Jung developed the word association test as a clinical diagnostic tool based on Galton's earlier research using word association to assess intelligence. The test involves reading a subject 100 stimulus words and recording their response times and answers, with abnormal response patterns indicating psychological complexes or deficiencies. Jung analyzed different types of responses and their prevalence in various mental conditions like schizophrenia and depression.
Murray developed a theory of personality that was organized in terms of
Motives,
Presses, and
Needs.
Murray described needs as a "potentiality or readiness to respond in a certain way under certain given circumstances …. It is a noun which stands for the fact that a certain trend is apt to recur" " (1938).
Theories of personality based on needs(Being Unconscious) and motives suggest that our personalities are a reflection of behaviors controlled by needs.
He assumed that the human natural state is a state of disequilibrium, and that is why people have needs—to satisfy the lack of something.
While some needs are temporary and changing,
Other needs are more deeply seated in our nature.
According to Murray, these psychogenic needs function mostly on the unconscious level but play a major role in our personality.
Intelligence test used in the forensic psychology.
There are different tests are used to measure the intelligence or IQ of a person. Such as,
Ravens Progressive Matrices
Bhatia Battery of Intelligence
Culture Fair test
Wechsler scale
Alexander Pass a long test
etc.
Murray developed a theory of personality that was organized in terms of
Motives,
Presses, and
Needs.
Murray described needs as a "potentiality or readiness to respond in a certain way under certain given circumstances …. It is a noun which stands for the fact that a certain trend is apt to recur" " (1938).
Theories of personality based on needs(Being Unconscious) and motives suggest that our personalities are a reflection of behaviors controlled by needs.
He assumed that the human natural state is a state of disequilibrium, and that is why people have needs—to satisfy the lack of something.
While some needs are temporary and changing,
Other needs are more deeply seated in our nature.
According to Murray, these psychogenic needs function mostly on the unconscious level but play a major role in our personality.
Intelligence test used in the forensic psychology.
There are different tests are used to measure the intelligence or IQ of a person. Such as,
Ravens Progressive Matrices
Bhatia Battery of Intelligence
Culture Fair test
Wechsler scale
Alexander Pass a long test
etc.
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale is an individually administered test that examines the cognitive ability of children and adults falling the age-range of 2 to 85+ years. It examines children with intellectual and developmental deficiencies as well as intellectually gifted individuals. This test originated from The Binet-Simon Scale (1905) and had undergone five major revisions. This presentation gives an overview of all five of them with most emphasis on the fifth edition by Roid (2003).
Cognitive psychology is a relatively young branch of psychology, yet it has quickly grown to become one of the most popular subfields. Few Practical Application of Cognitive Psychology(Science),Thinking, decision-making/increasing decision making accuracy, problem-solving, learning /structuring educational curricula to enhance learning , attention,Memory/Improving memory, forgetting, and
language acquisition.
But what exactly is cognitive psychology?
What do cognitive psychologists do?
Protective Test - HFD- Personality AnalysisArora Mairaj
Aim of this lecture is to discuss HFD- as a technique for the assessment of Personality, with a brief review of Test , Types of Psychological Tests & Techniques.
In a word association test, the researcher presents a series of words to individual respondents. For each word, participants are instructed to respond with the first word (i.e., associate) that comes to mind.
History
Freud believed that such responses provided clues to peoples' personalities (free association).
Galton introduced the first word-association test . He used a list of 75 stimulus words with which he read and noted his responses. Galton, who thought that there might be a link between a person's I.Q. (intelligence quotient) and word associations
The conscious mind and pain points
Jung began to study trauma and complexes at the Burghölzli Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich and worked under Eugen Bleuler.
According to him, one way to understand them and bring them to light was through dreams.
They could also be brought forth through active imagination or fantasy.
During his daily work with patients, he discovered that certain words and expressions acted as stimulating impulses on the unconscious mind.
This activation about and achieving contact with the psychological universe of trauma, fears, and conflicts was to evoke a group of key words.
Jung WAT has been discussed
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale is an individually administered test that examines the cognitive ability of children and adults falling the age-range of 2 to 85+ years. It examines children with intellectual and developmental deficiencies as well as intellectually gifted individuals. This test originated from The Binet-Simon Scale (1905) and had undergone five major revisions. This presentation gives an overview of all five of them with most emphasis on the fifth edition by Roid (2003).
Cognitive psychology is a relatively young branch of psychology, yet it has quickly grown to become one of the most popular subfields. Few Practical Application of Cognitive Psychology(Science),Thinking, decision-making/increasing decision making accuracy, problem-solving, learning /structuring educational curricula to enhance learning , attention,Memory/Improving memory, forgetting, and
language acquisition.
But what exactly is cognitive psychology?
What do cognitive psychologists do?
Protective Test - HFD- Personality AnalysisArora Mairaj
Aim of this lecture is to discuss HFD- as a technique for the assessment of Personality, with a brief review of Test , Types of Psychological Tests & Techniques.
In a word association test, the researcher presents a series of words to individual respondents. For each word, participants are instructed to respond with the first word (i.e., associate) that comes to mind.
History
Freud believed that such responses provided clues to peoples' personalities (free association).
Galton introduced the first word-association test . He used a list of 75 stimulus words with which he read and noted his responses. Galton, who thought that there might be a link between a person's I.Q. (intelligence quotient) and word associations
The conscious mind and pain points
Jung began to study trauma and complexes at the Burghölzli Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich and worked under Eugen Bleuler.
According to him, one way to understand them and bring them to light was through dreams.
They could also be brought forth through active imagination or fantasy.
During his daily work with patients, he discovered that certain words and expressions acted as stimulating impulses on the unconscious mind.
This activation about and achieving contact with the psychological universe of trauma, fears, and conflicts was to evoke a group of key words.
Jung WAT has been discussed
Behaviorism school of thought in psychologyNadeemShoukat3
Ishallah this video help you to comprehend about behaviorism school of thought, its major thinker, major experiment, advantages and disadvantages and much more
Fluency disorder (Stuttering also known as stammering)Emmanuel Raj
Introduction, aetiology, Epidemiology, Clinical features, Theories, Scale, Diagnosis, Assessment, management of stuttering.
Fluency: continuity, smoothness, rate, and effort in speech production.
All speakers are disfluent at times. They may hesitate when speaking, use fillers (“like” or “uh”), or repeat a word or phrase. These are called typical disfluencies or non-fluencies (ASHA - American Speech-Language-Hearing Association).
Types of fluency disorders
Stuttering
Cluttering
Normal Non-fluency
Stuttering (Stammering) the most common fluency disorder, is an interruption in the flow of speaking characterised by specific types of disfluencies, including:
Prolongations unnatural stretching of a sound (e.g., “Ssssssssometimes we stay home”);
Repetitions of sounds, syllables, and monosyllabic words (e.g., “Look at the b-b-baby,” “Let’s go out-out-out”);
Hesitations usage of fillers (“like” or “uh”),
Blocks inability to initiate speech sounds/difficulty getting a word/pausing in between words
CLASSIFICATION OF STUTTERING:
DEVELOPMENTAL STUTTERING:
It is initially noted in children between three and eight years of age
Approx. 75 % of pre-schoolers with developmental stuttering spontaneously recover within 4 years.
Normal non fluency:
As children pass through normal language development they will be disfluent in certain period when compared to others.
ACQUIRED STUTTERING:
Neurogenic stuttering: usually follows a neurologic event, such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, or other brain damage.
stuttering occurs at the beginning of the words and the secondary behaviours are more obvious than with acquired stuttering.
Cause:
Cerebrovascular accident (stroke), with or without aphasia, Head trauma, Ischemic attacks (temporary obstruction of blood flow in the Brain)
Signs and symptoms:
Repetitions, Excessive levels of normal disfluencies , Extraneous movements
Psychogenic stuttering: It is rare and usually occurs in adults with a history of psychiatric problems following a psychological event or emotional trauma; there may be no other known aetiology.
Causes:
Depression, Emotional responses to traumatic events, Anxiety
Signs and symptoms:
Rapid repetitions of initial sounds
Epidemiology:
The prevalence of stuttering over the whole population was 0.72%, with higher prevalence rates in younger children (1.4–1.44) and lowest rates in adolescence (0.53).
Male-to-female ratios ranged from 2.3:1 in younger children to 4:1 in adolescence, with a ratio of 2:1 across all ages according to ASHA
In India it is estimated that approx. 10% of cases with communication disorders may have stuttering according to AIISH.
Aetiology:
A variety of factors may influence stuttering events, although the etiology of the condition is unclear
Possible contributing factors include cognitive processing abilities, genetics, gender of the patient, and environmental influences.
Discussion Question Comparison of Theories on Anxiety Disord.docxTatianaMajor22
Discussion Question:
Comparison of Theories on Anxiety Disorders
There are numerous theories that attempt to explain the development and manifestation of psychological disorders. Some researchers hold that certain disorders result from learned behaviors (behavioral theory), while other researchers believe that there is a genetic or biological basis to psychological disorders (medical model), while still others hold that psychological disorders stem from unresolved unconscious conflict (psychoanalytic theory). How would each of these theoretical viewpoints explain anxiety disorders? Does one explain the development and manifestation of anxiety disorders better than the others?
200- 400 words please
Three min resources with
in text citations and examples
you can use the following as a module reference
cite as university 2014
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety disorders such as panic disorder, specific phobias, and social anxiety disorder feature a heightened autonomic nervous system response that is above and beyond what would be considered normal when faced with the object or situation that the person reacts to. For example, a person with a specific phobia of spiders (called arachnophobia) experiences a heightened autonomic response when confronted with a spider (or even an image of a spider). This anxiety response must result in significant distress or impairment. In general, anxiety disorders have been linked to underactive gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, resulting in overexcitability of the amygdala and the anterior cingulate cortex. Additionally, genetic research shows that anxiety disorders demonstrate a clear pattern of genetic predisposition
Charles Darwin's Perspective
We talked about Charles Darwin when discussing evolution and natural selection. Darwin was also very interested in emotions. One of his books published in 1872,The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals, was devoted to this topic.
Darwin believed that emotions play an important role in the survival of the species and result from evolutionary processes in the same way as other behaviors and psychological functions. Darwin's writing on this topic also prompted psychologists to study animal behavior as a way to better understand human behavior.
James–Lange Theory of Emotions
Modern theories of emotion can be traced to William James and Carl Lange (Pinel, 2011). William James was a renowned Harvard psychologist who is sometimes called the father of American psychology. Carl Lange was a Danish physician. James and Lange formulated the same theory of emotions independently at about the same time (1884). As a result, it is called the James–Lange theory of emotions. This theory reversed the commonsensical notion that emotions are automatic responses to events around us. Instead, it proposes that emotions are the brain's interpretation of physiological responses to emotionally provocative stimuli.
Cannon–Bard Theory of Emotions
In 1915, Harvard physiologist Walt.
Various views on Human Learning - All 5 Theories Merged.pdfSamruddhi Chepe
Module 2:Various views on human learning (Credit 1, Hours 15, Marks 25)
Objectives: After learning this module the student teacher will be able to -
- compare various views on human learning
- consider various roles of learner and teacher for planning of various learning
situations
Contents
1. Views on human learning with reference to (i) Concepts and principles of each view and
their applicability in different learning situations (ii) Relevance and applicability of
various theories of learning for different kinds of learning situations(iii) Role of learner
and teacher in various learning situations (15)
Behaviourist (conditioning by Pavlov and Skinner in brief),
Cognitivist ( views of Bruner and Ausubel)
Course 4
Learning and Teaching
SNDT Women’s University, Churchgate, Mumbai 20 . 23
Information-processing view(Atkinson Shifrin)
Humanist( Carl Rogers)
Social-constructivist ( Views of Piaget and Lev Vygotski)
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
2. A test assessing personality traits and
conflicts, in which the subject
3. Carl Jung
He was a Swiss psychiatrist, an influential
thinker and the founder of analytical
psychology. Jung is considered as the first
modern psychologist to state that the human
psyche is "by nature religious" and to explore
it in depth.
4. Francis Galton
• African Explorer and elected Fellow in the Royal
Geographic Society
• Creator of the first weather maps and establisher
of the meteorological theory of anticyclones
• Coined term "eugenics" and phrase "nature versus
nurture"
• Developed statistical concepts of correlation and
regression to the mean
• Discovered that fingerprints were an index of
personal identity and persuaded Scotland Yard to
adopt a fingerprinting system
• First to utilize the survey as a method for data
collection
• Produced over 340 papers and books throughout
his lifetime
• Knighted in 1909
5. Word association was first developed as a
research instrument by Francis Galton and
was subsequently developed by Carl Jung as a
clinical diagnostic tool.
Galton introduced the first word-association
test to psychology. He used a list of 75
stimulus words with which he read and noted
his responses. Galton, who thought that there
might be a link between a person's I.Q.
(intelligence quotient) and word associations.
6. Word association is connected with the
work that Carl Gustav Jung was engaged in
at the Burghölzli Psychiatric Clinic of the
University of Zurich in the early stages of
his career (Jung, 1917/1926/1943). Under
the directorship of Eugen Bleuler, the
Burghölzli Psychiatric Clinic was an
international center of excellence in
psychiatric research at the turn of the
century. Jung became director of research
on the Word Association Test.
7. This test usually consisted of a hundred
stimulus words that were read out singly to
a subject who was to "answer as quickly as
possible with the first word that occurs to
you.”
Thank you
-Jamaica Manibug
8.
9.
10. Administering a word-association
test is relatively uncomplicated.
A subject is asked to respond with
the first word or idea that comes to
mind.
The table has three columns: the
test word, reaction time and patients
– response.
12. Jung's first English
language papers on the
subject is taken from his
lecture notes at Clark
University in Massachusetts
in September, 1909.
13. Jung presents his method of
using 100 words.
Identify abnormal patterns
of response as a means to
identify psychological
complexes, along with what he
calls "intellectual and emotional
deficiencies."
14. Methods
1. Patients Instructions
"We're now going to do a word
association test. This test contains
100 words. After I say each word,
I'll be expecting you to respond with
a word. I want you to answer as
quickly as possible with the first
word that occurs to your mind."
15. 2. Recording the results
The table has three columns:
test word, reaction time, and
patient-response.
Record the number of seconds
of the delayed response.
21. : a test of personality and mental function in
which the subject is required to respond to
each of a series of words with the first word
that comes to mind or with a word of a
specified class of words.
22.
23. Generally, a list of words (stimuli) is given to subjects
(either in writing or in oral form). The subjects are asked to
respond with the first word that comes into their mind
(responses).
24. Dog 49, mouse 8, black 4, animal 2, eyes, gut, kitten,
tom 2, bit, Cheshire, claw, claws, enigma, feline, furry,
hearth, house, kin, kittens, milk, pet, pussy, todd 1
(of 100 people asked)
25. Scoring are not scores in the sense we
use scores on other test.
◦ (a beginner in the field may prefer to score
them for his own sake, because test scores
help in accumulating and systemizing
experience.)
31. Perseveration
*Repeating the same reaction on most or
all stimulus words having some link
between them
*Reacting to stimulus word with a word
appropriate to the previous stimulus
word
*Reacting to a stimulus word with a word
appropriate to the previous reaction
word
33. Alternatives
Proper nouns
Vulgar reaction
Mishearing of stimulus word
Not knowing the stimulus
word
34.
35.
36. 1. Blocking
Shows it’s greatest incidence in deteriorated
unclassified schizophrenics and in inhibited
pre schizophrenics.
2. Object Naming
• Occur occasionally in depressive psychotics
and inhibited schizophrenics.
3. Repetition and Partial Repetition
• Occur most frequently in acute or
deteriorated unclassified schizophrenics
and in inhibited pre schizophrenics.
37. 4. Definitions and Attempted Definitions
Occur with a very high incidence in
depressives and deteriorated unclassified
schizophrenics.
5. Closed Reaction Proper
• Outstandingly often encountered in simple
schizophrenia.
6. Self - References
• Occur at times chronic and deteriorated
unclassified schizophrenics and depressive
neurotics.
38. 7. Perseverations
Crop up in chronic schizophrenics, acute
paranoid schizophrenics, and simple
schizophrenics; also in over ideational pre
schizophrenics and mixed neurotics.
8. Clang Associations
• Present in schizophrenics and pre
schizophrenics; most in ideational are pre –
schizophrenics and least acute in
schizophrenia.
39. 9. Phrase Completion
Occurs most in chronic unclassified
schizophrenia, acute paranoid schizophrenia,
and over ideational pre schizophrenia.
10. Images and Suspected Images
• Occur most often in pre schizophrenics and
obsessive – compulsive.
40. 11. Attributes
Appear at a maximum in chronic and
deteriorated schizophrenics, and are also
paranoid in conditions.
12. Unrelated Reactions
• Are commonest in deteriorated classified
schizophrenics.
41. 14. Mildly distant reactions
• Occur most often in simple schizophrenics,
but also in depressive psychotics.
15. Multiword reactions
• Have by far the highest frequency
deteriorated unclassified schizophrenics
followed by acute unclassified
schizophrenics.
42. 16. Emotional reactions
They turn up most frequently in the test of
over ideational pre schizophrenics and acute
unclassified schizophrenics.
17. Alternate reactions
• Are not often given except by some
schizophrenics.
18. Vulgar responses
• Are most prevalent in men of relatively
little education and limited cultural
background.
43. 19. Subtotal of close reactions
• Characterized by depression with some
incidence of schizophrenia also.