The document summarizes the key ecosystem services provided by five critical estuarine and coastal ecosystems: coral reefs, seagrass beds, salt marshes, mangroves, and sand beaches and dunes. It discusses the economic valuation of these services and outlines some of the major stressors threatening each ecosystem. The conclusion calls for more interdisciplinary studies, viewing degradation of these ecosystems as costly rather than costless, encouraging ecological restoration, and considering setting an infinite monetary value to focus on sustainable management rather than valuation.

1. The value of estuarine and coastal ecosystem services EDWARD B. BARBIER, SALLY D. HACKER, CHRIS KENNEDY, EVAMARIA W. KOCH, ADRIAN C. STIER, AND BRIAN R. SILLIMAN

3. He has over 25 years experience as an environmental and resource economist, working on natural resource and development issues as well as the interface between economics and ecology.

4. He has served as a consultant and policy analyst for a variety of national, international and non-governmental agencies, including many UN organizations and the World Bank.Who is the author?

5. Main goal of this paper Integrating knowledge To illustrate the current state of identifying, assessing, and valuing the key ecosystem services of Estuarine Coastal Ecosystems. What is the current state of progress in integrating knowledge about the “Ecological production function”. Economic valuation methods to value changes in services in terms of Impacts on human welfare.

6. 5 Critical Estuarine Coastal Ecosystems

8. Coral reefs http://en.bestpicturesof.com/gelatinous%20zooplankton http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Coral_reef_locations.jpg

9. Raw materials (lime) Coastal protection Maintenance of fisheries Nutrient cycling Tourism, Recreation, Education, Research Coral Reef Services

10. The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef system, composed of more than 2900 coral reefs and more than 900 individual islands http://cool-travel-vacations.blogspot.com/2008/07/great-barrier-reef-spans-almost-350000.html Northeast of Queensland, Australia, some 2 million tourists come to the Great Barrier Reef every year. In 2005, it was estimated that this tourism generated 5.1 Billion Australian dollars, up from 4 Billion Australian dollars in 2003.

11. Lime http://www.healthtotem.com/en/coral/c_safe.html http://imageshack.us/f/193/2321342412.png/

12. Coral Reef Stressors

13. Overfishing http://sitemaker.umich.edu/gc2sec7labgroup3/over-fishing

14. Dynamite fishing http://plaza.ufl.edu/bettie/coralreef.html

15. Sumatra Tsunami Where dynamite fishing had occurred suffered 70% greater wave heights than undisturbed areas during the 2004 IndianOcean Tsunami (Fernando et al. 2005). http://www.enterprisemission.com/hyperquake.htm

16. Cyanide Fishing http://www.braaschphotography.com/pages/077.htm

17. Tropical islands disappearing as a result of coral mining and sea level rise Indian Ocean’s Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve http://theseamonster.net/2011/05/tropical-islands-disappearing-as-a-result-of-coral-mining/

18. Eutrophication Baltic Sea Finland underwater image is from the southern coast of Finland, photo (c) 2010 ErkkiSiirila. http://coastalchallenges.com/category/eutrophication/

19. Gulf of Oman The Gulf of Oman scientists found almost 500 square kilometers of coral reef simply overwhelmed a massive algae bloom. The researchers found that almost 95% of the coral under the surface of these blooms died rapidly under the foreign conditions. http://electrictreehouse.com/aglae-blooms-are-killing-coral/

20. Coastal Development, dredging and sedimentation An aerial view of the coastline along Hawaii Kai on the Hawaiian Island of Oahu where organic sediment is one of the major threat to the reef. Photograph: Ed Darack/Corbis http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/sep/02/coral-catastrophic-future

21. Biological Invasion In 1992, Hurricane Andrew smashed an aquarium tank in Florida. About a half-dozen spiny, venomous lionfish washed into the Atlantic Ocean… Originally from the Pacific Ocean, the spiny, venomous lionfish can kill three-quarters of an Atlantic coral reef's fish population in just five weeks(Hixon, 2005) http://www.worldzootoday.com/2009/08/11/spreading-lionfish-invasion-threatens-bahamas/

22. Bleaching

24. Soft substrates (mud, sand, cobble)

25. ~ 11% of surface light

26. Wave-sheltered conditionshttp://www.seagrasswatch.org/seagrass.html

27. Seagrasses Services Coastal protection Erosion control Water purification Maintenance of fisheries Carbon sequestration (~50% of carbon burial in the ocean) Tourism, recreation, education and research

28. Australia Seagrass Action http://www.seagrasswatch.org/training.html Planning http://ian.umces.edu/bill/pdfs/seagrass_in_australia.pdf Loss of 12,700 ha of seagrasses in Australia is associated with lost fishery production of AU$23, 000 (McArthur and Boland 2006)

29. Seagrass Stressors Eutrophication Overharvesting Sediment runoff Algal blooms Commercial fisheries Aquaculture practices Vegetation disturbance Global warming Seaweed farming on seagrass beds at Bwejuubeach island of Zanzibar Tanzania http://www.photographersdirect.com/buyers/stockphoto.asp?imageid=1522468

30. Salt Marsheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_marsh Intertidal grasslands Low energy-wave protected shorelines Continental margins Sharp zonation of plants Low species diversity High primary and secondary production

32. Erosion control

33. Water purification

34. Maintenance of fisheries

35. Carbon sequestration

36. Tourism, recreation, education, and researchhttp://saltmarshlife.com/salt-marsh/ecology.html

37. Longton MarshRibbleEstuary England RibbleEstuary on England’s west coast, annual net income from grazing in a salt marsh nature reserve is: ￡15.27/ha yr (King and Lester 1995).

38. Louisiana USA $785 to $15 000/acre year in savings on wastewater treatment http://comiteresources.net/wa_bernard.asp

39. Salt Marshes Stressors Biological invasions Eutrophication Climate change Sea level rise Increasing air and sea surface temperatures Increasing CO2 concentrations Altered hydrologic regimes Marsh reclamation Vegetation disturbance Pollution

40. Oil contamination Louisiana Marshes Grant to study effects of oil and dispersants on Louisiana salt marsh ecosystem: http://www.physorg.com/news201229977.html The coast of Louisiana is lined with extensive salt marshes whose foundation is two species of Spartina grass. Credit: USGS

41. Mangroves Coastal Forests Saline tidal areas Sheltered bays, estuaries, and inlets Tropic and subtropics 50-75 woody species 1970=75% of coastlines 35% is lost Disappearing rate = 1-2% annually

42. Mangrove food web(Ecosystem processes and function) http://www.mesa.edu.au/habitat/chall04.asp

43. Mangroves Services Raw materials and food Coastal protection Erosion control Water purification Maintenance of fisheries Carbon sequestration Tourism, recreation, education and research Mangrove Channel CaboRojo, P.R.

44. Mangrove Stressors Deforestation for aquaculture expansion 52% (Shrimp farms 38%) Industrial lumbrer and woodship Freshwater diversion Reclamation of land Herbicides Agriculture Salt ponds Pondicherry, India Salt Pond: https://picasaweb.google.com/KolamTamilNadu2008/TamilNaduTourJanuary2009

45. Lumber and charcoal Women harvesting mangrove wood in Cameroon. Photo courtesy of Feka and Manzano (2008). Singapoorede-barked logs for carcoal production. http://wildshores.blogspot.com/2009/04/how-is-charcoal-made-from-mangroves.html

46. Mangrooves in Tailand Many of the coastal provinces in Thailand have mangrove forests. However, the number of mangroves over the last 30 years or so have decreased greatly. In 1961 there were 909,346 acres of mangrove forests. By 2002 this number had reduced to only 593,052 acres. This is mainly due to urbanization, agriculture and aquaculture. In SamutPrakan, many mangroves were destroyed to make room for shrimp farms, factories and housing estates. http://www.thai-blogs.com/2009/08/10/mangrove-reforestation-in-samut-prakan/

48. Sand transported by ocean waves

49. Vegetation

50. Dynamic geomorphic structures

51. Marine and terrestrial components

52. Cover roughly 34% of the worlds ice-free coastlines. Dunes ofIsabela, Puerto Rico

53. Sand Beaches and Dunes Services Raw materials Coastal protection Erosion control Water catchment and purification Maintenance of wildlife Carbon sequestration Tourism, recreation, education and research Meijendel dunes in The Netherlands http://www.boerhaavextern.nl/SPNHC2009/LightNEasy.php?page=Fieldtrips

54. The Greater St Lucia Wetland Park has 8 inter-linking ecosystems and is considered the most definitive Eco-tourist experience. The vegetated coastal dunes are estimated to be 25 000 years old and are the highest dune forests (exceeding 180 m in height) in the World. There are 36 snake species, 80 dragonfly species, 526 bird species, 110 butterfly species; 114 species of fish…. http://www.lidikolodge.co.za/wb/pages/home/the-greater-st-lucia-wetland-park.php

55. Sand Beaches and Dunes Stressors Mining Human use Species invasions Climate change http://www.jstor.org/pss/25098214

56. Coastal Dune Mining MaphelaneDunes , South Africa (Photo. Paul Dutton) http://www.satsa.com/Downloads/ZWF%203rd%20Appeal%20Ref%202811%20B.htm

57. One regular summer day at beach in HaeundaeBeach SouthKorea

58. ConclusionToward a management action plan More interdisciplinary studies (sea grass beads and sand dunes have not been assessed properly) Destruction of these ECEs can no longer be viewed as costless (Infinite value) In many developing countries, local government should involve co-management Encourage ecological restoration

59. ConclusionToward a management action plan Time and space variability Interconnection (single “seascape”) Rate of degradation + human drivers Monetary value vs. survival (infinite value) Why should we put monetary value to coastal estuarine ecosystems? Can we consider a good approach to set an infinite monetary value and focus on restoration and sustainable management?

60. FAO thematic paper: The role of coastal forests and trees in protecting against coastal erosion http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/ag127e/AG127E09.htm