The document provides information about the Tudor Dynasty that ruled England from 1485 to 1603. It includes a timeline of important events during their rule, such as Henry VII defeating Richard III in 1485 to become king, Henry VIII splitting from the Catholic Church, and Elizabeth I's reign as queen. The document also discusses the Tudor family tree, social hierarchy, fashion trends, exploration efforts that founded the British Empire, forms of government administration, and types of crimes and punishments.
Elizabeth I faced several challenges as Queen of England, including being a female ruler in a time when women did not typically hold such power. She also had to navigate tensions between Catholics and Protestants after the religious changes under her siblings. Additionally, Mary Queen of Scots posed a threat to Elizabeth's rule as Mary had a claim to the English throne. Elizabeth overcame these problems through carefully cultivating her public image, presenting herself as a powerful monarch. She also pursued a moderate religious policy to avoid alienating either Catholics or more radical Protestants. However, Mary Queen of Scots continued to challenge Elizabeth through plots against her, ultimately leading to Mary's execution for treason.
Elizabeth I was the Queen of England from 1558 until her death in 1603. She never married and was known as the Virgin Queen. As queen, she treated marriage as a foreign policy issue and established the Church of England to help shape England's national identity. Her reign raised England's status abroad and gave the nation a new sense of confidence and sovereignty. She died in 1603 at the age of 69 after a long and successful rule.
Mary I, also known as Bloody Mary, was queen of England from 1553 to 1558. She was the daughter of King Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. When she took the throne, Mary tried to return England to Roman Catholicism after her Protestant brother Edward's reign, executing over 280 Protestants who refused to convert. Her five-year reign ended with her death in 1558, during which time she married King Phillip II of Spain and faced challenges to her rule from Lady Jane Grey.
The Tudor period in English history lasted from 1485 to 1603. Key events included Henry Tudor defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, establishing the Tudor dynasty. Henry VII married Elizabeth of York, uniting the warring houses of Lancaster and York. Their son, Henry VIII, ruled for 38 years and was known for marrying six times in his effort to produce a male heir, which led to the English Reformation. The Tudor period ended with the death of Elizabeth I in 1603 after she ruled for 44 years.
King Henry VIII ruled England from 1509 to 1547. He had six wives and was obsessed with having a male heir. His first wife was Catherine of Aragon, who he divorced after she only gave birth to a daughter, Mary. His second wife Anne Boleyn also only had a daughter, Elizabeth I. His third wife Jane Seymour finally gave birth to a son, Edward VI, but she died soon after from complications. Henry's subsequent wives, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard and Catherine Parr, did not provide any children who survived to adulthood. Henry established himself as head of the Church of England to allow his divorce from Catherine. By the time of his death, Henry had significantly centralized power in England
King Henry VIII had six wives over the course of his reign as King of England from 1509 to 1547. His first wife was Catherine of Aragon, who he was married to for over 20 years but divorced after failing to produce a male heir. He then married Anne Boleyn and had Elizabeth I, though had her executed for adultery. His third wife Jane Seymour gave birth to his son Edward VI but died shortly after. His subsequent wives included Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, both of whom he had annulments from, and his final wife Katherine Parr, who outlived Henry.
Elizabeth I faced several challenges as Queen of England, including being a female ruler in a time when women did not typically hold such power. She also had to navigate tensions between Catholics and Protestants after the religious changes under her siblings. Additionally, Mary Queen of Scots posed a threat to Elizabeth's rule as Mary had a claim to the English throne. Elizabeth overcame these problems through carefully cultivating her public image, presenting herself as a powerful monarch. She also pursued a moderate religious policy to avoid alienating either Catholics or more radical Protestants. However, Mary Queen of Scots continued to challenge Elizabeth through plots against her, ultimately leading to Mary's execution for treason.
Elizabeth I was the Queen of England from 1558 until her death in 1603. She never married and was known as the Virgin Queen. As queen, she treated marriage as a foreign policy issue and established the Church of England to help shape England's national identity. Her reign raised England's status abroad and gave the nation a new sense of confidence and sovereignty. She died in 1603 at the age of 69 after a long and successful rule.
Mary I, also known as Bloody Mary, was queen of England from 1553 to 1558. She was the daughter of King Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. When she took the throne, Mary tried to return England to Roman Catholicism after her Protestant brother Edward's reign, executing over 280 Protestants who refused to convert. Her five-year reign ended with her death in 1558, during which time she married King Phillip II of Spain and faced challenges to her rule from Lady Jane Grey.
The Tudor period in English history lasted from 1485 to 1603. Key events included Henry Tudor defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, establishing the Tudor dynasty. Henry VII married Elizabeth of York, uniting the warring houses of Lancaster and York. Their son, Henry VIII, ruled for 38 years and was known for marrying six times in his effort to produce a male heir, which led to the English Reformation. The Tudor period ended with the death of Elizabeth I in 1603 after she ruled for 44 years.
King Henry VIII ruled England from 1509 to 1547. He had six wives and was obsessed with having a male heir. His first wife was Catherine of Aragon, who he divorced after she only gave birth to a daughter, Mary. His second wife Anne Boleyn also only had a daughter, Elizabeth I. His third wife Jane Seymour finally gave birth to a son, Edward VI, but she died soon after from complications. Henry's subsequent wives, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard and Catherine Parr, did not provide any children who survived to adulthood. Henry established himself as head of the Church of England to allow his divorce from Catherine. By the time of his death, Henry had significantly centralized power in England
King Henry VIII had six wives over the course of his reign as King of England from 1509 to 1547. His first wife was Catherine of Aragon, who he was married to for over 20 years but divorced after failing to produce a male heir. He then married Anne Boleyn and had Elizabeth I, though had her executed for adultery. His third wife Jane Seymour gave birth to his son Edward VI but died shortly after. His subsequent wives included Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, both of whom he had annulments from, and his final wife Katherine Parr, who outlived Henry.
The document provides an overview of the Tudor royal family that ruled England from 1485 to 1603, listing the names and reign dates of prominent monarchs like Henry VII, Henry VIII, Mary I, and Elizabeth I. It also includes vocabulary related to the monarchy and levels of understanding from basic to advanced. The purpose is to teach about the lineage and time period of the Tudor dynasty.
The document summarizes key figures in the Tudor dynasty, the ruling family during the English Renaissance period. It describes Henry VII restoring stability after the Wars of the Roses. It then discusses Henry VIII establishing himself as head of the Church of England which led to separating from Rome. Edward VI was England's first Protestant ruler but died young. Lady Jane Grey then briefly claimed the throne before Mary I took over and restored Catholicism, earning her the name "Bloody Mary". Finally, Elizabeth I succeeded Mary I and re-established Protestantism during her long reign.
Henry VIII ruled England from 1509 to 1547. He married six times in order to have a male heir but only one of his marriages, to Jane Seymour, produced a son who survived infancy. Dissatisfied with his first marriage to Catherine of Aragon, which did not produce a living son, Henry broke with the Catholic Church to annul the marriage so he could remarry. This led him to establish himself as head of the new Church of England.
Elizabeth I was Queen of England from 1558 until 1603. She was born in 1533 to King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn and became queen at age 25 after the death of her half-sister Mary I. As queen, Elizabeth established the Church of England and passed laws to establish responsibility for the poor. She faced many challenges to her rule from Catholic plots and foreign threats, but was able to maintain England's independence through military campaigns and the failure of the Spanish Armada. Elizabeth remains a iconic figure in English history.
Henry VIII had six wives over his lifetime as King of England. His first wife was Catherine of Aragon, who gave birth to only one surviving child, Mary. Henry sought to divorce Catherine to marry Anne Boleyn, leading to a split from the Catholic Church. Anne Boleyn was executed for treason after failing to produce a male heir. Henry went on to marry Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, and finally Catherine Parr, who outlived him. Through his six marriages Henry had three children who eventually ruled as monarchs - Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I.
Elizabeth I was born in 1533 in England to King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. She became queen in 1558 at age 25 and faced many challenges during her reign, including wars with Spain and maintaining England's Protestant religious policies. Elizabeth established the Church of England which helped shape England's national identity and remained influential after her death in 1603 at age 69.
Queen Elizabeth I ruled England from 1558 until her death in 1603. She received an education in many languages and subjects. Although she had a difficult relationship with her sister Mary, after Mary's death Elizabeth took the throne at age 25. During her reign, Elizabeth helped establish England as a major power through defeating the Spanish Armada and providing strong leadership through religious, political, and economic challenges, despite facing some corruption and unrest at the end of her rule.
Queen Elizabeth I said "I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England." She was born in 1533, considered illegitimate by Roman Catholics. After her father Henry VIII and sister Mary's deaths, Elizabeth was crowned queen in 1558 at age 25, ruling for 44 years without marrying or having children. Her reign saw the defeat of the Spanish Armada, voyages to the Americas preparing England for colonization, and flourishing of the arts.
Queen Elizabeth I ruled England from 1558 to 1603. She was born in 1533 and was the daughter of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Elizabeth spent time imprisoned in the Tower of London during the reign of her Catholic sister Mary I. As queen, Elizabeth helped establish the Church of England and united people of different religions. She gained popularity among the English people and is renowned for defeating the Spanish Armada. Elizabeth never married and died childless at the age of 69, making her the last monarch of the Tudor dynasty.
Henry VIII broke England's ties with the Catholic Church in order to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn after the Pope denied his request. This began the English Reformation, where Henry established himself as the head of the new Church of England through acts like the Act of Supremacy. His children further transformed England into a Protestant nation, with Edward VI fully enacting Protestant reforms and Elizabeth I establishing the moderate Protestant Church of England through the Elizabethan Settlement.
Queen Elizabeth I ruled England from 1558 to 1603. She skillfully balanced power between masculine and feminine traits. Elizabeth demonstrated personal skills like leadership, education, and people skills. She maintained balance of power through empathy, compassion, patience and being both bold and decisive. Elizabeth promoted tolerance between Catholics and Protestants through shared English nationality. While sometimes ruthless against threats, her rule oversaw military victory over the Spanish Armada and a Golden Age of English literature, trade and colonization.
The document summarizes key aspects of Tudor rule in England from 1485-1603. It discusses how Henry VII established the foundations of a strong monarchy and wealthy nation state. Henry VIII broke England from the Catholic Church and established the Church of England. His daughter Elizabeth I defeated the Spanish Armada, cementing England's status. The document also describes domestic life, language, and culture that developed during this period of English history.
Henry VIII ruled England from 1509 to 1547. He had six wives: Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Katherine Howard, and Katherine Parr. Henry broke from the Catholic Church and established himself as the head of the new Church of England after failing to obtain an annulment from Catherine of Aragon. He had Catherine and Anne Boleyn executed and divorced the other wives. Henry's children included Mary I, Elizabeth I, and Edward VI, who succeeded him as monarchs of England.
The 18th century Ancien Régime in Europe faced challenges from growing Enlightenment ideals and economic changes. The absolute monarchies that dominated society, politics, and the economy in countries like France and Spain came under increasing criticism. Enlightenment thinkers advocated for rational thinking, religious tolerance, and more egalitarian political systems with separation of powers. Meanwhile, the growth of trade and the bourgeoisie class eroded the power and privileges of the nobility and clergy. By the late 1700s, the Ancien Régime faced revolutionary pressures that would ultimately transform European societies.
Henry VIII became King of England in 1509 at age 17. He had six wives - Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Katherine Howard, and Katherine Parr. Henry broke ties with Rome and the Catholic Church after failing to have his marriage to Catherine annulled, establishing the Church of England with himself as its head. Henry was an educated and talented Renaissance prince, known for his passion for music and collection of instruments. The document also provides background on Northern Renaissance art and artists such as Holbein, Durer, and Van Eyck.
Queen Victoria came to the throne of England in 1837 after the death of her uncle, King William IV. She married her cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in 1840. Together they had nine children over the next 18 years. When Albert died of typhoid fever in 1861, Victoria was devastated and wore black in mourning for the rest of her life. She was the longest reigning British monarch, on the throne from 1837 until her death in 1901.
Henry VII established a wealthy and powerful English monarchy focused on business over war. Henry VIII broke England from the Catholic Church and made the Church of England independent in order to gain control over the Church. During this Tudor period, England experienced a great artistic renaissance. Henry VIII had six wives and divorced several in order to obtain a male heir after his first wife Catherine of Aragon failed to produce a surviving son. Upon Henry's death, he left the throne to his three children - Mary, Elizabeth, and Edward.
The document provides background information on the Hundred Years War between France and England from 1337 to 1453. It summarizes key events such as the Norman Conquest establishing English claims to French lands, early English victories at battles like Crecy and Agincourt through the use of the longbow and cannons, and the rise of Joan of Arc who helped rally French forces and lift the English siege of Orleans, shifting momentum back to France.
Guy Fawkes was born in 1570 in York, England to a Catholic family at a time when Catholics faced persecution. As he grew older and witnessed anti-Catholic laws, he became angry at their treatment. He left England for Spain in the 1590s to become a soldier, where he met Thomas Winter who had a plan to blow up the Houses of Parliament to kill King James I and end anti-Catholic laws. Fawkes was involved in the Gunpowder Plot and moved to London, renting a house next to Parliament to store gunpowder in the cellar. On November 5, 1605, Fawkes was caught in the cellar with barrels of gunpowder and tortured, eventually
The document provides information about Queen Elizabeth II and the British royal family. It details Elizabeth's birthdate and background, her ascension to the throne in 1952 after her father's death, her marriage to Prince Philip and their four children. It also lists the current order of succession to the throne and outlines some of the Queen's duties as head of state, head of the armed forces, and head of the Church of England. It shares facts about the Queen's long reign such as overseas visits, state banquets hosted, and her 80th birthday celebration in 2006.
- The document outlines the requirements for a group business plan presentation project in an Introduction to Business course. It provides context for the project, including its objectives, learning outcomes, tasks, submission requirements, assessment criteria, and rubric.
- Students must form groups, choose a business idea, develop a 10-minute presentation on the business plan, and submit any presentation materials. The presentation will be assessed based on topic content, verbal presentation skills, and peer evaluation of individual contributions.
- Guidelines are provided on the expected content of the presentation, including describing the business, conducting market and competitor analysis, explaining marketing and management strategies, and providing a financial plan and conclusion.
This document outlines the requirements and assessment criteria for a final residential landscape project at the School of Architecture, Building & Design. Students are asked to design the landscape for a residence based on the same site from a previous project. The design process should go through stages including a project description, conceptual diagram, schematic plan, master plan with sections and elevations, plant palettes, and a cost estimate and maintenance plan. Students must submit their designs on two presentation boards along with progression drawings. The project will be assessed based on demonstrated understanding, design ideas, graphic skills, and quality of work.
The document provides an overview of the Tudor royal family that ruled England from 1485 to 1603, listing the names and reign dates of prominent monarchs like Henry VII, Henry VIII, Mary I, and Elizabeth I. It also includes vocabulary related to the monarchy and levels of understanding from basic to advanced. The purpose is to teach about the lineage and time period of the Tudor dynasty.
The document summarizes key figures in the Tudor dynasty, the ruling family during the English Renaissance period. It describes Henry VII restoring stability after the Wars of the Roses. It then discusses Henry VIII establishing himself as head of the Church of England which led to separating from Rome. Edward VI was England's first Protestant ruler but died young. Lady Jane Grey then briefly claimed the throne before Mary I took over and restored Catholicism, earning her the name "Bloody Mary". Finally, Elizabeth I succeeded Mary I and re-established Protestantism during her long reign.
Henry VIII ruled England from 1509 to 1547. He married six times in order to have a male heir but only one of his marriages, to Jane Seymour, produced a son who survived infancy. Dissatisfied with his first marriage to Catherine of Aragon, which did not produce a living son, Henry broke with the Catholic Church to annul the marriage so he could remarry. This led him to establish himself as head of the new Church of England.
Elizabeth I was Queen of England from 1558 until 1603. She was born in 1533 to King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn and became queen at age 25 after the death of her half-sister Mary I. As queen, Elizabeth established the Church of England and passed laws to establish responsibility for the poor. She faced many challenges to her rule from Catholic plots and foreign threats, but was able to maintain England's independence through military campaigns and the failure of the Spanish Armada. Elizabeth remains a iconic figure in English history.
Henry VIII had six wives over his lifetime as King of England. His first wife was Catherine of Aragon, who gave birth to only one surviving child, Mary. Henry sought to divorce Catherine to marry Anne Boleyn, leading to a split from the Catholic Church. Anne Boleyn was executed for treason after failing to produce a male heir. Henry went on to marry Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, and finally Catherine Parr, who outlived him. Through his six marriages Henry had three children who eventually ruled as monarchs - Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I.
Elizabeth I was born in 1533 in England to King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. She became queen in 1558 at age 25 and faced many challenges during her reign, including wars with Spain and maintaining England's Protestant religious policies. Elizabeth established the Church of England which helped shape England's national identity and remained influential after her death in 1603 at age 69.
Queen Elizabeth I ruled England from 1558 until her death in 1603. She received an education in many languages and subjects. Although she had a difficult relationship with her sister Mary, after Mary's death Elizabeth took the throne at age 25. During her reign, Elizabeth helped establish England as a major power through defeating the Spanish Armada and providing strong leadership through religious, political, and economic challenges, despite facing some corruption and unrest at the end of her rule.
Queen Elizabeth I said "I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England." She was born in 1533, considered illegitimate by Roman Catholics. After her father Henry VIII and sister Mary's deaths, Elizabeth was crowned queen in 1558 at age 25, ruling for 44 years without marrying or having children. Her reign saw the defeat of the Spanish Armada, voyages to the Americas preparing England for colonization, and flourishing of the arts.
Queen Elizabeth I ruled England from 1558 to 1603. She was born in 1533 and was the daughter of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Elizabeth spent time imprisoned in the Tower of London during the reign of her Catholic sister Mary I. As queen, Elizabeth helped establish the Church of England and united people of different religions. She gained popularity among the English people and is renowned for defeating the Spanish Armada. Elizabeth never married and died childless at the age of 69, making her the last monarch of the Tudor dynasty.
Henry VIII broke England's ties with the Catholic Church in order to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn after the Pope denied his request. This began the English Reformation, where Henry established himself as the head of the new Church of England through acts like the Act of Supremacy. His children further transformed England into a Protestant nation, with Edward VI fully enacting Protestant reforms and Elizabeth I establishing the moderate Protestant Church of England through the Elizabethan Settlement.
Queen Elizabeth I ruled England from 1558 to 1603. She skillfully balanced power between masculine and feminine traits. Elizabeth demonstrated personal skills like leadership, education, and people skills. She maintained balance of power through empathy, compassion, patience and being both bold and decisive. Elizabeth promoted tolerance between Catholics and Protestants through shared English nationality. While sometimes ruthless against threats, her rule oversaw military victory over the Spanish Armada and a Golden Age of English literature, trade and colonization.
The document summarizes key aspects of Tudor rule in England from 1485-1603. It discusses how Henry VII established the foundations of a strong monarchy and wealthy nation state. Henry VIII broke England from the Catholic Church and established the Church of England. His daughter Elizabeth I defeated the Spanish Armada, cementing England's status. The document also describes domestic life, language, and culture that developed during this period of English history.
Henry VIII ruled England from 1509 to 1547. He had six wives: Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Katherine Howard, and Katherine Parr. Henry broke from the Catholic Church and established himself as the head of the new Church of England after failing to obtain an annulment from Catherine of Aragon. He had Catherine and Anne Boleyn executed and divorced the other wives. Henry's children included Mary I, Elizabeth I, and Edward VI, who succeeded him as monarchs of England.
The 18th century Ancien Régime in Europe faced challenges from growing Enlightenment ideals and economic changes. The absolute monarchies that dominated society, politics, and the economy in countries like France and Spain came under increasing criticism. Enlightenment thinkers advocated for rational thinking, religious tolerance, and more egalitarian political systems with separation of powers. Meanwhile, the growth of trade and the bourgeoisie class eroded the power and privileges of the nobility and clergy. By the late 1700s, the Ancien Régime faced revolutionary pressures that would ultimately transform European societies.
Henry VIII became King of England in 1509 at age 17. He had six wives - Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Katherine Howard, and Katherine Parr. Henry broke ties with Rome and the Catholic Church after failing to have his marriage to Catherine annulled, establishing the Church of England with himself as its head. Henry was an educated and talented Renaissance prince, known for his passion for music and collection of instruments. The document also provides background on Northern Renaissance art and artists such as Holbein, Durer, and Van Eyck.
Queen Victoria came to the throne of England in 1837 after the death of her uncle, King William IV. She married her cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in 1840. Together they had nine children over the next 18 years. When Albert died of typhoid fever in 1861, Victoria was devastated and wore black in mourning for the rest of her life. She was the longest reigning British monarch, on the throne from 1837 until her death in 1901.
Henry VII established a wealthy and powerful English monarchy focused on business over war. Henry VIII broke England from the Catholic Church and made the Church of England independent in order to gain control over the Church. During this Tudor period, England experienced a great artistic renaissance. Henry VIII had six wives and divorced several in order to obtain a male heir after his first wife Catherine of Aragon failed to produce a surviving son. Upon Henry's death, he left the throne to his three children - Mary, Elizabeth, and Edward.
The document provides background information on the Hundred Years War between France and England from 1337 to 1453. It summarizes key events such as the Norman Conquest establishing English claims to French lands, early English victories at battles like Crecy and Agincourt through the use of the longbow and cannons, and the rise of Joan of Arc who helped rally French forces and lift the English siege of Orleans, shifting momentum back to France.
Guy Fawkes was born in 1570 in York, England to a Catholic family at a time when Catholics faced persecution. As he grew older and witnessed anti-Catholic laws, he became angry at their treatment. He left England for Spain in the 1590s to become a soldier, where he met Thomas Winter who had a plan to blow up the Houses of Parliament to kill King James I and end anti-Catholic laws. Fawkes was involved in the Gunpowder Plot and moved to London, renting a house next to Parliament to store gunpowder in the cellar. On November 5, 1605, Fawkes was caught in the cellar with barrels of gunpowder and tortured, eventually
The document provides information about Queen Elizabeth II and the British royal family. It details Elizabeth's birthdate and background, her ascension to the throne in 1952 after her father's death, her marriage to Prince Philip and their four children. It also lists the current order of succession to the throne and outlines some of the Queen's duties as head of state, head of the armed forces, and head of the Church of England. It shares facts about the Queen's long reign such as overseas visits, state banquets hosted, and her 80th birthday celebration in 2006.
- The document outlines the requirements for a group business plan presentation project in an Introduction to Business course. It provides context for the project, including its objectives, learning outcomes, tasks, submission requirements, assessment criteria, and rubric.
- Students must form groups, choose a business idea, develop a 10-minute presentation on the business plan, and submit any presentation materials. The presentation will be assessed based on topic content, verbal presentation skills, and peer evaluation of individual contributions.
- Guidelines are provided on the expected content of the presentation, including describing the business, conducting market and competitor analysis, explaining marketing and management strategies, and providing a financial plan and conclusion.
This document outlines the requirements and assessment criteria for a final residential landscape project at the School of Architecture, Building & Design. Students are asked to design the landscape for a residence based on the same site from a previous project. The design process should go through stages including a project description, conceptual diagram, schematic plan, master plan with sections and elevations, plant palettes, and a cost estimate and maintenance plan. Students must submit their designs on two presentation boards along with progression drawings. The project will be assessed based on demonstrated understanding, design ideas, graphic skills, and quality of work.
This document provides instructions for an Idea Journal assignment where students are asked to imagine themselves as celebrities. They must create a Facebook page for their celebrity persona and complete three Idea Journal entries on topics like their backstory, celebrity award outfits, and merchandise. Entries should include a mind map and can incorporate sketches, diagrams, cutouts, and more. Students will upload scanned versions of their Idea Journal entries to albums on their celebrity Facebook page for assessment. Entries will be graded based on originality, creativity, communication of ideas, and depth of ideas.
This document provides instructions for Project 2 of the Introduction to Drawing course. Students are asked to choose a daily object no larger than A5 size and take measurements to generate orthographic drawings, including a top view, three elevations, one section, and two detail drawings. Students must also include a perspective view as the cover of their accordion-style submission booklet. The project aims to develop students' observation skills, drawing conventions, and ability to translate 3D objects into 2D drawings. Submissions will be evaluated based on demonstrated understanding of drawing conventions, clarity and quality of drawings, and creativity in technique and presentation.
1. The document outlines the requirements and tasks for a landscape architecture project involving site analysis and design for a residential property.
2. Students are divided into groups to conduct site visits, analyze existing site conditions, and develop conceptual design solutions. They must document their research and analysis in an A3 booklet.
3. Individual students must complete a graphic journal with drawings of landscape elements to demonstrate graphic communication skills.
This document provides information on the English 2 module offered at the School of Architecture, Building & Design. The 5-credit module aims to develop students' English proficiency skills, including reading, writing, listening and speaking. It will focus on academic reading and writing skills, as well as techniques for answering listening and speaking assessments. Students will complete assignments, a portfolio and a final exam to assess their language skills and whether they achieve the learning outcomes of being able to communicate effectively, demonstrate accuracy in the 4 skills, and show critical understanding of language in context. The module will be delivered through weekly lectures and tutorials over 18 weeks.
This document outlines the assessment components for PSYC 0203, totaling 100%. It includes 3 assignments, 2 tests, and an e-portfolio. Assignment 1 is a journal entry worth 20% and requires discussing 5 concepts from class in 5 personal experience entries. Assignment 2 is a group comic project worth 10% requiring a storyline incorporating 5 chapter concepts and a 5% oral presentation. Assignment 3 is a video clip, written report, and presentation worth 30% requiring students to identify psychological connections and incorporate concepts into a 3-5 minute script with a 1500 word APA formatted report.
This document outlines an assignment for an English class to write a compare and contrast essay about two movie genres. Students must choose between action-comedy films or animated films, research the genre, view example movies, and write a 6 paragraph essay comparing or contrasting two films within the chosen genre. The essay must be 600-1000 words and follow APA style for citations and referencing. A draft is due before the final submission deadline of September 28th, and will be graded based on formatting, structure, content, style, and overall presentation.
1. This document outlines the requirements for a two-part final project in a course on natural and built environments.
2. For Part A (individual), students must create an A4 pamphlet and process journal to propose a new city called "X City". They must research city components and propose a design for "X City" considering factors like population, location, and zoning.
3. For Part B (group), students must build a physical model and presentation boards explaining their selected city design in more detail. They must pretend they are the mayor proposing a new design for practical reasons.
4. Guidelines require the proposed city be 30-50 square km, hold 100,000-250,000 people
This document outlines an assignment for a photo blog for a class on effective public communication. Students will work in groups of 5-6 and choose a location to focus on through 25-30 photos with 20-30 word captions each on topics like people, food, activities, and cultural buildings. The assignment aims to analyze communication and cultural differences. Students will be assessed on their understanding of the brief, content and organization, use of references, and grammar. The due date is October 12, 2015.
This document outlines the final project assignment for the Creative Thinking Skills course. The project involves rebranding a daily object. It is divided into two parts:
Part A is individual work where students must come up with a new name, logo, tagline, and packaging design for their assigned object. They must document their creative process.
Part B is group work where the best rebranding proposals will be selected. Groups will produce a 30-45 second advertisement video, an A3 poster, and a 5 minute product presentation. Submissions and presentations are due in weeks 12 and 17. The project aims to develop critical and creative thinking skills.
The document discusses several concepts from social psychology:
1. Social facilitation - The tendency for people to perform better on simple tasks when being watched or observed by others compared to performing alone. It is caused by the presence of others creating an atmosphere of evaluation.
2. Social comparison - The process where people evaluate their own attitudes, abilities, and beliefs by comparing themselves to others, usually among their peers. This can be upward or downward social comparison.
3. Stereotyping - Beliefs about people based on their group membership. Stereotypes can be positive, negative, or neutral. They allow for rapid processing of information but also ignore differences between individuals.
This very short document contains two lines of text that appear to be slide titles for a presentation: "Test slide" and "Test slide2". It provides the names of two slides but no other context or information.
El documento describe las reglas para un juego de competencia entre cuatro equipos de 6 integrantes cada uno. Cada equipo elegirá un representante que tomará un tema al azar para responder. Solo una persona por equipo puede contestar a la vez. Si más de dos integrantes responden se cancela su participación. Los otros equipos pueden "robar" la pregunta manteniendo silencio. Después de 3 rondas, el equipo con más puntos ganará un premio.
http://mindpersuasion.com/
If you tell yourself you want something, but never take action, your subconscious will start to doubt your honest. Learn More: http://mindpersuasion.com/tools/
http://mindpersuasion.com/
Most people are terrified of risk, or even trying new things. But unless you are willing to openly embrace small risks on a regular basis, you won't get much more than average. Learn More: http://mindpersuasion.com/income-stream-generator/
This document provides guidance on conducting a desktop and on-site appraisal of a potential building location. Key points include:
- Conducting a thorough desktop analysis to eliminate unsuitable sites and identify potential issues to investigate further.
- Assessing location factors like climate, access to materials and services, and legal/ownership considerations.
- Measuring the site in detail and talking to local authorities to verify boundaries, underground infrastructure, and prior development.
- Digging trial holes and boreholes to understand subsurface conditions like soil type and water table, in order to design foundations appropriately or advise against building if issues are found.
Redes sociales - Fernando Mancillas de la pazRaquel Gandiaga
Este documento describe las redes sociales como estructuras sociales compuestas por personas relacionadas según criterios como la amistad o el parentesco. Explica que las redes sociales como Facebook, Twitter e Instagram han cambiado la forma en que las personas se comunican y comparten información, y también se usan para hacer política y promover campañas. Finalmente, señala que aunque las redes sociales tienen usos positivos, también pueden usarse para fines negativos como obtener información de personas con fines de secuestro o terrorismo.
This document discusses opportunities for innovation in the European fruit and vegetable industry. It explores taken-for-granted business factors and the results of an ERRC-Grid study. Additionally, it examines possibilities for introducing new types of young fruit to consumers. The document is co-authored by Simon Düsseldorf and Emiel Wubben and analyzes ways the industry can create blue oceans and find untapped demand.
The Tudor period in Great Britain spans from 1485-1603 and was marked by significant events including the rule of Queen Elizabeth I. Elizabeth helped establish the Church of England while expanding England's global trade and defeating the Spanish Armada. The arts flourished under the Tudors, most notably through William Shakespeare's renowned plays and poems. However, threats to Elizabeth's throne persisted, leading to the execution of her cousin Mary, Queen of Scots who sought to overthrow Protestant rule. Overall, the Tudor period established England as a formidable power on the global stage.
- Elizabeth I became Queen of England in 1558 after the death of her half-sister Mary I. She was the daughter of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, who was beheaded when Elizabeth was young.
- Key events of Elizabeth's reign included establishing the Anglican Church in 1563, imprisoning her cousin Mary, Queen of Scots in 1568, and signing the warrant for Mary's execution in 1587.
- Elizabeth led England to defeat the Spanish Armada in 1588, demonstrating her abilities as a ruler and making England a world power during her reign, which ended with her death in 1603.
The reign of Queen Elizabeth I was a golden age for England where culture and trade flourished despite rising poverty. After defeating the Spanish Armada, England enjoyed peace during the Renaissance. Although Elizabeth never married, the people felt patriotic pride in their queen. Her long reign established England as a major power in Europe and a prosperous nation.
The reign of Queen Elizabeth I was a golden age for England where culture and trade flourished despite rising poverty. After defeating the Spanish Armada, England enjoyed peace during the Renaissance. Although Elizabeth never married, the people felt patriotic pride in their queen. Her long reign established England as a major power in Europe and a prosperous nation.
The reign of Queen Elizabeth I was a golden age for England where culture and trade flourished despite rising poverty. After defeating the Spanish Armada, England enjoyed peace during the Renaissance. Although Elizabeth never married, the people felt patriotic pride in their queen. Her long reign established England as a major power in Europe and a prosperous nation.
Henry Tudor defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, becoming King Henry VII and ending the Wars of the Roses between the House of York and House of Lancaster. The document then provides summaries of each of the Tudor monarchs from Henry VII through Elizabeth I, detailing important events that occurred during their reigns such as the English Reformation under Henry VIII and conflicts with other European powers. Life in Tudor England is also summarized, covering topics like architecture, education, entertainment, punishment, and transportation.
The document provides an overview of British history from the Norman Conquest in 1066 through the premiership of Margaret Thatcher, covering major dynasties, monarchs, political developments, and military conflicts. Key events mentioned include the Glorious Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, World Wars I and II, and the Falklands War. Biographical information is also given for several important political figures like Oliver Cromwell, William Gladstone, Winston Churchill, and Clement Atlee.
The document provides information about the geography, history, politics and culture of the British Isles. It describes the various countries that make up the region - England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. It outlines the differences between the terms Britain, United Kingdom and British Isles. Key facts about the royal family, religion, economy and famous sites are also summarized.
Henry VIII ruled England from 1509 to 1547. He had six wives and broke with the Catholic Church in 1534 over his divorce from Catherine of Aragon. His son, Edward VI, became King at age 9 upon Henry's death in 1547. Edward's reign was marked by Protestant reforms but much of his rule was conducted through regents due to his young age. He attempted to exclude his Catholic half-sisters Mary and Elizabeth from the succession, instead naming Lady Jane Grey as his heir, but Mary assumed the throne after his death at age 15 in 1553.
Elizabeth I was born in 1533 and became Queen of England in 1559 after her coronation. She concluded war with France by signing the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis that same year. In 1577, she agreed to an alliance with the Netherlands to help them fight Spain. Sir Francis Drake was knighted by Elizabeth in 1581 after capturing Spanish treasure. Mary Queen of Scots was executed in 1587 for conspiring against Elizabeth, leading to the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588. Elizabeth granted a charter establishing the East India Company in 1600 before her death in 1603.
Elizabeth I ruled England from 1558 to 1603 during what was known as the Elizabethan era. She established the Church of England and defeated the Spanish Armada. Mary, Queen of Scots was Elizabeth's rival for the English throne as she was Catholic and claimed to be the rightful heir. Mary was eventually executed after being imprisoned by Elizabeth for 18 years for plotting against her. Marie Antoinette was the last Queen of France, serving from 1774 until the French Revolution led to her execution in 1793. Catherine the Great ruled Russia for 34 years until 1796, expanding the empire significantly during her reign known as the Golden Age of Russia.
Elizabeth I ruled England from 1558 to 1603 during what was known as the Elizabethan era. She established the Church of England and defeated the Spanish Armada. Mary, Queen of Scots was Elizabeth's rival for the English throne as she was Catholic and claimed to be the rightful heir. Mary was eventually executed after being imprisoned by Elizabeth for 18 years for plotting against her. Marie Antoinette was the last Queen of France, serving from 1774 until the French Revolution led to her execution in 1793. Catherine the Great ruled Russia for 34 years until 1796, expanding the empire significantly during her reign known as the Golden Age of Russia.
Elizabeth I was Queen of England from 1558 until her death in 1603. She never married but faced pressure to choose a husband from foreign princes like Philip II of Spain and the Duke of Anjou of France. Her half-sister Mary Tudor preceded her after their father Henry VIII disowned Elizabeth upon his death. Elizabeth faced significant religious tensions during her rule between Catholics and Protestants, and she was eventually excommunicated by the Pope. She defeated the Spanish Armada in the 1580s, cementing England's status. Elizabeth died childless at age 69 and was succeeded by her cousin King James VI of Scotland.
1. The document provides an overview of British history from prehistory to the Restoration period. It describes archaeological sites like Stonehenge and the different groups that inhabited Britain, including the Iberians, Celts, Romans, Angles, Saxons, and Vikings.
2. During the Medieval period, the Normans invaded under William the Conqueror in 1066 and introduced feudalism. Significant events included the signing of the Magna Carta and the beginnings of Parliament. The Tudor dynasty saw the War of the Roses, reigns of monarchs like Henry VIII and Elizabeth I, and the English Reformation.
3. Conflicts between the monarchy and Parliament intensified
- Western Europe from 1450-1750 saw the rise of absolutism in countries like France, Spain, England, and the Netherlands. Absolute monarchs believed they ruled by divine right with unlimited power.
- In France, Cardinal Richelieu helped centralize power for King Louis XIII. Louis XIV later epitomized absolute rule, believing "I am the state." He moved the capital to Versailles to control nobles.
- In England, the Tudors brought stability after the War of the Roses. Elizabeth I established Protestantism and defeated the Spanish Armada, securing England. The Stuarts' divine right views led to conflicts and the English Civil War between Parliament and Charles I,
Philip II of Spain assembled a fleet of 130 ships called the Spanish Armada in 1588 with the goal of escorting Spanish troops from the Netherlands to invade England. The commander of the Armada was the Duke of Medina Sidonia, an aristocrat without naval experience. The English fleet, under better commanders like Francis Drake, harried the Armada as it sailed near England. Many Spanish ships were damaged and the Armada was scattered by fireships in a night attack. Unable to rendezvous with the Spanish troops in the Netherlands, the damaged Armada sailed around Scotland and Ireland in storms, losing over a third of its ships, in a decisive victory for English Protestantism over Spanish Catholic power.
1. Britain's history spans over 5,000 years from the Stone Age to modern times and saw successive waves of settlers and invaders including the Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Vikings, and Normans.
2. The country experienced major changes through the Industrial Revolution and British Empire which brought great wealth and power but also social problems.
3. Key events included the Magna Carta, English Civil War, Glorious Revolution, Acts of Union, World Wars, and decolonization process in the post-war period.
This research proposal examines how temporal activities affect the food culture in Taman Eng Ann, a residential area inhabited mostly by Chinese communities in Malaysia. The researcher aims to understand how the food culture circulating in the community changes throughout the day, and how the daily routines and activities of different population groups like the elderly, students, and working professionals affect the intensity of different eateries. The researcher will observe locals' daily practices and how they impact the availability of certain foods and operating hours of food stalls and restaurants. This study could provide insight into how locals' food eating time frames and temporal behaviors link to their food preferences and choices.
This document contains architectural plans for a two-story house including the first floor plan, second floor plan, sections, elevations, callout sections, and an exploded isometric view. The plans provide dimensions and labels for the various rooms and areas of the house including a 11m2 working room, 39m2 living and dining room, and 16m2 master bedroom on the first floor and several bedrooms and bathrooms on the second floor. The document also includes relevant details like scales, a project number, dates, and names of the architect and owner.
This document provides details of a measured drawing project of Ang Boutique, a 120-year-old shop house located at 120 Jalan Bunga Raya in Malacca, Malaysia. It discusses the aims, materials and challenges of the project. It also provides historical background on Malacca and the development of Jalan Bunga Raya. The architectural style, site context, layout, elements and materials of the shop house are documented and analyzed. Building defects are identified. In conclusion, the document thoroughly documents the shop house to create an accurate measured drawing as required for the course.
The National Mosque in Kuala Lumpur was built in 1965 as a symbol of newly independent Malaysia. It was designed by three architects in a modernist style that incorporated Islamic elements. The mosque is located near major landmarks in Kuala Lumpur. It has a distinctive folded plate roof structure inspired by traditional Malay architecture. The interior layout includes a main prayer hall, women's prayer hall, administrative offices, and other spaces arranged over two floors.
The document provides information on two construction sites - Elmina Valley Phase EV1A residential development and a residential project in Mukim Lunas, Daerah Kulim, Kedah. It discusses the site layout, safety measures, plants and machinery used, and construction processes for foundations, superstructure, roofs and services at the sites. Detailed site plans and photographs are included to illustrate the various construction elements and safety protocols like signage, personal protective equipment. Preliminary works covered include site access, drainage, storage areas, and green zones. Foundation types, construction steps for beams, columns, walls and staircases are described.
This document outlines an assignment for students to learn about the design process through developing a hanging mobile display for a Lego miniature character. It describes 4 tasks for the Design Process Journal that involve researching the character, generating design ideas and concepts, investigating what makes a good hanging mobile, and compiling process work. Students will individually complete sketches, drawings, and presentations for each task to demonstrate understanding of the design process. Their work will be assessed based on meeting requirements, depth of content, and originality and creativity. The final project aims to familiarize students with design investigation, interpretation, and translating ideas into a simple design.
This document provides instructions for a two-part design project. Part 1 is a group project to create a 3D geometric artwork based on a randomly assigned word. Students will explore the word's meaning, develop 2D design elements, and transform these into 3D models using various materials over 4 tutorial sessions. The best model will be presented as a hanging mobile.
Part 2 is an individual project to create a hanging mobile display for a Lego miniature. Students will apply the design process and principles learned in Part 1. They will present their understanding of the character, selected design elements inspired by key words, and 3 proposals for the hanging mobile display during the first tutorial session.
This document outlines a design project with two parts for students. Part 1 involves individually sketching natural and built environment elements and producing abstract artworks. Part 2 involves working in groups to create nine simple abstract artworks from daily items exploring design principles. Students must submit sketches and artworks demonstrating understanding of elements and principles. They will give a presentation explaining the group artwork's theme, applied principles, and composition through diagrams and boards. Assessment criteria include demonstrated understanding of elements, principles, composition, originality, creativity, and presentation quality.
This document provides an overview of an introductory design module being offered in January 2015. The 5-credit module will introduce students to basic design elements and principles through lectures, tutorials, study trips, and design projects. Students will learn about the design process and components like sketching and drawing. They will apply their skills and knowledge to assignments involving visual and verbal reports. Upon completing the module, students should be able to recognize and apply design elements and principles, and explain their application in simple projects. The module will be delivered over 18 weeks through lectures, tutorials, and self-directed study.
This document outlines an oral presentation assignment for a course on effective public communication. Students must work in groups of 6-8 and present for 25 minutes on an analysis of two different businesses. They must describe the background, competitors/challenges, business nature/strategies, and recommendations for the future of each business. Students will be assessed on their understanding of the task, content quality, organization, use of references, and grammar. The presentation is due on November 23rd, along with a soft copy of materials and a cover page with the required information.
This document outlines an oral presentation assignment for a course on Effective Public Communication. Students will work in groups of 6-8 people to research and present for 15-20 minutes on analyses of mural paintings or steel artwork. Each group must analyze the artist's background, describe two artworks, and identify 5 communication concepts within them. Presentations are due on November 16th and will be assessed based on understanding the brief, content relevance, organization, referencing, and mechanics. The tasks, submission requirements, assessment criteria, and suggested references are provided.
This document provides information on the "Effective Public Communication" module offered at Taylor's University. The 3-credit, 18-week module aims to develop students' interpersonal and group communication skills through concepts like perception, listening, decision making, and conflict resolution. Assessment includes a class test, group blog project, individual oral presentation, and portfolio. The module uses student-centered learning and covers topics such as communication models, verbal/nonverbal messages, relationships, groups, and leadership.
This document outlines a group project assignment for a social psychology course. Students will be assigned to groups of 4-5 to conduct a social psychology experiment, record a video clip demonstrating the process, and do a group presentation. The objectives are to conduct a simple experiment, enhance teamwork and leadership skills, and encourage creative and critical thinking. Students must submit a written report in a specified format and give a 20 minute presentation plus Q&A. Plagiarism is strictly prohibited and will result in failure of the assignment. The project is worth 40% of the total course grade.
This document provides instructions for Assignment 1 of the Social Psychology course. Students are asked to complete a journal entry reflecting on how the course concepts relate to their personal lives or experiences. They should submit two journal entries per assignment that are 1.5-2 paragraphs each, relating a past life experience to a concept from the lectures. The objectives are to increase awareness of how social psychology applies to daily life and to understand interactions with others. Students will be assessed on demonstrating understanding of course themes, appropriately applying concepts to personal experiences, and following the documentation format and submission requirements.
The document provides information on a 3 credit hour social psychology module offered at Taylor's University. It includes a synopsis of topics covered in the module such as social behavior, prejudice, attraction and aggression. It outlines the module's teaching objectives of providing an introduction to social psychology and enabling students to understand how social situations influence human behavior. Assessment will include assignments, projects, presentations and tests to evaluate students' understanding and application of concepts as well as development of skills like critical thinking and communication.
This document contains 15 questions about introductory business concepts including marketing, accounting, management, and ethics. The questions cover topics such as the 5 Ps of marketing, profit and loss statements, goals and strategies, organizational structures, and ethical business practices. Sample answers are provided for some questions to illustrate key business concepts.
The document summarizes a charity drive organized by a group of students to raise funds for PPKKCKS, a home for disabled children. The group sold various food items like frozen yogurt, cakes, coffee, and noodles throughout the week. They faced issues with their machinery but managed to raise a total of RM2152. They analyzed competition and used various promotion and marketing strategies like posters, social media, lucky draws, and emphasizing the charitable cause to boost sales. An electronics company sponsored their project with RM2300.
The document provides information about a final project for an Introduction to Business course. The project requires students to form groups of up to 4 members to run a charity drive event. They will choose a product or service to sell during the event and donate all profits to a charity of their choice. Students must submit a charity drive report and supporting documents. The objectives of the project are to develop students' business skills and understanding of social responsibility. Students will be assessed based on the content of their report, achievement of goals, financial records, peer evaluation, and a self-reflection video.
This document provides information on the Introduction to Business module offered at Taylor's University. The 4-credit, 18-week module aims to provide students with an understanding of basic business concepts including different business types, goals, functions, and factors affecting operations. Modes of delivery include lectures and self-directed study. Assessment involves formative assessments like discussions and summative assessments to evaluate understanding. Students will develop an understanding of human resources, marketing, production, and finance theories and their business applications.
4th Modern Marketing Reckoner by MMA Global India & Group M: 60+ experts on W...Social Samosa
The Modern Marketing Reckoner (MMR) is a comprehensive resource packed with POVs from 60+ industry leaders on how AI is transforming the 4 key pillars of marketing – product, place, price and promotions.
State of Artificial intelligence Report 2023kuntobimo2016
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a multidisciplinary field of science and engineering whose goal is to create intelligent machines.
We believe that AI will be a force multiplier on technological progress in our increasingly digital, data-driven world. This is because everything around us today, ranging from culture to consumer products, is a product of intelligence.
The State of AI Report is now in its sixth year. Consider this report as a compilation of the most interesting things we’ve seen with a goal of triggering an informed conversation about the state of AI and its implication for the future.
We consider the following key dimensions in our report:
Research: Technology breakthroughs and their capabilities.
Industry: Areas of commercial application for AI and its business impact.
Politics: Regulation of AI, its economic implications and the evolving geopolitics of AI.
Safety: Identifying and mitigating catastrophic risks that highly-capable future AI systems could pose to us.
Predictions: What we believe will happen in the next 12 months and a 2022 performance review to keep us honest.
The Ipsos - AI - Monitor 2024 Report.pdfSocial Samosa
According to Ipsos AI Monitor's 2024 report, 65% Indians said that products and services using AI have profoundly changed their daily life in the past 3-5 years.
Learn SQL from basic queries to Advance queriesmanishkhaire30
Dive into the world of data analysis with our comprehensive guide on mastering SQL! This presentation offers a practical approach to learning SQL, focusing on real-world applications and hands-on practice. Whether you're a beginner or looking to sharpen your skills, this guide provides the tools you need to extract, analyze, and interpret data effectively.
Key Highlights:
Foundations of SQL: Understand the basics of SQL, including data retrieval, filtering, and aggregation.
Advanced Queries: Learn to craft complex queries to uncover deep insights from your data.
Data Trends and Patterns: Discover how to identify and interpret trends and patterns in your datasets.
Practical Examples: Follow step-by-step examples to apply SQL techniques in real-world scenarios.
Actionable Insights: Gain the skills to derive actionable insights that drive informed decision-making.
Join us on this journey to enhance your data analysis capabilities and unlock the full potential of SQL. Perfect for data enthusiasts, analysts, and anyone eager to harness the power of data!
#DataAnalysis #SQL #LearningSQL #DataInsights #DataScience #Analytics
Analysis insight about a Flyball dog competition team's performanceroli9797
Insight of my analysis about a Flyball dog competition team's last year performance. Find more: https://github.com/rolandnagy-ds/flyball_race_analysis/tree/main
End-to-end pipeline agility - Berlin Buzzwords 2024Lars Albertsson
We describe how we achieve high change agility in data engineering by eliminating the fear of breaking downstream data pipelines through end-to-end pipeline testing, and by using schema metaprogramming to safely eliminate boilerplate involved in changes that affect whole pipelines.
A quick poll on agility in changing pipelines from end to end indicated a huge span in capabilities. For the question "How long time does it take for all downstream pipelines to be adapted to an upstream change," the median response was 6 months, but some respondents could do it in less than a day. When quantitative data engineering differences between the best and worst are measured, the span is often 100x-1000x, sometimes even more.
A long time ago, we suffered at Spotify from fear of changing pipelines due to not knowing what the impact might be downstream. We made plans for a technical solution to test pipelines end-to-end to mitigate that fear, but the effort failed for cultural reasons. We eventually solved this challenge, but in a different context. In this presentation we will describe how we test full pipelines effectively by manipulating workflow orchestration, which enables us to make changes in pipelines without fear of breaking downstream.
Making schema changes that affect many jobs also involves a lot of toil and boilerplate. Using schema-on-read mitigates some of it, but has drawbacks since it makes it more difficult to detect errors early. We will describe how we have rejected this tradeoff by applying schema metaprogramming, eliminating boilerplate but keeping the protection of static typing, thereby further improving agility to quickly modify data pipelines without fear.
06-04-2024 - NYC Tech Week - Discussion on Vector Databases, Unstructured Data and AI
Discussion on Vector Databases, Unstructured Data and AI
https://www.meetup.com/unstructured-data-meetup-new-york/
This meetup is for people working in unstructured data. Speakers will come present about related topics such as vector databases, LLMs, and managing data at scale. The intended audience of this group includes roles like machine learning engineers, data scientists, data engineers, software engineers, and PMs.This meetup was formerly Milvus Meetup, and is sponsored by Zilliz maintainers of Milvus.
The Building Blocks of QuestDB, a Time Series Databasejavier ramirez
Talk Delivered at Valencia Codes Meetup 2024-06.
Traditionally, databases have treated timestamps just as another data type. However, when performing real-time analytics, timestamps should be first class citizens and we need rich time semantics to get the most out of our data. We also need to deal with ever growing datasets while keeping performant, which is as fun as it sounds.
It is no wonder time-series databases are now more popular than ever before. Join me in this session to learn about the internal architecture and building blocks of QuestDB, an open source time-series database designed for speed. We will also review a history of some of the changes we have gone over the past two years to deal with late and unordered data, non-blocking writes, read-replicas, or faster batch ingestion.
2. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
Visual Timeline
Battle of Bosworth
HenryVIIwas
crownedas Kingof
England
House of Tudor and
House of York is
united
HenryVIIIascended
the throne
Anne Boleyngives
birthto Elizabeth
Dissolutionof
Monasteries
Jane Seymourgives
birthto Edward VI
Edward VI
succeededthe
throne
Lady Jane Grey
ascendedthe
throne for9 days till
execution
Mary I replaced
Lady Jane Grey
3. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
Mary marriesPhilip
of Spain
Elizabethaccedes
the throne
Protestantand
Catholicmerged
The Englishdefeats
the SpanishArmada
4. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
History of Tudor
1457 Jan 28
HenryTudor (akaHenry VII) wasbornto Lady Margaret Beaufort(descendantof EdwardIII) and
EdmundTudor (Welshmanof Welshroyal lineage)
1485 Aug 22
War of Rosesended.HenryVIIhaddefeatedRichardIIIandwascrownedthe Kingof England.
1486 Jan 18
HenryVIImarriedElizabethof York.She isthe eldestdaughterof the previousYorkistKing,EdwardIV.
Thismarriage had broughtbothhouses,House of Lancasterand House of York together.Thisevent
createdthe Tudor Rose,joiningof the white rose of Yorkand the redrose of Lancaster.
1486 Sep 19
Birthof Arthur,Prince of Wales
1488/1489
HenryVIIhad arrangeda marriage forArthur to Catherine of Aragon,Princessof Spain,anddaughterof
Ferdinandof Aragon,Kingof Spain.
1491 Jun 28
Birthof HenryVIII
1501 November14
Arthurand Catherine gotmarried.
1502 March
Arthurfell sick,possibility tuberculosis,the plagueorthe dreaded“sweatingsickness”.
1502 April 2
Arthurdiedwhichmade HenryVIIIthe nextKing.HenryVIIwantedtokeepCatherine ashisdaughterin
law,so after14 monthsof Arthur’sdeath,he made Catherine engagedtoHenryVIII.
1503 February 11
Deathof Elizabethof York
1505
HenryVIIIwas oldenoughtogetmarried,butthe marriage withCatherine isdelayedbecause HenryVII
had lostinterestinmaintaining Spanishalliance.
1509 April 22
HenryVIIdied.
1509 June 11
AfterHenryVIII’sfatherdied,he wasstill keenonmarryingCatherine.He obtainedthe papal
dispensationfromthe Pope toallowhimtomarry hisbrother’swidow,andtheywedmakingCatherine
the Queenof England.
1516 Feb18
5. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
Aftermanybabies’deathandmiscarriage,Marywas finallybornandlived.She isthe onlychildof Henry
VIIIandCatherine of Aragon.
1547 Feb20
Edward VIwascrownedas the kingeventhoughhe was only9 yearsold. Edward Seymourtookthe
opportunityof the kingbeingyoungandproclaimedhimself ashisprotector.EdwardSeymourruled
behindEdwardVIas hisLord Protector.
1551 Oct 11
Edward Seymourwasarrestedforconspiracy.JohnDudleyreplacedEdwardSeymour asthe Lord
Protector.
1552 Jan 22
Edward Seymourwasexecuted.
1553 Jul 6
Edward VIdied.
1553 Jul 10
Protestantwashappythat Edwardwas the King,butfear f his death.Thisisbecause theyare afraidthe
nextinthrone,whichisMary I wouldreturn Englandto RomanCatholicism.Topreventthisfrom
happening,some noblesplottedtobringanotherwomantothe throne,soJohnDudleyandHenryGrey
chose herown daughterandson to be the nextqueentocontinue the Protestantmonarch.
1553 Jul 19
Afterreceivingthe newsof herbrotherdeath,she gatheredmanysupportersinSuffolk.Afterthat,she
and herfollowersrode intoLondon,imprisonedLadyJane andhersupporterupand declare herselfas
the Queenof England.
1554 Feb12
Executionof Jane Greyand GuildfordDudley.
1554 May 19
Release of ElizabethIfromthe tower
1554 July 25
Marriage of Mary I and PhilipIIof Spain.Thismarriage bringbackthe alliance withSpain.
1558 Nov I
Mary I diedbecause of cancer.
1559 Jan 15
Coronationof ElizabethI
1603 Mar 24
ElizabethIDeath
6. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
Who were the Tudors?
The King and queens of the Tudor family ruled England from
1485 to 1603. Henry Tudor of Lancaster won the crown at the
Battle of Bosworthin1485. Thisendedthe Warsof the Rosesin
which two branches of the royal family, Lancaster and York,
fought for the throne. Henry VII combined the two family
emblems, the red rose of Lancaster and York, into the Tudor
rose.It wasa symbol of the newlyunifiedcountry.
The fightfor the crown hadbankruptedEngland.HenryVIInow
avoided costly wars and managed the country’s money
carefully.He wipedoutEngland’sdebtsandturnedEnglandinto
a wealthyworldpower.
In 1509, Henry died and his son became King Henry VIII. The new King was a fine sportsman. He also
claimedhe couldout-drinkanyof hiscourtiers.He ruledwithextravagantdisplaysof power,once leading
5,800 followerstoFrance,to meetthe Frenchkingat the Fieldof the Clothof Gold.He had to raise taxes
to pay forsuch exploitsand forhisexpensive warswithFrance andScotland.
HenryVIIIlefttherunningof the countrytopowerful
ministers like Cardinal Thomas Wolsey and, later,
Thomas Cromwell. Wolsey became rich enough to
build Hampton Court. This palace, which had 1,000
roomsand 280 silkcoveredbeds,isastrikingpartof
the Tudor Heritage.
Henry married six times. He divorced his first wife,
Catherine of Aragon, after she failed to produce a son. Henry’s divorce was opposed by the Pope, who
controlled the Catholic Church in England. To get his own way, Henry passes the Act of Supremacy,
appointinghimself‘Supreme Headof the ChurchinEngland’.He couldnow runthe EnglandChurchas he
wished,withnointerference fromthe Pope inRome.
7. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
How did the Tudors found an empire?
From earlyTudor times,explorerssetout to findnew countrieswithwhich to trade, and quickerroutes
to countries they knew. Many searched for a northern passage to China, either to the west, north of
America,orthe east,northof Russia.
In 1497, five yearsafterChristopherColumbushaddiscoveredAmerica,JohnCabot,an Italiannavigator,
setsail fromBristol.HenryVIIwashispatronand hisshipwaspaidfor bylocal merchants.Cabotreached
an island that he thoughtwas China,but whichwasprobablyNewfoundland.He hadnot foundAsia,but
fishermencouldnotfollowhisroute toNewfoundlandeachyear,tobringcod.
In1553, SirHughWilloughbyandRichardChancellorsailed
in searchof a passage to China,roundthe north of Russia.
WilloughbywasshipwreckedinLapland,andfroze todeath.
ChancellorreachedMoscow,andmetthe Russian‘tsar’,or
king,Ivanthe Terrible.WilloughbyandChancellorfailedto
finda route toChina(itwasfinallyfound inthe nineteenth
century and is today kept open by Russian icebreakers).
They did, though, open a route for merchants and
diplomatstotravel regularlybetweenRussiaandEngland.
In September 1580, Francis Drake completed a three-year,
round-the-world voyage. Drake’s companions made written
records of his exploits. They describe the many pirate raids
Drake made against Spanish ships in the Pacific: ‘We espied
twoshipsundersail andgave chase toone…We boardedher
from the ship’s boat without resistance. We found her to be
a good prize,yieldingusa goodstore of wine.’
Fromthese Tudorexpeditionsgrewthe British‘worldpower’,
withitshuge tradingempire,of latertimes.
Francis Drake’s Voyage
8. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
Social Strataof Tudor Dynasty
Tudor Dynasty 1485-1603
Kingand Queen:Richestpersoninthe land.
The Church: (Headof church) ownslarge amountof land,controlspeople bypreachingwhattheywant
themto believe,confiscates landanddissolvemonasteries.
Archbishops:Able toinfluence King/Queen,partof government,supportMonarch.
Bishops:Partof government,supportMonarch.
Clergymen:Churchservices,provideseducationtopeoplewhocanafford,visitingthe sick,counseling
Gentlemen:Bornrichwithtitles,importantpositionsingovernment.
YeomenandCitizens:fairlywealthy,richenoughtoownhousesandemployservants,ownlands/farms,
some are merchants,craftsman.
Laborers:Workedfor Yeomenand Citizens,employedtodoheavyjobs.
Vagrantsand Beggars:Unemployed,begformoney.
Archaic 1707 - Great Britain
Royal:Close relativestoking& queen.
Peer(Noble/Archbishops):large landholders.
Baronet(Hereditary): Hereditarystyleof knighthood.
Knight:Seniormemberof gentry,organizing large bodyof militaryforces.
Gentry/Gentlemen:Highassetstolive withoutworking,priests,politics.
Yeomen:Farmers,Longbowmeninmilitaryroles.
Husbandman:Tradesman,Farmer,Serf (Server).
Cottagers:Vagabonds(wonderer),Drifters,Criminals,Outcasts.
9. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
Tudor Administration
-medievalgovernmentendedon1529
-rule the countrywithEnglishmonarchy
-social andideologicalchangesunderthe powerof feudal nobility
-runand managedby educatedfunctionaries(the Councilandthe Courtof Star Chamber)
-divine rightof kingshave the powertorule overtheirsubjects
-reducedthe powerof traditional aristocracyandincrease inthe powerof the commercial classes
-focusonan essentialaspectof Englishgovernmentandthe TudorParliament(active)
-Romancivil lawwasnot accepted intothe TudorAdministration
-Englishcommonlawwasusedinstead(taughtinInnsof Court)
-the royal bloodline onlystaysonthe throne unchallenged
-citizenhada rise innationalism,confidence andpatriotism
-seasare controlledbyTudorand most naval explorationresultsinthe beginningof Englishseafaring
tradition
-Tudorspositionthemselvesasapeace makerbetweenFrance andSpain
-governmentranmore efficientlyduringthe rulingof TudorDynasty
-uniformsystemof justice andtaxation
-HenryVIIIandElizabethIstandsout more than the other4 monarchs
-inReformationParliament,EnglishParliamenthasgivingapermanentplace of political importance and
incorporateditinthe Englishsystemof government
-TudorDynastyis run byCrownand the Parliament
-the Crowncontrolsthe Parliament
-3 functionsinTudorsParliament,debateandconsultationof governmentbills,legislation,taxation
-citizensof Tudorhave the freedomof speech,freedomtoarrestanddirectpersonal accessof the
speakerof the commonsto the monarch
-electionsforM.P.are notpractice regularlyinTudordynastyasmany influentialmeninthe counties
believedthatelectionsshouldbe decidedasmuchby the statusof the votersas bytheirmere number
-OliverCromwell contributedalotinthe developmentingovernmentstructure
10. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
Tudor Fashion
RUFF
The ruff,whichwas wornby men,
womenandchildren,evolved
fromthe small fabricruffle atthe
drawstringneckof the shirt or
chemise.Theyservedas
changeable piecesof cloththat
couldthemselvesbe laundered
separatelywhile keepingthe
wearer'sdoubletfrombecoming
soiledatthe neckline.
BODICE
A bodice isan article of clothingforwomen,coveringthe bodyfromthe necktothe waist.The term
comesfrompair of bodies(because the garmentwasoriginallymade intwopiecesthatfastened
together,frequentlybylacing)
11. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
FARTHINGALE
A farthingale isanyof several
structuresusedunderWestern
Europeanwomen'sclothinginthe
16th and 17th centuriestosupport
the skirtsin the desiredshape.It
originatedinSpain
DOUBLET
A doubletisaman's snug-fitting
buttonedjacketthatisshapedand
fittedtothe man's bodywhichwas
wornin WesternEurope fromthe late
middle Agesuptothe mid-17th
century.The doubletwashiplengthor
waistlengthandwornoverthe shirtor
drawers.
12. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
Tudor Crime and Punishment
The Star Chamber
The Star Chamberwasan Englishcourtof law whichwaslocatedat the royal Palace of Westminster.The
Star Chamberwitnessedthe trialsof royaltyandnobilitybetween1487 and 1641. The primaryfunction
of the Star Chamberwasto hear casesinvolvingpolitical libel,heresyandtreason.The StarChamber
was made upof PrivyCounsellorsandjudgesandwassetup to ensure the fairenforcementof laws
againstpowerful andprominentpeople whomightnotbe convictedby ordinarycourts.StarChamber
sessionswere closedtothe publicandbecame greatlyfeared.The StarChambercourtsessionswere
heldinsecret.The Star ChamberCourthad no jury,there wasno rightof appeal andno witnesses -
evidence wasgiveninwriting.The powerful Courtof the StarChamberevolvedintoapolitical weapon
to use againstany opponentsof the policiesof the monarch.
Common Crimes
HighTreason
Blasphemy
Sedition
Spying
Rebellion
Murder
Witchcraft
Alchemy
The punishmentformost of the above crimeswasdeath.There were variousformsof execution.These
terrible punishmentsincludedexecutionbybeheading,burningandthe terrible punishmentforhigh
treasonwasto be hung,drawnand quartered.Minorpunishmentswouldincludetakingthe lands,titles
and wealthformthose whohadbeenfoundguiltyof variouscrimes.
13. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
Beheading("Deathby the Axe")
The punishmentof deathbythe axe wasthe
mostcommon formof executionanditwasa
terrifyingprospect.The Tudorexecutionersoften
tookseveral blowsbefore the headwasfinally
severed,aswasinthe executionof the old
Countessof Salisbury.AnneBoleynwasgranted
the servicesof a Frenchexecutionerandthe
sword,ratherthan the axe.The punishmentof
beheadingwasheldinpublicandwitnessedby
manypeople.Followingthe executionby
beheadingthe severedheadwasheldupbythe
hair bythe executioner.Thistraditionwasnotjusttoshow the crowdthe head,but alsoto show the
headof the victimthe crowdand to it'sown body.Consciousnessremainsforatleasteightseconds
afterbeheading,untilthe lackof oxygencausesunconsciousnessand mercifullydeath.The headsof
Tudor traitorswere placedonstakesanddisplayedinpublicplacessuchasonthe rampartsof castlesor
such prominentspotslikeLondonBridge.
Hanging from the gallows
A piece of rope wasput aroundthe neckmakingit hard for
the personto breathe.The personwouldbe hungfromthe
rope until he/she hadstoppedbreathingandwasdead.
People were hungforcrimessuchasstealing,treason,
rebellion,riotormurder.
Burning
AnotherTudorpunishmentincludedexecutionbyburning,
favoredbythe CatholicinquisitionandQueenMaryI - Bloody
Mary. Beingburntat the stake wasa mostterrible death.Tudor
Executionerssometimesshowedmercytotheirvictimsbyplacing
gunpowderatthe base of the stake whichhelpedthe victimstoa
swifter,andlesspainfuldeath.The onlyotherrespite fromthe
excruciatingpainof beingburnttodeathwasif the victimsdiedof
suffocationthroughsmoke inhalationandlackof oxygen.
14. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
Superstitions andTaboos
Touch wood
Many of us still say‘touchwood’whentalkingaboutfuture plans,evenif we don’tactuallyperformthe
action:“It’s supposedtobe finishedbyFriday,touchwood”.Intoday’sera,touch woodissomething
that a personwouldsaywhenhe or she wantstheirluckor a goodsituationtocontinue.
Mistletoe
From Saxontimes,if mistletoewashungoverthe dooror above a hearth,itwasa sacredoath that the
hostwouldnotkill hisguests,evenif theywere mortal enemies,andwoulddefendthemagainstattack
for as longas theyremainedbeneaththe mistletoe.The mistletoe pledge wasoftenusedattimesof
great feasts,like the wintersolstice,whenfightscouldeasilybreakoutafterheavydrinking.For
centuries,mistletoe hasbeenconsideredaplantthat increaseslifeandfertility.
Norse legendstellthe tale of Balder,sonof the goddessFrigga.Asthe legendgoes,Balderwaskilledby
an evil spiritwithanarrowmade of mistletoe.Saddenedbyherson’sdeath,Friggawepttearsof white
berries,whichbroughtBalderbacktolife.Friggawasso overjoyedthatshe blessedthe plantand
promisedakissto all whopassedbeneathit.
Witchcraft
Witchcraftwas a fact of life,notsomethingonlyafew believedin.If yourmilksoured,awitch'scurse
was to blame.If yourpregnancymiscarried,yourelderlyfemaleneighbourwasbehindit,especiallyif
she livedalone andknewhowtoheal the sick.Witcheswere hangedinEngland,burntinEurope.But
theywere notthe onlybugbearsof the Tudor imagination.
Suicideswere still buriedatcrossroadsto confuse theirwaybackfromthe landof the dead,stakeswere
put thoughtheirheartstopin themto the ground.What the modernmindseesaspsychological,the
Tudor perceivedasreal exteriorforce.Sinwasalivingthing,andsin-eaterswouldbe employedto
consume foodthathad beenpassedoverthe corpse of a deadperson.Meetthe Tudors
15. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
HENRY VII
Born on 28 January1457, inPembroke Castle,Wales
Accededthe throne inTudor Dynastyin 30 October1485, inWestminsterAbbey,London,England
Deceasedin21 April 1509, inRichmondPalace,Richmond,Surrey,England
BuriedinHenryVIIChapel,WestminsterAbbey,London,England
Father– EdmundTudor
Mother – Margaret Beaufort
Wife – ElizabethPlantagenet
Children –ArthurTudor, Margaret Tudor, HenryVIITudor,Mary Tudor
-founderof TudorDynastywasOwenTudor,a squire tothe England’sKingHenryV
-HenryVIsucceededhisfather,HenryV
-HenryVIwas involvedinthe Warsof Roses,a seriesof powerstrugglesbetweenthe rulingHouse of
Lancaster andHouse of York
-the House of York wonand Tudor was killedandHenryVIlosthisthrone andEdwardIII became king
-HenryVIIbecame Kingof Englandwassomewhata miracle
-hismother,Margaretwas a descendantof EdwardIII
-KingEdwardIII’sson,Johnof Gaunt marriedCatherine SwynfordandMargaretwasborn by them
before the twoof themwere married
16. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
-Hisfatherdiedandhismotherwas incapable of caringhim, sohisuncle,Jasper Tudorbecame his
guardian.But Jasperwasa Lancastrian andYorkistforce hadtakenTudor fortresswhere HenryVIIhad
lived.JasperescapedandHenryVIIwastakencustodybythe Yorkistforce
-duringthe separationof HenryVIIandJasperTudor,the eventsof HenryVii wasuncertain
-butit wascertainthat he was inthe Herberts’care whenthe Lancastriansseizedpower
-hishalf uncle,KingHenryVIwascapturedinthe battle of Barnetand murdered
-the male line of Lancastriandynastywaswipedoutand inthe Beaufortline,Margaret,Henry’smother
was the sole heiress,sothe obviousheirtothe LancastrianpretensionwasHenryVII
-hisuncle JasperquicklytookbackHenryto Brittanyto keephimsafe fromthe Yorkisthandsuntil the
chance for Henryto return as King
-in1483, YorkistKingEdwardIV usurpedthe throne to EdwardV, becomingKingRichardIII
-duringthistime,uncle Jaspertriedtoinvade togainbackthe throne,but there isa stormand had
weakenJasper’sattackingforcesandthe plan hadfail
-the true heirof the England’sthrone wasdecidedatthe Battle of Bosworth.RichardIIIand Henry’s
force clashesandHenry wonthe battle.RichardIIIwas killedandHenrywascrownon the midstof
battlefieldnearStoke Goldingvillage
-Henry formsYeomenof the Guard and revivesCourtof StarChamberto increase royal involvementin
civil andcriminal cases
-Henrystrengthenedthe monarchybyemployingpolitical innovations
-Henrycreatedthe Committee of the PrivyCouncil asanexecutiveadvisory
-implytax,loansandgrantson the nobility
-Hisskill atby-passingParliamentplayedacrucial role inhissuccessat renovatinggovernment
-duringthe control underHenryVII,the faithandstrengthof the monarchywasweak,he strengthened
the governmentandhisownpowerwiththe helpof the nobles
-thattime,the treasurywasalso nearlybankrupt.Throughhismonetarystrategy,Henrymanagedto
steadilyaccumulate wealthduringhisreign,sowhenhe died,he leftaquite afortune tohisheir
-Henrymake use of the Parliamenttomake Englandanditsgovernmentwealthier
-he choose notto over-taxinghispeople,andyethe getto laida solidfinancial foundationof
government
-the Henry’sgeniusinfinancialadministrationwasnothisowninnovation,he merelyrefinedthe Yorkist
kingsthat hadshownthemselvesadeptatfinancial administration
-Henrysupportsthe Parliamentratherthanthe Crown
-Henrywastrulya government“of the talents”
-Henrythinkthattoo much independence wasgiventoIrelandduringthe control of Yorkistoverlords.
He showedthe ironfistandforbiddingthe Irishtohave theirownParliament
-Scotlandwasalsoa problemtoHenry as ScotlandsupportedPerkinWarbeck.Thiswassolvedby
marryinghisdaughter,Margaret to JamesIV of Scotlandfor a perpetual peace
-Henryencouragedtrade andgivingoutlucrative trade agreements,increasingthe wealthof both
crown andnation
-he signedtreatyof “Magnus Intercursus”and“Great Intercourse”withthe Netherlandstosecure
England’stextileexport
-Englandwasnot restoredovernightandthe War of Roseshadnot endedwiththe deathof RichardIII
-PerkinWarbeckwasa threatto HenryVIIas he wasrecognizedas“Richard Duke of York” that his
continuingexistence dominatedHenry’sforeignpolicy
-Henryhimself hadmarriedElizabethof York
17. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
-withthe marriage betweenthem,Henrycombinethe RedRose fromthe House of Lancaster andthe
White Rose of the House of York and turn itintothe Tudor Rose
-PolderVergildescribedhistohave none of the charismaof the laterTudors
-he wasnot personallyattractive tohispeople
-FrancisBacon statedHenrywasa miser
-Henryhadneverbeenveryambitiousinforeignaffairs
-“What he minded,he compassed”-
18. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
Henry VIII
KingHenryVIIand QueenElizabethYorkgave birthto6 children,butonly3 survived.Theyare Arthur,
Margaret & Henry.
JUNE 28 1491
HenryVIIIwas born.
1509
Arthurwas the supposedheirtothe throne whenKing Henrypasses,buthe diedatan earlyage of 15.
In the end,Henrytookthe throne andmarriedhisdeadbrother'swife,Catherine.
At that time,Henrywas18 and hiswife was23.
After2 days of hiscoronation,Henryexecuted2of hisfather'sministers.
1533
Henryand Catherine were togetherfor24 years,and theyhad9 pregnanciesintotal,butonlyone of
themwere successful anditwasthe birthof theironlydaughterandchild,Mary.
Feelingsadanddepressed,Henrydecidedtolookformistressesto satisfyhisdesire tohave ababyboy.
One hismistresses,MaryBoleynsuggestedhersister,AnneBoleyntobe Henry'snextwife.
HenrymarriedAnne in.Before givingbirthtothe child,Henrythoughtthattheiroffspringwill be aboy,
so he decidedtoname himHenryor Edward. Butinstead,itwasa girl and theyhadto name her
Elizabeth.
Anne hadanotherbaby inthe form of a boy,but he sadlydiedduringbirth,Disappointedwithnotbeing
able to give birthtoa boy,HenryblamedAnne forhavinganaffairwith3 othermen andarrestedall of
themto be executed.
19. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
1536
As Anne wasbeheaded,Henrywasalreadyplanninghisnextweddingwithanotherwoman,Jane
Seymour.
Jane successfullygave birthtoababy boy,whotheynamedEdward.Sadly12 dayslater, she died.Henry
mournedforherdeathas he washappy thatshe gave birthto a boyand that she was hisTRUE WIFE.
1539
After3 years,Henrydecidedtofinda new wife andhe diditby organizingabeautycontest.
In the end,he marriedthe winnerwhich wasAnne of Cleves.Sixmonthslater,theydivorcedandshe
was giventhe nickname 'The King'sSister'.
1540
As time goeson,Henrywentonto marry anotherwoman,KathrynHoward.
She was only18 whentheymarried.Asshe wasyoungandbeautiful,itturnedoutthatshe had many
affairswithothermen,sohe sentencedhertobe beheadedaswell.
1543
Lastly,Henrywenton to marryhis 6th wife,CatherineParr(DaughterOf Maud Green,a ladyinwaiting
to QueenCatherine,Henry'sfirstwife)
1547
Henry diedat the age of 55.
20. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
Edward VI
-Born:12 October1537
-onlysonof Henry VIIIandhisthirdwife,Jane Seymour.
-coronation:20 February1547
-EdwardVIaccedesto the throne at the age of nine afterthe deathof hisfather,HenryVIII.
-EdwardSeymour,Earl of Hertford,uncle of EdwardVI,isinvestedasDuke of SomersetandProtectorof
England.
-The Duke of SomersetisdeposedasProtectorof England,andis replacedbyJohnDudley,Earl of
Warwick,whocreateshimself Duke of Northumberland.
-The Duke of Somersetisexecuted.
-The Duke of NorthumberlandpersuadesEdwardtonominate hisdaughter-in-law LadyJane Greyas his
heir,inan attemptto secure the Protestantsuccession.
-EdwardVIdiesof tuberculosisatGreenwichPalace.
21. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
Lady Jane Grey
- bornin 12 February1554
- Great granddaughterof HenryVII,granddaughterof Mary Tudor& CharlesBrandon,
daughterof FrancesBrandon& HenryGrey
- marriedtoGuildfordDudleyin21 May 1553, whois the son of Edward VI’sprotector,John
Dudley
- In earlyFebruary1547, Jane wassentto live inthe householdof EdwardVI'suncle,
ThomasSeymour,whosoonmarriedHenryVIII'swidow,CatherineParr.Jane livedwiththe
couple until the deathof QueenCatherine inchildbirthinSeptember1548.
- Whenthe 15-year-oldkingdiedinJune 1553, Jane was nominatedassuccessortothe
Crowninhiswill
- Northumberlandfacedanumberof keytasksto consolidate hispowerafterEdward'sdeath.
- Jane isThe Nine DayQueen.
- Northumberlandisolateand,ideally,capture LadyMary to preventherfromgathering
support.
- Assoon as Mary was sure of KingEdward'sdemise,she leftherresidence atHunsdonand
setout to East Anglia,where she begantorallyhersupporters.
- NorthumberlandsetoutfromLondonwithtroopson 14 July;inhisabsence the Privy
Council switchedtheirallegiance fromJane toMary, and proclaimedherqueeninLondon
on19 Julyamonggreatjubilationof the populace.
- Jane wasimprisonedinthe Tower'sGentlemanGaoler'sapartments,whileherhusbandinthe
BeauchampTower.
- The newqueenenteredLondoninatriumphal processionon3 August,andthe Duke of
Northumberlandwasexecutedon22 August1553.
- In September,ParliamentdeclaredMarythe rightful queenanddenouncedandrevoked
Jane'sproclamationasthat of a usurper.
22. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
Mary I
1516 Feb18
Birthof Mary I
1553 Jul 19
AfterLadyJane’s9 daysof reign,she andhersupporterswenttoLondonto take back her throne.She
imprisonedLadyJane Greyandher supporters.
1554 Jul 25
Marriage withPhilipIIof Spain
1554 September
Mary I believedshe waspregnant.
1555 May – July
Was expectingforababy butit neverhappen.Itwasbelievedshe hadaphantompregnancy.
1556 Jan
Phillipbecamethe Kingof SpainandleftMary I.She wassaddenedbythisevent.
1557 March – July
PhillipreturntoMary I andconvincedherto fightagainst France as the allyof Spain.DuringPhillip’s
return,Mary I believedshe waspregnantagain.
1558 March
It was expectedthatthe babywouldarrive aroundthistime,butonce againthere wasnobaby.
1558 Nov 17
Mary I diedfromcancer.
23. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
Elizabeth I
1533
Born intothe Tudor dynasty
Elizabethisbornon7 SeptemberinGreenwichPalace.
Newsof herbirthcausesrejoicingacrossthe country,but isa bitterdisappointmenttoherfatherHenry.
He isdesperate fora male heirtocontinue the Tudordynasty.AlthoughElizabethismade nextinline to
the throne,the Kingprayshis nextchildwill be male –supersedingherclaimtothe throne.
1536
Mother beheaded
ElizabethistwoyearsandeightmonthsoldwhenhermotherAnne Boleynisaccusedof adulteryand
beheadedonthe ordersof HenryVIII.
Her fathermarriesAnne’slady-in-waitingJane Seymouraweeklater.Elizabethisdeclaredillegitimate
and removedfromthe royal succession.Hertitle isdowngradedfrom'Princess’to'Lady’. Elizabethis
neglectedforanumberof yearsuntil Henry'sfinal wife Catherine Parrtakescharge andmakessure she
iseducatedto the higheststandardsand,crucially,taughtthe artof publicspeakingbyrenowned
Cambridge scholarRogerAscham
1547
Father dies
SimonSchamaexplainshowThomasSeymourandElizabeth'srelationshipdeveloped.A Historyof
BritainbySimonSchama (BBCTwo, 2000).
Elizabethis13-years-oldwhenHenryVIIIdies.Hernine-year-oldhalf-brotherEdwardbecomesKing.
Elizabethjoinsthe householdof herstepmotherCatherineParr.WhenElizabethiscaughtinan embrace
withParr’shusbandThomasSeymour,she isbanishedfromthe house.In1548 Catherine diesin
childbirthandSeymourissubsequentlyexecutedforplottingtomarry ElizabethandkidnapEdwardVI.
WhenElizabethisquestionedbythe authoritiesshe protestsherinnocenceandescapesprosecution.
24. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
1554
Imprisonedin the Tower of London
AfterEdward’searlydeathin1553 Elizabeth’soldersisterMary I becomesqueen.
Mary returnsthe countryto Catholicismandbeginsaseriesof bloodypurgesof Protestants.287 are
executedduringhershortreign.Mary’splanto marryPrince Phillipof Spainsparksanunsuccessful
rebellionandElizabethisinterrogatedaboutherinvolvementwiththe plotters.She isimprisonedinthe
Towerof Londonbefore beingputunderhouse arrestinWoodstock,Oxfordshire.
1558
ElizabethbecomesQueen
Followingthe deathof herhalf-sisterMary,Elizabethsucceedstothe throne.She is25.
Elizabethhasinheritedacountrywrackedbyreligiousstrife andknowsshe needspublicsupportto
remainqueen.The celebrationsforthe coronationthe followingyearare spectacular.Asherprocession
makesitsway throughLondonon itswayto Westminstershe pausestolistentocongratulationsand
receive flowersfromordinarypeople onthe street.
1559
Returns England to Protestantism
Elizabethreinstatesthe Churchof England,anddeclaresshe doesnotwantto make "windowsinto
men'ssouls".
She removesthe Pope asheadof the Englishchurchand insteadbecomesitsSupremeGovernor.She
introducesanewBookof CommonPrayerand republishesanEnglishtranslationof the Bible.Elizabeth
takesa pragmatic viewof hersubjects’personal faithandreligiousorthodoxiesare notstrictlyenforced.
1560
Fallsin love?
SimonSchamaasks if Elizabethwasreallyinlove withRobertDudley.ClipfromA Historyof Britainby
SimonSchama(BBC Two,2000).
Elizabethhasmanysuitorsbutthe one who comes closesttowinningherheartisRobertDudley,Earl of
Leicester.
The two are veryclose andshe appointshimas one of her mosttrustedadvisors.Whenhiswife Lady
AmyDudleydiessuddenlyinsuspiciouscircumstancesin1560, rumoursstart spreadingaboutthe
nature of Robert'srelationshipwiththe Queen.HoweverElizabethignoresthe rumours.The precise
nature of theirrelationshipremainsamysterytothisday.
1566
Refusesto marry
ParliamentrefusestograntElizabethanyfurtherfundsuntil the matterof hermarriage issettled.
Thisangersthe Queenand,usingherskillsof rhetoric,she lambastsmembersof Parliamentsayingthe
welfare of hercountryisher priority,notmarriage andParliamentshouldkeepoutof herpersonal
matters– she will marryif and whenitisconvenient.
25. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
1583
A revolutionin theatre
Elizabeth’sreignseesaflourishingof the Englishtheatre.
LegislationencouragesactorstojointouringcompaniessuchasLord Sussex’sMenandLord Leicester’s
Men. Theysettle in London,firstperformingintavernsandtheninpurpose-builttheatres.The Queen
takesan interestinplays,attendingperformancesatcourt,and in1583, she commandsthe formationof
the QueenElizabeth’sMen.Bythe 1590s the dominantactingcompanyis the Lord Chamberlain’sfor
whomShakespeare writesandperforms.
1580-1585
Explorationand the beginningsof Empire
ElizabethlooksbeyondEurope foropportunitiestoexpandtrade andincrease the nation’swealth.Her
reignseesmanyvoyagesof discovery.
In 1580 FrancisDrake becomesthe firstEnglishmantocircumnavigate the globe.In1585 Sir Walter
Raleighsetsupa colonyof about 100 menon the east coast of NorthAmerica,whichhe namesVirginia
afterElizabethI,‘the VirginQueen’.
1587
ExecutesMary, Queenof Scots
Elizabeth'sCatholiccousinMary,Queenof Scotsisunderhouse arrestinChartleyHall,Staffordasshe
posesa threatto Elizabeth.
Elizabethbuildsupanextensivenetworkof spiesheadedbyFrancisWalsinghamtohelpprotecther.He
implicatesMaryina plotto depose Elizabethandshe istriedandconvictedof treason.Elizabethis
reluctantto execute hercousin.She doesn’twanttoseta precedentbyexecutingananointedmonarch.
Aftermonthsof prevaricating,she finallyhasMarybeheadedatFotheringhayCastle.
1588
The defeatof the Spanish Armada
Afterthe deathof Mary, Queenof Scotsthe Pope urgesPhilipof Spaintoinvade England.
Englandand Spainhave longbeenbitterrivalsandPhiliplaunchesagreatfleetof ships,knownasthe
SpanishArmada.Elizabethisadamantshe will retainhercrownandthatEnglandwill remainfree from
the influence of Rome.She addressesthe troopsencampedatTilburysayingshe will fightbytheirside.
The Armada isengagedby the Royal Fleetinthe channel andthendriventothe North Seaby strong
winds.Onlyhalf of the 130 shipsmake itback to Spain.
1603
Elizabethdiesa belovedqueen
ElizabethIdiesaged69. Knownforeveras'the VirginQueen',she remainsunmarriedandchildlessuntil
the end.
In herfinal yearsElizabeth'sreignisbesetbyproblemsinIrelandandherfailinghealth.However,the
mourningwhichfollowsherdeathisunprecedented.ManyordinaryLondonerstake tothe streetsto
watch Elizabeth'sjourneytoherfinal restingplace inWestminsterAbbey.AsElizabethleavesnodirect
Tudor heir,JamesVIof Scotland – the son of Mary, Queenof Scots – isnamedking.The Tudor dynasty
that has ruledEnglandfor118 years comesto an end.
26. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
Edward Seymour
-1st
Duke of Somerset(1500-1552).
-Eldestbrotherof Jane Seymour,wifeof KingHenryVIII,motherof KingEdwardVI.
-ServedasLord Protectorfromdeathof KingHenryVIIItohis ownindictment.(1547-1549).
-Upondeathof HenryVIII,Henryappointed16executerstoact as Edward’scouncil until he reached18.
-13/16 executers(otherabsent) agreedonEdward’sSeymour’sappointmentasProtector.
-1547, Edward SeymoursecuredletterspatentfromKingEdward,grantinghimmost monarchial rightto
appointPrivyCouncil membersandconsultthemonlywhenhe wished.
-He proceededtorule largelybyproclamation,callingPrivyCouncil torubberstamp(approve) his
decisions.
-EdwardSeymouronlymetoppositionfromChancellor,ThomasWriothesley,whomEarldomof
Southamptonhadevidentlyfailedtobuyoff (bride).
-Finallydismissedfromchancellorshiponchargesof sellingoff some of hisofficestodelegates.
27. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
Movies made basedon Tudor Dynasty
Elizabeth:the GoldenAge (2007 film)
"The GoldenAge"findsQueenElizabethIfacingbloodlustforherthrone andfamilial betrayal.Growing
keenlyaware of the changingreligiousandpolitical tidesof late 16thcenturyEurope,Elizabethfindsher
rule openlychallengedbythe SpanishKingPhilipII--withhispowerful armyandsea-dominatingarmada-
-determinedtorestore EnglandtoCatholicism.Preparingtogoto war to defendherempire,Elizabeth
strugglestobalance ancientroyal dutieswithanunexpectedvulnerabilityinherlove forSirWalter
Raleigh.Buthe remainsforbiddenforaqueenwhohassworn bodyandsoul to her country.Unable and
unwillingtopursue herlove,Elizabethencouragesherfavoritelady-in-waiting,Bess,tobefriendRaleigh
to keephimnear.But,thisstrategyforcesElizabethtoobserve theirgrowingintimacy.Asshe chartsher
course abroad,her trustedadvisor,SirFrancisWalsingham, continueshismasterful puppetryof
Elizabeth'scourtat home--andhercampaigntosolidify absolute power.Throughanintricate spy
network,Walsinghamuncoversanassassinationplotthatcouldtopple the throne.Butashe unmasks
traitorsthat may include Elizabeth'sownCousinMaryStuart,he unknowinglysetsEnglandupfor
destruction.
28. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
Inspiration
That's despite the returnof the remarkable Cate Blanchettinthe title role.Whoelsewouldbe sotall,
regal,assuredandconvincingthatthese surroundingswouldnotdiminishher?We believe she isa
queen..But the film'sscreenplay,byMichael HirstandWilliamNicholson,placesherinthe centerof
historythatis baldlysimplified,shamelesslyaltered,andpumpedupwithromance andaction.
We see herkingdomthreatenedbytwoCatholics,Mary,Queenof Scotswhostoodnextinline tothe
throne,andPhilipIIof Spain,whowasbuildingagreatarmada to invade England.Elizabeth'streasuryis
depleted,herresourcesstrained,herattentiondivertedbythe arrival inhercourtof the dashingSir
WalterRaleigh.He hasjust returnedfromthe New Landwithtwogifts:the territoryof Virginia,which
he has namedafterher inhonorof hervirginity,andtobacco,whichshe smokeswithgreatdelight.
Elizabethwasindeedbyall accountsavirgin,butin1585, whenthe storyis set,she wouldhave been
over50 and her virginitymore orlesssettled.The filmsidestepsthe age issue bymakingherlookyoung,
sensuousandfragrant,and yearningfora mansuch as Raleigh.
ThisSir Walter,he isa paragon.He wouldhave been32 in1585. Despite hisshabbyattire andrough-
hewnmanners,he usesbrashconfidence torise inElizabeth'sesteemandbecomeshertrustedadviser
and a mastermindof the Britishmilitarystrategy.The filmdealswiththe famous1588 defeatof the
ArmadawithRaleighatits center,commandingshipstobe setafire andaimedtoram the Spanish
vessels.He swingsfromropes,brandisheshissword,saveshimself byplungingintothe sea,andin
general proveshimself amasterswashbuckler,especiallysince historyteachesusthatthe real Raleigh
was ashore the whole time andplayednorole inthe battles.
Some of the film'sbestscenesinvolveMary,playedbySamanthaMorton as a heroicanddevoutwoman
whogoesto the executioner'sax withdismaybutroyal composure.Elizabeth's owncrisisof conscience
overMary's deathisalsowell played,butthe filmisfarmore interestedinromanticintrigue andsea
battles.Ithinkitundervaluesthe abilityof audiencestogetinvolvedintrue historical drama,insteadof
recycledactionclichés.
The costumesand settingsare nearlyoverwhelming.Reviewingthe earlierfilm, IsuggestedthatShekhar
Kapur wasperhapsinfluencedbythe richcolorsandtapestriesof hisnative India.Here he seemscarried
away bythem.There are sceneswhere the elaborate lace onElizabeth'scostume issodetailedand
flawlessthatwe don'tthinkaboutthe character,we wonderhow longBlanchettmusthave hadto stand
there while holdingthe pose andnotrufflinganything
29. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
The Tudors (2007-2010 TVseries)
Thiscostume drama featuresEngland'ssplendidRenaissance dynastyunderKingHenryVIII.Beginningin
Season1 whenHenryVIIIwasgrowingdesperate foranheirand growingdistantfromhisfirstwife,the
seriesmovesquicklytothe periodwhenAnne Boleynbecamehisobsession.Duringthistime Cardinal
Wolseyrose tobecome the powerbehindhisthrone,rulingruthlesslyandnearlyabsolutelywhile Henry
(playedbyJohnathonRhysMeyers) forthe mostpart followedthe Cardinal'sadvice,maneuvering
througha seriesof betrayalsandplotsagainsthim.WhenAnne Boleynplaysmuchhardertogetthan
any womaneverhas,Henrybeginstosearchfor a way out of hismarriage to Catherine of Aragon,so
that he can make Anne hiswife.Needingadivorce,HenryturnstoWolsey,whopromisestohelphim
create wavesof backlashfromthe church,as well asthe SpanishHabsburgdynastyanditsoverseas
empire.Againstthisbackgroundgyrate the private livesandpolitical intriguesof severalmembersof the
royal court and chancery.ThisincludesHenry'sfriendandhissisterMargaret'strue love Charles
Brandon,the Habsburg ambassadors,greedyandpower-hungryschemers,theirincidentalvictimsand
composerThomasTallies
30. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
Inspiration
Weight
Henryneverbecame fat.Paintingsdepictinghiminthiswaypresumablyusedbulkasapropaganda
symbol of greatness.The kingalsostill looked30wheninhis50s
Accent
Nor didhe speakinthe fruityroar actors such as CharlesLaughtonand KeithMichell have dupedusinto
imagining.Instead,JonathanRhysMeyers'sdefinitive performance showshe hadanoddlyjerkyvocal
style,like aRada-trainedrobotorBasil BrushchannelingLaurence Olivier.The future monarchsEdward
and Elizabethalsohad,itseems,faintbutdiscernibleIrishaccents,callingintodoubtboththeir
parentage andthe legitimacyof the Tudordynasty.
Appearance
Our sense of howpeople lookedinthe 16thcenturywill have tobe radicallyrevisedasa resultof the
series'research.Courtiers'skinwasflawlesslysmooth,teethmetHollywoodstandardsof whitenessand
evenness.The era'shairstyleslentmenthe lookof boybandmembers
Speech
The way in whichpeople atHenry'scourt spoke,particularlyininformalcontexts,wasfarmore
"modern"thanwe've previouslybeenledtobelieve.Andmanyphraseswe thoughtwere coinedinthe
past 20 yearswere infact firstsaidalmostfive centuriesago.Catherine of Aragonwastoldshe was"the
queenof hearts".Anne Boleyncomplained"youcan'thave three people inamarriage".Catherine
Howard wasprone to say "ohmy God!"
31. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
Lady Jane (1986 film)
The deathof KingHenryVIIIof Englandthrowshiskingdomintochaosas his heir,EdwardVI,isunder-
age andin poorhealth.Anticipatingthe youngking'simminentdeathfromconsumptionandanxiousto
keepEnglandtrue to the Reformationbykeepingthe CatholicMary from the throne,JohnDudley,Lord
Presidentof the Council andsecondonlytothe kinginpower,hatchesa planto marry hisson,Lord
Guildford,toLadyJane Grey, andhave the royal physiciankeepthe youngkingEdwardVIalive,albeitin
excruciatingpain, atleastlongenoughtogethimto name Jane hisheir.
Jane isnot happywiththe proposedmarriage,andmustbe forcedintoit throughcorporal punishment
by herparents.AtfirstJane and Guildforddecide totreattheirunionpurelyasamarriage of
convenience,butthentheyfall deeplyinlove.
AfterEdwardVIdies,Jane isplacedonthe throne.She istroubledbythe questionablelegalityof her
accession,butafterconsultingwithGuildford,turnsthe tablesonJohnDudleyandthe otherswho
thoughtto use heras a puppet.
Afteronlynine days,however,QueenJane isabandonedbyhercouncil preciselybecause of her
reformistdesignsforthe country.The council thensupportsMary,whoat firstimprisonsJane and
Guildford.
Consumedwithguilt,Jane'sfather,the Duke of Suffolk,raisesarebelliontorestore hertothe throne,
presumablyinconcertwithThomasWyatt'srebellion.Whenthe rebellionfails,QueenMaryI offersto
spare Jane'slife if she renouncesherProtestantfaith.Whenshe refuses, Jane,herfatherandGuildford
are all executed.
32. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
Inspiration
1. Political Intriguesof the TudorCourt
Thisfilmoffersupa lookat the intrigueswithinthe courtinthe periodbetweenHenry'sdeathand
Elizabeth'saccession,asCatholicPrincessMary strivestogainthe throne afterthe deathof her
ProtestantbrotherKingEdwardVI.The religiousdivisionscausedbyHenryVIII'sembrace of the
Reformationare well documentedandbelievablyportrayed.
2. History
Thismovie opensbytellingthe audience whathascome before,andthe endingismade evenmore
poignantbyknowingwhatwill come after.Bywatchingthismovie,itgave usa clearideaof what had
happenedinthatparticularperiod.
33. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
The Tudors by G. J. Meyer
Synopsis
For the firsttime indecades,here,inasingle volume,isafreshlookat the fabledTudordynasty,
comprisingsome of the mostenigmaticfiguresevertorule acountry. AcclaimedhistorianG.J.Meyer
revealsthe flesh-and-bone realityinall itswildexcess.
In 1485, youngHenry Tudor,whose claimtothe throne wasso weakas to be almostlaughable,crossed
the EnglishChannel fromFrance at the headof a ragtag little armyandtookthe crownfrom the family
that had ruledEnglandforalmostfourhundredyears.Half a centurylaterhisson,HenryVIII,desperate
to ridhimself of hisfirstwife inordertomarry a second,launchedareignof terror aimedattaking
powersnopreviousmonarchhadevendreamedof possessing.Inthe processhe plungedhiskingdom
intogenerationsof divisionanddisorder,creatingalegacyof bloodandbetrayal thatwouldblightthe
livesof hischildrenandthe destinyof hiscountry.
The boy kingEdwardVI,a ferventbelieverinreformingthe Englishchurch,diedbefore bringingto
fruitionhisdreamof a secondEnglishReformation.MaryI,the disgraceddaughterof Catherine of
Aragon,triedandfailedtoestablishthe CatholicChurchandproduce an heir.Andfinallycame Elizabeth
I, whodevoted herlife tocreatinganimage of herself asGlorianathe VirginQueenbut,behindthat
mask,sacrificedall chance of personal happinessinordertosurvive.
The Tudors weavestogetherall the sinnersandsaints,the tragediesandtriumphs,the highdreamsand
dark crimes,thatreveal the Tudorera to be,inits enthralling,notorioustruth,asmomentousandas
fascinatingasthe fictionsaudienceshave come tolove.
Analysisand conclusion
Throughthisbook,we managedto understandthe worldof the Tudorsand how the empire was
formed.We alsogot to traceddownthe entire familyof the TudorsfromHenryVIItoElizabethIand
learntthe Tudor timeline from1457 January28 to 1603 March 24 duringthe Deathof ElizabethI.
Moreover,byreadingandunderstandingthe book,we managedtolearntandapplythe style of
language andgrammar usedduringthe Tudor period.We were able todiscoverfurtherdetailsonour
character or character involvedinthe Tudorperiodforourindividualpamphlet.
34. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
Summary
In our opinion,the Tudordynastywas a difficultdynastyto live in.Thisis because atthat pointof time,
rulesor lawswere notcreated,therefore the kingsandqueenswere the onesthathave complete
control overthe entire country.Thismeansthat they can change the rulesanytime andthiscauseda lot
of problemsamongthe peopleof England.
Besidesthat,we foundoutthat the kings of Englandtend to marry many times due to theirlustfor
women.Thiscan be provenbyKingHenryVIIImarrying6 womenduringhisreignasking.He marriedso
manytimesnotjust forhisown satisfaction,butalsotoensure thatan heircouldbe producedto rule
Englandinthe future.Thisprovesthatthe kingsof Englandreallywanttoensure that theirroyal blood
can continue tobe passedoninsteadof gettingextinct.
On the otherhand,we also foundoutthat many of the kings’off springtend to die or be miscarriage
duringthe Tudor Dynasty.Ourtheoryis thatthe doctorsand medicine duringthatpointof time were
not goodenoughandthiscausedmany of the babiestodie easily.One of the kingsthatfacedthis
problemalot of timesisKingHenryVIII,whohad Catherine ashisfirstwife.Theybothhad9
pregnanciesintotal,butonly1 survived,whichwasMary.
Furthermore,we alsorealisedthat the kingsand queensofEngland are dedicated woulddoanything
theycan to helptheircountry.Theywere dedicatedinmakingalotof agreements,peace treatieswith
othercountriestoensure the peace of Englandisrestored.
Otherthan that,we also foundout that religionplayeda big part is the reformationof England. Inthe
social strata of England,we can see that the churcheswere at the same level asthe gentlemen,the
noble people aspeople worshippedtheirreligiona lotduringthe Tudortimes.
Tudor fashionwise,we realisedthatthe Tudor people preferredtowrap themselvesincloth,which
meansthat theybarelyshowanyskinwhile wearingtheirclothes.
For execution,the people of Tudor treat deaths as entertainment.People tendtoline upinfrontof a
beheadingsessiontowitnessitsoccurrence asitamusesthema lot.In our opinion,thisactisactually
prettydisgustingasthe deathof a personshouldn’tbe treatedasso.
The people of Tudorbelievedinmany superstitionsandtaboos. As theyare veryreligiousduringthat
pointof time,these tabooswere nottakenlightlyandwere treatedseriouslyandnottobe messed
around,especiallywitchcraft.Inouropinion,these type of taboosshouldn’tbe believed100% as they
are usuallynottrue andjust made upstoriesto scare off people.
For our video,we took inspirationfrom variousfilms in the aid tomake ouracting seemmore legitand
that the sceneslookmore realistic.We also useda greenscreento helpcreatingthatmovie makingfeel
to our video.Aswe are justamateurs,our videomightnotbe of the bestqualitybutwe had a lot of fun
makingitand as a teamwe reallygotto know eachotherbetterafterthisassignment.
36. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
SCENE1
Act 1
Narration: The tudor dynasty starts… with the birth of a baby boy, Henry he seventh,a boy with a
great future ahead ofhim. He is the son of King Edmund Tudor and QueenMargaret.
Narration: Henry was born in the Pembroke Castle ofWales,where all of hisother siblingswere born
as well.
King Edmund and QueenMargaret had 2 childrenaltogether,their eldestsonbeingEdward while the
secondson is the star of the show, Henry.
Henry and Edward were great brothers, theyloved eachother a lot and constantly go to the castle
grounds to play
Act 2
Narration: As years past, the boys grew olderas didtheir father,King Edmund. WhenKing Edmund
passedaway, Edward was supposedto be the rightful heir to the throne.
But theiruncle,Richard 3, thought otherwise…
Richard:(face turningbackwards) The boysare bothtoo youngto be kings.I,Richard will take overthe
throne frommy sarcastically) poor...poordeadbrotherEdmund.The kingdomismine!
Richard: (turnsto guards) GUAARDS!Lock themboth inthe towerof London,andmake sure that their
facesare neverseenagain.
Guards: Yesmy lord.
*Drags the 2 boys into the dungeon.
Narration: As years gone by, words have spreadthat the boys have beenassassinatedby theiruncle.
This leadto many beingdepressed.
Narration: Even so, many still think that Henry was still alive and shouldbe the rightful king of
England.
At one pointof time,Henry managed to escape from the tower and wentall the way to Britanny,
France to bide his time and buildhisarmy to face off against hisuncle,Richard 3.
Henry:(standinginfrontof hisarmy) My fellow brothers,we are here todaytoclaimwhatisrightfully
ours,our belovedcountry.We have trainedlongandhard,dayand nightfor thisparticularmoment.Itis
time to seekrevenge,andslaughterthe beastthathasrobbedusmany years.Thiswinisfor my brother,
KingEdmund.Are youwithme,my brothers?
Others:YEA YEA YEAAAAAAA FOREDMUNDDDDD.
Act 3
Narration:Henry and his army travelledto Walesto face off against Richard inBosworth. Theyfought
bravely,with many dying for their belovedcountry.
37. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
Narration: Not long after, both Henry and Richard foundthemselveslockedinhand to hand combat
alone.
*swordsclanging
Henry:Uncle,Im here to take back whatis rightfullymine.Give itback,inthe name of my late father!
Richard;You punyboy… yourbody issmall,youare weak.Do youreallythinkyoucan kill me?
Henry:I mightbe small,butdon’tunderestimatethe powerof mymen.Theywill definitelykill you,and
it will be happeningrightnow!
Narration: Henry’s right hand man, Lord Stanley,took out hissword and beheadedRichardfrom
behind.
Stanleythen took the crown from Richard and placedit on Henry’shead. Welcome home, myking.
Long live,King Henry!(Raises sword).
In 1486, Henry married Elizabethof York. Whichhelpedendthe war of roses.
Henry:I love you,myqueen.
Elizabeth:AsIto you,my dear.
*staresinto eachother’seyes.
Narration: This remarkable eventhelpedinreunitingthe country and also rebuiltthe EnglandEmpire.
In 1509, Henry deceasedat Richmond Palace,foreverknown as a great king of England.
38. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
Scene 2
Act 1
Before Henry the seventhdied,he and Margaret both had 6 childrenaltogether….But sadlyonly 3
survived.
They were Arthur, Margaret and Henry the Eighth.
Prince Arthur was supposedto be the nextheirto the throne, but he diedat an unfortunate age of 15.
Arthur:(lyingonthe deathbed) Henry,take care of our kingdom, forthe sake of everyone inEngland.
Henry: (crying) Don’tworrymy brother,youhave my word.
In the end,Henrytookto the throne and marriedhisdeadbrother’swife,Catherine.
*holdinghandsinthe sunset.
Act 2
Henry and Catherine were married togetherfor a total of 24 years. They had 9 pregnanciesintotal,
but only one survived,which is the infamousMary.
*Baby Mary’s photo.
Feelingsadand depressed,Henrydecidedto go around the kingdom lookingfor mistresses.
Henry:Oh howlonelyandsadI am. All Iwant is a babyboy,to be the nextheir.Maybe Ishouldgo look
for mistressestohelpme bearaboy.
One ofHenry’s mistresses,Mary Boleyn,came up with a great idea for her king.
Mary: Your Highness,Isuggestthatmydear sister,Anne Boleyn,canhelpwithyoursadproblem.
Hearing that. Henry became veryexcitedand immediatelyorganizeda weddingfor them,she became
pregnant right after.
*church bellsringing.
Henry:Congratulationsmydear.The childwill definitelybe aboy,Iwill name himHenryafterme or
maybe Edward.
Anne:Definitelymydear.
Act 3
Sadly, the child turnedout to be a girl and they had to name her Elizabethinstead.
Feelingdisappointed,Henrywasenraged and accused Anne for having an affair with 3 other men.
Henry:Off withtheirheads!These scumdonot deserve tobe alive!
*Anne and 3 menon the floorsobbing.
While Anne wasbeingbeheaded,HenrywasalreadyplanninganotherweddingwithJane Seymour.
*more churchbellsringing.
She successfullygave birthto a baby boy,and Henry was simplydelighted.
Henry:We shall name the gemof ours… Edward.
Sadly, 12 days later, she passed.
*kneelsdownbesideherdeadbody.
Henry:My love,youare my one true wife.Withoutyou,amale heirwouldneverbe apossibility.Restin
peace,mydear.
Act 4
Years have passed, Henry had 3 otherwives.The first one,Anne ofCleeves,wasfound ina beauty
ccontest.
Anne:(seducing)Pickme,myking.
They divorced6 months later.
The secondone,Katheryn Howard was only 18 when she married an old King Henry. As she was young
and beautiful,she had affairs with many other men.
*affairpics
Her punishment,execution.
39. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
Henry:Off withherbloodyhead.
*cuts
His last wife,Catherine Parr, was the daughter of Maud Green,a lady in waitingto QueenCatherine.
In 1547, Henry diedat the age of 55.
40. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
Scene 3
Act 1
Narration: After the late king’s death,Edward ascendsthe throne as a young boy,at the age ofnine.
(Edwardwalksslowlytohisfather’sthrone)
Edward VI:In the name of our late king,IEdward VI thy new king,shall bringpeace andjustice toour
belovedKingdom.
Commoner:Long live the king,longlive kingEdward. X3
Act 2
Narration: However, Edward’s reignover England was limitedas his uncle,Edward Seymour,Earl of
Heartford was investedas the Protecterof England and took overEngland through Edward VI.
(Inthe throne room)
Edward VI:May I have a say on the upcomingwar?
Edward Seymour:Never,suchwithyourage,thoushall not have thisdecision,the artsof war isnot a
tool of amusement.Itrequirescareful considerationthroughtime andknowledge.
(inhismind):AsyourProtector,I EdwardSeymour,will leadEnglandtoitsgoldenage.
Act 3
Narration: Through time,Edward Seymour was deemedguiltyof hismotivesand was deposedas
Protector of England. He was then replacedby John Dudley,Duke of Northumberland.
John Dudley:I shall be yournewProtector,Duke of Northumberland.
Edward VI: Lord Protector,Englandshall have itsgoldenage withus,the mightyrulersof England.
John Dudley:Indeed,yourhighness.
Narration: However,John Dudleyhas hisown motives,in attempt to secure the protestant
succession,he persuadedEdward to nominate his daughter-in-law,LadyJane Greyas hisHeir.
John Dudley:Your Highness,Have the lord everconsideredanheir,asuccessormaybe?
Edward VI:No, whyso?
John Dudley:In anycase of yourdemise,whoshall be the new ruler?
Edward VI:My sisterMary, of course.Isn’tshe the legitimate successortothe throne?
John Dudley:(anxiously) YourHighness,beware of thysister’snon-protestantreign,Whatshall became
of Englandif she isthe ruler?
Edward VI:Well said,forthe sake of England,I shall acceptLady Jane Grey as the nextsuccessortothe
throne.
Narration: sadly, his demise wasas predicted,dyingat the age of 15 with tuberculosis.
Edward VI:(coughbloodsand died)
41. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
Scene 4
Act 1
Narration: The reignof the Kings endedand the next heirto the throne is now givento Lady Jane
Grey,daughter-in-lawofJohn Dudley.
Northumberland:Jane Grey isnowour new queen,we will swearourallegiancetohermajesty.
(Everyone bowedandcurtsiedtoher).
Jane Grey:(sobbingbeforewalkingtoherthrone) The crownisnot my right,and pleasethme not.The
ladyMary isthe rightful heir.
Act 2
Narration:For a fewdays Jane Greywas in griefknowing that the throne was not rightfullyhers to
take. Mary howeverwas marching toward Londonwith an army of her own. While he was gone the
nervousroyal council decidedto proclaim Mary the rightful Queen.Determinedtosave himself,
Jane'sfather signedthe proclamation making Mary Queen.( fewslidesofpicturesand scenes)
Mary: Guards seize themandsendthemto the tower!!
Jane: (quietlywhile beinghelddown)Outof obedience to youandmymotherI have grievouslysinned.
NowI willinglyrelinquishthe crown.MayI not go home?
Act 3
Narration: Mary caught lady jane grey during herreign in Londonand lock her ina tower. Lady Jane
grey was then executedafterher nine days of rulingEngland.
(Jane greytiedandwas standingbefore the executioner)
( there are a fewwitnessedaround)
Jane Grey:Andnow,goodpeople,while Iamalive,Ipray youto assistme withyour prayers.
(finishedherlastprayers)
(she thenkneltdownandloweredherheadandstretchedforthherbody)
Lord intothy handsI commendmyspirit.
(the executionerswungheraxe)
Executioner:So perishall the Queen'senemies.Behold,the headof atraitor.
42. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
Scene 5
Act 1
Narration: Mary the first,daughter of the late King Henry 8 and his wife,Catherine,was officially
crowned as queenand married Prince Philipthe secondof Spain afterexecutingJane Grey
Staringintoeach other’seyes…
Philip: Will youmarryme my love?
Mary: OF course mydarling.
Narration: In the beginning,the people ofEngland didn’tagree to Elizabethmarrying someone that
isn’t from England,but she proceededanyways.This led to themwanting to overthrowMary.
The people:(screaming) She doesn’tdeserve tobe queen,she doesn’tdeserve tobe queen!
Act 2
Narration: As time goeson, Mary suspectedthat Elizabethwas involvedwiththe people inthe plot to
overthrow her,which lead to Mary imprisoningMary intothe dungeon.
In the dungeon
Mary: I expectedmore fromyousister,youhave disappointedme.
Elizabeth:( Inthe dungeonsquatting) Sobs.
Narration: As Mary continuedto be be queenof England, she was worried that Elizabethwill one day
take over as queenas she is herhalf-sisterand have the rights to the throne as much as she does.It
was then that she had a suddenplan…
Mary: walkingtoandfro to and fro
Mary: I have decidedtohave achildas my heirso thatmy rachet sisterwill have nochance tobe queen.
( loudvoice) YES THIS IS A GREAT PLAN.I KNOWTHAT MY DEAR PHILIPWILL SUPPORTME WHOLE
HEARTEDLY.
Act 3
Narration: A fewmonths past, and Mary thought that she was expectinga baby, but it never
happened.It was believedthatshe had a phantom pregnancy.
Mary cryingon the bed.Bohoo
Narration: In 1557, Prince PhilipleftMary to become the King of Spain,making Mary evenmore
depressed.
Mary: I gave himeverything,andhe leftme justlike that.Whathave I done wrong?What isit? Why is
life treatingme sobadly!?
Narration: Even so, Philipreturnedto Mary a year later and beggedforher forgiveness.
Philip:(kneelingdownholdingMaryhand) My love,Iknow thatwhat I didwas wrong.It wasa sudden
act of greedinessthattookoverme.Please forgiveme,youare the onlyone I love.
Mary: Ill give youone more chance.But if youdouble crossme everagain…pauses*it will be the lastof
youexistence (holdingaswordto histhroat).
Act 4
Narration: As Elizabethand Philipwere togetheragain, she believedshe hadanother pregnancy again,
but once again it was all just an illusion.
Sad Mary
43. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
Narration: Philipalso triedto convince her to fight against France as the allyof Spain. She agreedto
helphelphim and they won the battle easily.
Everyone:HURRAHHURRAH!!!
Narration: Mary grew oldereach day, and the fact that she couldnevergive birth to her heirhas
finallytaken its toll on Mary. WhenMary got cancer, she became helplessanddecidedto lether half-
sisterbe the nextQueen.
Mary: ( on her deathbed) Sister,mytime iscomingtoan end,I am sorryfor everythingthatIhave done
to you.Please treatEnglandwell,theydeserve agreatleadertoleadthem.
Elizabeth:Iwontdisappointyoumydearsister.
Narration: In 1558; Mary passed away peacefully.
44. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
Scene 6
Act 1
Narration: After Mary the first passedaway, Elizabethofficiallybecame the nextheir to the throne
after the deathof her step-sister.
*Elizabethsittingonthe throne.
Elizabeth:Mypeople,Iamyour newqueennow.AndIpromise youthat I will doeverythingittakesto
make Englandpowerful once again!
Narration: Elizabethhad a really good adviserthat she trusted whole-heartedly.Hisname was William
Gail.He helpedherwith various issues,the most profound one was regarding the political issuesof
England.
William:(holdingafewpiecesof paper) myqueen,Ithinkitisbestif…(Slowlyfades)
*Elizabethnoddinginagreement.
Act 2
Narration: QueenElizabethwas a wise and brilliantqueen.She helpedsolve one ofthe most serious
issuesthat was occurring at that point of time,which was the conflictbetweenreligions.She came
out with newrules to helpunite the Protestants and the Catholicsto preventanother war.
Elizabeth:Inowdeclare thatBoth ProtestantsandCatholicswill have equal rights!Noone isindifferent.
We are all the same,solet’streateach otherthe same.* raises arm
Act 3
QueenElizabethalso succeededinendingthe Spanish Armada, where she gave her people a speech
to helpstrengthentheir confidence in themselveswhenthe SpanishinvadedEngland.
Elizabeth:Mylovingpeople,we have beenpersuadedbysome tobe afraidof otherswithgreatpowers
and firearms.Butas queen,Iassure youthat I donot desire tolive ina countryfilledwithdistrust.I
knowI have the bodyof a weakand feeble woman,butIhave the heartand stomach of a king.I believe
that we can endthiswar, and make sure that no othercountrywoulddare invade the bordersof my
realmanymore!
People:HURRAHHURRAH HURRAH !!!
Act 4
Narration: After the SpanishArmada, it was expectedfromQueenElizabethto continue the Tudor
line,but she failedto do so, despite many courtshipswith other men.
Elizabeth:(sittingonthe bed) sigh…
Narration:As Elizabethgrew older,she became famousfor hervirginity ad purity.
Elizabeth:Imightbe a virgin,butI have decidedthatIam marriedtoEngland.In the end,thisshall be
sufficientforme,thata marble stone shall declare thata queen,havingtoreignEnglandforsucha long
time,livedanddiedavirgin.
48. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
Crucial Scene
Henry managed to escape from the
tower and went all the way to
Britany, France to bide his time and
build his army to face off against
his uncle, Richard III
Jane Seymour successfullygave
birth to a baby boy, and Henry was
simplydelighted.
After the late king’s death, Edward
ascends the throne as a young boy,
at the age of nine
49. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford
was invested as the Protector of
England and took over England
through Edward VI
Lady Jane grey was then executed
after her nine days of ruling England
A few months past, and Mary
thought that she was expecting a
baby, but it never happened. It was
believed that she had a phantom
pregnancy
50. Cupoftea|British| TudorDynasty| Culture andCivilization|FNBE2015 January
Queen Elizabeth also succeeded in
ending the Spanish Armada, where
she gave her people a speech to
help strengthen their confidence in
themselves when the Spanish
invaded England