A brief presentation about the needs and the proceedings that lead to change of trivalent to bivalent opv on a single day,and the proposed outcomes of this change.
National Guidelines for Rabies Prophylaxis in IndiaDhruvendra Pandey
This is the recent guidelines of Govt. of India for pre and post exposure prophylaxis against rabies infection. This presentation gives brief knowledge about intramuscular and intradermal administration of vaccine.
Hello Guys,
This presentation consists of the updated guidelines under National tuberculosis elimination programme of India (MOHFW). The presentation includes case definitions and diagnostic algorithms for Pulmonary, Extrapulmonary and Drug resistant TB(MDR/ XDR TB) and the tratment protocols in pediatric cases.
Hope you find it useful.
National Guidelines for Rabies Prophylaxis in IndiaDhruvendra Pandey
This is the recent guidelines of Govt. of India for pre and post exposure prophylaxis against rabies infection. This presentation gives brief knowledge about intramuscular and intradermal administration of vaccine.
Hello Guys,
This presentation consists of the updated guidelines under National tuberculosis elimination programme of India (MOHFW). The presentation includes case definitions and diagnostic algorithms for Pulmonary, Extrapulmonary and Drug resistant TB(MDR/ XDR TB) and the tratment protocols in pediatric cases.
Hope you find it useful.
Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) and Nutrition Rehabilitation Centre (NRC)- Dr...Yogesh Arora
A presentation on severe acute malnutrition and nutritional rehabilitation center. Various preventive, promotive, and curative aspects of SAM are discussed in this presentation.
RABIES-A fatal but preventable viral disease is explained in detail (with exclusive pictures) in this PowerPoint presentation.
It also includes the "updates on prevention and control strategy" and "Zero by 2030-Rabies Elimination Strategy"
This was presented at seminar hall, Department of Community Medicine, IMS, Banaras Hindu University as a part of PG seminar.
(The video by Lancet included in this may not be played in this slideshare platform...one can access youtube for the same)
Clinico-social case format for diarrhoea, demographic details, chief complaint, history of presenting illness, treatment history, past history, brief antenatal history, birth historym postnatal history, developmental history, nutrition history, immunisation history, personal history, family history, socio-economic / psycho-social history, environmental history, KAP about the disease, general examination, systemic examination, local examiantion, investigations, summary and case management.
Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) and Nutrition Rehabilitation Centre (NRC)- Dr...Yogesh Arora
A presentation on severe acute malnutrition and nutritional rehabilitation center. Various preventive, promotive, and curative aspects of SAM are discussed in this presentation.
RABIES-A fatal but preventable viral disease is explained in detail (with exclusive pictures) in this PowerPoint presentation.
It also includes the "updates on prevention and control strategy" and "Zero by 2030-Rabies Elimination Strategy"
This was presented at seminar hall, Department of Community Medicine, IMS, Banaras Hindu University as a part of PG seminar.
(The video by Lancet included in this may not be played in this slideshare platform...one can access youtube for the same)
Clinico-social case format for diarrhoea, demographic details, chief complaint, history of presenting illness, treatment history, past history, brief antenatal history, birth historym postnatal history, developmental history, nutrition history, immunisation history, personal history, family history, socio-economic / psycho-social history, environmental history, KAP about the disease, general examination, systemic examination, local examiantion, investigations, summary and case management.
What is HACCP? (Hazards Analysis Critical Control Point). This presentation provides a basic understanding of HACCP plus a history of its beginnings and how it became adopted by the food international food industry.
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Posterior Segment Company Showcase - PanOptica at OIS@AAO 2016.
Presenter:
Paul Chaney, Co-Founder, President & CEO
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For more ophthalmology innovation
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
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CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
1. t-opv to b-opv SWITCH
Guide:
Dr. NARAYANA HOLLA
Presentation By:
Dr. AKSHAY.B.K.1.
2. Objectives of the Polio Eradication &
Endgame Strategic Plan 2013-2019
• Detect and interrupt all poliovirus transmission1
• Strengthen immunization systems, introduce
inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) and withdraw oral
polio vaccines (OPV)
2
• Contain poliovirus and certify interruption of
transmission
3
• Plan polio’s legacy4
2
2.
3. Before end
2015
2016
2019-2020
Introduce
• at least one dose of IPV
into routine immunization
Switch
•tOPV to bOPV
Withdraw
• bOPV & routine OPV
use
OBJECTIVE 2: STATES THREE DISTINCT STEPS
3
3.
4. In APRIL 2016, withdraw type 2
The switch refers to the replacement of all tOPV(types 1,2&3) with bOPV (containing types 1 and 3
only) in routine immunization and supplemental immunization activities (SIAs), in every country
around the world within a 2-week timeframe.
Once the switch is made, tOPV will no longer be used anywhere in the world, and
manufacturers will no longer supply tOPV
4
4.
5. Rationale for switching from
trivalent OPV to bivalent OPV
Since 1999, naturally occurring type 2 wild poliovirus has
not been detected
The type 2 component of tOPV:
Causes more than 90% of vaccine-derived polio viruses (VDPVs)
Causes up to approx. 30% of vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP)
cases
Interferes with immune response to poliovirus types 1 and 3 in tOPV
Currently, the risks associated with the type 2 component of tOPV
outweigh the benefits
5
5.
6. Type 2 component of tOPV is responsible
for >90% of all circulating vaccine derived
poliovirus (cVDPV) recent years
6
0 1 4 0 0
6
24
71
85
184
55
65 68 65
54
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
cVDPV1
cVDPV2
cVDPV3
6.
7. Global synchronization and planning
All 156 OPV-using countries and territories
must switch within a 2-week switch window
(from 17 April to 1 May)
Globally synchronizing the switch reduces
the risk of re-emergence of type 2 cVDPV or
outbreaks from the use of tOPV
7
7.
8. National Switch Day
Countries will select one day during the 2-week switch
window as their National Switch Day.
On this day, countries will:
Remove and dispose of tOPV
Begin use of bOPV
8
National Validation Day
2 weeks after the National Switch Day, countries will schedule a
National Validation Day. All tOPV must be withdrawn by this
date
• All tOPV must be fully disposed of as soon as possible after
the switch day
8.
9. Key dates around the switch
9
May 2015 World Health Assembly endorsement of the
process and tentative timelines
September 2015 National Switch Plans were finalized
October 2015 Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE)
assessed the epidemiology of persistent type 2
cVDPVs and confirmed the switch date
December 2015 At least 1 dose of IPV was introduced into routine
immunization programmes in all countries
April 2016 The Switch: replace tOPV with bOPV globally.
tOPV should no longer be used anywhere in the
world in routine immunization or SIAs.
May 2016 All tOPV should be disposed of as soon as possible
after the switch. All countries should have
validated the completion of the switch by 15 May.
9.
10. Key dates related to 'switch‘ in INDIA
April 1st: tOPV would not be available after this date.
April 11th: bOPV would be available in private market but it is not to be
opened or used before 25th April.
April 25th: Polio Switch Day, when tOPV would be completely withdrawn
and replaced by bOPV in both routine immunization and polio campaigns.
9th May: National Validation Day when India would be declared free of
tOPV.
10
10.
11. 11
SWITCH PLANNING FOR INDIA
2 weeks global Switch window
by SAGE
17 th Apr2016 -1st
May2016
W1 W2 W 3 W4
National Switch
Date 25 th
April,16
bOPV distribution
starts 2 weeks before
Only bOPV is used
Switches to bOPV
Recall & Disposal of tOPV
and validation
9th MAY
NATIONAL
VALIDATION DAY
11.
12. Components of a successful switch
12
- Site Visits
- Monitoring
- Process
Monitoring
- Reporting
- Timing
- Storage
- Collection of
tOPV
- Site selection
- Disposal
methods
- Procurement
- Cold chain
plan
bOPV
supply
Training
&
Comms
- Stock
inventories
- Procurement
- Smaller
deliveries
tOPV
supply
ValidationMonitoring
Reducing
excess while
avoiding
stock-outs
Minimizing
time that
tOPV &
bOPV are in
cold chain
together
Ensuring
tOPV is not
used after
the Switch
Making sure
milestones
are met
Ensuring
national
withdrawal
of tOPV
Waste Mgmt
Safely
disposing of
all tOPV
12.
13. Establishing management structure
Establishing National Switch Validation Committee
Conducting situational analysis
Conducting first tOPV inventory to inform forecasting and procurement
planning
Drafting national switch plan and communications plan (finalize by end
of Sept 2015)
1.PLAN
(by end of September
2015)
PREPARE IMPLEMENT VALIDATE
13
BASIC STEPS OF SUCCESSFUL
SWITCH
13.
14. National and Regional Switch
Committees
PRIOR TO SWITCH:
National and Regional Switch Management Committees
Plan, manage, and oversee the implementation of the
switch activities
Oversee Switch Support Teams who help execute recall and
destruction of tOPV
AFTER THE SWITCH DAY:
National Switch Validation Committee:
Independent body authorized to validate the switch
Oversees Switch Monitors
14
14.
15. Switch Support Teams and Switch
Monitors
PRIOR TO SWITCH:
Switch support teams
Individuals hired or delegated by the national
authorities to carry out preparatory and
implementation activities related to the switch except
validation
AFTER THE SWITCH DAY:
Independent switch monitors
Individuals hired to validate the withdrawal of tOPV
Should be independent from the switch planning and
preparation process 15
15.
16. Updating tOPV procurement plan and inventory
Planing bOPV procurement and distribution
Establishing support mechanisms
Secure budget
Set up switch support teams
Finalize communications plan, develop training materials and conduct
briefings of key stakeholders
Managing logistics (cold chain capacity assessment, waste disposal strategy)
Developing a monitoring framework
PLAN
2.PREPARE
(Q3 2015-Q1 2016)
IMPLEMENT VALIDATE
16
16.
17. bOPV procurement and distribution
To minimize the time that both bOPV and tOPV have
to be in the cold chain together:
Plan for bOPV to be delivered 2-3 months prior to the
switch at central level.
Distribute bOPV to the periphery two weeks prior to the
switch
Remove all tOPV from the cold chain at all levels on
switch day
17
17.
18. Waste management
National planners should develop and communicate a
tOPV collection and disposal plan for the country
Disposal plans should be in accordance with national legislation and existing
regulations, where applicable.
18
Co-Incineration Encapsulation Protected Sanitary
Landfill disposal
Functional incinerator
sites that are large
enough (i.e. hospital or
industrial sized) and
able to treat health
care waste by operating
at temperatures
between 900 and
1200°C
Available landfills or
pits where hard
containers (such as
metal drums) in which
vials have been encased
in immobilizing
materials (e.g. cement,
bituminous sand, or
clay) can be disposed of
safely.
Accessible landfill sites
that are fenced off and
inaccessible to the
public and free of
visible illegal recycling
activities
Preferred for both rural
and urban areas
For rural areas only For rural areas only
18.
19. Process Monitoring
National Switch Management Committees will monitor
switch planning and implementation and report to the
WHO and UNICEF country offices on selected, agreed
upon indicators and milestones:
Potential Indicators/Key milestones
National plan completed
Budget determined
OPV procurement plan
completed
tOPV inventories completed
Waste management plan
Vaccine delivered
Training completed
19
Reporting
• Monthly until Feb 2016 • Weekly from March 2016
19.
20. Training switch monitors
Training health workers and logisticians
Organizing communications and media
events
Distributing bOPV to all peripheral levels
Collecting and disposing of tOPV
PLAN PREPARE
3.IMPLEMENT
(2 weeks before switch to
switch day)
VALIDATE
20
20.
21. Training of Health Workers
Emphasize practical implications of the switch:
Technical rationale for the switch
When to start using bOPV and stop using tOPV
(National Switch Day)
How to make best use of storage capacity in the weeks
prior to the switch when both tOPV and bOPV will be
in the cold chain together
Strategies to ensure bOPV is not used prior to the
switch and tOPV is not used after the switch
21
21.
22. tOPV recall and disposal
On Switch Day, countries will:
• Immediately remove all opened
and unopened tOPV vials from
the cold chain at all levels
• Place tOPV vials in a bag or
container and label it as waste
• Send to disposal facility, or set
aside for collection, as
instructed by the switch
committee
Countries should not keep
recalled tOPV in the cold chain. 22
Date withdrawn from cold chain:_______
Quantity in doses: ___________________
tOPV Recall Form ID (code or name
of department,
municipality and
facility)
Type: Hospital □ Health Center □ Vaccination Post □ Other □
______ Name:
Name of Responsible Staff Title Signature and
Date
Inspection of Facility
Existing tOPV viales
(unopened or opened)
Yes □ No □
Number of vials removed
Sent to final destruction
site
Sí □ No □
Name of final destruction
site
Received at Destruction
Site by:
Name / Title Signature and
Date
Observations:
Two copies: one for the health center and one for
the destruction site22.
23. Switch monitors to validate at selected sites
Report to National Switch Validation Committee
NSVC reviews data and validates the switch
PLAN PREPARE IMPLEMENT
4.VALIDATE
(during 2 weeks post Switch
Day)
23
23.
24. Validating the Switch
For 2 weeks after the Switch Day, independent Switch Monitors will visit
a sample of service points and storage facilities within the country to
confirm facilities are free of tOPV.
Selection strategy: Criteria depends on risk status of country as
determined by GPEI
Reporting: to the National Switch Validation Committee (NSVC) within 2
weeks of the Switch (i.e. by the National Validation Day)
24
24.
25. National Validation
During the two weeks after the National Switch Day, the National
Switch Validation Committee (NSVC) must collate and analyze the
validation data collected by the Switch Monitors.
- The National Switch Management Committee should be notified as soon as
possible of any failures to withdraw tOPV found by switch monitors so
corrective action can be taken
- Once the NSVC concludes that tOPV has been successfully withdrawn from the
country, it should report the switch’s validation to the country’s government
- Additional monitoring needed more than two weeks following the national
switch day can be conducted by National Immunization Program supervisors and
other staff
25.
26. IPV introduction and RI strengthening
As one of its four major objectives, the POLIO ERADICATION AND END GAME STRATEGIC PLAN calls on countries
to introduce at least 1 dose of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) into routine immunization schedules,
strengthen routine immunization and withdraw oral polio vaccine (OPV) in a phased manner, starting with
type 2-containing OPV.
The introduction of IPV will help to:
Reduce risks associated with type 2 polio virus. It will raise population immunity against type 2
poliovirus. A region immunized with IPV would have a lower risk of re-emergence or reintroduction of wild or
vaccine-derived type 2 polio virus.
Interrupt transmission in the case of outbreaks. Should monovalent OPV type 2 (mOPV type 2) be
needed to control an outbreak, those primed with IPV would be expected to have a stronger immune response,
thus facilitating outbreak control and interruption of polio transmission.
Hasten polio eradication. IPV will boost immunity against poliovirus types 1 and 3 in children who have
previously received OPV, which could further accelerate the eradication of these two wild viruses.26
26.