over 3 x 10^5 km/h. The
wafers are put into a copper sulphate solution . As a result the copper ions are deposited onto the
transistor through a process called electroplating. The copper ions settle as a thin layer of copper
and the excess material is polished off.
Multiple metal layers are created to interconnect. the architecture and design is dependent on the
functionality of the transistor or part in which the chip has to work. Functionality tests are done
to evaluate the response of every single chip. Wafers are cut into pieces. Furthermore , the
defaulty pieces are discarded off. Groups of pieces are arranged to cater for the respective
functionality. Hence , the procedure for sand to chip
Solution
The process of making a chip begins with sand. Sand contains 25% silicon by mass. Sand
especially Quartz contains high percentage of Silicon dioxide which is the basic ingredient of
semiconductor manufacturing.
Silicon is purified in multiple stages to obtain the quality called Electronic Grade Silicon in the
form of Ingots. Ingots are big mono crystals. Mono crystal Silicon Ingots have highly pure
silicon of purity 99.99%.
The Ingots are cut into individual silicon discs or slices called wafers. These wafers are polished
untile mirror smooth surfaces are obtained. A photo resis layer is applied by rotating the wafers.
Wafers are rotated for an even finish. The photo resist finish is exposed to ultra violet light which
triggers a chemical reaction which transforms the photo resist to a soluble . UV light exposure is
for creating various circuit patterns on the wafer.
Solvents are used to clean out the Photo resist to reveal the patterns. made using UV light.
Unwanted material is removed by etching.
Ion implantation is done by bombarding the various chemical impurities called Ions. Ions ar.
MONOLITHIC IC PROCESSES A monolithic integrated circuit (IC) is a set of circuitry on a single semiconductor plate or chip rather than built of separate elements as a discrete circuit is.
MONOLITHIC IC PROCESSES A monolithic integrated circuit (IC) is a set of circuitry on a single semiconductor plate or chip rather than built of separate elements as a discrete circuit is.
Semiconductors are materials that have electrical conductivity between conductors such as most metals and nonconductors or insulators like ceramics. How much electricity a semiconductor can conduct depends on the material and its mixture content.
Semiconductors can be insulators at low temperatures and conductors at high temperatures. As they are used in the fabrication of electronic devices, semiconductors play an important role in our lives.
1.Silicon Manufacturing
a) Czochralski method.
b) Wafer Manufacturing
c) Crystal structure
2.Photolithography
a) Photoresists
b) Photomask and Reticles
c) Patterning
Semiconductor device fabrication is the process used to create the integrated circuits that are present in everyday electrical and electronic devices. It is a multiple-step sequence of photo lithographic and chemical processing steps during which electronic circuits are gradually created on a wafer made of pure semiconducting material. Silicon is almost always used, but various compound semiconductors are used for specialized applications.
Kensington labs consist of a highly experienced team of engineers, electronics technicians & software specialists who are working dedicatedly to develop & design wafer front end tools by using the latest technology. The robot solutions & automation systems manufactured by our experts are made from high-quality materials & products. Take advantage of our talented professionals and contact us!
This is one of the fabrication technology used in IC fabrication. This technique is mostly used in flexible electronics. It contains various other subprocesses in it.
Given the evidence available at the time (early 1800s) nothing was.pdfnavyugenterprisesdoo
Given the evidence available at the time (early 1800\'s) nothing was wrong with Dalton\'s
theory. It accounted for the variations among elements, their relative masses, the observed
conservation of mass, and the observations made by earlier scientists about the proportions of
elements found in compounds. Dalton did conjecture that atoms somehow stuck together to make
compounds, but he couldn\'t explain how. It was only much later that electrons were discovered,
showing that atoms weren\'t indestructible solid objects, and later still that it was shown that
atoms had a specific internal structure, the exact nature of which is still under investigation.
None of these discoveries invalidate Dalton\'s atomic theory -- they expand and enrich it.
Dalton\'s theory did exactly what good scientific theories do -- explain and relate existing
evidence, and provide a foundation for further inquiry.
Solution
Given the evidence available at the time (early 1800\'s) nothing was wrong with Dalton\'s
theory. It accounted for the variations among elements, their relative masses, the observed
conservation of mass, and the observations made by earlier scientists about the proportions of
elements found in compounds. Dalton did conjecture that atoms somehow stuck together to make
compounds, but he couldn\'t explain how. It was only much later that electrons were discovered,
showing that atoms weren\'t indestructible solid objects, and later still that it was shown that
atoms had a specific internal structure, the exact nature of which is still under investigation.
None of these discoveries invalidate Dalton\'s atomic theory -- they expand and enrich it.
Dalton\'s theory did exactly what good scientific theories do -- explain and relate existing
evidence, and provide a foundation for further inquiry..
1. Enzymatic digestion of proteins in to amino acids by pepsin.3. .pdfnavyugenterprisesdoo
1. Enzymatic digestion of proteins in to amino acids by pepsin.
3. Secretion of bile.
4. Enzymatic digestion of triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol by gastric lipase.
8. Secretion of HCl.
Solution
1. Enzymatic digestion of proteins in to amino acids by pepsin.
3. Secretion of bile.
4. Enzymatic digestion of triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol by gastric lipase.
8. Secretion of HCl..
More Related Content
Similar to The process of making a chip begins with sand. Sand contains 25 sil.pdf
Semiconductors are materials that have electrical conductivity between conductors such as most metals and nonconductors or insulators like ceramics. How much electricity a semiconductor can conduct depends on the material and its mixture content.
Semiconductors can be insulators at low temperatures and conductors at high temperatures. As they are used in the fabrication of electronic devices, semiconductors play an important role in our lives.
1.Silicon Manufacturing
a) Czochralski method.
b) Wafer Manufacturing
c) Crystal structure
2.Photolithography
a) Photoresists
b) Photomask and Reticles
c) Patterning
Semiconductor device fabrication is the process used to create the integrated circuits that are present in everyday electrical and electronic devices. It is a multiple-step sequence of photo lithographic and chemical processing steps during which electronic circuits are gradually created on a wafer made of pure semiconducting material. Silicon is almost always used, but various compound semiconductors are used for specialized applications.
Kensington labs consist of a highly experienced team of engineers, electronics technicians & software specialists who are working dedicatedly to develop & design wafer front end tools by using the latest technology. The robot solutions & automation systems manufactured by our experts are made from high-quality materials & products. Take advantage of our talented professionals and contact us!
This is one of the fabrication technology used in IC fabrication. This technique is mostly used in flexible electronics. It contains various other subprocesses in it.
Given the evidence available at the time (early 1800s) nothing was.pdfnavyugenterprisesdoo
Given the evidence available at the time (early 1800\'s) nothing was wrong with Dalton\'s
theory. It accounted for the variations among elements, their relative masses, the observed
conservation of mass, and the observations made by earlier scientists about the proportions of
elements found in compounds. Dalton did conjecture that atoms somehow stuck together to make
compounds, but he couldn\'t explain how. It was only much later that electrons were discovered,
showing that atoms weren\'t indestructible solid objects, and later still that it was shown that
atoms had a specific internal structure, the exact nature of which is still under investigation.
None of these discoveries invalidate Dalton\'s atomic theory -- they expand and enrich it.
Dalton\'s theory did exactly what good scientific theories do -- explain and relate existing
evidence, and provide a foundation for further inquiry.
Solution
Given the evidence available at the time (early 1800\'s) nothing was wrong with Dalton\'s
theory. It accounted for the variations among elements, their relative masses, the observed
conservation of mass, and the observations made by earlier scientists about the proportions of
elements found in compounds. Dalton did conjecture that atoms somehow stuck together to make
compounds, but he couldn\'t explain how. It was only much later that electrons were discovered,
showing that atoms weren\'t indestructible solid objects, and later still that it was shown that
atoms had a specific internal structure, the exact nature of which is still under investigation.
None of these discoveries invalidate Dalton\'s atomic theory -- they expand and enrich it.
Dalton\'s theory did exactly what good scientific theories do -- explain and relate existing
evidence, and provide a foundation for further inquiry..
1. Enzymatic digestion of proteins in to amino acids by pepsin.3. .pdfnavyugenterprisesdoo
1. Enzymatic digestion of proteins in to amino acids by pepsin.
3. Secretion of bile.
4. Enzymatic digestion of triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol by gastric lipase.
8. Secretion of HCl.
Solution
1. Enzymatic digestion of proteins in to amino acids by pepsin.
3. Secretion of bile.
4. Enzymatic digestion of triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol by gastric lipase.
8. Secretion of HCl..
1. Assume that those DNA molecules are same in length as well as in .pdfnavyugenterprisesdoo
1. Assume that those DNA molecules are same in length as well as in other properities such as
supercoiling...etc, in gel after electrophoresis, we can observe one thick band.
2. As DNA is -vely charged molecules due to P- ions, if the electrodes connects in wrong
direction, it won\'t enter in to gel. Those molecules sometimes may migrate to buffer chambers.
Solution
1. Assume that those DNA molecules are same in length as well as in other properities such as
supercoiling...etc, in gel after electrophoresis, we can observe one thick band.
2. As DNA is -vely charged molecules due to P- ions, if the electrodes connects in wrong
direction, it won\'t enter in to gel. Those molecules sometimes may migrate to buffer chambers..
Try to save the file using .vbs extension rather than .wsfType thi.pdfnavyugenterprisesdoo
Try to save the file using .vbs extension rather than .wsf
Type this in notepad and save the file as SHutdownReminder.vbs and add this file into local
group policy.
Solution
Try to save the file using .vbs extension rather than .wsf
Type this in notepad and save the file as SHutdownReminder.vbs and add this file into local
group policy..
There are two types of respirationAerobic respiration takes plac.pdfnavyugenterprisesdoo
There are two types of respiration:
Aerobic respiration: takes place in presence of Oxygen to produce ATP. The electron transport
chain helps to convert NADH and FADH2 in to ATP. Most of the ATP produced by cellular
respiration are made with the help of Oxidative phosphorylation.
Anaerobic respiration where electron acceptors are other than oxygen .In anaerobes less
oxidizing agents are used such as nitrates where substrate level phosphorylation is used to
produce ATP.
Based on the above descriptions, the correct answers are:
a. Aerobic respiration: Substrate level phosphorylation
b. Anaerobic respiration with nitrate used as the terminal electron acceptor: Substrate level
phosphorylation
c. Embden Meyerhoff pathway for glucose catabolism: Oxidative phosphorylation
d. Anaerobic respiration with iron used as the terminal electon acceptor: Substrate level
phosphorylation
Solution
There are two types of respiration:
Aerobic respiration: takes place in presence of Oxygen to produce ATP. The electron transport
chain helps to convert NADH and FADH2 in to ATP. Most of the ATP produced by cellular
respiration are made with the help of Oxidative phosphorylation.
Anaerobic respiration where electron acceptors are other than oxygen .In anaerobes less
oxidizing agents are used such as nitrates where substrate level phosphorylation is used to
produce ATP.
Based on the above descriptions, the correct answers are:
a. Aerobic respiration: Substrate level phosphorylation
b. Anaerobic respiration with nitrate used as the terminal electron acceptor: Substrate level
phosphorylation
c. Embden Meyerhoff pathway for glucose catabolism: Oxidative phosphorylation
d. Anaerobic respiration with iron used as the terminal electon acceptor: Substrate level
phosphorylation.
The triangle DEF -- TRIANGLE HIG is a glide reflection.Reflection.pdfnavyugenterprisesdoo
The triangle DEF --> TRIANGLE HIG is a glide reflection.
Reflection line:
Each point of a reflected image is the same distance from the line of reflection as the
corresponding point of the original figure. In other words, the line of reflection lies directly in the
middle between the figure and its image -- it is the perpendicular bisector of the segment joining
any point to its image.
The reflection line = IG
Translation rule:
The translation rule is shift.
Shifts
A shift is a rigid translation in that it does not change the shape or size of the graph of the
function. All that a shift will do is change the location of the graph. A vertical shift
adds/subtracts a constant to/from every y-coordinate while leaving the x-coordinate unchanged.
A horizontal shift adds/subtracts a constant to/from every x-coordinate while leaving the y-
coordinate unchanged. Vertical and horizontal shifts can be combined into one expression.
Shifts are added/subtracted to the x or f(x) components. If the constant is grouped with the x,
then it is a horizontal shift, otherwise it is a vertical shift.
center and angle of rotation:
Glide translation rule:and reflection line:
When a translation (a slide or glide) and a reflection are performed one after the other, a
transformation called a glide reflection is produced. In a glide reflection, the line of reflection is
parallel to the direction of the translation. It does not matter whether you glide first and then
reflect, or reflect first and then glide. This transformation is commutative.
When two or more transformations are combined to form a new transformation, the result is
called a composition of transformations. Since translations and reflections are both isometries, a
glide reflection is also an isometry.
Solution
The triangle DEF --> TRIANGLE HIG is a glide reflection.
Reflection line:
Each point of a reflected image is the same distance from the line of reflection as the
corresponding point of the original figure. In other words, the line of reflection lies directly in the
middle between the figure and its image -- it is the perpendicular bisector of the segment joining
any point to its image.
The reflection line = IG
Translation rule:
The translation rule is shift.
Shifts
A shift is a rigid translation in that it does not change the shape or size of the graph of the
function. All that a shift will do is change the location of the graph. A vertical shift
adds/subtracts a constant to/from every y-coordinate while leaving the x-coordinate unchanged.
A horizontal shift adds/subtracts a constant to/from every x-coordinate while leaving the y-
coordinate unchanged. Vertical and horizontal shifts can be combined into one expression.
Shifts are added/subtracted to the x or f(x) components. If the constant is grouped with the x,
then it is a horizontal shift, otherwise it is a vertical shift.
center and angle of rotation:
Glide translation rule:and reflection line:
When a translation (a slide or glide) and a reflectio.
The Permian Period was the ultimate period of the Paleozoic Era whic.pdfnavyugenterprisesdoo
The Permian Period was the ultimate period of the Paleozoic Era which lasted from 299 million
to 251 million years ago.It preceded the Triassic Period. The evolutionary innovations of seed
and pollen are as follows.
The giant swamp forests began to dry out totally. The mossy plants that depended on spores for
reproduction were being replaced by the the gymnosperms which were the first seed-bearing
plants. They are vascular plants, that transport water internally. They have exposed seeds that
develop on the scales of cones and are fertilized when pollen sifts down and lands directly on the
seed. Today’s conifers are gymnosperms, as are the short palm like cycads.
Solution
The Permian Period was the ultimate period of the Paleozoic Era which lasted from 299 million
to 251 million years ago.It preceded the Triassic Period. The evolutionary innovations of seed
and pollen are as follows.
The giant swamp forests began to dry out totally. The mossy plants that depended on spores for
reproduction were being replaced by the the gymnosperms which were the first seed-bearing
plants. They are vascular plants, that transport water internally. They have exposed seeds that
develop on the scales of cones and are fertilized when pollen sifts down and lands directly on the
seed. Today’s conifers are gymnosperms, as are the short palm like cycads..
RNs role in kidney transplant recipient in the immediate post-operat.pdfnavyugenterprisesdoo
RNs role in kidney transplant recipient in the immediate post-operative period;
RN\'s role in organ transplantation to assess, plan, implement, practice evidence based approach
to evaluate care interventions in the care of the transplant patient . To analyse the biological,
psychological and sociological effects of transplantation on the patient.
Post-transplant nursing care for the patient begins in the post-anesthesia care unit.
The first 24 hours after transplantation represent a critical period, marked by hemodynamic and
respiratory instability, and there is a great risk of developing complications, mainly of graft
rejection. The nurse treating the patient in the early post-transplant period needs specialized
knowledge to reduce the problems, prevent or anticipate and intervene immediately to maximize
the result of long-term graft and provide quality care throughout the hospitalization period.
The behavior of diuresis is the most important element in the monitoring of renal
functions, since it causes therapeutic behaviors such as hydration, medication and even surgery
for urologic complications.
The urinary catheter placement provides accurate measurement of urine output and determines
the presence of hemorrhage and blood clot, acute graft rejection, and vascular thrombosis, and is
a predictor of the development of transplantation.
The urinary catheter is removed after proper healing of the anastomosis of the ureter into the
bladder, when continued monitoring of urine volume is required. During the hospitalization of
the patient, daily blood tests must be done, with the most relevant results including levels of
serum creatinine, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), white cell count, and levels of
immunosuppressive drugs. These parameters determine that the kidney function is effective and
show the first signs of a possible rejection or infection, and whether the drug levels are within the
therapeutic range required for the maintenance of immunosuppression or induction, maintenance
and treatment of rejection.
The nurse should moniter the patient\'s hemodynamic status and fluid volume to avoid post-
transplant complications while maintaining central venous pressure at 10 mmHg and systolic
blood pressure above 120 mmHg.
Urine output is replaced on an hourly milliliter-for-milliliter basis and should be recorded
hourly.
RNs role in kidney transplant donor in the immediate post-operative period
Donors face the possibility of post-operative complications such as bleeding, wound infection,
fever, etc. Most of the post-operative complications are generally short-term and can be
addressed with quality medical care.
Closely monitor the renal function to assess for impairment and monitor the hematocrit to asses
for bleeding .
Donors experience more pain than recipient. Donor who had an open surgical approach may
experience more pain than when a laproscopic approach used. Donors who had open approach
will be usually discharged from hospital in 4 or 5 day.
Corporate form of business is where an entity is owned by a small .pdfnavyugenterprisesdoo
Corporate form of business is where an entity is owned by a small or large group of people
,called owners /shareholders ,each of whose liability is limited by shares--subject to laws of the
state in which it operates. It has access to finance through issue of shares in the public It is a
separate legal entity ,distinct from its shareholders.So, unlike ,sole-proprietorships&
partnerships, the shareholders are not personally liable,if the business goes into liquidation.
But,the primary disadvantage of this type of business form is double taxation of earnings &
dividends of the company. ie. Any distribution of profits to shareholders ,is only from after-
tax(corporate tax rate) income of the company. But they are also taxed at the personal level,on
receipt of dividends,at the hands of the shareholders.So, the shareholder is subject to double
taxation . So, ANSWER: b) double taxation
Solution
Corporate form of business is where an entity is owned by a small or large group of people
,called owners /shareholders ,each of whose liability is limited by shares--subject to laws of the
state in which it operates. It has access to finance through issue of shares in the public It is a
separate legal entity ,distinct from its shareholders.So, unlike ,sole-proprietorships&
partnerships, the shareholders are not personally liable,if the business goes into liquidation.
But,the primary disadvantage of this type of business form is double taxation of earnings &
dividends of the company. ie. Any distribution of profits to shareholders ,is only from after-
tax(corporate tax rate) income of the company. But they are also taxed at the personal level,on
receipt of dividends,at the hands of the shareholders.So, the shareholder is subject to double
taxation . So, ANSWER: b) double taxation.
Well first thing to remember is that C,N,S, and P are more often the central atom
because they are more likely to bond with more atoms than O,F,H, and Cl. If it wants to bond
with more atoms naturally, it will be at the center more often. (If a C always wants 4 atoms
attached to it, it will usually get 4 atoms to attach to it, making it the center). Well choice a. can
be thrown out because its saying that C,N,S, and P cannot hybridize atomic orbitals (which is
already wrong) to allow as many bonds as allowed (meaning that because they can\'t hybridize,
they cant hold as many bonds). This is an argument against why they are not central atoms.
Choice d. can be thrown out too as well because O,F,H, and Cl are less metalic than the others,
yet they do not take as many electrons (because the more electrons an atom shares, the more
bonds it makes). If this was true, O,F,H, and Cl would act more as central atoms. This is also a
negative argument. Left is B and C. C states that more metallic nonmetals have more desire for
electrons, meaning C,N,S, and P want more electrons. This seems true, but then why does B
usually only become BF3, meaning they do not want more electrons. B is true because it says
that O,F,H, and Cl are less likely to share electrons with more than 2 atoms. It doesn\'t say why,
just that it is less likely to. This is true because the sharing electrons with an atom = forming a
bond with an atom. So if they don\'t want to share electrons with more than 2, it means they
don\'t want to naturally form bonds with more than 2 atoms, which is absolutely true. Compared
to C,N,S, and P who are more likely to share electrons with more than 2 atoms and bonding with
more atoms meaning they are more often bonded to several atoms aka being the center.
Solution
Well first thing to remember is that C,N,S, and P are more often the central atom
because they are more likely to bond with more atoms than O,F,H, and Cl. If it wants to bond
with more atoms naturally, it will be at the center more often. (If a C always wants 4 atoms
attached to it, it will usually get 4 atoms to attach to it, making it the center). Well choice a. can
be thrown out because its saying that C,N,S, and P cannot hybridize atomic orbitals (which is
already wrong) to allow as many bonds as allowed (meaning that because they can\'t hybridize,
they cant hold as many bonds). This is an argument against why they are not central atoms.
Choice d. can be thrown out too as well because O,F,H, and Cl are less metalic than the others,
yet they do not take as many electrons (because the more electrons an atom shares, the more
bonds it makes). If this was true, O,F,H, and Cl would act more as central atoms. This is also a
negative argument. Left is B and C. C states that more metallic nonmetals have more desire for
electrons, meaning C,N,S, and P want more electrons. This seems true, but then why does B
usually only become BF3, meaning they do not want more electrons. B is true because it s.
They both have dipole-dipole interactions, intermolecular hydrogen bonding, and
vander wals force. However, water has two lone pairs that can do hydrogen bonding whereas
ammonia has only 1 lone pair.
Solution
They both have dipole-dipole interactions, intermolecular hydrogen bonding, and
vander wals force. However, water has two lone pairs that can do hydrogen bonding whereas
ammonia has only 1 lone pair..
The violin is a string instrument, usually with four strings tuned in perfect fifths. It
is the smallest, highest-pitched member of the violin family of string instruments, which also
includes the viola and cello. The violin is sometimes informally called a fiddle, regardless of
the type of music played on it. The word violin comes from the Medieval Latin word vitula,
meaning stringed instrument;this word is also believed to be the source of the Germanic
\"fiddle\".The violin, while it has ancient origins, acquired most of its modern characteristics in
16th-century Italy, with some further modifications occurring in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Violinists and collectors particularly prize the instruments made by the Gasparo da Sal
Solution
The violin is a string instrument, usually with four strings tuned in perfect fifths. It
is the smallest, highest-pitched member of the violin family of string instruments, which also
includes the viola and cello. The violin is sometimes informally called a fiddle, regardless of
the type of music played on it. The word violin comes from the Medieval Latin word vitula,
meaning stringed instrument;this word is also believed to be the source of the Germanic
\"fiddle\".The violin, while it has ancient origins, acquired most of its modern characteristics in
16th-century Italy, with some further modifications occurring in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Violinists and collectors particularly prize the instruments made by the Gasparo da Sal.
PV ^ n = constant using pv = N* R * T we get P ^ 1-n * T ^ n = contant T1= 150
T1= 293 P2= 600 T2 = 393 k P1/P2 = (T2/T1 ) ^ n/1-n 1/4 = ( 1.34)^ n/1-n taking log on both
side log( 1/4) = n/1-n * ( log (1.34) n/1-n =-4.736 n= 1.267
Solution
PV ^ n = constant using pv = N* R * T we get P ^ 1-n * T ^ n = contant T1= 150
T1= 293 P2= 600 T2 = 393 k P1/P2 = (T2/T1 ) ^ n/1-n 1/4 = ( 1.34)^ n/1-n taking log on both
side log( 1/4) = n/1-n * ( log (1.34) n/1-n =-4.736 n= 1.267.
methyl-m-nitrobenzoate is more polar than methyl benzoate. There is a large
separation of charge in the nitro group (between the nitrogen and oxygens). This leads to a
higher level of polarity, and the compound containing the nitro is more polar. Hope this helps!
Solution
methyl-m-nitrobenzoate is more polar than methyl benzoate. There is a large
separation of charge in the nitro group (between the nitrogen and oxygens). This leads to a
higher level of polarity, and the compound containing the nitro is more polar. Hope this helps!.
It was a 19th century geologist who first recognized periodicity in the physical
properties of the elements. Alexandre Beguyer de Chancourtois (1820-1886), professor of
geology at the School of Mines in Paris, published in 1862 a list of all the known elements. The
list was constructed as a helical graph wrapped around a cylinder--elements with similar
properties occupied positions on the same vertical line of cylinder (the list also included some
ions and compounds). Using geological terms and published without the diagram, de
Chancourtois ideas were completely ignored until the work of Mendeleev. it is used to
distinguish elements by their properties
Solution
It was a 19th century geologist who first recognized periodicity in the physical
properties of the elements. Alexandre Beguyer de Chancourtois (1820-1886), professor of
geology at the School of Mines in Paris, published in 1862 a list of all the known elements. The
list was constructed as a helical graph wrapped around a cylinder--elements with similar
properties occupied positions on the same vertical line of cylinder (the list also included some
ions and compounds). Using geological terms and published without the diagram, de
Chancourtois ideas were completely ignored until the work of Mendeleev. it is used to
distinguish elements by their properties.
here the solution is 0.015 M HCl so we have HCl --> H+ + Cl- now, [H+] = 0.0015
M so we have pH = -log[H+] = - log [ 0.0015] = 2.82 and [H3O +]
= [H2O][H+] = 0.0015 * 1.4 x 10-14 = 2.1 x 10-17 M
Solution
here the solution is 0.015 M HCl so we have HCl --> H+ + Cl- now, [H+] = 0.0015
M so we have pH = -log[H+] = - log [ 0.0015] = 2.82 and [H3O +]
= [H2O][H+] = 0.0015 * 1.4 x 10-14 = 2.1 x 10-17 M.
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It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The process of making a chip begins with sand. Sand contains 25 sil.pdf
1. The process of making a chip begins with sand. Sand contains 25% silicon by mass. Sand
especially Quartz contains high percentage of Silicon dioxide which is the basic ingredient of
semiconductor manufacturing.
Silicon is purified in multiple stages to obtain the quality called Electronic Grade Silicon in the
form of Ingots. Ingots are big mono crystals. Mono crystal Silicon Ingots have highly pure
silicon of purity 99.99%.
The Ingots are cut into individual silicon discs or slices called wafers. These wafers are polished
untile mirror smooth surfaces are obtained. A photo resis layer is applied by rotating the wafers.
Wafers are rotated for an even finish. The photo resist finish is exposed to ultra violet light which
triggers a chemical reaction which transforms the photo resist to a soluble . UV light exposure is
for creating various circuit patterns on the wafer.
Solvents are used to clean out the Photo resist to reveal the patterns. made using UV light.
Unwanted material is removed by etching.
Ion implantation is done by bombarding the various chemical impurities called Ions. Ions are
implanted by shooting them onto the surface with a very high speed of over 3 x 10^5 km/h. The
wafers are put into a copper sulphate solution . As a result the copper ions are deposited onto the
transistor through a process called electroplating. The copper ions settle as a thin layer of copper
and the excess material is polished off.
Multiple metal layers are created to interconnect. the architecture and design is dependent on the
functionality of the transistor or part in which the chip has to work. Functionality tests are done
to evaluate the response of every single chip. Wafers are cut into pieces. Furthermore , the
defaulty pieces are discarded off. Groups of pieces are arranged to cater for the respective
functionality. Hence , the procedure for sand to chip
Solution
The process of making a chip begins with sand. Sand contains 25% silicon by mass. Sand
especially Quartz contains high percentage of Silicon dioxide which is the basic ingredient of
semiconductor manufacturing.
Silicon is purified in multiple stages to obtain the quality called Electronic Grade Silicon in the
form of Ingots. Ingots are big mono crystals. Mono crystal Silicon Ingots have highly pure
silicon of purity 99.99%.
The Ingots are cut into individual silicon discs or slices called wafers. These wafers are polished
untile mirror smooth surfaces are obtained. A photo resis layer is applied by rotating the wafers.
Wafers are rotated for an even finish. The photo resist finish is exposed to ultra violet light which
2. triggers a chemical reaction which transforms the photo resist to a soluble . UV light exposure is
for creating various circuit patterns on the wafer.
Solvents are used to clean out the Photo resist to reveal the patterns. made using UV light.
Unwanted material is removed by etching.
Ion implantation is done by bombarding the various chemical impurities called Ions. Ions are
implanted by shooting them onto the surface with a very high speed of over 3 x 10^5 km/h. The
wafers are put into a copper sulphate solution . As a result the copper ions are deposited onto the
transistor through a process called electroplating. The copper ions settle as a thin layer of copper
and the excess material is polished off.
Multiple metal layers are created to interconnect. the architecture and design is dependent on the
functionality of the transistor or part in which the chip has to work. Functionality tests are done
to evaluate the response of every single chip. Wafers are cut into pieces. Furthermore , the
defaulty pieces are discarded off. Groups of pieces are arranged to cater for the respective
functionality. Hence , the procedure for sand to chip
