Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
It's a presentation prepared from a paper named "Latest developments on the viscosity of nanofluids." The original paper is an open-source content in ELSEVIER.
Effect OfProbe Parameters for Determination of Soil Water Content by Using Ti...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The application of Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) in measuring soil water content is faster, reliable and non-destructive. Rapid increment of soil water content results in sudden reduction of soil shear strength, which will cause detrimental effect to the geotechnical structure. TDR uses two parallel probes to measure the resistance of a porous medium in which directly related to the volumetric water content, θv. Several factors affecting the accuracy of soil water determination such as probe diameter and spacing. It is also noted that the probes material are potentially will affect the results due to electrical resistance of respective materials. This paper presents the effect of probe parameters such as material (i.e. copper, aluminium, steel), diameter and spacing of probe to the accuracy of soil water content reading using TDR.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Comparative Study on Strength Enhancement of Concrete using Magnetic and Norm...ijtsrd
Water performs an essential function in concrete preparation and additionally in workability and power of the concrete. The big quantity of salt and mineral content is existing in regular water. It leads to affect the sturdiness of concrete shape and also life spans of shape are reduced. One of the recent technologies used to enhance the compressive strength and workability of concrete is using magnetized water as a substitute of ordinary water in concrete mixes. This new technological know how has increased the compressive strength. Using magnetized water in concrete is fantastic in terms of decrease porosity and higher. In this technology, by using passing water through a magnetic field, the range of molecules in the water cluster is breakdown into small from 13 to 5 or 6, which reasons a decrease in the surface tension of water and also expand the pH and reduces the hardness in the water with an improvement in the workability and power of concrete. Due to the smaller measurement of molecules, the water layer surrounding the cement is thinner than normal water molecules. These initiatives are examined to compare the power of normal water and magnetized water in concrete. The discount of the quantity of salt and mineral content in water will improve resistance to corrosion excessively. In this study, the effect of magnetic water and regular water on workability and power of M30 grade concrete was studied and comparative observation for NWC and MWC by means of compression strength and spit tensile strength. K. Swathi | T. Sathieshkumar "Comparative Study on Strength Enhancement of Concrete using Magnetic and Normal Water" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30638.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/30638/comparative-study-on-strength-enhancement-of-concrete-using-magnetic-and-normal-water/k-swathi
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
It's a presentation prepared from a paper named "Latest developments on the viscosity of nanofluids." The original paper is an open-source content in ELSEVIER.
Effect OfProbe Parameters for Determination of Soil Water Content by Using Ti...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The application of Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) in measuring soil water content is faster, reliable and non-destructive. Rapid increment of soil water content results in sudden reduction of soil shear strength, which will cause detrimental effect to the geotechnical structure. TDR uses two parallel probes to measure the resistance of a porous medium in which directly related to the volumetric water content, θv. Several factors affecting the accuracy of soil water determination such as probe diameter and spacing. It is also noted that the probes material are potentially will affect the results due to electrical resistance of respective materials. This paper presents the effect of probe parameters such as material (i.e. copper, aluminium, steel), diameter and spacing of probe to the accuracy of soil water content reading using TDR.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Comparative Study on Strength Enhancement of Concrete using Magnetic and Norm...ijtsrd
Water performs an essential function in concrete preparation and additionally in workability and power of the concrete. The big quantity of salt and mineral content is existing in regular water. It leads to affect the sturdiness of concrete shape and also life spans of shape are reduced. One of the recent technologies used to enhance the compressive strength and workability of concrete is using magnetized water as a substitute of ordinary water in concrete mixes. This new technological know how has increased the compressive strength. Using magnetized water in concrete is fantastic in terms of decrease porosity and higher. In this technology, by using passing water through a magnetic field, the range of molecules in the water cluster is breakdown into small from 13 to 5 or 6, which reasons a decrease in the surface tension of water and also expand the pH and reduces the hardness in the water with an improvement in the workability and power of concrete. Due to the smaller measurement of molecules, the water layer surrounding the cement is thinner than normal water molecules. These initiatives are examined to compare the power of normal water and magnetized water in concrete. The discount of the quantity of salt and mineral content in water will improve resistance to corrosion excessively. In this study, the effect of magnetic water and regular water on workability and power of M30 grade concrete was studied and comparative observation for NWC and MWC by means of compression strength and spit tensile strength. K. Swathi | T. Sathieshkumar "Comparative Study on Strength Enhancement of Concrete using Magnetic and Normal Water" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30638.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/30638/comparative-study-on-strength-enhancement-of-concrete-using-magnetic-and-normal-water/k-swathi
Influence of Thickness on Electrical and Structural Properties of Zinc Oxide ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Zinc Oxide (ZnO) thin films were prepared on corning (7059) glass substrates at a thickness of 75.5 and 130.5nm by RF sputtering technique. The deposition was carried out at room temperature after which the samples were annealed in open air at 1500C. The electrical and structural properties of these films were studied. The electrical properties of the films were monitored by four-point probe method while the structural properties were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD). It was found that the electrical resistance of the films decreases with increase in the thickness of the films. The XRD analysis of the films showed that the films have a peak located at 〖34.31^0-34.35〗^0with hkl (002). Other parameters calculated include the stress ( ) and the grain size (D).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The Humidity Dependence of Pentacene Organic Metal- Oxide-Semiconductor Field...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFET) were fabricated using organic
semiconductor pentacene. The humidity dependence of drain current gate voltage (ID-VG) characteristic
and drain current drain voltage characteristic (ID-VD) will be explained. Firstly, the thermal oxidation method
was used to grow SiO2 gate insulator with thickness of 11 nm. Secondly, the thermal evaporation method
was used to form Au source and drain electrodes with thickness of 28 nm. The channel width and length of
the transistors were 500 and 200 respectively. By the same method, organic semiconductor
material pentacene was deposited with thickness of 50 nm at vacuum of 7.8x10-6 Torr. The hole mobility
decreased from 0.035 cm2/(Vs) to 0.006 cm2/(Vs), while the threshold voltage increased from 0.5 V to 2.5
V and gate leakage current also increased from 5.8x10-10 A to 3.3x10-9 A when the relative humidity
increased from 20% to 70%.
the effect of nickel incorporation on some physical properties of epoxy resinINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The J-E characteristics of samples of epoxy resins mixed with nickel powder in different concentrations have been tested and a log-log straight line behaviour in both the low- and high field regions is observed. Ni-concentration has significant influence on the calculated constants of the J-E relationship. The d.c. electrical resistivity (ρ) of the samples are measured from the room temperature up to about 400 K. The variation of ρ with T obeys the exponential relation of ordinary dielectrics in three temperature regions. The parameters characterizing the ρ -T dependence change considerably with Ni-concentration. Due to the existence of nickel in different concentration a "true" compensation effect is observed with three characteristic compensation temperatures. The mechanical hardness of the samples was investigated as a function of Ni-concentration.
Polyethersulfone (PES) is a polymeric permeable material used in ultrafiltration (UF)
membranes due to its high thermomechanical and chemical stability. The hydrophobic nature of
PES membranes renders them prone to fouling and restricts the practical applications of PES in the
fabrication of water treatment membranes. The present study demonstrates a non-solvent-induced
phase separation (NIPS) approach to modifying PES membranes with different concentrations of
discrete TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs). Zeta potential and contact angle measurements showed enhanced
hydrophilicity and surface negative charge in TNTs/PES nanocomposite membranes compared to
unmodified PES membranes. To discern the antifouling and permeation properties of the TNTs/PES
membranes, steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) wastewater obtained from the Athabasca oil
sands of Alberta was used. The TiO2 modified polymer nanocomposite membranes resulted in a
higher organic matter rejection and water flux than the unmodified PES membrane. The addition of
discrete TNTs at 1 wt% afforded maximum water flux (82 L/m2 h at 40 psi), organic matter rejection
(53.9%), and antifouling properties (29% improvement in comparison to pristine PES membrane).
An enhancement in fouling resistance of TNTs/PES nanocomposite membranes was observed in
flux recovery ratio experiments.
Breakdown on LDPE film due to partial discharge in air gap and its correlatio...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper describes the breakdown characteristic of the low density poly ethylene film caused
by partial discharge in the air gap. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the effect number of discharge
under repetition rectangular pulses with a needle-plane electrode system as a function of pulse frequency.
The result performed, from 10 Hz up to 1000 Hz. From 10 Hz to 200 Hz, the pulse number up to
breakdown did not change significantly with increasing the pulse frequency and the magnitude of partial
discharge function of pulse number with varied frequency until breakdown were similar. By using both
potential decay and surface degradation analysis function of number of pulse, the breakdown phenomena
caused by partial discharge was shown to reveal a significant correlation between electrical properties and
the transparency of its surface to change deposited on it by a partial discharge exposure.
Space charge phenomena on low-density poly ethylene film breakdown under heav...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The effect of dry and heavy water absorption on the electrical breakdown of low-density poly ethylene film was investigated. The temperature rise of the sample was observed by thermograph until the electrical breakdown using direct current ramp voltage. The conduction current of low-density poly ethylene film was also measured, and the result was then correlated with thermograph measurement. Meanwhile, the space charge distribution in asample was measured by the pulse electro-acoustic method. From the thermograph, the result can be seen that under the heavy water absorption, the sample was more dissipated than the dry condition. Then, the breakdown occurs at the lower value of the voltage application, but the higher conduction current. Furthermore, the pulse electric acoustic show that increases the charge injection to the sample in the heavy water absorption. Increased space charges associated with an increase in the current conduction and the formation of heating, which results in a thermal breakdown.
The factors importance to economization produced cheese mozzarella from cow's...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Ethical Issues and Safety in the Use of Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS)inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Influence of Thickness on Electrical and Structural Properties of Zinc Oxide ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Zinc Oxide (ZnO) thin films were prepared on corning (7059) glass substrates at a thickness of 75.5 and 130.5nm by RF sputtering technique. The deposition was carried out at room temperature after which the samples were annealed in open air at 1500C. The electrical and structural properties of these films were studied. The electrical properties of the films were monitored by four-point probe method while the structural properties were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD). It was found that the electrical resistance of the films decreases with increase in the thickness of the films. The XRD analysis of the films showed that the films have a peak located at 〖34.31^0-34.35〗^0with hkl (002). Other parameters calculated include the stress ( ) and the grain size (D).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The Humidity Dependence of Pentacene Organic Metal- Oxide-Semiconductor Field...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFET) were fabricated using organic
semiconductor pentacene. The humidity dependence of drain current gate voltage (ID-VG) characteristic
and drain current drain voltage characteristic (ID-VD) will be explained. Firstly, the thermal oxidation method
was used to grow SiO2 gate insulator with thickness of 11 nm. Secondly, the thermal evaporation method
was used to form Au source and drain electrodes with thickness of 28 nm. The channel width and length of
the transistors were 500 and 200 respectively. By the same method, organic semiconductor
material pentacene was deposited with thickness of 50 nm at vacuum of 7.8x10-6 Torr. The hole mobility
decreased from 0.035 cm2/(Vs) to 0.006 cm2/(Vs), while the threshold voltage increased from 0.5 V to 2.5
V and gate leakage current also increased from 5.8x10-10 A to 3.3x10-9 A when the relative humidity
increased from 20% to 70%.
the effect of nickel incorporation on some physical properties of epoxy resinINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The J-E characteristics of samples of epoxy resins mixed with nickel powder in different concentrations have been tested and a log-log straight line behaviour in both the low- and high field regions is observed. Ni-concentration has significant influence on the calculated constants of the J-E relationship. The d.c. electrical resistivity (ρ) of the samples are measured from the room temperature up to about 400 K. The variation of ρ with T obeys the exponential relation of ordinary dielectrics in three temperature regions. The parameters characterizing the ρ -T dependence change considerably with Ni-concentration. Due to the existence of nickel in different concentration a "true" compensation effect is observed with three characteristic compensation temperatures. The mechanical hardness of the samples was investigated as a function of Ni-concentration.
Polyethersulfone (PES) is a polymeric permeable material used in ultrafiltration (UF)
membranes due to its high thermomechanical and chemical stability. The hydrophobic nature of
PES membranes renders them prone to fouling and restricts the practical applications of PES in the
fabrication of water treatment membranes. The present study demonstrates a non-solvent-induced
phase separation (NIPS) approach to modifying PES membranes with different concentrations of
discrete TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs). Zeta potential and contact angle measurements showed enhanced
hydrophilicity and surface negative charge in TNTs/PES nanocomposite membranes compared to
unmodified PES membranes. To discern the antifouling and permeation properties of the TNTs/PES
membranes, steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) wastewater obtained from the Athabasca oil
sands of Alberta was used. The TiO2 modified polymer nanocomposite membranes resulted in a
higher organic matter rejection and water flux than the unmodified PES membrane. The addition of
discrete TNTs at 1 wt% afforded maximum water flux (82 L/m2 h at 40 psi), organic matter rejection
(53.9%), and antifouling properties (29% improvement in comparison to pristine PES membrane).
An enhancement in fouling resistance of TNTs/PES nanocomposite membranes was observed in
flux recovery ratio experiments.
Breakdown on LDPE film due to partial discharge in air gap and its correlatio...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper describes the breakdown characteristic of the low density poly ethylene film caused
by partial discharge in the air gap. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the effect number of discharge
under repetition rectangular pulses with a needle-plane electrode system as a function of pulse frequency.
The result performed, from 10 Hz up to 1000 Hz. From 10 Hz to 200 Hz, the pulse number up to
breakdown did not change significantly with increasing the pulse frequency and the magnitude of partial
discharge function of pulse number with varied frequency until breakdown were similar. By using both
potential decay and surface degradation analysis function of number of pulse, the breakdown phenomena
caused by partial discharge was shown to reveal a significant correlation between electrical properties and
the transparency of its surface to change deposited on it by a partial discharge exposure.
Space charge phenomena on low-density poly ethylene film breakdown under heav...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The effect of dry and heavy water absorption on the electrical breakdown of low-density poly ethylene film was investigated. The temperature rise of the sample was observed by thermograph until the electrical breakdown using direct current ramp voltage. The conduction current of low-density poly ethylene film was also measured, and the result was then correlated with thermograph measurement. Meanwhile, the space charge distribution in asample was measured by the pulse electro-acoustic method. From the thermograph, the result can be seen that under the heavy water absorption, the sample was more dissipated than the dry condition. Then, the breakdown occurs at the lower value of the voltage application, but the higher conduction current. Furthermore, the pulse electric acoustic show that increases the charge injection to the sample in the heavy water absorption. Increased space charges associated with an increase in the current conduction and the formation of heating, which results in a thermal breakdown.
The factors importance to economization produced cheese mozzarella from cow's...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Ethical Issues and Safety in the Use of Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS)inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Design and Analysis of Auger in KAMCO Power Tillerinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Common Fixed Theorems Using Random Implicit Iterative Schemesinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Gravimetric, mechanical and chemical characterization of different materials used in sewers systems: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP) and high density polyethylene (HDPE), aged in sulfuric acid at 60°C
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Numerical modeling of the welding defect influence on fatigue life of the wel...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Mangrove Woods Damage Based On Time of Water Absorption Rate of Woodsinventy
Research Inventy provides an outlet for research findings and reviews in areas of Engineering, Computer Science found to be relevant for national and international development, Research Inventy is an open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide research and applications related to Engineering. In its publications, to stimulate new research ideas and foster practical application from the research findings. The journal publishes original research of such high quality as to attract contributions from the relevant local and international communities.
Design of Linear Array Transducer Using Ultrasound Simulation Program Field-IIinventy
This paper analyze the effect of number of elements of linear array and frequency influence the
image quality in a homogenous medium. Linear arrays are most common for conventional ultrasound imaging,
because of the advantages of electronic focusing and steering. Propagation of ultrasound in biological tissues is
of nonlinear in nature. But linear approximation in far-field is promising solution to model and simulate the
real time ultrasound wave propagation. The simulation of ultrasound imaging using linear acoustics has been
most widely used for understanding focusing, image formation and flow estimation, and it has become a
standard tool in ultrasound research. . In this paper the ultrasound field generated from linear array transducer
and propagation through biological tissues is modeled and simulated using FIELD II program.
An empirical review of Motivation as a Constituent to Employees' Retentioninventy
This study investigated the link between motivation and retention and the effect of motivation on retention at different organisational levels. The research linked motivation and high job satisfaction to explore strategies that help in employees' retention and why public sector employees leave with particular reference to Federal Medical Centre (FMC) Owerri. This was achieved by collecting primary data from Federal Medical Centre (FMC) on non-clinical staff/employees (managers and non-managers and secondary data from published materials and the hospital's human resources (HR) data. The findings were tested using employee motivational attributes to prove that motivation plays a crucial role in enhancing employee retention. Motivation was found to be a core factor that determines the level of employee retention among managers and non-managers within the case study organisation. Specifically, it was found out that employees tend to be motivated if they are subjected to performance-based compensation, recognition for good work, and encouraged to pursue individually fulfilling tasks.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Elliptic Curves as Tool for Public Key Cryptographyinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Refrigeration forms the basic essence of living comfort. Ejector Expansion Refrigeration Cycle (EERC) is a not so commonly used method of refrigeration. The use of this method is quite understated. It increases the efficiency of the normal refrigeration cycle by almost 16% over the basic cycle by utilising the energy wasted otherwise in the expansion valve in form of expansion process losses. EERC system has high potential which if harnessed properly could prove to be a very efficient method of refrigeration. This paper aims to showcase the real features of this method in a hope that it finds its way out in the commercial industry today.
Spectral studies of praseodymium doped heavy metal borate glass systemsinventy
Praseodymium doped HMO glasses are fabricated with the following compositions using conventional melt quenching technique. The compositions of the glass systems are 12 ZnO + 33 B2O3 + (50-x) PbO + (x+10) CaO + 4 Al2O3 + 1 Pr6O11 where (x = 0,10,20,30 and 40 mol %.). Certain physical properties of these systems have been evaluated and reported. Spectral data for all these systems were recorded for X-ray diffraction, Optical absorption and Fluorescence properties. The Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters Ωλ ( λ = 2,4,6) were evaluated from the spectral data and in turn employed to evaluate the lasing parameters of Pr3+ HMO glass systems such as radiative transition probabilities (A), radiative life-times (τR), branching ratios (βR) absorption cross-sections (σa) and Stimulated emission cross-sections (σe). The experimental and calculated branching ratios (βR) for the lasing transitions 3P0 3H4, 3P0 3H6, and 3P0 3F2 are found to be in good agreement in the present work.
Dielectric and Thermal Characterization of Insulating Organic Varnish Used in...Editor IJCATR
In recent days, a lot of attention was being drawn towards the polymer nanocomposites for use in electrical applications due
to encouraging results obtained for their dielectric properties. Polymer nanocomposites were commonly defined as a combination of
polymer matrix and additives that have at least one dimension in the nanometer range scale. Carbon nanotubes were of a special
interest as the possible organic component in such a composite coating. The carbon atoms were arranged in a hexagonal network and
then rolled up to form a seamless cylinder which measures several nanometers across, but can be thousands of nanometers long. There
were many different types, but the two main categories are single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) and multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs),
which are made from multiple layers of graphite. Carbon nanotubes were an example of a nanostructure varying in size from 1-100
nanometers (the scale of atoms and molecules). Nano composites were one of the fastest growing fields in nanotechnology. Extensive
literature survey has been done on the nanocomposites, synthesis and preparation of nano filler. The following objectives were set
based on the literature survey and understanding the technology.
Complete study of Organic varnish and CNT
Chemical properties
Electrical properties
Thermal properties
Mechanical properties
Synthesis and characterization of carbon nanotubes
Preparation of polymer nanocomposites
Study of characteristics of the nanocomposite insulation
Dimensioning an insulation system requires exact knowledge of the type, magnitude and duration of the electric stress while
simultaneously considering the ambient conditions. But, on the other hand, properties of the insulating materials in question must also
be known, so that in addition to the proper material, the optimum, e.g. the most economical design of the insulation system must be
chosen.
effect of environmental variables on photovoltaic performance based on experi...IJCMESJOURNAL
This paper investigated the effect of environment variables on Photovoltaic PV performance. It is surely understood that local climate can dramatically affect the power generation from a PV system. The most obvious components are the solar radiation hitting the panels, air temperature, humidity and wind speed. The local climatic conditions and precipitation influence the extent to which the panels get to be dusty or polluted, which affects the electrical power generation. The high air temperature caused a reduction in the PV panel output power rated from 1.85 to 20.22%, as well as, increased relative humidity where the largest decline recorded was 32.24%. The wind has a cooling effect on the PV panel that limits the power reduction due to increased solar radiation or panel back temperature. Besides, the wind blows away the accumulated dust that enhances the resulted PV panel power.
Performance of 400 kV line insulators under pollution | PDF | DOC | PPTSeminar Links
Visit https://seminarlinks.blogspot.com to download.
Outdoor insulators are subjected to nature Polluted environmental contaminants, which may include sea salt, cement dust, fly ash, birds droppings, industrial emissions etc. deposit on their surface With the increasing industrialization not only the degree of pollution but also the type of pollution has an effect on the performance of the insulators.
Characterization and Humidity Sensing Application of WO3-SnO2 NanocompositeIOSR Journals
Studies on the sensitivity of the electrical resistance and fabrication process of SnO2 doped WO3
nanometer materials for sensing applications are reported in details .Other properties such as reproducibility,
aging and hysteresis were also recorded and found satisfactory. The sensing mechanism was discussed based on
their annealing temperature, composition, crystallite size, surface area and porosity of the sensing element. In
general, at low humidity, surface area and water adsorption plays the dominant role, while at high humidity,
mesopore volume and capillary condensation become important. At the annealing temperature 600°C, sample 3
weight % of SnO2 doped WO3 nanocomposites have been prepared through solid-state reaction route, shows
average sensitivity of 18.61 MΩ/%RH in the 15%-95% RH range, lower hysteresis, less effect of ageing and
high reproducibility. It was observed that as resistance of the pellets continuously decreased when relative
humidity in the chamber was increased from 15% to 95%. As calculated from Scherer’s formula, crystallite size
for the sensing elements of SnO2 doped WO3 are in 11–234 nm range, respectively.
Fractal analysis of electrical tree grown in silicone rubber nanocompositesTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Electrical treeing is one of the main reasons for long-term degradation of high voltage insulation especially in the cable accessory which commonly made from silicone rubber due to non-uniformly structures of the cable accessories. Recently, the combination of nanofillers with the silicone rubber matrix can reduce the possibility of the electrical treeing to grow further by changing its patterns and slow-down its propagation. However, the influences of nanofillers on the tree hindrance and its patterns are not well understood. This paper explores the influence of nanofiller on tree pattern in silicon rubber. The electrical tree patterns were characterized using fractal analysis. The box-counting method was used to measure the fractal dimension and lacunarity to obtain the structure of the tree pattern during the electrical tree growth. The structure of the electrical tree in silicone rubber nanocomposites has higher fractal dimension and lacunarity. Sample with nanofiller possesses dominant fractal dimension of tree growth compared to the sample without nanofiller.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Clarification of the optimum silica nanofiller amount for electrical treeing ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper aims to clarify the optimum amount of fumed silica (SiO2) nanofiller in resisting the initiation and propagation of electrical treeing in silicone rubber (SiR). Unlike other works, SiR/SiO2 nanocomposites containing seven different weight percentages of SiO2 nanofiller were prepared for this purpose. To achieve the objective, the electrical tree characteristics of the SiR/SiO2 nanocomposites were investigated by comparing the tree initiation voltage, tree breakdown time, tree propagation length and tree growth rate with its equivalent unfilled SiR. Moreover, the structural and morphological analyses were conducted on the SiR/SiO2 nanocomposite samples. The results showed that the SiR, when added with an appropriate amount of SiO2 nanofiller, could result in an improved electrical tree resistance. It implies that the 5 wt% of silica is the optimum amount to achieve the optimal electrical tree resistance such that above 5 wt%, the tree resistance performance has been abruptly reduced, subjected to the agglomeration issue.
Synthesis of (Poly-methyl Methacrylate-lead Oxide) Nanocomposites and Studyin...journalBEEI
Piezoelectric materials have been prepared from (poly-methyl methacrylate-lead oxide) nanocomposites for electronic applications. The lead oxide nanoparticles were added to poly-methyl methacrylate by different concentrations are (4, 8, and 12) wt%. The structural and dielectric properties of nanocomposites were studied. The results showed that the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of nanocomposites decrease with increase in frequency of applied electric field. The A.C electrical conductivity increases with increase in frequency. The dielectric constant, dielectric loss and A.C electrical conductivity of poly-methyl methacrylate increase with increase in lead oxide nanoparticles concentrations. The results of pressure sensor showed that the electrical resistance of (PMMA-PbO2) nanocomposites decreases with increase in pressure.
Ultra low dielectric constant (k 1⁄4 1.53) materials with self-cleansing properties were synthesized via incorporation of fluorodecyl-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (FD-POSS) into recently synthesized perfluorocyclopentenyl (PFCP) aryl ether polymers. Incorporation of fluorine rich, high free volume, and low surface energy POSS into a semifluorinated PFCP polymer matrix at various weight percentages resulted in a dramatic drop in dielectric constant, as well as a significant increase in hydrophobicity and oleophobicity of the system. These ultra-low dielectric self-cleansing materials (qtilt 1⁄4 38) were fabricated into electrospun mats from a solvent blend of fluorinated FD-POSS with PFCP polymers.
Polyethersulfone (PES) is a polymeric permeable material used in ultrafiltration (UF)
membranes due to its high thermomechanical and chemical stability. The hydrophobic nature of
PES membranes renders them prone to fouling and restricts the practical applications of PES in the
fabrication of water treatment membranes. The present study demonstrates a non-solvent-induced
phase separation (NIPS) approach to modifying PES membranes with different concentrations of
discrete TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs). Zeta potential and contact angle measurements showed enhanced
hydrophilicity and surface negative charge in TNTs/PES nanocomposite membranes compared to
unmodified PES membranes. To discern the antifouling and permeation properties of the TNTs/PES
membranes, steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) wastewater obtained from the Athabasca oil
sands of Alberta was used. The TiO2 modified polymer nanocomposite membranes resulted in a
higher organic matter rejection and water flux than the unmodified PES membrane. The addition of
discrete TNTs at 1 wt% afforded maximum water flux (82 L/m2 h at 40 psi), organic matter rejection
(53.9%), and antifouling properties (29% improvement in comparison to pristine PES membrane).
An enhancement in fouling resistance of TNTs/PES nanocomposite membranes was observed in
flux recovery ratio experiments.
Polyethersulfone (PES) is a polymeric permeable material used in ultrafiltration (UF) membranes due to its high thermomechanical and chemical stability. The hydrophobic nature of PES membranes renders them prone to fouling and restricts the practical applications of PES in the fabrication of water treatment membranes. The present study demonstrates a non-solvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) approach to modifying PES membranes with different concentrations of discrete TiO 2 nanotubes (TNTs). Zeta potential and contact angle measurements showed enhanced hydrophilicity and surface negative charge in TNTs/PES nanocomposite membranes compared to unmodified PES membranes. To discern the antifouling and permeation properties of the TNTs/PES membranes, steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) wastewater obtained from the Athabasca oil sands of Alberta was used. The TiO 2 modified polymer nanocomposite membranes resulted in a higher organic matter rejection and water flux than the unmodified PES membrane. The addition of discrete TNTs at 1 wt% afforded maximum water flux (82 L/m 2 h at 40 psi), organic matter rejection (53.9%), and antifouling properties (29% improvement in comparison to pristine PES membrane). An enhancement in fouling resistance of TNTs/PES nanocomposite membranes was observed in flux recovery ratio experiments. View Full-Text
Frabication of an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor from Terminalia catappa le...IJAEMSJORNAL
Metal corrosion is one of the most challenging problems facing industries. Using corrosion inhibitors is one reasonable approach to protecting metal surfaces. Due to the toxicity of industrial corrosion inhibitors, researchers are continuously searching for green, economical, and friendly alternatives. The present study focuses on the application of Terminalia catappa leaf extract to mitigate the corrosion of concrete reinforcing steel in a simulated seawater environment. The dry product from the Terminalia catappa leaf extraction process was determined to have amino functional groups in polyphenols. Polarization results demonstrate that the corrosion current density decreases from 8.87 A/cm2 (for samples soaked in blank solution) to 5.12 µA/cm2 when adding the optimal concentration of 0.004% of Terminalia catappa leaf extract. 3.5% NaCl solution. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis showed that the inhibition efficiency reached over 90% at this concentration after 24 hours of soaking.
Experimental Investigation of a Household Refrigerator Using Evaporative-Cool...inventy
The objective of this paper was to investigate experimentally the effect of Evaporative-cooled condenser in a household refrigerator. The experiment was done using HCF134a as the refrigerant. The performance of the household refrigerator with air-cooled and Evaporative-cooled condenser was compared for different load conditions. The results indicate that the refrigerator performance had improved when evaporative-cooled condenser was used instead of air-cooled condenser on all load conditions. Evaporativecooled condenser reduced the energy consumption when compared with the air-cooled condenser. There was also an enhancement in coefficient of performance (COP) when evaporative-cooled condenser was used instead of air-cooled condenser. The Evaporative cooled heat exchanger was designed and the system was modified by retrofitting it, instead of the conventional air-cooled condenser by making drop wise condensation using water and forced circulation over the condenser. From the experimental analysis it is observed that the COP of evaporative cooled system increased by 13.44% compared to that of air cooled system. So the overall efficiency and refrigerating effect is increased. In minimum constructional, maintenance and running cost, the system is much useful for domestic purpose. This study also revealed that combining a evaporative cooled system along with conventional water cooled system under the condition that the defrost water obtained from the freezer is used for drop wise condensation over condenser and water cooled condensation of the condenser at the bottom using remaining defrost water would reduce the power consumption, work done and hence further increase in refrigerating effect of the system. The study has shown that such a system is technically feasible and economically viable
Copper Strip Corrossion Test in Various Aviation Fuelsinventy
This research work takes in to account of corrosiveness test on various aviation fuels in the state of Telengana (India). The purpose of this experiment is to determine the corrosiveness test of fuels. This determination will be accomplished by using copper strip corrosion test by using the copper strip experiment we can determine the corrosive property of the fuel and hence the efficiency of fuel. The research covers the importance of knowing the corrosive property of different petroleum fuels including aviation turbine fuel.
Additional Conservation Laws for Two-Velocity Hydrodynamics Equations with th...inventy
A series of the differential identities connecting velocities, pressure and body force in the twovelocity hydrodynamics equations with equilibrium of pressure phases in reversible hydrodynamic approximation is obtaned.
Comparative Study of the Quality of Life, Quality of Work Life and Organisati...inventy
People’s lives are increasingly centred on work; they spend at least one-third of their time within the organisations that employ them. Investigating the factors that interfere with employees’ well-being and the organisational environment is becoming an increasing concern in organisations. This article identifies the criteria of the quality of life (QoL), quality of working life (QWL) and organisational climate instruments to point out their similarities. For bibliographic construction and data research, articles were sought in national and international journals, books and dissertations/articles in SciELO, Science Direct, Medline and Pub Med databases. The results show direct relationships amongst QoL, QWL and organisational climate instruments. The relationship between QoL and QWL instruments is based on fair compensation, social interaction, organisational communication, working conditions and functional capacity. QWL and organisational climate instruments are related through social interaction and interfaces. QoL and organisational climate instruments are related based on social interaction, organisational communication, and work conditions.
A Study of Automated Decision Making Systemsinventy
The decision making process of many operations are dependent on analysing very large data sets, previous decisions and their results. The information generated from the large data sets are used as an input for making decisions. Since the decisions to be taken in day to day operations are expanding, the time taken for manual decision making is also expanding. In order to reduce the time, cost and to increase the efficiency and accuracy, which are the most important things for customer satisfaction, many organisations are adopting the automated decision making systems. This paper is about the technologies used for automated decision making systems and the areas in which automated decisions systems works more efficiently and accurately.
Crystallization of L-Glutamic Acid: Mechanism of Heterogeneous β -Form Nuclea...inventy
The mechanism of heterogeneous nucleation of β-form L-glutamic acid was deeply investigated in cooling crystallization. The present study found that the β-form crystals were epitaxially grown on the α-form crystals and they were preferably crystallized on the (011) and (001) surfaces instead of the (111) surfaces of α- form crystals. This result was explained via the molecular simulation. The molecular simulation indicated that the different surfaces of α-form crystals provided different functional groups, resulting in different sites for the heterogeneous nucleation of β-form crystals. Here, the functional group were COO- , C=O and O-H on the (011) and (001) surfaces of α-form crystals, respectively, while it was the NH3 + on the (111) surfaces of α-form crystals. As such, the degree of lattice matching (E) between the β-form crystals and the various surfaces of α- form crystal was distinguished, where the degree of lattice matching (E) between the β-form crystals and the (011), (001) and (111) surfaces of α-form crystal were estimated as 5.30, 5.25 and 2.39, respectively, implying that the (011) and (001) surfaces of α-form crystal were more favorable to generate the heterogeneous nucleation of β-form crystals than the (111) surfaces of α-form crystal
Evaluation of Damage by the Reliability of the Traction Test on Polymer Test ...inventy
In recent decades, polymers have undergone a remarkable historical development and their use has been greatly imposed by gradually dethroning most of the secular materials. These polymer materials have always distinguished themselves by their simple shaping and inexpensive price, their versatility, lightness, and chemical stability but despite their massive use in everyday life as well as in advanced technologies. Generally, these materials still not understood which requires a thorough knowledge of their chemical, physical, rheological and mechanical properties. This paper, we study the mechanical behavior of an amorphous polymer: Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene “ABS” by means of uniaxial tensile testing on pierced test pieces with different notch lengths ranging between 1 to 14mm.The proposed approach consists in analyzing the evolution of the global geometry of the obtained strain curves by taking into account the zones and characteristic points of these curves as well as the effect of the damage on the mechanical behavior of the polymer ABS, in order to visualize the evolution of the damage by a static model
Application of Kennelly’model of Running Performances to Elite Endurance Runn...inventy
: The model of Kennelly between distance (Dlim) and exhaustion time (tlim) has been applied to the individual performances of 19 elite endurance runners (World-record holders and Olympic winners) from P. Nurmi (1920-1924) to M. Farah (2012) whose individual best performances on several different distances are known. Kennelly’s model (Dlim = k tlim ) can describe the individual performances of elite runners with a high accuracy (errors lower than 2 %). There is a linear relationship between parameters k and exponents of the elite runners and the extreme values correspond to S. Coe (k = 15.8; = 0.851) and E. Zatopek (k = 6.57; = 0.984). Exponent can be considered as a dimensionless index of aerobic endurance which is close to 1 in the best endurance runners. If it is assumed than maximal aerobic speed can be maintained 7 min in elite endurance runners, exponent is equal to the normalized critical speed (critical speed/maximal aerobic speed) computed from exhaustion times equal to 3 and 12.5 min in these runners.
Development and Application of a Failure Monitoring System by Using the Vibra...inventy
In this project, a failure monitoring system is developed by using the vibration and location information of balises in railway signaling. A lot of field equipment in railway are loosening and broken in time period so that they need maintenance due to the vibrations that occur due to high speed trains traffic and railway vehicles impact. Among the field equipment, balises have very important role of communication in terms of transmitting information to trains. In this scope, it is aimed to make maintenance works more efficient, have no delayed trains, detect previously failure location and intervene in failure timely, by detecting and controlling balise cases such as loosening, out of place and the data consistency error that happens because of balise physical state. In this project, the communication is provided with I2C, Modbus RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) and RS485 standards by using Arduino Uno cards and MPU6050 IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) sensors in laboratory. Each used sensors are in slave mode and computer interface designed with C# is in master mode. Fault situations in the system are checked instant by the interface. (it is assumed to mount the IMU sensor and the Arduino circuit on the balise) it is seen that the interface responds to the sensor movements instant and the system works well in the end of test processes.
The Management of Protected Areas in Serengeti Ecosystem: A Case Study of Iko...inventy
The study assessed the management of protected areas in Serengeti ecosystem using the case of IGGRs. Specifically, the study aimed at identifying the strategies used for natural resources management; examining the impacts of those strategies; examining the hindrances of the identified strategies; and lastly, examining the methods for scaling up the performance of strategies used for natural resources in the study area. The study involved two villages among 31 villages bordering IGGRs where in each village; at least 5% of the households were sampled. Both Primary data and secondary data were collected and analyzed both manually and computer by using SPSS software. The study revealed that, study population ranked IGGRs performance on protection of natural resources, especially on conserving wildlife for future generation and in reducing poaching to be good(53.3%). In addition, the relationship with IGGRs was said to be considerable good (46.7%). In the aspect of reducing poaching, the findings show that poaching has been reduced by 96.2% from 2009 to 2012. Furthermore, 81.4% of respondents said they use different strategies to control loss of natural resources which in turn has considerably improved the relationship between protected areas and the surrounding communities in some of the aspects. Despite of above successes, the study findings has revealed a number of challenges that hinders the full attainment of conservation objectives. Among the challenges are loss of life and properties (86.4%), shortage of water for livestock (68.9%) since water sources such as Grumeti and Rubana rivers are within protected area while the adjacent local communities do not have a free access to those water sources. Other challenges especially on the IGGRs management include insufficient fund base, working facilities and inadequate staffs. Based on the above findings, the study concluded that the strategies used for natural resources management of protected areas in Serengeti ecosystem is fairly sustainable and need functional participatory approaches of local people and other stakeholders in order to bring about a collaborative natural resources management network in the ecosystem. Furthermore, based on the findings above, equity in benefit sharing accrued from natural resource management in protected areas, more financial support to IGGRs and local community, the use of non-lethal deterrents for crop protection, integration of croplivestock production systems, adoption of land use plans as a solution to land conflicts, strengthens of community based conservation (CBC), adoption of modern information technology such as geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing are recommended.
Size distribution and biometric relationships of little tunny Euthynnus allet...inventy
This study is taken from data of commercial fishing of the little tunny, Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque, 1810) caught in the Algerian coast, sampled between november 2011 and april 2016. Data were collected in order to determine size distributions of the population and biometric relationships of species including the size - weight relationships. A total of 601 fish ranged from 30.9 and 103 cm fork length (FL) were observed. The size distribution of Euthynnus alletteratus shows multiple modal values witch the most important cohort corresponds to the age class 2 (42-46 cm). The value of the allometric coefficient (b) of the FL/TW relationship is lower than 3, indicating a negative allometric growth.
Removal of Chromium (VI) From Aqueous Solutions Using Discarded Solanum Tuber...inventy
Industrial polluting effluents containing heavy metals are of serious environmental concern in India. Chromium is frequently used in industries like electroplating, metal finishing, cooling towers, dyes, paints, anodizing and leather tanning and is found as traces in effluents finding their way to natural water bodies causing hazardous toxicity to the health of humans, animals and aquatic lives directly or indirectly. Many methods for the removal of Chromium such as chemical reduction, precipitation, ion exchange, electrochemical reduction, evaporation, reverse osmosis and adsorption using activated carbon etc. have been reported but all being expensive and complicated to operate. Experimental practices reveal that adsorption by agricultural and horticultural wastes are quite simple, inexpensive and efficient method. Agra is famous for Potato farming, a lot of discarded potato waste from cold storages is thrown along road side drains causing solid waste generated which either creates solid waste disposal problem or otherwise it finds way to Yamuna river resulting high BOD and posing a serious threat to the aquatic environment. For developing countries like India adsorption studies using discarded potato (Solanum tuberosum) waste from cold storages (DPWC) a solid waste as low cost adsorbent for Chromium removal was dual beneficial i.e., an ideal solution to these solid wastes disposal problem of Agra and removal of Chromium from tannery effluents and thereby saving aquatic life from Chromium contamination in Yamuna river. Keeping this in view batch experiments were designed to study the feasibility of discarded potato waste from cold storages to remove chromium (VI) from the aqueous solutions. During the study various affecting parameters, such as pH, adsorbent does, initial concentration, temperature, contact time, adsorbent grain size and start up agitation speed were optimized as 5.0, 10-20 g/l, 50 mg/l, 250C, 135 minutes, average size and 80 rpm respectively on chromium removal efficiency. Various Isotherms such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin also fitted suitably and various corresponding constants determined from these Isotherms favor and support the adsorption. Thermodynamic constants ∆G, ∆H and ∆S were found to be 0.267 KJ/mole, 0.288 KJ/mole and 0.0013 KJ/mole respectively.
Effect of Various External and Internal Factors on the Carrier Mobility in n-...inventy
The effect of various external (temperature, electric field, light) and intracrystalline (doping, initial resistivity) factors on the mobility of carriers in layered n-InSe semiconductor experimentally have been investigated. Scientific explanations of the results are proposed
Transient flow analysis for horizontal axial upper-wind turbineinventy
This study is to carry out a transient flow field analysis on the condition that the wind turbine is working to generate turbine, the wind turbine operating conditions change over time, Purpose of this study is try to find out the rule from the wind turbine changing over time . In transient analysis, the wind velocity on inlet boundary and rotation speed in the rotor field will change over time, and an analytical process is provided that can be used for future reference. At present, the wind turbine model is designed on the concept of upwind horizontal axis type. The computer engineering software GH Bladed is used to obtain the relationship between the rotor velocity and the wind turbine. Then the ANSYS engineering software is used to calculate the stress and strain distribution in the blades over time. From the analytical result, the relationship between the stress distribution in the blades and the rotor velocity is got to be used as a reference for future wind turbine structural optimization.
Choice of Numerical Integration Method for Wind Time History Analysis of Tall...inventy
Wind tunnel tests are being performed routinely around the world for designing tall buildings but the advent of powerful computational tools will make time-history analysis for wind more common in near future. As the duration of wind storms ranges from tens of minutes to hours while earthquake durations are typically less than a three to four minutes, the choice of a time step size (Δt) for wind studies needs to be much larger both to reduce the computational time and to save disk space. As the error in any numerical solution of the equation of motion is dependent on step size (Δt), careful investigations on the choice of numerical integration methods for wind analyses are necessary. From a wide variety of integration methods available, it was decided to investigate three methods that seem appropriate for 3D-time history analysis of tall buildings for wind. These are modal time history analysis, the Hilber-Hughes-Taylor (HHT) method or α-method with α=- 0.1, and the Newmark method with β=0.25 and γ=0.5 ( i.e., trapezoidal rule). SAP2000, a common structural analysis software tool, and a 64-story structure are used to conduct all the analyses in this paper. A boundary layer wind tunnel (BLWT) pressure time history measured at 120 locations around the building envelope of a similar structure is used for the analyses. Analyses performed with both the HHT and Newmark-method considering P-delta effects show that second order effects have a considerable impact on both displacement and acceleration response. This result shows that it is necessary to account P-delta effect for wind analysis of tall buildings. As the direct integration time history analysis required very large computation times and very large computer physical memory for a wind duration of hours, a modal analysis with reduced stiffness is considered as a good alternative. For that purpose, a non-linear static analysis of the structure with a load combination of 1.0D + 1.0L is performed in SAP2000 and the reduced stiffness of the structure after the analysis is used to conduct an eigenvalue analysis to extract the mode shapes and frequencies of this structure. Then the first 20- modes are used to perform a modal time history analysis for wind load. The result shows that the responses from modal analysis with “20-mode (reduced stiffness)” are comparable with that from the P-Δ analyses of Newmark-method
Impacts of Demand Side Management on System Reliability Evaluationinventy
Electricity demand in Saudi Arabia is steadily increasing as electrical loads grows at a rate of about 7% per year, this represents a high rate by all standards, and largely due to population growth, as well as due to government subsidies which may lead to prices much lower than actual production cost. This growth represents a challenge that requires Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) to invest huge amounts of money every year, for the construction of additional generation capacity along with the reinforcement of transmission network to meet the consumption growth.Also the demand varies frequently throughout the day, causing a waste of a large part of the energy. SEC believes the optimum solution lies in altering the load shape in order to have a better balance between customer’s consumption and SEC’s generation, This paper describes the method for improving the power system reliability by shifting the portion of peak load to off-peak periods This load management scheme can be achieved by lifting the generation during off peak periods and utilizing the stored energy during peak periods. A hybrid set up involving solar and wind energy along with batteries can also be used to store energy and utilize it during peak periods.
Reliability Evaluation of Riyadh System Incorporating Renewable Generationinventy
In this paper, the experience of Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) in analyzing the generation adequacy for Year 2013 is presented. This analysis is conducted by calculating several reliability indices for Riyadh system hourly load during all four seasonal periods. The reliability indices are gauged against the international utility practice. SEC also plans to introduce renewable energy into the network in order to secure the environmental standards and reduce fuel costs of conventional generation. Thus, the reliability improvement due to different integration levels of Solar and Wind generating sources has also been investigated. The capacity value provided by these variable renewable energy sources (VERs) to reliably meet the system load has been calculated using effective load carrying capability (ELCC) technique with a loss of load expectancy metric.
The effect of reduced pressure acetylene plasma treatment on physical charact...inventy
The capacitors are increasingly being used as energy storage devicesin various power systems. The scientists of the world are tryingto maximize the electrical capacity of the supercapacitors. To achieve this purpose, numerous method sare used: the surface activation of electrodes, the surface etching using the electronbeam, the electrode etching with variousgasplasma, etc. The purpose of this work is toresearch how the properties of carbon electrodes depend on the plasma parameters at whichtheywere formed. The largest surface area ofcarbonelectrodeof47.25m2 /gis obtainedat 15 ofAr/C2H2gasratio. Meanwhile, theSEMimages show that the disruption of structures with low bond energies and the formation of new onesare taking place when the carbon electrodes are etched at acetylene plasma and placed on carbon electrode. The measurements of capacitance showthat capacitors with affectedelectrodes have about10-15% highercapacity than those not treated with acetyleneplasma.
Experimental Investigation of Mini Cooler cum Freezerinventy
In general cases the refrigerator could be converted into an air conditioner by attaching a fan. Thus a cooler as well as freezer is obtained in a single set up. The freezer can be converted to an air conditioner when the outside air is allowed to flow beside the cooling coil and is forced outside by an exhaust fan. In this case a mini scale cooler cum freezer using R134a as refrigerant was fabricated and tested In our mini project work we had designed, fabricated and experimentally analysed a mini cooler cum freezer. From the observations and calculations, the results of mini cooler cum freezer are obtained and are compared.
Growth and Magnetic properties of MnGeP2 thin filmsinventy
We have successfully grown MnGeP2 thin films on GaAs (100) substrate. A ferromagnetic transition near 320 K has been observed by temperature dependent magnetization and resistance measurements. Field dependent magnetization experiments have shown that the coercive fields at 5, 250, and 300 K are 3870, 1380 and 155 Oe, respectively. Magnetoresistance and Hall measurements have displayed that hole conduction is dominant in MnGeP2. PACS: 75.50.Pp, 75.70.-i, 85.70.-w, 73.50.-h
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
1. Research Inventy: International Journal of Engineering And Science
Vol.4, Issue 7 (July 2014), PP 41-48
Issn (e): 2278-4721, Issn (p):2319-6483, www.researchinventy.com
41
Contemplation of Pollution Severity Analysis Of Virgin And
Thermal Aged Polymeric Insulators For High Voltage
Applications
V.Jayaprakash Narayanan1*
, S.Chandrasekar2
A.Vanitha3
1
Research Scholar, Assistant Professor, Gnanamani College of Technology,
Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India
2
Member IEEE, Professor, Gnan Expert R&D Centre, Department of EEE, Gnanamani College of Technology,
Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India
3
Assistant Engineer,Tamil Nadu Electricity Board, Tamil Nadu, India
ABSTRACT : This paper deals with analysis of thermal aged polymeric insulators. The analysis is based on
partial discharge technique which is an effective and most efficient method almost applied in all the High
Voltage power transmission and distribution system. In this work, laboratory based tests are carried out under
ac voltage, at different humidity and at different contamination levels using Sodium Chloride, on virgin
polymeric insulator. The insulator was thermally aged in laboratory inside the heating chamber for sixty days.
This treatment represented the conditions similar to as those in the field. The Partial discharge is acquired
through a PD monitoring system which is able to collect the PD waveforms along with patterns. Time domain
and frequency domain characteristics of PD pulses are studied to imply the comparative assessment between the
virgin and thermal aged polymeric insulator. From various results, we could infer that the performance of
outdoor polymeric insulator deteriorates with thermal aging.
I. INTRODUCTION
Porcelain and glass have traditionally been used as the oldest and most economic insulating materials
and their advantages and drawbacks are well known. However, the polymeric insulators have replaced
ceramic units due to wide range of reasons such as light weight, easy transportation and installation, high
mechanical strength to weight ratio, combat to vandalism , aesthetic appearance i.e superior insulation
performance [1,2]. During the last three decades the privilege to use the polymeric insulators has tremendously
increased globally. When the polymeric insulators installed in tropic industrial or coastal areas, those are
affected by severe weather conditions such as high temperature, large daily and seasonal variations and high
humidity levels and UV radiations throughout the year. The salt and airborne particles are deposited on their
surfaces and the pollution builds up gradually. Under dry conditions, these deposits do not decrease the surface
insulation electric strength, where as in wet weather condition a conductive layer is formed which results in flow
of leakage current. The density of leakage current is non-uniform over the surface of the insulator and when
sufficient heat is developed leading to formation of dry bands. Redistribution of voltage causes along the
insulator surface give rise to strong electric field intensity across the dry bands forms electric arcs known as
partial discharge PD.
This dry band arc will cause erosion and chemical degradation of insulating material in polymeric
insulators. When the surface resistance is low enough, these dry band arcs will grow along the insulator profile
and may eventually cause insulator flash over. Preventive maintenance by insulator surface is one of the ways
to reduce the flash over, but it is cumbersome and costly. Therefore, several studies have been performed to
optimize the maintenance times. But it resorts to pollution charts which are widely used and are liable to
abnormal seasonal and weather variations. The conventional Equivalent Salt Deposit Density (ESDD) method
has been proposed, but it looks both time consuming and difficult to practice [3, 4]. In addition to contamination
reducing the insulator performance, service experience of housing material which is subjected to aging can
result further deterioration of the electrical performance. Determination of irreversible changes that will lead to
loss of insulating properties i.e aging is a complicated process. It depends on the form of housing, design of
insulator and environmental condition. Aging can lead to increased leakage current and flash over under wet and
contaminated conditions. Gorur et al [5] proposed a methodology based on the surface resistance measurements
to identify the surface degradation and concluded that surface resistance can be used as an indicator of aging of
non ceramic insulator, but minimum value of surface resistance cannot be specified. Que et al [6]
2. Contemplation Of Pollution Severity…
42
presented a methodology based on voltage – current phase angle measurements to understand surface
degradation and aging of polymer. In general polymeric material offers good hydrophobicity for a long time.
The long term maintenance of hydrophobicity is attributed due to its chemical stability and recovery phenomena
resulting from diffusion of low molecular weight contents from bulk volume of the insulator to the surface of
the material [7]. Hydrophobic polymers are characterized by high electrical surface resistance which however
decreases due to water absorption during ageing and with increasing environmental temperature and
contamination build up. There are numerous papers explain the change in the hydrobhobicity due to aging [,YY
, ]. Kumagai et al [12],have shown that oxidation induces cross linking, branching , interchanging of silanol
groups are the most dominant chemical reactions and the byproducts of oxidation restrict the diffusion of mobile
low molecular weight chains, which decreases the recovery speed of hydrophobicity and accelerates ageing.
There are several investigations explaining the mechanism of changes in hydrophobicity.
At present, the common technique to detect the pollution severity is by means of analysis of leakage
current. It indicates the surges occurring near the current peaks of dry band arcing phenomena [13]. For a given
insulator, evolution of leakage waveform depends essentially on the changes occurring at the surface pollution
layer and surface wetness of the insulator. Sarathi et al, [14] have proposed the multi resolution decomposition
technique as an effective tool to understand time-frequency characteristics of leakage current signals and to
identify the surface condition of the insulation. The dry band arcs are a precursor of flash over; hence the partial
discharge detection will provide better mechanism to effectively assess the surface condition of the conductive
pollution layer of the outdoor polymeric insulator [15]. Therefore the PD phenomena on thermal aged polymeric
insulator shall be used to infer the performance under tropic polluted environmental conditions.There are several
field investigations with the polymeric insulators provide useful and real time information about their
performance but the information about their performance in the tropical environments rather limited. Hence,
expectation of performance and life time of material in reference to laboratory test is considerably important,
requiring the comparison of Virgin and thermal aged insulators. This comparative study implies the effects of
conductive pollution on PD activity through experiments performed on virgin polymeric insulator and on
thermal aged polymeric insulator at different pollution levels and at different relative humidity conditions.
Typical PD waveforms along with PD patterns have been collected through an innovative PD detection system.
The time domain and frequency domain characteristics of PD pulses observed on virgin and thermal aged
polymeric insulators are compared.
II. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
Testing Objects: A 11KV Polymeric insulator with leakage distance 3mm and core diameter 70mm was used
for aging experiments with contamination. Figure 1.1 shows the photograph and sketch of the polymeric
Insulator in this study. To reproduce the Saline pollution typical of coastal areas, a contamination layer
consisting of Nacl was sprayed over the surface of the polymeric insulator such that the salinity spread
uniformly over the surface. To introduce the effect of thermal aging, the specimen was maintained at 150 degree
centigrade inside the electric heater for the period of 1440hours. Four Ultrasonic Nebulizer were used to
maintain the required relative humidity level inside the fog chamber. Relative humidity inside the fog chamber
was measured using the wall- mount Hydrothermal instrument.
.
3. Contemplation Of Pollution Severity…
43
Figure 1.2 shows the circuit schematic of the experimental setup.
The test insulator was hung vertically inside the fog chamber. The test voltage was 11KV rms, 50Hz. Tests
were conducted as per IEC 60507 clean fog test procedure. Before tests, the insulator was cleaned by wash with
isopropyl alcohol and rinsing with distilled water, in order to remove any trace.
PD measuring system: Partial discharges were detected through a large bandwidth system able to sample
complete PD wave forms at a sampling rate of 100 MS/s with an input sensitivity of <1mV. The characteristics
of PD pulses were analyzed to find out whether some information about pollution severity could be provided by
the PD waveform. No coupling capacitor was inserted in parallel to the insulator. PD pulses were picked up by
the high frequency Transformer around the ground connection of the insulator.
Test Procedures:
Laboratory tests were carried out in the following test conditions.
[1] Virgin Silicone rubber insulator with clean dry and wet surface.
[2] Virgin insulator with different pollution levels, 10g/liter, 30g/liter and 100g/liter at a constant relative
humidity
[3] Virgin insulator with constant pollution level at different relative humidity 60%, 80% and 100%.
[4] Procedures (ii) and (iii) repeated for thermal aged polymeric insulator.
Test Results with clean surface: Initially Virgin silicone rubber insulator specimen was tested without
applying and pollution with an applied voltage of 11KV rms with dry surface conditions at relative humidity
level of 20-40%. Then the same Virgin insulator was tested inside the fog chamber without applying any
pollution at relative humidity level of 100%. During both clean test, no significant discharge. Typical PD
patterns obtained at the condition as shown in figure.
Virgin Specimen: Test with varying pollution level, constant relative humidity.
In this test, the occurrences of dry band arcing is observed by keeping the sample under different
pollution level at a constant relative humidity. Initially the test specimen was kept inside the chamber at which
the fog is maintained at 80% relative humidity. The contamination level is varied from 10gram per liter to
100gram per liter. Figures 4.a, 4.b and 4.c show the PD pattern.
4. Contemplation Of Pollution Severity…
44
4.a) 10g/liter (80H) 4.b) 30g/liter (80) 4.c) 100g/liter (80H)
By comparing the above patterns it can be inferred that the magnitude of PD increases significantly
with increasing contamination, when compared with dry clean surface. This is because of potential gradient
along the surface of the conductor is high enough to form a conductive surface that establishes the arcing.
Virgin Specimen: Test with varying relative humidity, constant Pollution
Virgin polymeric insulator was treated by 30gram/liter Sodium chloride salinity and the fog inside the
chamber was varied from 60% to 100%. The figures 5.a, 5.b and 5.c show the PD pattern at relative humidity.
60H (30g/lit) 80H (30g/lit) 100H (30g/lit)
From the above PD patterns, it can be identified that, the magnitude of the PD increases with increasing relative
humidity. This is mainly, because at high relative humidity, the collection of droplets along the surface of the
polymeric insulator is more, causing high leakage current.
Thermal Aged: Test with varying pollution level, constant relative humidity.
The test specimen was kept at 150 degree centigrade for 60 days and the test procedure was repeated
with constant relative humidity level of about 80% and the level of pollution salinity is varied viz 10g/lit,30g/lit
and 100g/lit. Fig 6.a, 6.b, and 6.c show the typical PD patterns at various pollution levels.
6.a) 10gram /liter (80H) 6.b) 30gram /liter(80H) 6.c)100gram /liter 80H
While comparing the patterns it can be inferred that the magnitude of PD increased and the density of pattern
spread over the time scale. It indicates that the surface conductivity increases tends to formation of more leakage
path and hence increase in more leakage current which is because of surface wetness [].
Thermal aged: Test with different humidity, constant pollution
In this test, the thermally treated specimen was spayed by Nacl pollution salinity of 30 gram per liter
and the fog inside the chamber was varied from 60% to 100%. The typical PD pattern is as shown in the
5. Contemplation Of Pollution Severity…
45
60H (30g/lit) 80H (30g/lit) 100H (30g/lit)
Sarathi et al arc burning is extinguished by the flow of contaminated bright spot occurring near the
ground electrode causing high temperature rise leading to chemical change causing erosion and lose of
hydrophobicity[]. Hence the specimen at virgin, the surface of the material is highly hydrophobic. After aging at
150°C for 60 days (Thermal aged) due to contaminations and high electric field of 11KV, the material slightly
hydrophilic could cause slight increase in leakage current to flow. From the figures, it is observed that, as there
is increase in relative humidity, there is significant increase the magnitude of PD amplitude level.
PD pulse and frequency spectrum:
Virgin Thermal Aged
Typical PD pulses and the frequency spectrum of virgin and thermal aged polymeric insulators are obtained at
different surface pollution conditions are shown in the figures(?). From the pulses and spectrum, it is clear that
multiple PD pulses of short duration existing in the thermal aged polymeric insulators. It is interesting to
observe that PD pulses are almost series in nature at highly polluted surfaces. It is speculated that, when the
polymeric insulators are erected at tropical regions of rapid temperature and seasonal variations due to heavy
pollution,the rims os a dry band allowing a slight modification of electric field, a new PD can be triggered
6. Contemplation Of Pollution Severity…
46
somewhere in neighboring dry band. Also when compared with virgin polymeric insulator, thermal aging
spreads the frequency spectrum over a wide range and dominant frequency components are more.
From the above test results, the followings are observed
In virgin polymeric insulator
[1] PD pulses are characterized by a larger time length.
[2] Magnitude of PD pulses increases in both positive and negative cycles.
[3] Slight variations in magnitude of frequency components.
[4] At low pollution level, the dominant frequency components lying around 7.5MHz to 10.0MHz.
[5] As the pollution level increases, the frequency spectrum shifts slightly towards left of the spectrum and the
dominant frequency components lies around 1-6MHz.
The thermal aging of polymeric insulator results in,
[1] Multiple PD pulses occur and are of short duration.
[2] PD pulses are having both positive and negative cycles.
[3] Significant increase in magnitude of frequency components of frequency spectrum.
[4] At low pollution level, the dominant frequency components exists around 12.5 MHz to 25MHz.
[5] As the pollution level increases, frequency spectrum spreads over wide range and significant frequency
components lying around 1 MHz to 25MHz.
Statistical Analysis of PD Pattern : When polymeric insulator used as outdoor transmission tower insulators,
the presence of significant noise and pulses emanating from various PD sources will make the diagnosis of
pollution severity due to aging extremely difficult. Hence, an analysis of the stochastic features of PD pulse
sequences with reference to both positive and negative polarity has been carried out. Cavallini et al proposed
that the shape parameter and the mean phase angle of the Weibull function and some of the other parameters are
used as a measure to estimate the amount of conductive pollution. Based on which Chandrasekar et al indicated
that the shape parameter (β) of Weibull function takes a value smaller than 3 and mean phase angle value goes
above 45 degrees for heavily polluted surface condition[x,y].
Result and Discussion on Virgin Polymeric Insulator:
Fig a Fig b
Figure a reports the mean phase value of shape parameter with 95% confidence level at different
pollution level. The relative humidity was maintained at 100% to have more probability of Partial Discharge. It
is observed that, reduction in both positive and negative value of β is noticed, as the pollution level increases
and its value is smaller than 3 for highly polluted surface. Also it is noticed that even though the value of β is
less than 3, there is not sudden variation in it as the pollution level grows. Figure b shows the mean value of PD
amplitude skewness together with 95% confidence intervals. It is noticed that, the value of skewness reduces
but the actual rangeof variation is too low.
7. Contemplation Of Pollution Severity…
47
Result and Discussion on Thermal aged Polymeric Insulator:
Fig a Fig b
Similar to Virgin polymeric insulator, figure a reports mean value of shape parameter together with
95% confidence interval after thermal aged for 60 days at 150°C at different surface pollution. In order to have
more probability of partial discharge, the relative humidity of testing insulator is maintained at 100%. Similar ti
virgin polymeric insulator , it is observed that, as the pollution level grows, there is considerable reduction in
both positive and negative values of β. It is clear that, for heavily polluted surface the β value is smaller than 3.
Figure b reports the mean value of PD amplitude skewness with 95% confidence intervals, at different
pollution levels. From the figure it is observed that value of skewness considerably reduces. But the range of
vcariation of skewness is too low. Hence it is very difficult to identify the surface pollution severity due to aging
by skewness.Comparing the shape and the mean value of PD pattern amplitude of virgin and thermal aged
polymeric insulator we could infer that, there is drastic change in the value of β in thermal aged polymeric
insulator. And also both show less PD activity and good pollution performance even there is large seasonal
variation. From the PD pulse and frequency spectrum, it is understood that there will be a slight variations in
surface leakage current due to aging and slight degradation in hydrophobic surface. This degradation is
temporary and not a permanent change. Therefore, the future work is being carried out by keeping the test
specimen under highly concentrated UV radiations with very high temperature and measurements based on
optically.
III. CONCLUSION:
Comparison of Virgin and thermal aged polymeric insulators based on monitoring of occurrences of
PD pattern and PD pulses through the experimental set up have been presented in this paper. The tests are
performed at different relative humidity and pollution levels as per IEC60507 test procedure. It is shown that
variations in time and frequency domain characteristics of PD pulses are closely related to the surface condition
of the polymeric insulator. These preliminary lab results on thermal aged polymeric insulator shows that, when
these insulators are used in tropical regions, they are exposed to large thermal and ambient stresses variations
for the entire life span will accelerate surface degradation.
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[1] J.S.T.Looms.: Insulators for high voltages, IEE series, (1990).
[2] R.S. Gorur, E.A. Cherny and J.T. Burnham, Outdoor Insulators (Ravi S. Gorur, Inc Phoenix, Arizona 85044, USA, (1999).
[3] IEC 60507.: Artificial Pollution tests on high voltage insulators to be used on AC systems (1991).
[4] G.R. Montoya and J.I. Montoya.: Correlation among ESDD, NSDD and leakage current in distribution insulators, IEE Proc.
Generation, Transmission and Distributions, Vol. 151, pp 334-340, (2004).
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[6] W.Que, E.P.Casale and S.A.Sebo.: Voltage- Current phase angle measurements during aging tests of polymer insulators, IEEE
conf. Electr Insul. Dielectr Phenomena(CEDIP), pp 367-370, (2002).
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Electr. Insul., Vol 27, pp 610-622, (1992).
[8] Yoshimura, N, Kumagai, S. Nishimura, S.: Electrical and Environmental aging of Silicone rubber used in outdoor
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[9] A.Cavallini, S.Chandrasekar, G.C. Montanari.: Inferring Ceramic Insulator Pollution by an innovative Approach Resorting
to PD Detection, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. Vol 14, pp 23-29, (2007).
[10] R.Sarathi, S.Chandrasekar and N.Yoshimur.: Investigations into the Surface Condition of the Silicone Rubber Insulation
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[11] A.Cavallini, G.C. Montanari, S.Chandrasekar.: A Novel Approach for the inference of Insulator Pollution Severity, IEEE
Intern Sympos, Electr. Insul, (ISEI, Toronto, Canada) pp 114-117, (2006).
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of Polymeric Insulators, IEEE Trans. Dielectr Electr Ins Vol 17, pp 181-188, (2010).
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Signals’’, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., Vol. 9,pp. 335_348, 2002.
[14] A. Cavallini, G.C. Montanari, F. Puletti and A. Contin,” A New Methodology for the Identification of PD in Electrical Apparatus:
Properties and Applications”, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 12, No. 2; April 2005.