made by shrikrishna kesharwani, and jhalak aggrawal in this ppt, we have discussed about how the Sunderbans is a formal region also Ahmedabad as a functional region.

1. FORMAL REGION-
Madeby –Shrikrishna kesharwani
Jhalak Agrawal

2. • Sundarbans is a vast tract of forest and
saltwater swamp forming the lower
part of the Padma (Ganges [Ganga])-
Brahmaputra River delta in
southeastern West Bengal state,
northeastern India, and
southern Bangladesh.
• The tract extends approximately 260
km west-east along the Bay of
Bengal from the Hugli River estuary in
India to the western segment of
the Meghna River estuary in
Bangladesh and reaches inland for
about 80 km at its broadest point.
• A network of estuaries, tidal rivers, and
creeks intersected by numerous
channels, it encloses flat, densely
forested, marshy islands. The total area
of the Sundarbans, including both land
and water, is roughly 10,000 square km,
about three-fifths of which is in
Bangladesh.

4. • The forestland transitions into a
low-lying mangrove swamp
approaching the coast, which itself
consists of sand dunes and mud
flats.
• Mangrove forests constitute about
two-fifths of the Sundarbans
region’s overall surface area, with
water covering roughly half of that
area.
• The landscape is constantly being
transformed by the erosional
forces of the sea and wind along
the coast and by the enormous
loads of silt and other sediments
that are deposited along
the myriad estuaries.

5. • Sundari, gewa or gengwa ,nipa palms ,
and other halophytic species are the
dominant flora in the mangrove swamps.
• The Sundarbans region is renowned as a
refuge for a variety of animal species,
many of them rare and endangered.
Notably, it is one of the last preserves
of Bengal tigers ,which are found in
relative abundance there.
• Other mammals include spotted deer,
wild boars, otters, wildcats, and Ganges
river dolphins .
• Several dozen reptile and amphibian
species are found in the Sundarbans,
notably crocodiles, Indian pythons,
cobras, and marine turtles.
• The region is home to more than 250 bird
species—both seasonal migrants and
permanent residents—including
hornbills, storks and other waders,
kingfishers, white ibis, and raptors such
as sea eagles.

6. Historical Aspect
• The mangrove forests of Sundarbans have an extended history of conservation and management.
• The Mauryan Empire, between 321–226 BC, laid emphasis on management of forests including
Sundarbans.
• In the pre-Mughal era from AD 1204 to 1575, the region is known to be inhabited by the Hindu
Bengali caste of Pod in the west and Chandals in the east, who practiced fishing as livelihood.
Then Muslim holy men played a significant role in the intensification of wet rice cultivation in
Sundarbans in the thirteenth century, thus contributing to altering the natural forest ecosystem.
• There are accounts of abandonment of the region due to floods that led to dislocation of many
villages in 1584. Portuguese and native pirate incursions, narratives on shift in the river course,
leading to increased salinity of the agricultural land.
• With alluvial land in the river delta, the region had high economic potential, which prompted the
East India company to convert the ‘wasteland’ into paddy land.
• The famine in AD 1943 and independence of India from British rule, both contributed in
intensification of agriculture in the 1940s.
• To protect the habitat of the national animal, Sundarbans was declared Sundarban Tiger Reserve
in the year 1973, by the Government of India.
• Today Sundarbans is a National Park, Tiger Reserve and a Biosphere Reserve. It was also included
in the World Heritage Sites in 1985 by UNESCO.

7.  Much of the area has long had the
status of a forest reserve, but
conservation efforts in India were
stepped up with the creation of the
Sundarbans Tiger Reserve in 1973.
 Sundarbans National Park,
established in 1984, constitutes a
core region within the tiger reserve;
it was designated a UNESCO World
Heritage site in 1987.
 In addition, three noncontiguous
wildlife sanctuaries have been set up
in Bangladesh’s portion of the
Sundarbans.
 The sanctuaries and
areas adjacent to them were
collectively named a World Heritage
site in 1997.
 UNESCO has also demarcated the
entire Sundarbans region as a
biosphere reserve.

8. • Scientific management of the Sundarban mangrove forest was initiated during
the British era when the first call to preserve the forests was made in 1862. Faced
with dwindling forest produce, the colonial rulers declared some parts of the
Sundarban as reserved forest in 1875–76 under the Forest Act (1855), and
resource exploitation was brought under government control with a system of
permits.
• In Bangladesh, the Sundarban Reserve Forest (SRF) is managed by the Forest
Department. Their primary focus is conservation of biodiversity. As per the
provisions of Environmental Conservation Act, 1995, the 10-km wide band
surrounding the northern and eastern boundaries of the SRF, was declared
ecologically critical area (ECA) with the main objective of providing protection to
the SRF and conservation of its biodiversity.
• In India, the degree of protection across the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve varies
greatly. While the Project Tiger is federally managed, the national park and the
wildlife sanctuaries are under the forest department of the state of West Bengal,
who have varying degrees of control in different parts. The presence of numerous
governmental organizations with overlapping authorities and responsibilities
gives rise to duplication of efforts, especially in terms of socioeconomic
development, and monitoring of outcomes is limited.
Norms applicable

9. Cities and Towns
Block Area (sq. km.)
Patharpratima 484.5
Basanti 404.2
Namkhana 370.6
Kultali 306.2
Gosaba 296.4
Sagar 282.1
Kakdwip 252.7
Hingalganj 230.4
Mathurapur - II 227.4
Canning - II 214.9
Sandeshkhali - II 197.27
Canning - I 187.9
Jaynagar - II 186.2
Sandeshkhali - I 181.2
Minakhan 157.1
Hasnabad 155.4
Haroa 152.8
Mathurapur I 147.3
Jaynagar - I 131
Hierarchy

10. • People here are amongst the poorest
in the region and face similar poverty
related issues on both sides of the
border.
• In Bangladesh, the Sundarban provides
employment for over 350,000 people,
In India the number is nearly 2 million.
• In recent decades modern livelihood
opportunities like tourism and
brackish water shrimp farming have
also gained popularity.
• The population, in the Sundarban
Biosphere Reserve in India has shown
a steady increase over the last decade,
while it has gone down in the areas
surrounding the Sundarban Reserve
Forest in Bangladesh.
Socio-economic

11. Major Development works
• Construction and development of communication infrastructure like all weather roads, concrete and bituminous
roads, jetties on ferry ghats, R.C.C. bridges to connect the islands with the main lands. More emphasis is given to
improve the connectivity of remote areas of Sundarban with district and State Highways.
• Construction and development of drainage infrastructure like drainage sluices, culverts and reclamation of drainage
– cum –irrigation canals, re-excavation of derelict canals etc.
• Creation of social infrastructure like sinking of tube-wells for supply of drinking water, considering the underground
water level.
• Infrastructure for the academic institutions especially for the girls’ schools to reduce drop-out amongst students.
• Creation of awareness amongst the people of Sundarban involving the Govt. administration, Panchayats, Schools,
Madrashas, Colleges, Voluntary Organizations etc. for conservation of nature and environment of this important
biosphere.
• As regards Fishery, at present Board has one fish farm at Jharkhali in Basanti Block under its direct control. Jharkhali
Fish Farm has total land area of 50 h.a. of which operational area under fishery is 12 h.a. Board developed another
Fish Farm at Jharkhali with an area of 150 h.a. which has been handed over to a Co-operative Society for its
management. Distribution of fish fingerlings to fishermen has been emphasized.
• Social forestry programme through planting of mangroves, fruit bearing trees like mango, Jam, etc., other plants like
Mahogany in different block the natural areas to retain biodiversity.

12. • Discovery India and World Wide Fund (WWF) India have partnered with
the Government of West Bengal and local communities in the Sundarban
to help save the world’s only mangrove tiger habitat.
• The project will use technology to solve several of the issues faced in the
region. This includes building datasets on impacts of climate change on
estuarine ecosystem.
• The initiative focuses on enhancing farmland productivity through low-cost
measures and adjusting crop calendars to deal with climate change.
• The initiative will also include work towards securing habitats for tigers and
prey species.
• The project at Sundarbans is part of a global movement, Project CAT
(Conserving Acres for Tigers), aimed at building healthy habitats for Tigers
by conserving six million acres of protected land across four countries.

13. METROPOLITAN REGION
FUNCTIONAL REGION-
Made by – Shrikrishnakesharwani
Jhalak Agrawal

14. • The city is the administrative headquarter of Ahmedabad
district and is the judicial capital of Gujarat as the Gujarat High
Court is located here.
• With a population of more than 5.8 million and an extended
population of 6.3 million, it is the 5th largest city and 7th largest
metropolitan area of India.
• .
Ahmedabad, the commercial capital of
Gujarat, is the largest city in the state
• The city founded by Sultan Ahmad Shah in 1411 AD, lies
on the banks of the Sabarmati river.
• The historic city of Ahmedabad is amongst the major
metropolitan cities in India. It's a city where history
gently rubs its shoulders with modernity.
INTRODUCTION

15. ECONOMIC PROFILE
• Industrial Aspects:-chemicals, textiles, drugs and pharmaceuticals and
food processing
• Investment and employment:-Textile and Chemical
• 21.5% of factories and employs 18% of workers in the state.
• Over14% of the total investments in all stock exchanges in India and 60% of
the total industrial productivity is contributed by the district
• Industries Name:-Adani Group, Reliance Industries, Nirma Group of
Industries, Arvind Mills, Claris Life Sciences, Cadilla Pharmaceuticals, Shell,
Vadilal Industries Ltd., Rasna, BoschRexroth (Germany) ,Stork and Rollepaal
(Netherland)
• Most of The medium large scale industries are presence in the talukas of
ahmedabad

16. Major industries
• There are around 422 medium and large scale industries based in
Ahmedabad district with total investment of INR 5,45,988 crore (US
$1,33,167 million) providing employment around 79,904 people
Small scale industries
• The district has over 23,734 small scale industries generating over
95,591jobs with total investment of INR 89,356.5 lakhs (US$ 21,794
million)
• Ex. Engineering, textiles, chemical, and paper and paper products with an
investment to the tune of INR 68,220 lakhs
Under the Gujarat Metropolitan Planning Committee Act, 2008 . and in accordance with Article 243ZE of the Constitution,
this metropolitan region has been delineated and metropolitan planning committee is formed which will be responsible
for creating development plans for this region.
Acts followed-

17. Manufacturing base
Ahmedabad, called the ‘Manchester
of the East’, has traditionally been
a manufacturing centre. The textile,
chemical, pharmaceutical and gems
and jewellery industries have been
the main economic drivers of the city.
Two of India’s largest pharmaceutical
companies—Cadila Healthcare and
Torrent Pharmaceuticals—have their
corporate headquarters and a major
presence in the city.
Ahmedabad is also home to other
large corporate houses, such as
Nirma Group, Adani Group and
Arvind.
As all the towns and cities coming under Ahmedabad
municipal corporation Are interdependent on each
other for Industrial, manufacturing, commercial And
administrative purpose .Also in which The main city of
Ahmedabad serves as the Growth center of the whole
region . therefore This region can be categorized as a
functional region

18. URBAN
CENTERS
POPULATI
ON (2011)
KALOL 133,737
SANAND 41,530
DEHGAM 42,632
Mehmeda
bad
35,368

19. GROWTH
POINTS

20. SATELLITE
TOWNS

21. REGIONAL
CONNECTIVITY