1. The document discusses shifts in scholarship towards more open and collaborative models enabled by digital technologies, including the end of traditional scholarly articles and emergence of "social machines" involving both humans and machines. 2. It proposes a new model of scholarly communication called "social objects" that are part of a computational network of expertise, data, and narratives maintained by both humans and machines. 3. Key aspects of this new model include research objects that encode the full scholarly process and outputs, and social machines that empower researchers through collaborative and automated curation of the scholarly record.

1. David De Roure
The Wider Environment of
Open Scholarship – Looking Ahead

2. A revolutionary idea…
Open Science!
rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org

3. Overview
1. Shifts in scholarship
2. End of the article
3. Future of the article
4. Scholarly Social Machines

4. The Big Picture
More people
Moremachines
Big Data
Big Compute
Conventional
Computation
“Big Social”
Social Networks
e-infrastructure
Online R&D
(Science
2.0)
Social
Machines
@dder

5. Edwards, P. N., et al. (2013) Knowledge Infrastructures: Intellectual Frameworks and
Research Challenges. Ann Arbor: Deep Blue. http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/97552

6. ChristineBorgman

7. Pip Willcox
@marstonbikepath
Datasets or dataflows?

8. F i r s t

10. theODI.org

12. New Social Process
http://www.theguardian.com/uk/series/reading-the-riots

13. www.zooniverse.org

14. Scientists
Talk
Forum
Image
Classification
data reduction
Citizen Scientists

15. Community
Software
Supercomputer
Digital Music
Collections
Student-sourced
ground truth
Community
Software
Linked Data
Repositories
Supercomputer
23,000 hours of
recorded music
Music Information
Retrieval Community
SALAMI

16. Pip Willcox

17. FUSING AUDIO
AND SEMANTIC
TECHNOLOGIES for
INTELLIGENT
MUSIC
PRODUCTION AND
CONSUMPTION

18. Interdisciplinary and “in the wild”
In it not on it Pull not Push

19. http://www.scilogs.com/eresearch/pages-of-history/ David De Roure

20. 1. It was no longer possible to include the
evidence in the paper – container failure!
“A PDF exploded
today when a
scientist tried to
paste in the
twitter
firehose…”

21. 2. It was no longer possible to reconstruct a
scientific experiment based on a paper alone

22. 4. Research records needed to be readable by
computer to support automation and curation
A computationally-enabled
sense-making network of
expertise, data, models and
narratives.

23. 5. Single authorship gave way to casts of
thousands

24. 8. Research funders frustrated by inefficiencies
in scholarly communication
An investment is only worthwhile if
• Outputs are discoverable
• Outputs are reusable
…and preferably outputs accrue value through use
Using an obsolete scholarly communication system
impedes innovation and hence return on investment
What are we doing about it?
Trying to fix it using an obsolete scholarly
communication system!

25. data
method
script
program
workflow
model
protocol
…

26. NeilChueHong
Open Source Software as a
model for Open
Scholarship?

27. Research Objects
Computational
Research Objects
The Evolution of myExperiment
Workflows
Packs
OAI
ORE
W3CPROV
Social Objects

28. Notifications and automatic re-runs
Machines are users too
Autonomic
Curation
Self-repair
New research?

29. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stacks_in_Michigan_State_University_library.JPG
Executable Documents
Knuth, Literate Programming

30. The R Dimensions
Research Objects facilitate research that is
reproducible, repeatable, replicable, reusable,
referenceable, retrievable, reviewable, replayable,
re-interpretable, reprocessable, recomposable,
reconstructable, repurposable, reliable,
respectful, reputable, revealable, recoverable,
restorable, reparable, refreshable?”
@dder 14 April 2014
sci method
access
understand
new use
social
curation
Research
Object
Principles

31. Real life is and must be full of all kinds of social
constraint – the very processes from which society
arises. Computers can help if we use them to
create abstract social machines on the Web:
processes in which the people do the creative work
and the machine does the administration... The
stage is set for an evolutionary growth of new
social engines. The ability to create new forms of
social process would be given to the world at large,
and development would be rapid.
Berners-Lee, Weaving the Web, 1999 (pp. 172–175)
Social Machines

32. SOCIAM: The Theory and Practice of Social Machines is funded by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
(EPSRC) under grant number EPJ017728/1 and comprises the Universities of Southampton, Oxford and Edinburgh. See sociam.org

33. Scholarly
Machines
EcosystemDavid De Roure, JCDL 2013

34. Richard O’Bierne

35. “Yet Wikipedia and its stated ambition to “compile the sum of all
human knowledge” are in trouble. The volunteer workforce that
built the project’s flagship, the English-language Wikipedia—and
must defend it against vandalism, hoaxes, and manipulation—
has shrunk by more than a third since 2007 and is still shrinking…
The main source of those problems is not mysterious. The loose
collective running the site today, estimated to be 90 percent
male, operates a crushing bureaucracy with an often abrasive
atmosphere that deters newcomers who might increase
participation in Wikipedia and broaden its coverage…”
http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/520446/the-decline-of-wikipedia/

36. A computationally-
enabled sense-making
network of expertise,
data, software,
models and narratives
Iain Buchan

37. 1. Shifts in scholarship
– A “turn” or ongoing transformation?
2. End of the article
– Don’t retrofit digital, think post-digital
3. Future of the article
– Social Objects in a sensemaking network of humans
and machines
– Evolution or the other side of the road?
– Affordances of digital
4. Social Machines
– Humans in the loop, empowered
– You are designers of scholarly social machines

38. Thanks to Richard O’Bierne, Christine Borgman, Iain Buchan,
Neil Chue Hong, Carole Goble, Chris Lintott, Nigel Shadbolt,
Pip Willcox, Jun Zhao; FORCE11, myExperiment, Software
Sustainability Institute, wf4ever, SOCIAM; Andrew W. Mellon
Foundation, JISC, EPSRC, ESRC, AHRC.
david.deroure@oerc.ox.ac.uk
www.oerc.ox.ac.uk/people/dder
@dder
www.oerc.ox.ac.uk
www.force11.org
www.researchobject.org
www.software.ac.uk
sociam.org

39. www.oerc.ox.ac.uk
david.deroure@oerc.ox.ac.uk
@dder