The present research was conducted (a) to describe the socio-demographic information of
psychotherapist providing therapy to patients of anxiety disorder (b) to examine the therapeutic interaction on
various variables of therapeutic participation, resistance and dysphoric concern (related to patient’s
responses), and directive support for the patients (variable related to his/herself). It was hypothesized that
therapist would rate significantly high on therapeutic interaction (therapeutic participation, directive support,
resistance and dysphoric concerns) with anxiety patient. Sample comprised of thirty five psychotherapist
providing therapy to diagnosed anxiety patients in OPD (Outdoor patient department). Psychotherapy Process
Inventory was administered to assess perception of therapeutic interaction of psychotherapist. Descriptive
statistics and one sample t test were calculated for the analysis of data. Results revealed that most of the
therapists, possessed MS degree in Clinical Psychology. Results indicate that there is a significant high rating
on therapeutic interaction, therapeutic participation, directive support, resistance and dysphoric concern of the
psychotherapist who are providing therapy to the anxiety patients. Therapeutic interaction is perceived by the
therapist as supportive, whereas participation, resistance and dysphoric concerns of the patients were also
perceived high by the therapist in initial sessions. Findings will be helpful for psychologist and other
professionals to plan the therapeutic interventions for anxiety patients
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training program for mental health professionals. Key findings include:
1) Compared to baseline measures, participants demonstrated significant increases in mindfulness knowledge and attitudes, therapeutic mindfulness skills, and well-being after completing the training.
2) Participants reported being more confident and intentional about integrating mindfulness into their clinical work after training.
3) While therapeutic mindfulness increased, this seemed to be more due to changed attitudes like acceptance rather than clear gains in attention regulation skills.
4) The study provides preliminary evidence that a brief, standardized mindfulness training can achieve positive outcomes for therapists and potentially improve client care, but more research is still needed.
This document provides an overview of psychotherapy. It begins by defining psychotherapy and tracing its origins back to the 1800s. Sigmund Freud is noted as developing one of the early forms of psychotherapy, psychoanalysis. The document then discusses various aspects of psychotherapy like definitions, goals, stages, techniques, types according to depth/number of patients/purpose, indications, contraindications, limitations, and requirements of a psychotherapist. It also covers individual psychotherapy in detail including its definition, aims, modes, types, techniques, indications, benefits, and disadvantages. The document concludes with a brief discussion of group therapy including its definition, types, models, selection of clients, group size, session duration/frequency, and benefits.
Principles and Ethical Issues of PsychotherapiesBidhan Sarkar
This document summarizes different types of psychotherapies and ethical issues in psychotherapy. It discusses various psychotherapies including cognitive behavioral therapy, behavior therapy, brief psychodynamic therapy, interpersonal therapy, family therapy, couple therapy, dialectic behavior therapy, group therapy, client-centered psychotherapy, gestalt therapy, and brief counseling. It outlines key principles, techniques, and focuses of each psychotherapy. The document also discusses common factors across psychotherapies and important ethical issues to consider in psychotherapy, including beneficence, non-maleficence, fidelity, autonomy, integrity, informed consent, and confidentiality.
This document discusses different types of individual psychotherapy. It describes 6 main types: psychoanalysis, hypnosis, abreaction therapy, reality therapy, uncovering therapy, and supportive psychotherapy. For each type, it provides details on the founder or developer, goals, techniques used, and common applications or indications for use. Psychoanalysis focuses on unconscious forces and was developed by Freud to last 3-5 years. Hypnosis induces a trance state making the client highly suggestible. Abreaction brings repressed memories to consciousness with associated emotions. Reality therapy focuses on present behavior and responsibility. Uncovering helps gain insight into conflicts or problems. Supportive psychotherapy relieves symptoms without probing the past.
There are two broad categories of therapy - somatic therapy which treats psychological disorders by treating the body, and psychotherapy which treats problems through psychological techniques. Researchers have found psychotherapy to be consistently more effective than placebo treatment through studies using double-blind techniques. While there are many different types of therapy, researchers contend that most psychotherapies are equally effective, suggesting there is a common underlying component that makes them successful.
The Life Science Addiction Treatment Center is a private residential facility that offers short, moderate, and long-term inpatient treatment for adults struggling with alcohol and/or drug addiction. Its mission is to provide evidence-based treatment in a professional and affordable manner using a personalized approach. The treatment program utilizes principles from cognitive behavioral therapy and other therapeutic models. It offers a variety of group and individual therapy sessions, educational workshops, recreational activities, and medical and psychiatric support to help clients develop coping skills and achieve rehabilitation and wellness goals. The facility is located in a serene natural setting near Montreal, Quebec and employs a multidisciplinary clinical team.
Research on Psychotherapy: A Presentation at the 2013 Evolution of Psychother...Scott Miller
A summary of the findings from research on psychotherapy presented on a panel discussion with David Barlow and Steven Hayes at the 2013 Evolution of Psychotherapy conference in Anaheim, California
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training program for mental health professionals. Key findings include:
1) Compared to baseline measures, participants demonstrated significant increases in mindfulness knowledge and attitudes, therapeutic mindfulness skills, and well-being after completing the training.
2) Participants reported being more confident and intentional about integrating mindfulness into their clinical work after training.
3) While therapeutic mindfulness increased, this seemed to be more due to changed attitudes like acceptance rather than clear gains in attention regulation skills.
4) The study provides preliminary evidence that a brief, standardized mindfulness training can achieve positive outcomes for therapists and potentially improve client care, but more research is still needed.
This document provides an overview of psychotherapy. It begins by defining psychotherapy and tracing its origins back to the 1800s. Sigmund Freud is noted as developing one of the early forms of psychotherapy, psychoanalysis. The document then discusses various aspects of psychotherapy like definitions, goals, stages, techniques, types according to depth/number of patients/purpose, indications, contraindications, limitations, and requirements of a psychotherapist. It also covers individual psychotherapy in detail including its definition, aims, modes, types, techniques, indications, benefits, and disadvantages. The document concludes with a brief discussion of group therapy including its definition, types, models, selection of clients, group size, session duration/frequency, and benefits.
Principles and Ethical Issues of PsychotherapiesBidhan Sarkar
This document summarizes different types of psychotherapies and ethical issues in psychotherapy. It discusses various psychotherapies including cognitive behavioral therapy, behavior therapy, brief psychodynamic therapy, interpersonal therapy, family therapy, couple therapy, dialectic behavior therapy, group therapy, client-centered psychotherapy, gestalt therapy, and brief counseling. It outlines key principles, techniques, and focuses of each psychotherapy. The document also discusses common factors across psychotherapies and important ethical issues to consider in psychotherapy, including beneficence, non-maleficence, fidelity, autonomy, integrity, informed consent, and confidentiality.
This document discusses different types of individual psychotherapy. It describes 6 main types: psychoanalysis, hypnosis, abreaction therapy, reality therapy, uncovering therapy, and supportive psychotherapy. For each type, it provides details on the founder or developer, goals, techniques used, and common applications or indications for use. Psychoanalysis focuses on unconscious forces and was developed by Freud to last 3-5 years. Hypnosis induces a trance state making the client highly suggestible. Abreaction brings repressed memories to consciousness with associated emotions. Reality therapy focuses on present behavior and responsibility. Uncovering helps gain insight into conflicts or problems. Supportive psychotherapy relieves symptoms without probing the past.
There are two broad categories of therapy - somatic therapy which treats psychological disorders by treating the body, and psychotherapy which treats problems through psychological techniques. Researchers have found psychotherapy to be consistently more effective than placebo treatment through studies using double-blind techniques. While there are many different types of therapy, researchers contend that most psychotherapies are equally effective, suggesting there is a common underlying component that makes them successful.
The Life Science Addiction Treatment Center is a private residential facility that offers short, moderate, and long-term inpatient treatment for adults struggling with alcohol and/or drug addiction. Its mission is to provide evidence-based treatment in a professional and affordable manner using a personalized approach. The treatment program utilizes principles from cognitive behavioral therapy and other therapeutic models. It offers a variety of group and individual therapy sessions, educational workshops, recreational activities, and medical and psychiatric support to help clients develop coping skills and achieve rehabilitation and wellness goals. The facility is located in a serene natural setting near Montreal, Quebec and employs a multidisciplinary clinical team.
Research on Psychotherapy: A Presentation at the 2013 Evolution of Psychother...Scott Miller
A summary of the findings from research on psychotherapy presented on a panel discussion with David Barlow and Steven Hayes at the 2013 Evolution of Psychotherapy conference in Anaheim, California
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a form of cognitive behavioral therapy that uses mindfulness and behavioral activation to increase psychological flexibility. ACT has been shown to effectively treat a broad range of mental health issues by focusing on six core processes: acceptance, defusion, presence, self-awareness, values identification, and committed action. ACT reduces dysfunctional thoughts and behaviors while increasing effective action and alleviating distress. Studies have found ACT reduces OCD and depression symptoms, prevents psychosis rehospitalization, and improves general mental health and workplace stress coping. ACT is delivered flexibly in individual sessions, groups, or self-help formats.
The Importance of Multiple Perspectives in Psychiatry | Crimson PublishersCrimsonpublishersPPrs
This document discusses the importance of considering multiple perspectives in psychiatry when formulating a patient's case. It outlines several perspectives to consider, including the medical model focusing on symptoms, pathologies and treatments; biological perspectives involving neurotransmitters; phenomenological perspectives articulating a patient's subjective experience; psychodynamic perspectives providing a dynamic understanding of a patient's psyche; interpersonal perspectives considering social and cultural influences as well as relationships; behavioral perspectives related to reinforcement and conditioning; and cognitive perspectives related to thoughts and associations. Considering multiple dimensions can provide a more comprehensive understanding of a patient to optimize treatment.
"Validity, Reliability and Factor Structure of the Mindfulness based Self-Efficacy Scale (MSES)", presented at the National conference of the New Zealand Psychological Society, 21 April 2012: Existing self-report questionnaires have been criticised for several reasons. Presents on a new self-report questionnaire to measure self-efficacy before, during and after mindfulness-based therapy or mindfulness training outside the therapy context. To try the MSES online and obtain instant results (at no cost), follow the link: http://www.mindfulness.net.au/mses
Supportive psychotherapy, family and marital therapydivya2709
This document provides an overview of supportive therapy. Supportive therapy helps patients relieve emotional distress and symptoms without delving into past issues or personality changes. It is used to treat conditions like schizophrenia, personality disorders, anxiety, PTSD, eating disorders, substance abuse, and psychosis. The therapist establishes a relationship with the patient and uses techniques like ventilation, environmental manipulation, persuasion, and reassurance. Supportive therapy involves assessment, relationship building, working through problems, and preparing the patient to end treatment. Family and marital therapy views individual symptoms as related to family issues and aims to treat the family system. It uses assessment, skills training, and various models like individual, conjoint, couples, group, and network therapy.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy. A Guide To The Basics. (Stuart, 2006)Sharon
Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is a time-limited psychotherapy that focuses on improving interpersonal relationships and social support systems. IPT is based on attachment theory, communication theory, and social theory. The main targets of IPT are relieving psychiatric symptoms, resolving or changing interpersonal problems related to conflicts, transitions, or losses, and strengthening social support networks. Key tactics include using an Interpersonal Inventory to identify problem areas and an Interpersonal Formulation to synthesize relevant relationship information and guide treatment. IPT aims to help patients improve communication, work through emotional difficulties, and develop supportive relationships.
This document summarizes a research poster presentation on a therapeutic recreation program for inpatients in an acute psychiatric care unit. The program aimed to address challenges like isolation, depression, and lack of motivation through weekly group interventions including yoga, pet therapy, music therapy, and expressive arts. Participants completed pre- and post-surveys to evaluate changes in mood and depression symptoms. Results found statistically significant improvements in mood and high patient satisfaction rates, showing that the multi-modal recreation therapy program was effective in improving outcomes for psychiatric inpatients.
Cognitive behavior therapy and interpersonal therapy have both shown efficacy in treating major depressive disorder among adolescents and emerging adults. Cognitive behavior therapy focuses on identifying and changing maladaptive thoughts and behaviors, while interpersonal therapy examines interpersonal relationships and communication styles. Research has found that both therapies effectively reduce depressive symptoms, though cognitive behavior therapy may be more effective for severe depression. Overall, cognitive behavior therapy and interpersonal therapy provide clients with skills to aid them post-treatment.
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) leads to significant improvements in functioning and quality of life for chronic pain conditions like low back pain. Several studies show CBT is as effective or more effective than other therapies or medications for issues like reducing catastrophizing thoughts, pain levels, and disability. While evidence is limited, online CBT and web-based interventions show promise in improving outcomes for chronic low back pain. Overall, CBT aims to help patients better manage their pain by changing maladaptive thoughts and behaviors.
A Pilot Study on Functional Analytic Psychotherapy Group Treatment for Border...CrimsonpublishersPPrs
This study piloted an 8-session Functional Analytic Psychotherapy group treatment for borderline personality disorder and compared its effects to an interpersonal skills training group. 49 clients diagnosed with BPD were randomly assigned to one of the two groups. Measures on intimacy, BPD symptom severity, and emotion regulation were taken before and after treatment, and at 6-month follow up. The FAP group showed statistically significant and large improvements over the interpersonal skills group on all measures, particularly intimacy. Regression analysis also found a reduction in the relationship between intimacy and BPD severity following FAP treatment. The results suggest FAP may be a useful adjunct treatment for improving social connection difficulties in BPD.
The document discusses therapeutic communities and milieu therapy. It defines a therapeutic community as using a patient's social environment to provide therapeutic experiences and enable them to participate actively in their own care. Key aspects of therapeutic communities include daily community meetings, a patient government, and staff meetings. The document also defines milieu therapy and therapeutic milieu, noting they refer to using a patient's entire environment and interactions to facilitate treatment.
Psychosocial therapy aims to help patients with emotional or personality problems. It involves developing a therapeutic relationship between the patient and therapist to explore and modify maladaptive behaviors. There are several types of psychosocial therapies, including individual therapies like psychoanalysis which focuses on unconscious forces, and behavioral therapies which aim to eliminate symptoms by modifying behaviors through techniques like behavior modification. The goals are to help patients resolve conflicts, develop self-identity, and gain skills to cope with problems in a healthier way.
This document provides an overview of several types of therapies, including psychodynamic therapy which focuses on revealing unconscious thoughts to relieve tension, humanistic therapy which emphasizes personal growth, and cognitive behavioral therapy including rational emotive behavior therapy. It also discusses group therapy, biomedical therapies like drug therapy, the medical model of viewing mental illness, eclectic therapy which combines techniques, and the need for cultural sensitivity.
Therapeutic goals assumptions and steps of psychoanalytic therapyGeetesh Kumar Singh
Psychoanalytic therapy is a type of treatment based upon the theories of Sigmund Freud, who is considered one of the forefathers of psychology and the founder of psychoanalysis. This therapy explores how the unconscious mind influences thoughts and behaviours, with the aim of offering insight and resolution to the person seeking therapy.
The document defines psychotherapy as a treatment method that involves developing an intimate therapeutic relationship between a client and therapist to explore and modify client behavior in a satisfying direction. It further describes psychotherapy as a process where a person seeks to resolve problems or issues by interacting with a psychotherapist in a prescribed way.
1. The document discusses phase 2 and 3 of complex trauma casework, focusing on trauma memory, emotion processing, and avoidance.
2. Key elements of phase 2 include addressing post-traumatic emotional dysregulation through interventions targeting avoidance and extreme arousal states. Techniques for processing trauma emotions like prolonged exposure and cognitive processing therapy are examined.
3. SAFER strategies are outlined to help with self-care, acknowledgement versus avoidance, functioning, expression of emotions, and relationships during trauma processing. Evidence-based treatments like prolonged exposure and cognitive processing therapy aim to safely expose clients to traumatic memories and rework emotional responses.
This study examined the effectiveness of brief emotion-focused therapy (EFT) for students presenting with worry and anxiety issues. Nine students received up to 12 sessions of EFT. Quantitative measures found significant reductions in generalized anxiety and worry symptoms. Qualitatively, clients reported increased resilience, self-acceptance, and decreased anxiety. Helpful aspects included the therapeutic relationship and experiential work. While more research is needed, brief EFT showed promise in reducing anxiety symptoms for students.
This document introduces a new comprehensive chronic pain management (CCPM) model. CCPM is a patient-centered, integrative and holistic approach that combines biomedical and psychosocial treatment modalities. It aims to educate patients and help reduce pain sensitivity through neurophysiological education, motivational interviews, exercise principles, thought modification, distress management and building self-efficacy. CCPM represents a paradigm shift from a reductionist to a transformative approach focusing on the whole person. The goal is to provide comprehensive care for chronic pain characterized by central sensitization.
1. Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) is based on attachment theory and posits that psychological distress arises from an interaction between acute interpersonal stressors, biological and psychological vulnerabilities, and social context.
2. IPT targets interpersonal relationships and social support as the primary mechanisms of change, with the goal of improving communication and social networks. While IPT acknowledges biological factors, it does not directly target them.
3. Over time, IPT has become more rigidly defined in research settings, focusing on symptom change for specific diagnoses. This has limited creativity and innovation in the approach based on clinical experience. A new model is needed that better integrates clinical practice and research.
Behavioral therapy is an action-based therapy that focuses on changing unwanted behaviors and reinforcing positive behaviors instead. It is based on the principles of classical and operant conditioning. Techniques may include systematic desensitization for phobias, contingency management using rewards/penalties, modeling positive behaviors, and other methods. Behavioral therapy is used to treat conditions like anxiety, depression, addiction, autism, and more. Treatment involves self-monitoring, role playing new skills, scheduling activities, and behavior modification with rewards. The benefits are improved symptoms and quality of life while risks of therapy are typically low.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a form of cognitive behavioral therapy that uses mindfulness and behavioral activation to increase psychological flexibility. ACT has been shown to effectively treat a broad range of mental health issues by focusing on six core processes: acceptance, defusion, presence, self-awareness, values identification, and committed action. ACT reduces dysfunctional thoughts and behaviors while increasing effective action and alleviating distress. Studies have found ACT reduces OCD and depression symptoms, prevents psychosis rehospitalization, and improves general mental health and workplace stress coping. ACT is delivered flexibly in individual sessions, groups, or self-help formats.
The Importance of Multiple Perspectives in Psychiatry | Crimson PublishersCrimsonpublishersPPrs
This document discusses the importance of considering multiple perspectives in psychiatry when formulating a patient's case. It outlines several perspectives to consider, including the medical model focusing on symptoms, pathologies and treatments; biological perspectives involving neurotransmitters; phenomenological perspectives articulating a patient's subjective experience; psychodynamic perspectives providing a dynamic understanding of a patient's psyche; interpersonal perspectives considering social and cultural influences as well as relationships; behavioral perspectives related to reinforcement and conditioning; and cognitive perspectives related to thoughts and associations. Considering multiple dimensions can provide a more comprehensive understanding of a patient to optimize treatment.
"Validity, Reliability and Factor Structure of the Mindfulness based Self-Efficacy Scale (MSES)", presented at the National conference of the New Zealand Psychological Society, 21 April 2012: Existing self-report questionnaires have been criticised for several reasons. Presents on a new self-report questionnaire to measure self-efficacy before, during and after mindfulness-based therapy or mindfulness training outside the therapy context. To try the MSES online and obtain instant results (at no cost), follow the link: http://www.mindfulness.net.au/mses
Supportive psychotherapy, family and marital therapydivya2709
This document provides an overview of supportive therapy. Supportive therapy helps patients relieve emotional distress and symptoms without delving into past issues or personality changes. It is used to treat conditions like schizophrenia, personality disorders, anxiety, PTSD, eating disorders, substance abuse, and psychosis. The therapist establishes a relationship with the patient and uses techniques like ventilation, environmental manipulation, persuasion, and reassurance. Supportive therapy involves assessment, relationship building, working through problems, and preparing the patient to end treatment. Family and marital therapy views individual symptoms as related to family issues and aims to treat the family system. It uses assessment, skills training, and various models like individual, conjoint, couples, group, and network therapy.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy. A Guide To The Basics. (Stuart, 2006)Sharon
Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is a time-limited psychotherapy that focuses on improving interpersonal relationships and social support systems. IPT is based on attachment theory, communication theory, and social theory. The main targets of IPT are relieving psychiatric symptoms, resolving or changing interpersonal problems related to conflicts, transitions, or losses, and strengthening social support networks. Key tactics include using an Interpersonal Inventory to identify problem areas and an Interpersonal Formulation to synthesize relevant relationship information and guide treatment. IPT aims to help patients improve communication, work through emotional difficulties, and develop supportive relationships.
This document summarizes a research poster presentation on a therapeutic recreation program for inpatients in an acute psychiatric care unit. The program aimed to address challenges like isolation, depression, and lack of motivation through weekly group interventions including yoga, pet therapy, music therapy, and expressive arts. Participants completed pre- and post-surveys to evaluate changes in mood and depression symptoms. Results found statistically significant improvements in mood and high patient satisfaction rates, showing that the multi-modal recreation therapy program was effective in improving outcomes for psychiatric inpatients.
Cognitive behavior therapy and interpersonal therapy have both shown efficacy in treating major depressive disorder among adolescents and emerging adults. Cognitive behavior therapy focuses on identifying and changing maladaptive thoughts and behaviors, while interpersonal therapy examines interpersonal relationships and communication styles. Research has found that both therapies effectively reduce depressive symptoms, though cognitive behavior therapy may be more effective for severe depression. Overall, cognitive behavior therapy and interpersonal therapy provide clients with skills to aid them post-treatment.
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) leads to significant improvements in functioning and quality of life for chronic pain conditions like low back pain. Several studies show CBT is as effective or more effective than other therapies or medications for issues like reducing catastrophizing thoughts, pain levels, and disability. While evidence is limited, online CBT and web-based interventions show promise in improving outcomes for chronic low back pain. Overall, CBT aims to help patients better manage their pain by changing maladaptive thoughts and behaviors.
A Pilot Study on Functional Analytic Psychotherapy Group Treatment for Border...CrimsonpublishersPPrs
This study piloted an 8-session Functional Analytic Psychotherapy group treatment for borderline personality disorder and compared its effects to an interpersonal skills training group. 49 clients diagnosed with BPD were randomly assigned to one of the two groups. Measures on intimacy, BPD symptom severity, and emotion regulation were taken before and after treatment, and at 6-month follow up. The FAP group showed statistically significant and large improvements over the interpersonal skills group on all measures, particularly intimacy. Regression analysis also found a reduction in the relationship between intimacy and BPD severity following FAP treatment. The results suggest FAP may be a useful adjunct treatment for improving social connection difficulties in BPD.
The document discusses therapeutic communities and milieu therapy. It defines a therapeutic community as using a patient's social environment to provide therapeutic experiences and enable them to participate actively in their own care. Key aspects of therapeutic communities include daily community meetings, a patient government, and staff meetings. The document also defines milieu therapy and therapeutic milieu, noting they refer to using a patient's entire environment and interactions to facilitate treatment.
Psychosocial therapy aims to help patients with emotional or personality problems. It involves developing a therapeutic relationship between the patient and therapist to explore and modify maladaptive behaviors. There are several types of psychosocial therapies, including individual therapies like psychoanalysis which focuses on unconscious forces, and behavioral therapies which aim to eliminate symptoms by modifying behaviors through techniques like behavior modification. The goals are to help patients resolve conflicts, develop self-identity, and gain skills to cope with problems in a healthier way.
This document provides an overview of several types of therapies, including psychodynamic therapy which focuses on revealing unconscious thoughts to relieve tension, humanistic therapy which emphasizes personal growth, and cognitive behavioral therapy including rational emotive behavior therapy. It also discusses group therapy, biomedical therapies like drug therapy, the medical model of viewing mental illness, eclectic therapy which combines techniques, and the need for cultural sensitivity.
Therapeutic goals assumptions and steps of psychoanalytic therapyGeetesh Kumar Singh
Psychoanalytic therapy is a type of treatment based upon the theories of Sigmund Freud, who is considered one of the forefathers of psychology and the founder of psychoanalysis. This therapy explores how the unconscious mind influences thoughts and behaviours, with the aim of offering insight and resolution to the person seeking therapy.
The document defines psychotherapy as a treatment method that involves developing an intimate therapeutic relationship between a client and therapist to explore and modify client behavior in a satisfying direction. It further describes psychotherapy as a process where a person seeks to resolve problems or issues by interacting with a psychotherapist in a prescribed way.
1. The document discusses phase 2 and 3 of complex trauma casework, focusing on trauma memory, emotion processing, and avoidance.
2. Key elements of phase 2 include addressing post-traumatic emotional dysregulation through interventions targeting avoidance and extreme arousal states. Techniques for processing trauma emotions like prolonged exposure and cognitive processing therapy are examined.
3. SAFER strategies are outlined to help with self-care, acknowledgement versus avoidance, functioning, expression of emotions, and relationships during trauma processing. Evidence-based treatments like prolonged exposure and cognitive processing therapy aim to safely expose clients to traumatic memories and rework emotional responses.
This study examined the effectiveness of brief emotion-focused therapy (EFT) for students presenting with worry and anxiety issues. Nine students received up to 12 sessions of EFT. Quantitative measures found significant reductions in generalized anxiety and worry symptoms. Qualitatively, clients reported increased resilience, self-acceptance, and decreased anxiety. Helpful aspects included the therapeutic relationship and experiential work. While more research is needed, brief EFT showed promise in reducing anxiety symptoms for students.
This document introduces a new comprehensive chronic pain management (CCPM) model. CCPM is a patient-centered, integrative and holistic approach that combines biomedical and psychosocial treatment modalities. It aims to educate patients and help reduce pain sensitivity through neurophysiological education, motivational interviews, exercise principles, thought modification, distress management and building self-efficacy. CCPM represents a paradigm shift from a reductionist to a transformative approach focusing on the whole person. The goal is to provide comprehensive care for chronic pain characterized by central sensitization.
1. Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) is based on attachment theory and posits that psychological distress arises from an interaction between acute interpersonal stressors, biological and psychological vulnerabilities, and social context.
2. IPT targets interpersonal relationships and social support as the primary mechanisms of change, with the goal of improving communication and social networks. While IPT acknowledges biological factors, it does not directly target them.
3. Over time, IPT has become more rigidly defined in research settings, focusing on symptom change for specific diagnoses. This has limited creativity and innovation in the approach based on clinical experience. A new model is needed that better integrates clinical practice and research.
Behavioral therapy is an action-based therapy that focuses on changing unwanted behaviors and reinforcing positive behaviors instead. It is based on the principles of classical and operant conditioning. Techniques may include systematic desensitization for phobias, contingency management using rewards/penalties, modeling positive behaviors, and other methods. Behavioral therapy is used to treat conditions like anxiety, depression, addiction, autism, and more. Treatment involves self-monitoring, role playing new skills, scheduling activities, and behavior modification with rewards. The benefits are improved symptoms and quality of life while risks of therapy are typically low.
Smartbidan.com tips on keeping heart healthEdy Sujendro
Regular exercise, a healthy diet low in cholesterol and salt, avoiding smoking, and getting quality sleep are tips for maintaining heart health. Exercise helps reduce heart disease risk and maintain a healthy weight. A diet with vegetables, fruits, and low fat foods supports heart health. Quitting smoking is also important for the heart.
Texas and OER, with VCT's Gary AbernethyNate Angell
The session will focus on the exploration and adoption of OER content and possible adoption of OER in Texas. Delivered by Gary Abernethy & Nate Angell, 30 March 2016 at the Texas Distance Learning Association (TxDLA) 2016 Conference in San Antonio, TX.
Recruitment follow up new employee processConfidential
This document is a recruitment and visa tracking report for G.C.C Agility. It contains 84 rows with columns tracking candidates through the stages of the selection and employment process including offer date, visa application and receipt dates, expected arrival dates, joining dates, medical approvals, accommodation, and uniform issue. Rejected offers and pending offers are noted at the bottom. The report is to be shared with teams involved in ticket reservation, finance, locations, general management, accommodation support, medical, and employee files.
This document contains 10 photos credited to different photographers and encourages the reader to get inspired to create their own Haiku Deck presentation on SlideShare. It provides example photos but does not have additional context around the photos or their content. The document promotes using Haiku Deck to make presentations.
Este documento presenta una iniciativa de ley enviada al Congreso de la Unión por el Presidente de la República. La iniciativa propone establecer una Pensión Universal para todos los mexicanos mayores de 65 años que no reciben otra pensión. La Pensión Universal proveería 1,092 pesos mensuales a cada beneficiario y tendría como objetivo reducir la pobreza entre los adultos mayores. La iniciativa también propone reformar varias leyes de seguridad social para crear un sistema de protección social más universal en México.
The document describes a logo animation project where a man runs toward an academy logo. The man begins running and approaches the academy logo. He continues running and the words "sports academy" move into the center to complete the logo.
Este documento describe cómo crear material didáctico reciclado para la enseñanza. Explica que el material didáctico ayuda al aprendizaje y debe contener elementos que faciliten la adquisición de conceptos. Luego detalla cómo hacer rompecabezas, sellos y sumadores usando cajas de fósforos, tapas y títeres hechos de fundas de papel, todo con materiales reciclados como goma, silicón y retazos.
The document lists common mistakes seen in students' writings related to sports and leisure time activities. It provides examples of incorrect phrases and the proper corrections. Some examples include using "apart from" instead of "besides", "although" instead of "however", and saying "she prefers watching sports on TV" instead of "she likes watching sports on TV".
1. Researchers evaluate the effectiveness of therapies through methods like meta-analyses of existing studies to identify the most effective treatments for issues like depression. Common factors like the therapeutic relationship contribute to positive outcomes.
2. While therapies like CBT are supported as effective, researchers still do not fully understand why they work. Prevention strategies aim to reduce mental illness at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels through skills training, early identification and treatment, and relapse prevention.
3. Evaluating therapeutic effectiveness and identifying common success factors helps improve treatments, while prevention research works to reduce mental illness occurrence and severity.
Model of TreatmentEducation and its EvaluationProblem.docxhelzerpatrina
Model of Treatment/Education and its Evaluation
Problem(s)
Will Power +
Common Factors +
Any Specific Factor (any treatment model EBP or other) +
Feedback Informed Treatment + Deliberate Practice =
Effective Outcome
SPECIAL ARTICLE
How important are the common factors in
psychotherapy? An update
BRUCE E. WAMPOLD
Department of Counseling Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Modum Bad Psychiatric Center, Vikersund, Norway
The common factors have a long history in the field of psychotherapy theory, research and practice. To understand the evidence supporting
them as important therapeutic elements, the contextual model of psychotherapy is outlined. Then the evidence, primarily from meta-
analyses, is presented for particular common factors, including alliance, empathy, expectations, cultural adaptation, and therapist differ-
ences. Then the evidence for four factors related to specificity, including treatment differences, specific ingredients, adherence, and compe-
tence, is presented. The evidence supports the conclusion that the common factors are important for producing the benefits of psychotherapy.
Key words: Common factors, contextual model, psychotherapy, alliance, empathy, expectations, cultural adaptation, therapist differences,
specific ingredients
(World Psychiatry 2015;14:270–277)
The so-called common factors have a long history in psy-
chiatry, originating with a seminal article by S. Rosenzweig
in 1936 (1) and popularized by J. Frank in the various
editions of his book Persuasion and Healing (2-4). During
this period, the common factors have been both embraced
and dismissed, creating some tension (5-9). The purpose of
this paper is not to review or discuss the debate, but to pro-
vide an update, summarizing the evidence related to these
factors.
To understand the evidence for the common factors, it is
important to keep in mind that these factors are more than a
set of therapeutic elements that are common to all or most
psychotherapies. They collectively shape a theoretical mod-
el about the mechanisms of change in psychotherapy.
A particular common factor model, called the contextual
model, has been recently proposed (8,10). Although there
are other common factor models (e.g., 4,11), based on differ-
ent theoretical propositions, the predictions made about the
importance of various common factors are similar and the
choice of the model does not affect conclusions about the
impact of these factors. The contextual model is presented
below, followed by a review of the evidence for the common
factors imbedded in the model.
THE CONTEXTUAL MODEL
The contextual model posits that there are three path-
ways through which psychotherapy produces benefits. That
is, psychotherapy does not have a unitary influence on
patients, but rather works through various mechanisms.
The mechanisms underlying the three pathways entail
evolved characteristics of humans as the ultimate social spe-
cies; as such.
Model of TreatmentEducation and its EvaluationProblem.docxroushhsiu
This document discusses the importance of common factors in psychotherapy. It outlines the contextual model of psychotherapy, which posits that there are three pathways through which psychotherapy produces benefits: 1) the real relationship between therapist and patient, 2) the creation of expectations through providing an explanatory model of the patient's difficulties, and 3) the enactment of health-promoting actions. It then reviews evidence from meta-analyses supporting several important common factors, finding large effects for the therapeutic alliance, goal consensus/collaboration, and empathy. The evidence supports the conclusion that common factors, as conceptualized in the contextual model, are important for producing the benefits of psychotherapy.
Relationship between Perceived Social Support and Readiness for Treatment in ...iosrjce
Patients having Conversion disorder receives and reinforced by attention and social support thus
they assume sick role unintentionally. Present study aims to examine the characteristics and symptoms of
patients with conversion disorder while find out the relationship of perceived social support and readiness for
treatment. This study was conducted in Lahore, Pakistan. Fifty Conversion patients diagnosed by
psychologist/psychiatrist from different psychiatric departments of hospitals of Lahore were selected and were
required to complete the questionnaires. To assess the perceived social support and readiness for treatment,
Multidimensional Perceived Social Support scale (MPSS) and Client Motivation for Therapy Scale (CMOTS)
was administered respectively. Pearson Product Movement Correlation and t-test was applied for statistical
analysis. Results showed significant relationship between perceived social support and Readiness for treatment.
No significant differences were found in both genders. Perceived social support is related with readiness for
treatment in patients with conversion disorder. No significant gender differences have been found in perceived
social support and readiness for treatment in conversion patients. The result can facilitate psychologist and
other professionals to design the psychotherapy based on increasing sense of perception toward social support
and motivational strategies for patients with conversion disorder.
Background: Behavioral health conditions are prevalent among patients in inpatient medical settings and when not adequately treated contribute to diminished treatment outcomes and quality of life. Substantial evidence has demonstrated the effectiveness of psychological interventions in addressing behavioral health conditions in a range of settings but, to a lesser extent with psychologically-based interventions delivered in inpatient medical settings. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to increase attention on psychological interventions being delivered to patients across a broad spectrum of medical specialties in inpatient medical settings to support the implementation of interventions to address increasing patient needs. Methods: This selected, brief review of the literature sought to describe published psychologically-based interventions delivered in inpatient medical settings. A search for studies catalogued on PubMed from 2007 to 2016 was examined and studies were included in the review if they were delivered within inpatient medical settings. Two reviewers independently assessed relevant studies for criteria. Results: A total of ten articles met the inclusion criteria with interventions targeting outcomes across four primary domains: 1) pain and fatigue; 2) cognition; 3) affective/emotional and; 4) self-harm. Several articles support interventions grounded in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and brief psychological interventions. Most studies reported favorable outcomes for the interventions relative to controls. Conclusions: Psychologically-based interventions, especially those that integrate components of cognitive-behavioral therapy and a multidisciplinary approach, can be implemented in inpatient medical settings and may promote improved patient outcomes. However, the quality of this evidence requires formal assessment, requiring more comprehensive reviews are needed to replicate findings and clarify effectiveness of interventions.
Group Therapy Presentation (Power Point)Pdfrrmcguire
The Group Therapy Services at Midwest Physician Network aims to (1) provide high-quality group treatment that addresses emotional and mental health needs, (2) educate students and trainees, and (3) conduct research to guide treatment and share new information. The services utilize group therapy facilitated by a multidisciplinary team to help patients overcome addictions, improve relationships, and increase functioning by addressing issues within a group context. Referrals can be made by completing a form and the patient will be matched to an appropriate existing group or screened to determine the best fit.
Running head PSYCHOTHERAPY APPROACHES .docxtodd581
Running head: PSYCHOTHERAPY APPROACHES 1
PSYCHOTHERAPY APPROACHES 2
Supportive and interpersonal psychotherapy approaches
Name
Institutions
Supportive and interpersonal psychotherapy approaches
With the prevalence of mental disorders, researchers and healthcare providers have studied the efficacy of different psychotherapy approaches to determine the most efficient strategies that can be used in assisting patients with particular psychiatric disorders. Supportive psychotherapy along with interpersonal psychotherapy are prevalently used in the treatment of mental disorders. These two approaches have various similarities as well as differences. Herein, I will discuss the two psychotherapy approaches, their similarities, differences, and situations in which each of the approaches would be effective in the treatment of patients with psychiatric disorders.
Similarities and Differences of Supportive and Interpersonal Psychotherapy Approaches
Supportive psychotherapy approach refers to a form of psychotherapeutic strategy that combines psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral as well as interpersonal conceptual approaches of psychotherapy and techniques (Wheeler, 2014). With this psychotherapy approach, the major aim of the therapist is to improve the adaptive along with healthy patterns of the patient with the major objective being to reduce the prevailing intrapsychic conflicts contributing to the patient’s condition. On the other hand, the interpersonal approach refers to a brief, interpersonal focused strategy, which concentrates on identifying and resolving the prevailing interpersonal problems to alleviate the presenting symptoms (Wheeler, 2014). The therapist is essentially concerned with the interpersonal context and the associated factors that may predispose, propagate or precipitate the symptom of psychiatric disorders.
Both approaches are mainly aimed at bringing a therapeutic impact to patients presenting with the symptoms of psychiatric conditions. However, the two approaches have differences. Firstly, the interpersonal approach is an emphatically supported treatment model that mainly adheres to a highly structured and time-limited approach that often takes between 12 to 16 weeks (Cuijpers et al., 2016). Conversely, the supportive approach is not structured and utilizes a combination or either the psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral and/or interpersonal conceptual approach. What is more, as highlighted in the above paragraph, the main aim of the supportive approach is to enhance the patient’s healthy as well as adaptive patterns in order lessen the prevailing intrapsychic conflicts contributing to the development of mental disorders. Conversely, the main aim of using the interpersonal approach is to ide.
This document provides a critical review of psychotherapy efficacy research. It discusses various types of psychotherapy and important terms in research methodology. While efficacy research aims to establish causal relationships through controlled trials, its results often lack external validity and generalizability. Comparative studies generally find no significant differences between major psychotherapy approaches. The document concludes that common factors like the therapeutic alliance, rather than specific techniques, are crucial for effective therapy. More research is still needed to determine the most effective treatments for specific disorders.
1) The document discusses therapeutic change and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) as an effective treatment for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). CBT involves altering thoughts, emotions, and behaviors through talk therapy sessions to improve psychological health.
2) Person-centered therapy is also described as effective for treating GAD and other disorders. It focuses on empathy, genuineness, and positive regard between therapist and patient to strengthen their relationship and treatment outcomes.
3) Research shows psychotherapy has over 80% efficacy in treating GAD, with one study finding CBT eliminated GAD symptoms in 86.4% of participants. Various therapy techniques can effectively initiate therapeutic change and growth for patients.
The document discusses various psychological therapies including psychoanalysis, humanistic therapies, behavior therapies, cognitive therapies, group/family therapies, and biomedical therapies. It provides details on different approaches like psychoanalysis, person-centered therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and evaluates the effectiveness of psychotherapy.
This document summarizes key aspects of psychotherapy. It discusses that psychotherapy can involve a few sessions or last for months/years. Therapists can be psychologists, social workers, counselors, nurses, or psychiatrists. Psychotherapy involves a trusting relationship between client and therapist and works through changing beliefs, attitudes, and encouraging new behaviors. Research shows psychotherapy is effective both in controlled settings and realistic settings, improving outcomes and reducing medical costs. While approaches differ, common factors like the therapeutic relationship and instilling hope are important. The future of psychotherapy may involve more cognitive-behavioral, culturally sensitive, and eclectic/integrative approaches.
1. Psychodynamic psychopharmacology explicitly acknowledges and addresses the central role of meaning and interpersonal factors in pharmacological treatment outcomes for patients with treatment-resistant illness. These factors include unconscious conflicts, resistance, transference, and defense mechanisms.
2. Placebo responses and the therapeutic alliance are as potent as the biological effects of medication in determining treatment effectiveness. A strong therapeutic alliance and the patient's readiness to change can mobilize profound self-healing capacities.
3. For treatment-resistant patients, psychodynamic psychopharmacotherapy aims to identify and resolve unconscious psychological factors like negative transference that interfere with medication effectiveness through an integrated biological and psychodynamic approach.
This document provides an overview of different types of psychological therapies discussed in Chapter 15 of the 9th edition of the Psychology textbook by David Myers. It summarizes various therapeutic approaches including psychoanalysis, humanistic therapies, behavior therapies, cognitive therapies, group/family therapies, and biomedical therapies. For each approach, it briefly describes key theorists, methods, applications, and criticisms. It also evaluates the effectiveness of psychotherapy and compares different therapies for treating specific disorders.
This document outlines various psychotherapy techniques including psychoanalysis, milieu therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy. It discusses Sigmund Freud's development of psychoanalysis and its focus on unconscious mental conflicts. Key techniques in psychoanalysis include free association, dream analysis, hypnosis, catharsis, and abreaction therapy. Milieu therapy aims to structure the treatment environment to promote behavioral changes. Cognitive behavioral therapy teaches patients to identify and change unhelpful thought and behavior patterns related to their problems.
This document provides an overview of various psychological therapies and biomedical therapies for treating psychological disorders. It discusses psychoanalysis, humanistic therapies, behavior therapies, cognitive therapies, group/family therapies, drug therapies, brain stimulation techniques, and psychosurgery. For each therapy, it briefly describes the approach, methods used, examples of disorders treated, effectiveness research findings, and commonalities across therapies. The document emphasizes that psychological disorders have biopsychosocial causes and preventing disorders involves addressing societal factors that negatively impact mental health.
This document discusses various approaches to psychotherapy and evaluating their effectiveness. It covers psychoanalysis, humanistic therapies, behavior therapies, cognitive therapies, group/family therapies, and biomedical therapies. It examines the relative effectiveness of different therapies for treating specific disorders. While some alternative therapies like light therapy for SAD have shown promise, others like EMDR have not proven effective under scientific scrutiny. Overall, outcome research finds that the vast majority of patients benefit more from psychotherapy than receiving no treatment.
This document discusses the importance of therapists addressing their own unresolved issues and childhood conflicts in order to effectively help patients. It notes that unresolved problems in a therapist's life can negatively influence the therapeutic process through countertransference. The document recommends therapy for therapists to help recognize and manage countertransference responses that could violate patient boundaries or priorities. It emphasizes the need for self-reflection in therapists to prevent their own needs from interfering with the patient's therapeutic process.
This document discusses the patient-physiotherapist relationship. It outlines the patient relations program which promotes the therapeutic relationship through education and resources. Physiotherapists assess, treat, and prevent injuries through hands-on techniques like manual therapy and exercise instruction. The relationship is important to treatment outcomes through factors like communication, adherence to treatment, and a patient's self-efficacy. Physiotherapists are expected to maintain appropriate boundaries and manage the relationship to ensure it remains therapeutic.
This document provides an overview of advanced counseling methods and psychotherapy. It discusses different theoretical perspectives like Adlerian, cognitive, and family systems theories. It also addresses the difference between psychosocial models of counseling that rely on talk therapy compared to biological/neurogenomic models in psychiatry that emphasize medication. The document notes how clinical orientation impacts assessment, treatment planning, and intervention methods. It also discusses debates around whether mental disorders are caused primarily by psychosocial or biological factors.
Nursing and psychology are interrelated fields. Nurses seek to understand patients' mental state, thoughts, and behaviors in order to properly care for their health needs. Psychology provides perspectives like biological, psychodynamic, behavioral, and cognitive approaches to help nurses comprehend patients. Understanding psychology assists nurses with communication, decision making, and helping patients cope with challenges like loss and adapt to changes in a healthy way. A nurse's grasp of biological processes and how they influence behavior and mental state is also crucial for effectively delivering care to patients.
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Therapeutic Interaction: A Perception of Therapist towards Patients with Anxiety Disorder
1. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)
Volume 20, Issue 1, Ver. III (Jan. 2015), PP 65-69
e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845.
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/0837-20136569 www.iosrjournals.org 65 | Page
Therapeutic Interaction: A Perception of Therapist towards
Patients with Anxiety Disorder
Uzma Zaidi1
1
(Assistant Professor, Department of Health, College of Health and Rehabilitation, Princess Nora Bint
AbdulRahman University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia)
Abstract: The present research was conducted (a) to describe the socio-demographic information of
psychotherapist providing therapy to patients of anxiety disorder (b) to examine the therapeutic interaction on
various variables of therapeutic participation, resistance and dysphoric concern (related to patient’s
responses), and directive support for the patients (variable related to his/herself). It was hypothesized that
therapist would rate significantly high on therapeutic interaction (therapeutic participation, directive support,
resistance and dysphoric concerns) with anxiety patient. Sample comprised of thirty five psychotherapist
providing therapy to diagnosed anxiety patients in OPD (Outdoor patient department). Psychotherapy Process
Inventory was administered to assess perception of therapeutic interaction of psychotherapist. Descriptive
statistics and one sample t test were calculated for the analysis of data. Results revealed that most of the
therapists, possessed MS degree in Clinical Psychology. Results indicate that there is a significant high rating
on therapeutic interaction, therapeutic participation, directive support, resistance and dysphoric concern of the
psychotherapist who are providing therapy to the anxiety patients. Therapeutic interaction is perceived by the
therapist as supportive, whereas participation, resistance and dysphoric concerns of the patients were also
perceived high by the therapist in initial sessions. Findings will be helpful for psychologist and other
professionals to plan the therapeutic interventions for anxiety patients.
Keywords: Anxiety disorders, therapeutic interaction, therapeutic participation,
I. Introduction
Psychotherapy is the psychological treatment process in which a trained person deliberately establishes
a professional relationship with the patient with the objectives of removing, modifying, or retarding existing
symptoms, mediating disturbed patterns of behaviour, and promoting positive personality growth and
development.[1,2]
Most practitioners of any theoretical perspective concerned that a positive relationship between patient
and therapist is a necessary precondition for psychotherapy. Fiedler's found that therapists of different school of
psychology agree upon a warm, accepting, and understanding relationship.[3, 4,5]
Every school of thought gives
appropriate significance and emphasize upon quality of therapeutic relationship between therapist and client.[6,7,8
,9,10]
Therapeutic processes involve therapists and clients developing a therapeutic relationship on the one hand,
and the therapist using specific strategies on the other.[11]
The growth of therapeutic relationships follows
distinct stages involving planning, contracting, assessment, therapy, managing resistance or ambivalence about
change and disengagement.[12]
Akhtar, Verma, Pershod, and Verma described that therapeutic relationship may
have three phases: orientating, working, and terminating. The trace of phases covers one to one relationship,
discussion on mutually agreed goals and termination of relationship after achieving the mutually argued
goals.[13]
The therapist should form a collaborative partnership in which clients are experts on the specific
features of their own situation and therapists are experts on general scientific and clinical information relevant to
psychological development and the broad class of problems of which the presenting problem is a specific
instance.[14]
Wilkins pointed out the research concerning the impact of patient expectations on future therapeutic
outcome is fraught with difficulties.[15]
Client’s motivation, desire for therapy, and expectations of change may
have more to do with prompting the patient to primarily become involved in therapy than with directly
influencing the therapeutic process or its outcome. Therapists spend a great deal too preliminary time in therapy
attempting to facilitate patient’s exploration and understanding of how they may help or hinder their own
functioning. If client take responsibility for his or her inability to adapt, cope, or perform particular activities,
the therapist will be able to assist the patient through the process of therapeutic change.
There are some certain characteristics attached with same disorders that may influence the person and
eventually the therapeutic process. People with peak anxiety may preoccupied with their thoughts process and
may not be adherent to therapy.[16,17]
The anxiety disorders are a group of mental disturbances characterized by
anxiety as a central or core symptom. Although anxiety is a commonplace experience, not everyone who
2. Therapeutic Interaction: A Perception of Therapist towards Patients with Anxiety Disorder
DOI: 10.9790/0837-20136569 www.iosrjournals.org 66 | Page
experiences it has an anxiety disorder. Anxiety is associated with a wide range of physical illnesses, medication
side effects, and other psychiatric disorders.[18]
According to DSM-V anxiety disorders include phobia, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder,
obsessive compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and acute stress disorder.[19]
A patient with anxiety
disorder has recurrent, inexplicable attacks of intense fear. Anxiety attacks alone are not sufficient for the
diagnosis; a person must be worried about the potential of having another attack. Anxiety attacks sometimes
lead to fear and avoidance of being in places where escape would be difficult if another were to occur, known as
agoraphobia.[20]
Prognosis of anxiety disorder based upon many factors. Most anxiety patients may never receive
treatment. Data from different studies indicated that only about 25% of individuals with anxiety disorder ever
receive treatment or remit.[21.22]
Anxiety disorders are much more common among woman than men. The focus
of anxiety, the prevalence of anxiety disorders, and the specific symptoms expressed may be shaped by
culture.[20,23]
There are many effective treatments for anxiety disorder ranging from therapy to self -help and
medication. There are a variety of forms of psychotherapy, but in most cases, the therapist tries to help the client
identify and overcome the cause of the symptoms. Most clients are seen individually, but some are seen in group
therapy, and because of financial pressures, more use is made of time limited psychotherapy.[24]
There are some certain outcome studies that are related to treatment of anxiety disorder patient.
Researchers found that patient of anxiety disorder are motivated and have insight.[12,25]
It came into notice that
treatment process is a complex phenomenon. It involves many factors regarding therapist variable and variables
related to therapist personality, expectation of both (therapist and client) from therapy and different perceptive
of school of thoughts related to treatment are equally important.
II. Objectives
This study aims to find out the nature of interaction and process of therapy between therapist and
patient with anxiety disorder exclusively regarding the perception of therapist toward therapeutic relationship.
Perception of every person is of prime importance because it affects the performance. Different therapist views
the initial therapeutic interaction differently due to their perspectives. Further these views are related to therapist
himself as well as of patient. Generally it is assumed that patients with anxiety disorder are easy to treat but do
not get engaged with therapy process for longer duration. Even they respond to therapy in follow up of 12
months with 50% ratio.[26]
Thus this study is designed to investigate the perception of therapist about therapy
process with anxiety patients.
III. Hypotheses
Keeping in view the literature review following hypotheses was formulated:
Therapist would rate significantly high on therapeutic interaction (therapeutic participation, directive support,
resistance and dysphoric concerns) with anxiety patient.
IV. Methodology
4.1 Participants
The sample size was comprised of 35 psychologists who are dealing with diagnosed anxiety patients
from OPD of psychiatry departments. Samples were recruited from different Hospitals of Lahore that included
Mayo, Services, Jinnah, Ganga Ram Hospital and Punjab Institute of Mental Health. Purposive sampling
technique was used to collect the data. Therapists who were dealing with anxiety patients and having an
experience of two years were included in this research. Data was gathered form those therapists who have taken
minimum four and maximum eight sessions with adult anxiety patient. Qualification of therapist was
Postgraduate diploma, MS and PhD in clinical psychology.
4.2 Measures
A socio-demographic form, along with standardized scales of Psychotherapy Process Inventory was
used in this study.
4.2.1 Demographic Form
Demographic information form was used to collect information such as age, gender, marital status,
education, year of experience of therapist and therapeutic techniques used for anxiety patients.
4.2.2 Psychotherapy Process Inventory
The psychotherapy process inventory yield four factors and is to be completed by the therapist. [1]
It is a
process inventory that yields information about the therapist’s perception of both his and her own and the
patient’s behavior. The factors reflected the degree to which the patient is being resistant, the degree to which
3. Therapeutic Interaction: A Perception of Therapist towards Patients with Anxiety Disorder
DOI: 10.9790/0837-20136569 www.iosrjournals.org 67 | Page
the therapist is providing appropriate and active support, the amount dysphoric concerns expressed by the
patient and the degree to which the patient is participating activity in facilitating his growth. Expected mean
scores and factors composition are 3.00(0.60), 2.63 (0.70), 2.61 (0.60) and 3.15(0.59). It is 74 item checklists
and each item carries a labeled five point rating scale. Reliability coefficients of this inventory were .92, .87,
.83, and .79. [27]
4.3 Procedure
In order to conduct this research, some ethical considerations were kept in mind. Permission to utilize
the scale was taken from the author through e-mail. Official permission was sought from the administration of
the selected departments for the data collection. The consent form was given to the participants and the nature of
the study was explained before administration of the questionnaire. The questionnaire was given to the
participants to be completed by the therapists. The duration of administration was of 30-40 minutes. Statistical
analysis was performed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 17.0. Descriptive statistics was
used to calculate the frequency and percentage to describe the socio- demographic variable. One sample t-test
was applied to determine the therapeutic interaction of therapist with anxiety patients.
V. Results and Discussion
Table 1
Demographic Information of the therapist variables (N= 35)
Variable f % M SD
Age
21-30 16 44.4%
1.80 0.8631-40 11 30.6%
41-50 7 19.4%
51-60 1 2.8%
Gender
Male 8 22.2%
Female 27 75.0%
Marital Status
Married 18 50.6
Unmarried 17 47.2
Education
ADCP 6 16.7
MS 9 52.8
PHD 10 27.8
Year of Experience
1-10 26 72.2
1.34 0.6311-12 6 16.7
21-30 3 8.3
Therapy use for Anxiety patient
CBT 15 41.7
Psychoanalytic 9 25.0
CCT 6 16.7
Behavior therapy 4 11.1
Reality therapy 1 2.8
Note. f= frequency, %= percentage, M=Mean and SD=Standard Deviation
Table 2
One sample T-test for the therapist rating on therapeutic interaction (therapeutic participation; resistance;
dysphoric concern and directive support) with anxiety patient (N=35).
Variable M S.D t Sig
Therapeutic interaction 233.37 15.69 87.94 .000
Therapeutic Participation 69.80 9.48 43.57 .000
Resistance 71.37 6.06 69.63 .000
Dysphoric concern 46.25 7.31 37.41 .000
Directive support 54.31 5.05 63.69 .000
df = 34, p < .05
Results (Table 1) indicated that most of the therapists were related to the age group of 21-30 year (46
%). Most of the therapist comprised of female (77%). Findings showed that 51% of the therapists were married.
Results also indicated that of 54% of the therapists have MS degrees in Clinical Psychology. Almost 74%
therapists had experience of 2-10 years. Most of the therapists (43%) used cognitive behavioral technique in
dealing with anxiety patients. Results in table 2 indicate the rating patterns of therapists were significantly high
for therapeutic interaction (t= 87.94, p<.05); therapeutic participation (t= 43.57, p< .05); directive support
4. Therapeutic Interaction: A Perception of Therapist towards Patients with Anxiety Disorder
DOI: 10.9790/0837-20136569 www.iosrjournals.org 68 | Page
(t=63.69, p<.05); resistance (t= 69.63, p<.05) and dysphoric concern (37.41, p<.05) of the psychotherapist who
are working with anxiety patients.
The present research focused to investigate the perceptions about therapeutic interaction of therapist
with anxiety patient. Therapeutic process is an interaction between two individuals in which perception plays
important role. It is evident that therapeutic alliance is vital aspect for successful therapeutic outcome. [28]
The
findings (Table 2) are consistent with prior research.[29]
Previous studies also revealed that the therapist rated
high on therapeutic process for the patients suffering from anxiety disorder. [17,30,31]
Some researchers showed
that there is good therapeutic interaction between therapist and client.[ 28, 32,33]
Another prior research also
showed that relationship of therapist and client which proved that 66 % therapist have normal interaction with
the client while interaction of 44 % is good. This is valid of there is gender difference besides the experience of
the therapist.[34]
Therapist’s perception towards therapeutic process may have two forms: perception towards self and
patient’s responses. Therapist accurate perceptions related to patients suffering from anxiety disorder and
patient’s behavior related to anxiety (i.e. resistance, dysphoric concern, apprehensions, nervousness,
restlessness, unrealistic fears etc.) may enhance support toward patient in therapeutic relationship.[20]
The
support provided by the therapist is also known as directive support.[1]
Consequently it may improve the
participation in the therapeutic process.
In developing countries mental health is not of prime concern in health policies as stigma is attached to
it. Hence, patients with psychiatric problem are reluctant to approach mental health professional. However, if
patients approach to the therapist, may experience extreme anxiety which resulted in high resistance in initiating
treatment. Further it may lead to other issues like adherence with treatment as well as to comply with regime or
mode of treatment.
VI. Conclusion
Findings of the present study have important clinical implications. Clinicians from various schools of
psychology may benefit from using a collaborative approach with their clients. It will be helpful for
psychologists and other professionals to plan the therapeutic interventions for anxiety patients. Furthermore, it
will highlight the importance of initial contact of patient and therapist in therapeutic process. The sample size
was small so the results of the study cannot generalize to the whole population. This study involves views of
therapist only so, in future researches patients’ rating can be included. Data was restricted to only adult patients
of anxiety disorder while the study can be replicated with patients having other psychiatric problems.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank the psychiatry departments who gave me permission to collect data from their
hospitals. I am also grateful to the participants to be the part of this study.
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