Within the last few years, there has been notable progress in understanding the growth mechanisms of semiconductor thin films for photovoltaic (PV) applications. Electrodeposition continues to be a complex deposition technique that can lead to regions of low quality (for example, cracks) in films. Such cracks can form porous zones on the substrate and diminish the heterojunction interface quality of a PV cell. In this paper, electrodeposition of In2S3 films was systematically and quantitatively investigated by varying electrodeposition parameters including bath composition, current density, deposition time, and deposition temperature. Their effects upon the morphology, composition, and film growth mechanism were studied with the help of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and digital imaging analysis (using fracture and buckling analysis software). In addition, the effect of different annealing treatments (200 oC, 300 oC, and 400 oC in air) and coated glass-substrates (Mo, ITO, and FTO) upon the properties of the In2S3 films was analyzed. Furthermore, the Taguchi/Design of Experiments (DOE) Method was used to determine the optimal electrodeposition parameters in order to improve the properties.
On the low temperature resistivity measurement of CdSe thin filmijtsrd
Most group II-VI compounds are direct band gap semiconductors with high optical absorption and emission coefficients .Cadmium Selenide is a leading candidate with high potential towards many applications. The authors present their investigations dealing with preparation and some electrical characterization of the CdSe thin films. The films were deposited onto a well-cleaned glass substrates using thermal evaporation technique. The dependence of electrical resistivity of CdSe thin film in low temperature range has been studied. R.K.Shah | H.O.Parmar | H.S.Patel"On the low temperature resistivity measurement of CdSe thin film" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-2 , February 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd65.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/physics/65/on--the-low-temperature-resistivity-measurement-of-cdse-thin-film/rkshah
Statistical analysis of electrodeposited in2 s3 films techconnect conferenceArkansas State University
In2S3 has received attention as an alternative to CdS as the buffer layer in heterojunction solar cells. Although having a bandgap of 2.0 eV relative to 2.5 eV for CdS, the lower toxicity and environmental impact of indium relative to cadmium, and significant photosensitivity, compel ongoing research [1]. Indium sulfide thin films were deposited onto molybdenum-coated glass (SiO2) substrates by electrodeposition from organic baths (ethylene glycol-based) containing indium chloride (InCl3), sodium chloride (NaCl), and sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3.5H2O), the latter used as an additional sulfur source along with elemental sulfur (S). The Taguchi method was used to optimize the deposition paramters so as to minimize non-uniformity, cracks, and improper stoichiometry. The measured performance characteristics (molar ratio (In:S) and crack density) for all of the In2S3 films were calculated to analyze the effect of each deposition factor (deposition voltage, deposition temperature, composition of solution, and deposition time) involved in the electrodeposition process by calculating the sensitivity (signal to noise, S/N, ratios).
Properties of electrodeposited semiconductor thin films are dependent upon the electrolyte composition, plating time, and temperature as well as the current density and the nature of the substrate. In this study, the influence of electrodeposition parameters such as deposition voltage, deposition time, composition of solution, and deposition temperature upon the properties of In2S3 films were analyzed by the Taguchi Method. According to Taguchi analysis, the interaction between deposition voltage and deposition time was significant. Deposition voltage had the most impact upon the stoichiometry of In2S3 films and deposition temperature had the least impact. The stochiometric ratios between sulfur and indium (S/In : 3/2) obtained from experiments performed with optimized electrodeposition paramters were in agreement with predicted values from the Taguchi Method. The experiments were carried-out according to Taguchi Orthogonal Array L27 (3^4) Design of Experiments (DOE). Approximately 600 nm-thick In2S3 films were electrodeposited from an organic bath (ethylene glycol-based) containing indium chloride (InCl3), sodium chloride (NaCl), and sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3.5H2O), the latter used as an additional sulfur source along with elemental sulfur (S). An X-ray diffractometer (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) unit, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were respectively used to analyze the phases, elemental composition, and morphology of the electrodeposited In2S3 films.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Dielectric properties of pure and ni2+ doped glycine sodium sulfate crystalseSAT Journals
Abstract Pure and Ni2+ added glycine sodium sulfate (GSS) single crystals were grown by the slow evaporation technique and characterized chemically, structurally, thermally, optically, mechanically and electrically. Effect of Ni2+ addition as an impurity on the properties of GSS has also been investigated. All the six crystals grown exhibit normal dielectric behavior and are found to be thermally stable up to 250˚C, NLO active and mechanically soft. The Ni2+ addition is found to increase the dielectric parameters. The low dielectric constant values observed for pure GSS indicate that GSS is not only a promising NLO material but also a low dielectric constant value dielectric material. Keywords: Activation energy, Crystal growth, Dielectric crystal, Electrical properties, X-ray diffraction
Experimental study and numerical behavior of solid wood and glued wood in req...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document describes the synthesis and characterization of CeO2 and Ni-doped CeO2 spherical nanoparticles for magnetic and electrochemical applications. CeO2 and Ni-doped CeO2 with 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7% Ni were prepared via a microwave-assisted method and characterized. Thermogravimetric analysis showed the Ni-doping enhanced the thermal stability of CeO2. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of cubic fluorite CeO2 and showed the introduction of defects with Ni-doping. Electrochemical tests revealed the 5% Ni-doped CeO2 sample had the highest specific capacitance of 577 F g-1 and maintained 94% capacitance
This document summarizes research on creating monolayer composite films of alumina particles and epoxy using a self-assembly process called fluid forming. Key points:
- Fluid forming uses a high-spreading fluid to propel ceramic particles across an air-water interface, compressing them into a dense, ordered monolayer on a substrate.
- Initial attempts using epoxy instead of mineral oil in fluid forming with alumina particles resulted in nonuniform, low density films.
- Replacing the solvent 2-propanol with a 4:1 mixture of 2-propanol and 1-butanol produced uniform, high density alumina/epoxy composite films via fluid forming.
On the low temperature resistivity measurement of CdSe thin filmijtsrd
Most group II-VI compounds are direct band gap semiconductors with high optical absorption and emission coefficients .Cadmium Selenide is a leading candidate with high potential towards many applications. The authors present their investigations dealing with preparation and some electrical characterization of the CdSe thin films. The films were deposited onto a well-cleaned glass substrates using thermal evaporation technique. The dependence of electrical resistivity of CdSe thin film in low temperature range has been studied. R.K.Shah | H.O.Parmar | H.S.Patel"On the low temperature resistivity measurement of CdSe thin film" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-2 , February 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd65.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/physics/65/on--the-low-temperature-resistivity-measurement-of-cdse-thin-film/rkshah
Statistical analysis of electrodeposited in2 s3 films techconnect conferenceArkansas State University
In2S3 has received attention as an alternative to CdS as the buffer layer in heterojunction solar cells. Although having a bandgap of 2.0 eV relative to 2.5 eV for CdS, the lower toxicity and environmental impact of indium relative to cadmium, and significant photosensitivity, compel ongoing research [1]. Indium sulfide thin films were deposited onto molybdenum-coated glass (SiO2) substrates by electrodeposition from organic baths (ethylene glycol-based) containing indium chloride (InCl3), sodium chloride (NaCl), and sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3.5H2O), the latter used as an additional sulfur source along with elemental sulfur (S). The Taguchi method was used to optimize the deposition paramters so as to minimize non-uniformity, cracks, and improper stoichiometry. The measured performance characteristics (molar ratio (In:S) and crack density) for all of the In2S3 films were calculated to analyze the effect of each deposition factor (deposition voltage, deposition temperature, composition of solution, and deposition time) involved in the electrodeposition process by calculating the sensitivity (signal to noise, S/N, ratios).
Properties of electrodeposited semiconductor thin films are dependent upon the electrolyte composition, plating time, and temperature as well as the current density and the nature of the substrate. In this study, the influence of electrodeposition parameters such as deposition voltage, deposition time, composition of solution, and deposition temperature upon the properties of In2S3 films were analyzed by the Taguchi Method. According to Taguchi analysis, the interaction between deposition voltage and deposition time was significant. Deposition voltage had the most impact upon the stoichiometry of In2S3 films and deposition temperature had the least impact. The stochiometric ratios between sulfur and indium (S/In : 3/2) obtained from experiments performed with optimized electrodeposition paramters were in agreement with predicted values from the Taguchi Method. The experiments were carried-out according to Taguchi Orthogonal Array L27 (3^4) Design of Experiments (DOE). Approximately 600 nm-thick In2S3 films were electrodeposited from an organic bath (ethylene glycol-based) containing indium chloride (InCl3), sodium chloride (NaCl), and sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3.5H2O), the latter used as an additional sulfur source along with elemental sulfur (S). An X-ray diffractometer (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) unit, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were respectively used to analyze the phases, elemental composition, and morphology of the electrodeposited In2S3 films.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Dielectric properties of pure and ni2+ doped glycine sodium sulfate crystalseSAT Journals
Abstract Pure and Ni2+ added glycine sodium sulfate (GSS) single crystals were grown by the slow evaporation technique and characterized chemically, structurally, thermally, optically, mechanically and electrically. Effect of Ni2+ addition as an impurity on the properties of GSS has also been investigated. All the six crystals grown exhibit normal dielectric behavior and are found to be thermally stable up to 250˚C, NLO active and mechanically soft. The Ni2+ addition is found to increase the dielectric parameters. The low dielectric constant values observed for pure GSS indicate that GSS is not only a promising NLO material but also a low dielectric constant value dielectric material. Keywords: Activation energy, Crystal growth, Dielectric crystal, Electrical properties, X-ray diffraction
Experimental study and numerical behavior of solid wood and glued wood in req...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document describes the synthesis and characterization of CeO2 and Ni-doped CeO2 spherical nanoparticles for magnetic and electrochemical applications. CeO2 and Ni-doped CeO2 with 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7% Ni were prepared via a microwave-assisted method and characterized. Thermogravimetric analysis showed the Ni-doping enhanced the thermal stability of CeO2. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of cubic fluorite CeO2 and showed the introduction of defects with Ni-doping. Electrochemical tests revealed the 5% Ni-doped CeO2 sample had the highest specific capacitance of 577 F g-1 and maintained 94% capacitance
This document summarizes research on creating monolayer composite films of alumina particles and epoxy using a self-assembly process called fluid forming. Key points:
- Fluid forming uses a high-spreading fluid to propel ceramic particles across an air-water interface, compressing them into a dense, ordered monolayer on a substrate.
- Initial attempts using epoxy instead of mineral oil in fluid forming with alumina particles resulted in nonuniform, low density films.
- Replacing the solvent 2-propanol with a 4:1 mixture of 2-propanol and 1-butanol produced uniform, high density alumina/epoxy composite films via fluid forming.
Facile Synthesis of CuO Nanoparticles by Hydrothermal Method and their Applic...IRJET Journal
The document describes a study that synthesized copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles using a hydrothermal method. The CuO nanoparticles were characterized through various techniques and tested for their antibacterial properties. Specifically, the study synthesized CuO nanorods through a surfactant-free hydrothermal process. The nanoparticles were analyzed using XRD, SEM, EDX, FTIR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. XRD analysis confirmed the nanoparticles had a monoclinic crystal structure. SEM showed they had a rod-like morphology. FTIR identified Cu-O bonds. UV-Vis determined the optical bandgap. Tests found the CuO nanoparticles showed good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, with inhibition increasing at higher concentrations.
IRJET- Study of Microstructure and Surface Mechanical Properties of Electrode...IRJET Journal
This document studies the microstructure and surface mechanical properties of electrodeposited nickel coatings on mild steel using Taguchi and ANOVA methods. Nickel thin film coatings were deposited on mild steel substrates using an electroplating process. The process parameters of voltage, agitation speed, and deposition time were investigated. Microhardness of the coatings was analyzed using Vickers microhardness testing. Surface morphology was examined using SEM. Taguchi's L27 orthogonal array design of experiments was used to study the effects of the parameters on microhardness. Voltage and deposition time were found to be the most influential parameters on microhardness based on signal-to-noise ratio analysis and ANOVA validation.
Indium Selenide (InSe) is a complex system with many co-existing crystallographic phases. Extensive research has been done on identification of these phases but still there is a lot of scope in clarification of such structural modifications. This manuscript aims to highlight the phase transformation mechanism and synthesis of various layered structures of InSe. By compiling the recent advancements on examining InSe as opto-electronic material, our work attempts to emphasize the performance enhancement of this material.
Effect of Precursor on the Efficient Formation of ZnS Thin Films for Buffer L...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effect of different zinc precursors on the formation of ZnS thin films deposited using spray pyrolysis for use as a buffer layer. ZnS thin films were deposited using four different zinc precursors - zinc nitrate, zinc chloride, zinc acetate, and zinc sulfate - along with thiourea as the sulfur source. The films were characterized through XRD, SEM, UV-visible spectroscopy, and photoluminescence. XRD showed the films were polycrystalline with a preferred orientation along the (111) plane. SEM revealed sphere-like particle shapes with some films containing microcracks. Optical analysis found transmittance varied between 50-80% with zinc nitrate
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Hygrothermal Aging on Mechanical Propert...IRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates the effect of hygrothermal aging on mechanical properties of hemp and sisal fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Hybrid composites with 0%, 15%, 30%, and 45% fiber content were fabricated and subjected to normal weather conditions and saline water aging for 48 hours. The composites exposed to saline water showed increased moisture uptake with higher fiber content. Tensile and flexural tests were conducted to determine the variations in mechanical properties before and after aging. The aging led to changes in maximum tensile and flexural strength of the composites.
Synthesis and application of natural dye sensitizd cds thin films as photoano...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Natural dyes obtained from plants, vegetables and fruits are widely studied and tested as low cost sensitizer for dye sensitized solar cell ( DSSC) in order to replace the rare and expensive inorganic and organic sensitizers. Although, many works have been done using TiO2, ZrO2, ZnO etc. as the nanoporous semiconductor, little importance was given to the use of CdS thin film as a cost effective alternative. In the present study CdS thin films were synthesized by chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique and its optical, structural and morphological properties were investigated by XRD, SEM and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The as synthesized films were found to be nanoporous in nature and are favorable for adsorbing the dyes on to its surface. Two natural dyes extracted from locally available plant leaves namely lawsonia inermis linn and caesalpinia pulcherrima were then adsorbed on the as synthesized CdS thin films for the formation of the working electrode for application in DSSC. The interaction between the nanoporous CdS thin films and the natural dyes were investigated through UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy with an aim to fabricate working electrode for application in DSSC.
Keywords: DSSC, thin film, CdS, natural dyes
Enhancing Electrochemical Performance of V2O5 Thin Film by using Ultrasonic W...iosrjce
Ultrasonic weltering was used to enhance the electrochemical performance of V2O5 thin films deposited on stainless steel substrates for use as electrodes in supercapacitors. Structural, morphological, physical and electrochemical characterization showed that ultrasonic weltering resulted in more crystalline and porous films with increased specific surface area. This led to improved ion transport and a 19% increase in specific capacitance from 333 F/g to 397 F/g. Energy density also increased from 2.44 Wh/kg to 2.97 Wh/kg, while power density rose from 3.11 kW/kg to 3.52 kW/kg. Therefore, ultrasonic weltering produced structural and morphological changes that enhanced the supercapacitive properties
Significance of substrate temperatures on the deposition of ZnGa2Se4 thin fil...IRJET Journal
This document examines the effect of substrate temperature on the properties of ZnGa2Se4 thin films deposited by flash evaporation technique. The key findings are:
1) Films deposited between 573-673K were single phase, stoichiometric, and polycrystalline with preferred orientations, while films outside this range were non-stoichiometric or multi-phase.
2) Grain size and surface roughness increased with increasing substrate temperature from 573K to 673K.
3) Band gap energy was found to increase with increasing substrate temperature.
This document discusses the gamma ray shielding and structural properties of PbO-BaO-P2O5 glass systems. Transparent glass samples were prepared with compositions of 55PbOxBaO(45-x)P2O5 (x = 1 to 5). Gamma ray shielding properties like mass attenuation coefficient and half value layer were calculated and compared to standard radiation shielding concrete. Characterization techniques like density, XRD, FTIR, Raman, UV-visible were used to study the structural properties and understand how the structure changes with the addition of BaO. The glass system showed improved gamma ray shielding with increasing BaO content and has potential to be a viable alternative to conventional concrete radiation shields
Compositional and electrical properties of cds thin films by vacuum evaporati...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes research on the compositional and electrical properties of cadmium sulfide (CdS) thin films deposited using vacuum evaporation. Energy dispersive x-ray analysis was used to analyze the film composition and showed the films contained cadmium, sulfur, and oxygen. Electrical resistivity measurements using the four-probe method found the films had high resistivity on the order of 10-6 cm. Thermal activation energy increased with increasing film thickness from 0.6345 eV to 0.7095 eV. In conclusion, CdS thin films were successfully deposited and their composition and electrical properties were characterized.
Nanocomposite shows considerable applications in different fields because of larger surface area, and greater aspect ratio, with fascinating properties. Being environmentally friendly, applications of nanocomposites offer new technology and business opportunities for several sectors, such as aerospace, automotive, electronics, and biotechnology industries.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the interaction between DNA and gasoline using cyclic voltammetry (CV). DNA and gasoline were mixed in a 1:1 ratio and subjected to CV analysis. Voltammograms showed differences in the electrochemical response of DNA when mixed with gasoline compared to published responses of pure DNA, indicating distortion of DNA upon interaction with gasoline. The authors believe this novel approach could be developed further to analyze DNA damage from petroleum products and propose it provides a methodology to develop DNA-based electrochemical sensors. However, they note the research is preliminary and requires additional experimentation.
Indium Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films: Effect on Structural, Optical and Electri...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on indium-doped zinc oxide thin films deposited using spray pyrolysis. Key findings include:
1) XRD analysis showed the films were polycrystalline and doping led to a decrease in average grain size and a reorientation of crystal planes.
2) Optical band gap increased from 3.06 eV to 3.6 eV with doping due to the Burstein-Moss effect. Transmittance remained above 80% in the visible region.
3) Electrical resistivity decreased from 45.07 Ω-cm in undoped films to a minimum of 0.1 Ω-cm with doping, increasing conductivity. The highest figure of merit
Rapid Solution Combustion Synthesis of NiO Nanostructures: Characterization a...IRJET Journal
Nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles were synthesized using a solution combustion method with nickel nitrate as the oxidizer and starch as the fuel. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the cubic structure of the NiO nanoparticles and their average size was around 18 nm. Scanning electron microscopy showed the nanostructure formation was due to the complex formation of starch during combustion. Energy dispersive spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy characterized the chemical composition and vibrational modes of the NiO nanoparticles. Antibacterial testing found the NiO nanoparticles were more effective against gram-positive bacteria than gram-negative bacteria due to differences in cell membrane structure.
2022 recent advances on quasi-solid-state electrolytes for supercapacitorsAry Assuncao
This document reviews recent advances in quasi-solid-state electrolytes for supercapacitors. Quasi-solid-state electrolytes provide advantages over liquid electrolytes such as reduced leakage and safety concerns while maintaining high ionic conductivity. The document summarizes different types of quasi-solid-state electrolytes including gel-polymer electrolytes and discusses their properties. It also performs a bibliographic analysis of over 300 references on parameters like ionic conductivity, capacitance, stability, and working voltage window of various quasi-solid-state electrolytes. The document concludes that gel-polymer electrolytes and aqueous-based electrolytes show promise for flexible supercapacitors but that further development is needed to improve performance.
Md Nasir Uddin Bhuyian is a postdoctoral research associate at New Jersey Institute of Technology whose research interests include simulation, modeling, and characterization of semiconductor devices as well as III-nitride devices for photonic applications and device reliability issues. He received his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from NJIT in 2015 and has extensive experience in cleanroom fabrication and electrical characterization of MOSFETs, MOS capacitors, III-V semiconductors and nanowires.
BIO MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF NANOCELLULOSEArjun K Gopi
Nanocellulose is a lightweight, high-strength material produced from cellulose sources like wood pulp through mechanical and chemical processes. It has properties making it suitable for applications like reinforced polymers, optical films, and biomedical uses. Nanocellulose can be used as tissue scaffolds, drug delivery systems, blood vessel replacements, and other medical biomaterials due to its biocompatibility, renewability, and impressive mechanical properties. The document discusses the production, properties, and medical applications of different types of nanocellulose like microfibrillated cellulose and nanocrystalline cellulose.
This document is a thesis that investigates the DC conductivity of conjugates consisting of G-quadruplex DNA and metal nanoparticles. Three types of conjugates were fabricated and measured electrically: 1) G4-DNA linked silver nanoparticles, 2) G4-DNA coated gold nanoparticle flowers, and 3) G4-DNA coated 60nm gold nanoparticles. The results showed that the silver nanoparticle conjugates exhibited low resistance (~1kΩ) in a voltage range, but high resistance (~1TΩ) outside this range, indicating reversible switching behavior. The other conjugates showed resistance of ~1TΩ in normal humidity conditions. Increasing humidity decreased the resistance of the gold nanoparticle conjugates to 200
Compositional, structural and optical properties analysis of β-In2S3 Thin Fil...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes thin films of β-In2S3 prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis and electrochemical deposition techniques. Characterization of the films was conducted through X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and optical analysis. The structural analysis revealed films with the (0 0 12) orientation for both deposition techniques. The films exhibited a band gap varying from 2.45eV to 2.90eV. SEM images showed the films to be uniform, dense, and compact with small grain sizes. EDS analysis found the films to have good stoichiometry of indium and sulfur. Overall, the document evaluates the compositional, structural, and optical properties of β-In2S3 thin films
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes a study on the photoelectrochemical properties of nanocrystalline indium selenide (In2Se3) thin films deposited via a chemical bath deposition method. The In2Se3 films exhibited n-type conductivity. Current-voltage measurements in the dark showed non-symmetrical rectifying behavior with a junction ideality factor of 3.85, suggesting the influence of series resistance and structural imperfections. Capacitance-voltage measurements determined a flat band potential of -0.530V versus saturated calomel electrode. Barrier height measurements from reverse saturation current at different temperatures yielded a barrier height. Under 30 mW/cm2 illumination, the cell demonstrated an open circuit voltage of 153mV
This document summarizes a study on the photoelectrochemical properties of nanocrystalline indium selenide (In2Se3) thin films deposited via a chemical bath deposition method. The In2Se3 films exhibited n-type conductivity based on photoelectrochemical characterization including I-V and C-V measurements in dark conditions. These measurements were used to determine properties like the ideality factor, flat band potential, and barrier height. Under illumination, the In2Se3 films showed a maximum power output of 3.1 μW/cm2 with an open circuit voltage of 153 mV and short circuit current of 20 μA.
Facile Synthesis of CuO Nanoparticles by Hydrothermal Method and their Applic...IRJET Journal
The document describes a study that synthesized copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles using a hydrothermal method. The CuO nanoparticles were characterized through various techniques and tested for their antibacterial properties. Specifically, the study synthesized CuO nanorods through a surfactant-free hydrothermal process. The nanoparticles were analyzed using XRD, SEM, EDX, FTIR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. XRD analysis confirmed the nanoparticles had a monoclinic crystal structure. SEM showed they had a rod-like morphology. FTIR identified Cu-O bonds. UV-Vis determined the optical bandgap. Tests found the CuO nanoparticles showed good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, with inhibition increasing at higher concentrations.
IRJET- Study of Microstructure and Surface Mechanical Properties of Electrode...IRJET Journal
This document studies the microstructure and surface mechanical properties of electrodeposited nickel coatings on mild steel using Taguchi and ANOVA methods. Nickel thin film coatings were deposited on mild steel substrates using an electroplating process. The process parameters of voltage, agitation speed, and deposition time were investigated. Microhardness of the coatings was analyzed using Vickers microhardness testing. Surface morphology was examined using SEM. Taguchi's L27 orthogonal array design of experiments was used to study the effects of the parameters on microhardness. Voltage and deposition time were found to be the most influential parameters on microhardness based on signal-to-noise ratio analysis and ANOVA validation.
Indium Selenide (InSe) is a complex system with many co-existing crystallographic phases. Extensive research has been done on identification of these phases but still there is a lot of scope in clarification of such structural modifications. This manuscript aims to highlight the phase transformation mechanism and synthesis of various layered structures of InSe. By compiling the recent advancements on examining InSe as opto-electronic material, our work attempts to emphasize the performance enhancement of this material.
Effect of Precursor on the Efficient Formation of ZnS Thin Films for Buffer L...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effect of different zinc precursors on the formation of ZnS thin films deposited using spray pyrolysis for use as a buffer layer. ZnS thin films were deposited using four different zinc precursors - zinc nitrate, zinc chloride, zinc acetate, and zinc sulfate - along with thiourea as the sulfur source. The films were characterized through XRD, SEM, UV-visible spectroscopy, and photoluminescence. XRD showed the films were polycrystalline with a preferred orientation along the (111) plane. SEM revealed sphere-like particle shapes with some films containing microcracks. Optical analysis found transmittance varied between 50-80% with zinc nitrate
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Hygrothermal Aging on Mechanical Propert...IRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates the effect of hygrothermal aging on mechanical properties of hemp and sisal fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Hybrid composites with 0%, 15%, 30%, and 45% fiber content were fabricated and subjected to normal weather conditions and saline water aging for 48 hours. The composites exposed to saline water showed increased moisture uptake with higher fiber content. Tensile and flexural tests were conducted to determine the variations in mechanical properties before and after aging. The aging led to changes in maximum tensile and flexural strength of the composites.
Synthesis and application of natural dye sensitizd cds thin films as photoano...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Natural dyes obtained from plants, vegetables and fruits are widely studied and tested as low cost sensitizer for dye sensitized solar cell ( DSSC) in order to replace the rare and expensive inorganic and organic sensitizers. Although, many works have been done using TiO2, ZrO2, ZnO etc. as the nanoporous semiconductor, little importance was given to the use of CdS thin film as a cost effective alternative. In the present study CdS thin films were synthesized by chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique and its optical, structural and morphological properties were investigated by XRD, SEM and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The as synthesized films were found to be nanoporous in nature and are favorable for adsorbing the dyes on to its surface. Two natural dyes extracted from locally available plant leaves namely lawsonia inermis linn and caesalpinia pulcherrima were then adsorbed on the as synthesized CdS thin films for the formation of the working electrode for application in DSSC. The interaction between the nanoporous CdS thin films and the natural dyes were investigated through UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy with an aim to fabricate working electrode for application in DSSC.
Keywords: DSSC, thin film, CdS, natural dyes
Enhancing Electrochemical Performance of V2O5 Thin Film by using Ultrasonic W...iosrjce
Ultrasonic weltering was used to enhance the electrochemical performance of V2O5 thin films deposited on stainless steel substrates for use as electrodes in supercapacitors. Structural, morphological, physical and electrochemical characterization showed that ultrasonic weltering resulted in more crystalline and porous films with increased specific surface area. This led to improved ion transport and a 19% increase in specific capacitance from 333 F/g to 397 F/g. Energy density also increased from 2.44 Wh/kg to 2.97 Wh/kg, while power density rose from 3.11 kW/kg to 3.52 kW/kg. Therefore, ultrasonic weltering produced structural and morphological changes that enhanced the supercapacitive properties
Significance of substrate temperatures on the deposition of ZnGa2Se4 thin fil...IRJET Journal
This document examines the effect of substrate temperature on the properties of ZnGa2Se4 thin films deposited by flash evaporation technique. The key findings are:
1) Films deposited between 573-673K were single phase, stoichiometric, and polycrystalline with preferred orientations, while films outside this range were non-stoichiometric or multi-phase.
2) Grain size and surface roughness increased with increasing substrate temperature from 573K to 673K.
3) Band gap energy was found to increase with increasing substrate temperature.
This document discusses the gamma ray shielding and structural properties of PbO-BaO-P2O5 glass systems. Transparent glass samples were prepared with compositions of 55PbOxBaO(45-x)P2O5 (x = 1 to 5). Gamma ray shielding properties like mass attenuation coefficient and half value layer were calculated and compared to standard radiation shielding concrete. Characterization techniques like density, XRD, FTIR, Raman, UV-visible were used to study the structural properties and understand how the structure changes with the addition of BaO. The glass system showed improved gamma ray shielding with increasing BaO content and has potential to be a viable alternative to conventional concrete radiation shields
Compositional and electrical properties of cds thin films by vacuum evaporati...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes research on the compositional and electrical properties of cadmium sulfide (CdS) thin films deposited using vacuum evaporation. Energy dispersive x-ray analysis was used to analyze the film composition and showed the films contained cadmium, sulfur, and oxygen. Electrical resistivity measurements using the four-probe method found the films had high resistivity on the order of 10-6 cm. Thermal activation energy increased with increasing film thickness from 0.6345 eV to 0.7095 eV. In conclusion, CdS thin films were successfully deposited and their composition and electrical properties were characterized.
Nanocomposite shows considerable applications in different fields because of larger surface area, and greater aspect ratio, with fascinating properties. Being environmentally friendly, applications of nanocomposites offer new technology and business opportunities for several sectors, such as aerospace, automotive, electronics, and biotechnology industries.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the interaction between DNA and gasoline using cyclic voltammetry (CV). DNA and gasoline were mixed in a 1:1 ratio and subjected to CV analysis. Voltammograms showed differences in the electrochemical response of DNA when mixed with gasoline compared to published responses of pure DNA, indicating distortion of DNA upon interaction with gasoline. The authors believe this novel approach could be developed further to analyze DNA damage from petroleum products and propose it provides a methodology to develop DNA-based electrochemical sensors. However, they note the research is preliminary and requires additional experimentation.
Indium Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films: Effect on Structural, Optical and Electri...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on indium-doped zinc oxide thin films deposited using spray pyrolysis. Key findings include:
1) XRD analysis showed the films were polycrystalline and doping led to a decrease in average grain size and a reorientation of crystal planes.
2) Optical band gap increased from 3.06 eV to 3.6 eV with doping due to the Burstein-Moss effect. Transmittance remained above 80% in the visible region.
3) Electrical resistivity decreased from 45.07 Ω-cm in undoped films to a minimum of 0.1 Ω-cm with doping, increasing conductivity. The highest figure of merit
Rapid Solution Combustion Synthesis of NiO Nanostructures: Characterization a...IRJET Journal
Nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles were synthesized using a solution combustion method with nickel nitrate as the oxidizer and starch as the fuel. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the cubic structure of the NiO nanoparticles and their average size was around 18 nm. Scanning electron microscopy showed the nanostructure formation was due to the complex formation of starch during combustion. Energy dispersive spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy characterized the chemical composition and vibrational modes of the NiO nanoparticles. Antibacterial testing found the NiO nanoparticles were more effective against gram-positive bacteria than gram-negative bacteria due to differences in cell membrane structure.
2022 recent advances on quasi-solid-state electrolytes for supercapacitorsAry Assuncao
This document reviews recent advances in quasi-solid-state electrolytes for supercapacitors. Quasi-solid-state electrolytes provide advantages over liquid electrolytes such as reduced leakage and safety concerns while maintaining high ionic conductivity. The document summarizes different types of quasi-solid-state electrolytes including gel-polymer electrolytes and discusses their properties. It also performs a bibliographic analysis of over 300 references on parameters like ionic conductivity, capacitance, stability, and working voltage window of various quasi-solid-state electrolytes. The document concludes that gel-polymer electrolytes and aqueous-based electrolytes show promise for flexible supercapacitors but that further development is needed to improve performance.
Md Nasir Uddin Bhuyian is a postdoctoral research associate at New Jersey Institute of Technology whose research interests include simulation, modeling, and characterization of semiconductor devices as well as III-nitride devices for photonic applications and device reliability issues. He received his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from NJIT in 2015 and has extensive experience in cleanroom fabrication and electrical characterization of MOSFETs, MOS capacitors, III-V semiconductors and nanowires.
BIO MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF NANOCELLULOSEArjun K Gopi
Nanocellulose is a lightweight, high-strength material produced from cellulose sources like wood pulp through mechanical and chemical processes. It has properties making it suitable for applications like reinforced polymers, optical films, and biomedical uses. Nanocellulose can be used as tissue scaffolds, drug delivery systems, blood vessel replacements, and other medical biomaterials due to its biocompatibility, renewability, and impressive mechanical properties. The document discusses the production, properties, and medical applications of different types of nanocellulose like microfibrillated cellulose and nanocrystalline cellulose.
This document is a thesis that investigates the DC conductivity of conjugates consisting of G-quadruplex DNA and metal nanoparticles. Three types of conjugates were fabricated and measured electrically: 1) G4-DNA linked silver nanoparticles, 2) G4-DNA coated gold nanoparticle flowers, and 3) G4-DNA coated 60nm gold nanoparticles. The results showed that the silver nanoparticle conjugates exhibited low resistance (~1kΩ) in a voltage range, but high resistance (~1TΩ) outside this range, indicating reversible switching behavior. The other conjugates showed resistance of ~1TΩ in normal humidity conditions. Increasing humidity decreased the resistance of the gold nanoparticle conjugates to 200
Compositional, structural and optical properties analysis of β-In2S3 Thin Fil...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes thin films of β-In2S3 prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis and electrochemical deposition techniques. Characterization of the films was conducted through X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and optical analysis. The structural analysis revealed films with the (0 0 12) orientation for both deposition techniques. The films exhibited a band gap varying from 2.45eV to 2.90eV. SEM images showed the films to be uniform, dense, and compact with small grain sizes. EDS analysis found the films to have good stoichiometry of indium and sulfur. Overall, the document evaluates the compositional, structural, and optical properties of β-In2S3 thin films
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes a study on the photoelectrochemical properties of nanocrystalline indium selenide (In2Se3) thin films deposited via a chemical bath deposition method. The In2Se3 films exhibited n-type conductivity. Current-voltage measurements in the dark showed non-symmetrical rectifying behavior with a junction ideality factor of 3.85, suggesting the influence of series resistance and structural imperfections. Capacitance-voltage measurements determined a flat band potential of -0.530V versus saturated calomel electrode. Barrier height measurements from reverse saturation current at different temperatures yielded a barrier height. Under 30 mW/cm2 illumination, the cell demonstrated an open circuit voltage of 153mV
This document summarizes a study on the photoelectrochemical properties of nanocrystalline indium selenide (In2Se3) thin films deposited via a chemical bath deposition method. The In2Se3 films exhibited n-type conductivity based on photoelectrochemical characterization including I-V and C-V measurements in dark conditions. These measurements were used to determine properties like the ideality factor, flat band potential, and barrier height. Under illumination, the In2Se3 films showed a maximum power output of 3.1 μW/cm2 with an open circuit voltage of 153 mV and short circuit current of 20 μA.
The use of montmorillonite organoclay in preparation of uv cured dgba epoxy a...Jenaro L. VARELA CASELIS
The document describes a study that evaluated the use of montmorillonite organoclay (OMMT) as a nanofiller in UV-cured DGEBA epoxy coatings applied to carbon steel substrates. Various concentrations of OMMT (0, 1, 3, and 5 wt-%) were incorporated into Araldite 506 epoxy coatings. Analysis showed the OMMT was well dispersed in the polymer matrix. Coatings containing 3 wt-% OMMT exhibited the best corrosion protection of the carbon steel when exposed to 5 wt-% NaCl solution, as determined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy testing over long exposure periods. The addition of OMMT affected the curing of the
Two novel flexible neural microelectrode arrays (MEAs) were designed and fabricated - Chelsea, a penetrating array for intracortical recording and stimulation, and Sabrina, a combined surface and penetrating array for micro-ECoG and intracortical recording. Glass carbon (GC) was used due to its biocompatibility, electrochemical properties, and ability to be photo-patterned. Testing showed GC has higher charge storage capacity, lower impedance, and a wider electrochemical window than platinum. It also exhibited greater corrosion resistance after aging and stimulation cycling. The flexible GC MEAs enable new MEA designs and more reliable, chronic neural signal acquisition.
This document summarizes research on growing and characterizing thin films of beta-indium selenide (β-In2Se3) nanosheets. Key points:
- β-In2Se3 nanosheets with thicknesses ranging from 2.8 to 100 nm were grown on substrates like SiO2/Si, mica, and graphite using physical vapor transport.
- Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and photoluminescence measurements confirmed the films were β-In2Se3 and exhibited a blue shift in the photoluminescence peak with decreasing thickness, indicating quantum confinement effects.
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This document summarizes research on growing and characterizing thin films of beta-indium selenide (β-In2Se3) nanosheets. Key points:
- β-In2Se3 nanosheets with thicknesses ranging from 2.8 to 100 nm were grown on substrates like SiO2/Si, mica, and graphite using physical vapor transport.
- Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and photoluminescence measurements confirmed the films were β-In2Se3 and exhibited a blue shift in the photoluminescence peak with decreasing thickness, indicating quantum confinement effects.
- The β-In2Se3 films showed high photorespons
Evaluation of Flashover Voltage Levels of Contaminated Hydrophobic Polymer In...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The document evaluates flashover voltage levels of contaminated hydrophobic polymer insulators using regression trees, neural networks, and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems. Over 2000 experimental tests were conducted where the flashover voltage of silicone rubber-ethylene propylene diene monomer polymer insulators depended on factors like silicone rubber content, water conductivity, number of droplets, and droplet volume. Regression tree, neural network, and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system models were developed using the experimental data and compared to predict flashover voltages under different conditions. The regression tree model was found to perform better than the other methods.
Tungsten oxide nanostructures for energy storage and field emission applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract
Single crystalline tungsten oxide (WO3) nanorods were synthesized over flexible carbon fabric via simple hydrothermal method
and used directly as supercapacitor (SC) electrode. WO3 nanorods with their peculiar structural features over the fabric exhibited
excellent electrochemical performance with a high specific capacitance of 481.34 F/g at scan speed 10 mV s-1. Additionally, these
nanorods showed propitious as electron field emitters where the registered turn on field and estimated field enhancement values
were 3.6 V/μm and 4550 respectively. These results indicate that present unique WO3 nanorods arrays over flexible carbon cloth
substrate are a promising candidate for constructing high-performance solid state electronics and electrochromic devices.
Key Words: Semiconductor compounds, Nanorods, carbon fabric, Supercapacitors, Field emitters and arrays
This document summarizes research on cobalt selenide thin films grown using the chemical bath deposition method and the effects of post-deposition annealing. Cobalt selenide films were deposited at varying thicknesses and then annealed at temperatures from 100 to 250°C. The films were characterized using SEM, EDAX, and XRD. SEM images showed annealing increased grain size and densified the films. XRD analysis confirmed the hexagonal crystal structure and showed annealing increased average crystallite size to 30.61 nm. Film thickness initially increased with concentration up to 0.25M then decreased, and increased with annealing temperatures up to 200°C due to increased grain size. Overall, annealing was shown to improve the structural and
Potential enhancement of thermoelectric energy conversion in cobaltite superl...Anastasios Englezos
This document is a master's thesis submitted by Tasos Englezos investigating the potential enhancement of thermoelectric energy conversion in cobaltite oxide superlattices. The thesis aims to grow superlattices composed of alternating layers of NaxCoO3 and Ca3Co4O9 using pulsed laser deposition, as both materials show promise for thermoelectric applications but also have limitations. Characterization of the superlattices shows the structures maintain crystalline coherence while electrical and thermal properties are preserved at a good level. Further measurements of thermal conductivity are needed to determine if the superlattice approach reduces thermal conductivity and thereby improves thermoelectric efficiency in these cobaltite oxides.
Synthesis and Characterization of CuS/PVA Nanocomposite via Chemical method iosrjce
Nanocomposite of copper sulfide (CuS /PVA) have been synthesized according to chemical
precipitation method at temperature 65ºC by simple reaction between copper acetate (Cu (ac)) and thiourea
(H2NCSNH2) at pH=9. Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA), used as capping agent, was found to play a key role in the
confinement process.
The characterization of the product was done by UV-VIS spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy
(AFM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The X-ray diffraction showed the covellite phase of copper sulphides with
hexagonal crystal structure. The sizes of the sample as prepared were calculated by Debye-Scherrer formula
according to XRD spectra. A UV-VIS optical spectroscopy study was carried out to determine the band gap of
the nanocomposite CuS to be about 3.3 eV
Electrical bistabilities behaviour of all solution-processed non-volatile mem...Journal Papers
This document describes an all-solution-processed non-volatile memory device based on graphene quantum dots (GQDs) embedded in graphene oxide layers. The memory device was fabricated on a flexible PET substrate using spin-coating and spray-coating deposition of the layers. Electrical characterization showed bistable switching behavior with an ON/OFF current ratio of 105. Various conduction mechanisms were proposed to describe the charge trapping and transport processes in the GQD-based memory, including Schottky emission, Poole-Frenkel emission, and trapped charge limited current conduction. The GQDs provided nanoscale charge trapping sites to enable multilevel switching and non-volatility in the graphene oxide-based resistive memory structure
This document summarizes research on incorporating polyamide 6 nanofibrous structures into glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composites to improve their mechanical properties. Experiments showed that the nanofibers had a catalytic effect on the curing of the epoxy resin, lowering its activation energy. Composites with nanofibers deposited on or between fiber layers showed increased stress at failure compared to a control without nanofibers. The deposited nanofibers in particular improved load transfer to the glass fibers. While nanofibers did not significantly increase modulus, their inclusion helped prevent delamination cracks in the composites. The research demonstrates that nanofibers can enhance some mechanical properties of glass fiber-ep
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Preparation and characterization of microfiltration ceramic membrane for oily...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
EFFECT OF NANO SiO2 ON SOME MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BIODEGRADABLE POLYLACTIC...IAEME Publication
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Effect of Synthesis Conditions on Yttrium Iron Garnet (YIG) Nanocrystalline P...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effect of synthesis conditions on yttrium iron garnet (YIG) nanocrystalline powder produced via the sol-gel method. YIG powder was synthesized using citric acid as a chelating agent and calcined at different temperatures. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that single phase YIG garnet peaks only occurred at high temperatures of 950°C or above. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the elemental composition and revealed a porous morphology. Dielectric measurements found that the YIG sample sintered at 950°C exhibited low dielectric constant and loss, indicating suitability for high frequency applications. The study demonstrated that high temperature
— Thirteen years old provenance trials of Acacia mangium from five provenances were established at five sites in the state of Sarawak, Malaysia, were sampled for this study. Fifty trees were sampled at random and cut to study radial variation in microfibril angle in the SS2 of secondary wall of the fibre using polarised microscope. Microfibril angle decreased from pith to bark with the greatest decrease occurred within the first two radial sampling near to the pith. It ranged from 5.9 ° to 28.8 ° with an overall mean and coefficient of variation of 12.6 ° and 45.8% respectively. It had a mean value of 21.4 at pith and 6.9 near the bark, which is a decrease of 67.8%. Highly significant different in mircrofibril angle were detected between radials of individual trees at α≥0.001. It was the major contributors to the total variance in which contributed for about 64.8%. Variations between trees were highly significant at α≥0.001 and accounted for 25.5% of the variation in microfibril angle while differences between the two orientations were not significant at α≤0.05. Keywords— Acacia mangium, microfibril angle, radial variation, pith to bark, interaction.
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Recent progress with indium (III) sulfide (In2S3)-buffered thin film solar cells (TFSC) was briefly reviewed. In2S3 has emerged as a promising low-hazard buffer (or window) material, and has proven to improve the properties of the solar cells, while reducing toxicity. Various deposition techniques have been employed to synthesize In2S3 films on different types of substrates. Until now, atomic layer deposition (ALD) and ionic layer gas atomic reaction (ILGAR) techniques have been the two most successful, yielding maximum energy conversion efficiencies up to 16.4% and 16.1%, respectively. The impact of varied deposition parameters upon the In2S3 film properties and performance of cadmium (Cd)-free solar cells has been outlined. A comparative/operational analysis (solar cell efficiencies above 9% reported for cell area ≤ 1cm2) of various buffer layers used in two primary types of TFSC technology: chalcopyrite (CIS/CIGS)- and CdTe-based solar cells was also performed to measure the progress of In2S3 compared to its counterparts.
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The document describes an experiment to electrodeposit indium sulfide (In2S3) films on molybdenum-coated glass. The experiment varied four factors - deposition voltage, deposition time, composition of the deposition solution, and deposition temperature - at three levels each in a 27-run factorial design. The films were characterized using energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy to determine the sulfur-to-indium ratio and digital image analysis to measure crack density. Statistical analysis using Minitab found that deposition voltage had the greatest effect on both crack density and sulfur-to-indium ratio of the deposited films.
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2. AuthorProof
D2 Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 162 (7) D1-D5 (2015)
Figure 1. The schematic diagram of an electrochemical cell.
(C2H6O2) by heating the solution at 150◦
C. After S melted and fully105
dissolved, the solution was cooled to 80◦
C, and then InCl3 and NaCl106
were added. Later, sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3.5H2O) was added107
as an additional source of sulfur. The stir rate was kept constant at108
250 rpm while electrodepositing. A digital potentiostat (WaveNow)109
from Pine Research Instrumentation, Inc. was used in a galvano-110
stat mode to perform chronopotentiometry (supplying voltage and111
current). A digital hotplate from Fisher Scientific (Isotemp 11-400-112
49SHP) was used to heat and stir the solution. Prior to deposition,113
the substrates were thoroughly cleaned in soapy water (using Comet 114
cleaner) with the help of a toothbrush, and then ultrasonically treated 115
(using a Cole Parmer 8890 Ultrasonic cleaner) in distilled water for 45 116
minutes at 40◦
C to remove surface contamination. Finally, substrates 117
were rinsed in an acetone solution and dried under flowing air. In2S3 118
films were deposited over the 3.75 cm2
(length: 2.5 cm; width: 1.5 119
cm) submerged surface area of the glass substrate. 120
Result Analysis and Discussion 121
Statistical analysis.— In2S3 films were quantitatively analyzed us- 122
ing Minitab 16 statistical software to perform Taguchi analysis, which 123
helped us to optimize the electrodeposition parameters in order to im- 124
prove the morphology and composition. Table I lists the deposition 125
parameters and their levels involved in the study. The values of the 126
levels (variables) were varied to measure the effect of individual de- 127
position parameters upon the output response (mean crack density, # 128
of cracks/μm), with the least number of experimental runs. 129
An orthogonal array (design of experiments (DOE)) of L18 (21
× 130
34
) was selected for conducting experiments, meaning, 2 levels for 131
bath composition, and 3 levels each for the other deposition parame- 132
ters. For each experiment, 2 samples were generated to minimize the 133
error in the data and achieve balance in the DOE. Therefore, 36 (18 134
× 2) experiments were performed to complete the study as shown in 135
Table II. The effect of each deposition parameter at a given level upon 136
the output response was estimated using analysis of means (ANOM) 137
and analysis of variance (ANOVA). 138
Table I. Control Deposition Parameters and Levels for the Electrodeposition of In2S3 Films.
Deposition Parameters
“B” “D” “E”
“A” Current Density “C” Deposition Deposition
Levels Bath Composition (mA/cm2) Substrate Time (min) Temperature (◦C)
1 0.1 M S + 0.05 M InCl3
+ 0.1 M NaCl
0.75 Mo 5 140
2 0.1 M S + 0.1 M Na2S2O3.5H2O
+ 0.05 M InCl3 + 0.1 M NaCl
1.25 ITO 10 150
3 —– 1.75 FTO 15 160
Table II. Taguchi Orthogonal Array L18 (21 × 34) Design of Experiments (DOE).
Deposition Parameters Output Response
“A” “B” “D” “E” Mean Crack Mean Distance
Bath Current Density “C” Deposition Deposition Density (MCD, # of Between the Cracks
Exp. No. Composition (mA/cm2) Substrate Time (min) Temperature (◦C) Cracks/μm) (MDC, μm)
1 S 0.75 Mo 5 140 0 0
2 S 0.75 ITO 10 150 0.27 3.71
3 S 0.75 FTO 15 160 NF NF
4 S 1.25 Mo 5 150 0.26 3.93
5 S 1.25 ITO 10 160 0.27 4.11
6 S 1.25 FTO 15 140 0.22 4.65
7 S 1.75 Mo 10 140 0.12 9.77
8 S 1.75 ITO 15 150 0.28 3.62
9 S 1.75 FTO 5 160 0.17 5.78
10 S+Na2S2O3.5H2O 0.75 Mo 15 160 0 0
11 S+Na2S2O3.5H2O 0.75 ITO 5 140 NF NF
12 S+Na2S2O3.5H2O 0.75 FTO 10 150 0 0
13 S+Na2S2O3.5H2O 1.25 Mo 10 160 0.36 2.76
14 S+Na2S2O3.5H2O 1.25 ITO 15 140 NF NF
15 S+Na2S2O3.5H2O 1.25 FTO 5 150 0.32 3.17
16 S+Na2S2O3.5H2O 1.75 Mo 15 150 0.21 4.92
17 S+Na2S2O3.5H2O 1.75 ITO 5 160 NF NF
18 S+Na2S2O3.5H2O 1.75 FTO 10 140 0.17 5.74
∗NF: No film
3. AuthorProof
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 162 (7) D1-D5 (2015) D3
AA, BB, CC,
DD, EE,
A2
D3
B1
C1
E1
Figure 2. Optimal electrodeposition parameters (A2, B1, C1, D3, E1) from
Taguchi Analysis: Main effects plot for means (mean crack density MCD
(# of cracks/μm)).
The main effects plot for means (mean crack density) revealed139
the optimal values for each electrodeposition parameter, as shown140
in Figure 2. The points (triangle shape) in the plot are the mean141
of the output response (crack density) at different levels for each142
parameter, with a reference line (horizontal dashed line) drawn at143
the grand mean of the output response. The lowest average mean144
of mean crack density defines the optimal level (encircled) for that145
deposition parameter. Therefore, according to the main effects plot146
for means, the optimal electrodeposition parameters were A2, B1, C1,147
D3, and E1. It was also evident from the output response table that148
current density was the most, while bath composition was the least,149
significant deposition parameter, to the morphology of In2S3 films,150
as shown in Table III. The substrate and deposition temperature were151
the second- and third- most significant deposition parameters relative152
to cracks in In2S3 films. We also believe that when a thin film was153
electrodeposited on a thick substrate at an elevated temperature, and154
subsequently cooled at ambient temperature, the difference between155
the thermal expansion coefficients of the substrate and In2S3 film156
created stress and strain, further contributing to cracks in the films.157
Digital imaging analysis.— In the past, our electrodeposited In2S3158
films have shown good stoichiometries but poor morphologies.18,19
159
Films were usually non-uniform and thicker around the edges, and160
sometimes flaked away into the solution when pulled from the elec-161
trochemical cell. The films have shown cracks, which formed porous162
zones on the substrate.25,28
These regions of low quality could poten-163
tially result in the loss of charged carriers and insufficient electrical164
transport within the PV cells.29
165
To study the crack behavior as a function of deposition parameters,166
digital imaging analysis of SEM images was performed using fracture167
and buckling analysis software.30
This analytical program was written168
using MATLAB Version 7.1 (R14), which helped us to determine169
the crack and buckle density at the micro/nano-scale in a reasonable170
Figure 3. Digital imaging analysis: Fracture and buckling analysis software
for crack density calculation. (Experiment 7, Sample 1).
amount of time with high accuracy. It investigates and detects the dark 171
features of the SEM image (as shown in Figure 3 in small circles) 172
compared to the average intensity of the image in a few minutes time. 173
The crack density is determined by linear analysis. A vertical line 174
(in parallel) pattern over the selected area of interest is superimposed 175
onto the image, where this line pattern is perpendicular to cracks. The 176
intersections between the analysis lines and cracks are determined. 177
Hence, the crack density is determined by dividing the number of 178
intersections with the cumulative line length.30
The dotted square box 179
indicates the area of interest, which is approximately 2100.69 μm2
180
(54.62 μm × 38.46 μm). 181
SEM images (captured at magnification scale, 5 kX, distance be- 182
tween electron gun and sample (z-value), 11 mm, and accelerating 183
voltage, 20 kV) were taken for all In2S3 films to calculate mean crack 184
density (# of cracks/μm) and mean distance between the cracks (μm) 185
as shown in Table II. The mean crack density for films deposited at 186
a current density of 0.75 mA/cm2
was 0.0685 cracks/μm, whereas, 187
the mean crack densities for films deposited at 1.25 mA/cm2
and 188
1.75 mA/cm2
were 0.2846 cracks/μm and 0.2055 cracks/μm, respec- 189
tively. However, the crack densities for films deposited at current 190
densities of 1.25 mA/cm2
and 1.75 mA/cm2
were unknown for four 191
In2S3 films due to poor coverage over the substrate. These films were 192
assumed to have high crack densities since they flaked away from the 193
substrate while rinsing with distilled water after electrodeposition. 194
Similarly, the mean distance between the cracks was higher for 195
films deposited at a current density of 0.75 mA/cm2
, compared to the 196
mean distances between the cracks for films deposited, respectively, 197
at 1.25 mA/cm2
and 1.75 mA/cm2
. This phenomenon corresponds 198
to increased crack density that is associated with decrease in mean 199
distance between the cracks, which is also evident from Figure 4. 200
For example, the film in Experiment 7, with the lowest crack density 201
among all the In2S3 films with cracks, exhibited the greatest mean 202
distance between the cracks. Similarly, the films in Experiments 9 and 203
Table III. Output Response Table for Means (Mean Crack Density).
Deposition Parameters
“A” “B” “D” “E”
Bath Current Density “C” Deposition Deposition
Levels Composition (mA/cm2) Substrate Time (min) Temperature (◦C)
1 0.1989 0.0684 0.16 0.1880 0.1284
2 0.1772 0.2847 0.2721 0.2002 0.2232
3 — 0.1916 0.1758 0.1754 0.2005
0.0218 0.2162 0.1121 0.0247 0.0948
Rank 5 1 2 4 3
4. AuthorProof
D4 Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 162 (7) D1-D5 (2015)
Figure 4. MATLAB simulation results (for all 18 experiments): Calculated
mean crack density (MCD, # of cracks/μm) and mean distance between the
cracks (MDC, μm) using fracture and buckling analysis software. NF: No film.
18 had greater mean distances between the cracks due to lower crack204
densities.205
Morphological analysis.— The cracked morphology of elec-206
trochemically deposited In2S3 thin films has been reported207
previously;3,31,32
however, the reason for this is still not fully208
known. The potential causes include thickness, poor incorporation209
of solutes with solvents,33
deposition voltage,34
substrates, surface210
contamination,35
piezoelectric effect, current density, mass transfer,36
211
and electrolytes.37
212
In our study, we found that the current density and substrate type,213
respectively, were the most and second-most significant deposition214
parameters associated with the cracking behavior. Films on FTO- and215
ITO-coated glass substrates were non-uniform, and part of the films216
flaked away when rinsed with distilled water, whereas the films de-217
posited onto Mo-coated glass substrates exhibited good uniformity218
and adherence. However, In2S3 films on all three substrates featured219
cracks and porous zones, as were evident from SEM micrographs220
shown in Figure 5. Current densities were found to have a significant221
impact upon the morphology. The porosity of the films increased with222
higher current density (>1 mA/cm2
) due to a larger rate of material223
growth at the cathode. Moreover, the morphology of the films on ITO224
glass substrates was also influenced by the substrate itself and the225
bath composition. In2S3 films deposited using Na2S2O3.5H2O as an226
additional sulfur source exhibited poor adhesion. Films flaked-off of227
the substrate after post-deposition rinsing. However, films deposited228
using only elemental sulfur showed good adherence, but large crack229
density. On the other hand, film morphology on FTO glass substrates230
was far better than on ITO glass substrates in terms of uniformity231
(coverage), appearance, and adherence. Current density was the only232
significant factor affecting the morphology of the films. Meanwhile,233
molybdenum-on-glass substrates yielded the best-electrodeposited234
In2S3 films. The films showed nice uniformity and adherence regard-235
less of the bath composition and deposition temperature. However,236
deposition time had a significant impact upon the cracking behavior237
of the films. Longer deposition times (10 and 15 min.) caused films238
to crack due to greater thicknesses, suggesting thickness as another239
potential cause for the cracks. Therefore, films were electroplated for240
only 5 minutes to deposit very thin In2S3 films and eliminate cracks.241
High current density (1.25 mA/cm2
and 1.75 mA/cm2
) yielded films242
with high crack densities, whereas, low current density (0.75 mA/cm2
)243
yielded almost crack-free films.244
Compositional analysis.— In our previous work,25
we stated that245
deposition voltage has the most significant impact upon the stoichiom-246
etry of In2S3 films. Therefore, in this follow-up study, we found, as247
expected, that the current density (a strong function of deposition volt-248
Figure 5. Electrodeposited In2S3 film morphology on molybdenum (Mo)-,
indium tin oxide (ITO)-, and fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)-coated glass
substrates at three different current densities: (A) 0.75 mA/cm2, (B) 1.25
mA/cm2, and (C) 1.75 mA/cm2.
age) has a significant impact upon the composition of the films. Films 249
deposited at low current density produced crack-free films; however, 250
the composition was slightly sulfur-rich as-deposited (see Table IV). 251
Subsequently, In2S3 films were annealed at different annealing tem- 252
peratures (200◦
C, 300◦
C, and 400◦
C) for an hour in air to study the 253
effect of annealing and improve the stoichiometry. After annealing, 254
films annealed at 300◦
C for an hour in air exhibited nearly ideal sto- 255
ichiometric ratios between sulfur and indium (S/In: 3/2). However, 256
the films contained a higher percentage of oxygen due to oxygen 257
substituting with sulfur to form In2S3-xOx during the process. 258
Summary of Work 259
Morphological and compositional properties of electrodeposited 260
In2S3 films were studied by varying deposition parameters. Digital 261
imaging analysis of SEM images using fracture and buckling analysis 262
software was performed to quantify the cracks in films. The crack den- 263
sity and mean distance between the cracks were calculated and studied 264
Table IV. EDS Data for In2S3 Films Electrodeposited at 0.75
mA/cm2.
As- Annealed Annealed Annealed
deposited 200◦C 300◦C 400◦C
Element Atomic%
Carbon (C) 24.3 8.93 0 19.36
Oxygen (O) 19.99 32.34 17.85 58.17
Aluminum (Al) 0 0 0 0.19
Sulfur (S) 32.33 34.05 49.21 11.21
Indium (In) 23.38 24.68 32.94 11.08
(S+O)/In Ratio 2.23 2.69 2.03 6.26
S/In Ratio 1.38 1.37 1.49 1.01
5. AuthorProof
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 162 (7) D1-D5 (2015) D5
as a function of deposition parameters. Using the Taguchi Method,265
we succeeded in optimizing the electrodeposition parameters and un-266
derstanding their influence upon the properties of the films, which are267
important for optimizing the device efficiency. The optimized param-268
eters helped us to improve the morphology and achieve crack-free269
films with near-to-ideal stoichiometry. Current density was the most270
significant deposition parameter correlated with cracks in the films,271
and the compositions of the films were highly dependent upon it. The272
composition of the bath was the least significant deposition parameter273
relative to effect upon the morphology and composition.274
In2S3 films were electrodeposited onto (Mo, ITO, or FTO)-coated-275
glass substrates using ethylene glycol-based electrolytes, to study their276
growth behavior and surface morphology. The optimized deposition277
parameters were sulfur plus sodium thiosulfate-containing electrolytic278
solutions (A2), 0.75 mA/cm2
current density (B1), molybdenum-279
coated glass substrates (C1), 15 minute deposition time (D3), and280
140◦
C deposition temperature (E1) (as shown in Figure 2). Using281
optimized deposition parameters, we were able to successfully syn-282
thesize In2S3 films with planar surface morphologies and nearly ideal283
stoichiometric ratios. The films were thin, uniform, adherent, ho-284
mogenous, and crack-free. In order to reduce the thickness of the285
films and further avoid cracks, the films were electroplated for only286
5 minutes.287
Taguchi analysis proved that the current density had the most288
significant impact upon the morphology and composition of In2S3289
films. Films synthesized at higher current densities (1.25 mA/cm2
and290
1.75 mA/cm2
) exhibited high crack densities, whereas, at lower cur-291
rent density (0.75 mA/cm2
), films exhibited minimal or no cracks.292
The porosity of the films increased with higher current density due293
to the larger rate of material growth at the cathode. The mean crack294
density increased approximately by 400 to 600 times for the films295
electroplated at higher current densities on all three substrates. The296
substrate and deposition temperature were the second- and third-most297
significant deposition parameters correlated with cracks in films. The298
interaction between the two was also significant, suggesting that the299
mismatch between the thermal expansion coefficients of the substrate300
and In2S3 film created stress and caused the films to crack. Further-301
more, films deposited onto FTO-glass substrates also exhibited nice302
morphologies at low current density, while films on ITO-glass sub-303
strates showed poor uniformity and adherence at all levels. Films304
exhibited different morphologies on different substrate types, even305
with the same deposition parameters. The microstructures in films306
differed from each other in terms of size, orientation, and appearance307
although they featured cracks, as shown in Figure 5. Similarly, the308
composition of the films was highly influenced by the current density.309
Films electrodeposited at low current density yielded slightly sulfur-310
rich films, which were then annealed for an hour at 300◦
C. During the311
annealing treatment, excess sulfur was removed and the stoichiometry312
between sulfur and indium was nearly ideal (S/In : 3/2).313
Acknowledgments314
The authors acknowledge the gracious support provided by315
Arkansas State University, National Science Foundation grant EPS-316
1003970 administered by the Arkansas Science and Technology317
Authority, and NASA grant NNX09AW22A administered by the318
Arkansas Space grant Consortium. Dr. Alan Mantooth, Kathy Kirk,319
Dr. Greg Salamo, Dr. Omar Manasreh, Dr. Alex Biris, Dr. Tansel320
Karabacak, Dr. Hyewon Seo, and other collaborators at the University321
of Arkansas (Fayetteville, Little Rock, and Pine Bluff campuses) are322
also thanked, as are Dr. Keith Hudson and Laura Holland at ASGC,323
and Dr. Gail McClure at ASTA. The authors are also grateful for the324
ongoing support provided by Arkansas State University, particularly325
Dr. Paul Mixon, Dr. William Burns, Dr. Tom Risch, Dr. Tanja McKay, 326
Dr. John Pratte, and Dr. Andrew Sustich. 327
Thanks also go to Dr. Richard Segall and Dr. Ilwoo Seok for an 328
introduction to the Taguchi Method, and to Dr. Stan Trauth for the use 329
of the SEM/EDS unit. 330
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6. Query
Q1: AU: Please provide a digital object identifier (doi) for Ref(s) 3, 6, 11, 16, 20, 21, 27, 34, 35, and 37. For additional information on doi’s
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