The Sundarbans is a vast mangrove forest located in the Ganges delta region across India and Bangladesh. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site known for its rich biodiversity. The document discusses the Sundarbans' biogeography, flora, and fauna. It notes that the Sundarbans contains mangrove forests, freshwater swamps, and brackish water forests. It is home to a variety of plant and animal species, including the endangered Royal Bengal Tiger. However, climate change and increased human-tiger conflicts threaten the fragile ecosystem of the Sundarbans.
This document provides information on mangroves in India. It notes that 54 species of true mangroves are found across 16 families. Mangroves are distributed across several Indian states, especially Orissa, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Goa, and Gujarat. In Tamil Nadu, mangroves are found mainly in Pichavaram, Muthupet, and Gulf of Mannar. The document outlines the dominant mangrove species in each region and associated flora and fauna. It discusses the ecological importance of mangroves and various threats to them, as well as conservation efforts and relevant laws and policies.
The document summarizes key information about the Sundarbans mangrove forest located in Bangladesh. It describes the forest's climate, flora, and fauna. It also discusses tourism opportunities in the forest like honey collection, religious festivals, and wildlife watching. However, it notes management challenges for the forest like natural calamities, overexploitation, illegal activities, and pollution. It concludes by recommending increased protection efforts, raising local awareness, and regulating ecotourism activities to better preserve the forest.
This document summarizes information about the Sunderbans Tiger Reserve in India. It notes that the reserve was established in 1973 under Project Tiger to protect the only mangrove forest habitat of tigers in the world. The Sunderbans contains over 4,000 square kilometers of mangrove forest across 56 islands that provide habitat for diverse flora and fauna including the endangered Royal Bengal tiger. The forest faces threats from poaching, illegal logging, industrial development, and climate change impacts like rising sea levels. The management of the reserve focuses on conservation, supporting local communities, research, and developing sustainable livelihoods to reduce pressure on the ecosystem.
This powerpoint presentation is created by Gyanbikash.com for the students of class nine to ten from their English first part NCTB textbook for multimedia class.
The presentation provides an overview of the Sundarbans mangrove forest located in Bangladesh. It introduces the group members giving the presentation and provides a preview of the topics to be covered, which include the location, ecology, flora and fauna, tourism, ecosystem services, threats, and management challenges of the Sundarbans. It highlights that the Sundarbans is home to the Bengal tiger and faces threats from sea level rise, pollution, and development projects, and discusses some ways to combat these issues and protect the ecosystem.
This document outlines the objectives, key findings, and recommendations of a study on wetlands in Bangladesh. The study aimed to understand the biophysical characteristics and importance of wetlands, examine management practices and issues, and recommend solutions. It found that wetlands cover about 11% of Bangladesh and provide important ecosystem services like water purification and fisheries. However, they face threats from overexploitation, pollution, and development. The document recommends preserving wetlands, restoring degraded areas, bringing all under sustainable management, and limiting resource use to protect breeding wildlife.
Sundarban the Largest Mangrove Forest in the World..Md. Al-Amin
Sundarbans, The largest single block of tidal halophytic mangrove forest in the world, located in the southwestern part of Bangladesh. It lies on the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta at the point where it merges with the bay of bengal. The forest lies a little south to the Tropic of Cancer between the latitudes 21°30'N and 22°30'N, and longitudes 89°00'E and 89°55'E. With its array of trees and wildlife the forest is a showpiece of natural history. It is also a centre of economic activities, such as extraction of timber, fishing and collection of honey. The forest consists of about 200 islands, separated by about 400 interconnected tidal rivers, creeks and canals.
The Sundarbans is a vast mangrove forest located in the Ganges delta region across India and Bangladesh. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site known for its rich biodiversity. The document discusses the Sundarbans' biogeography, flora, and fauna. It notes that the Sundarbans contains mangrove forests, freshwater swamps, and brackish water forests. It is home to a variety of plant and animal species, including the endangered Royal Bengal Tiger. However, climate change and increased human-tiger conflicts threaten the fragile ecosystem of the Sundarbans.
This document provides information on mangroves in India. It notes that 54 species of true mangroves are found across 16 families. Mangroves are distributed across several Indian states, especially Orissa, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Goa, and Gujarat. In Tamil Nadu, mangroves are found mainly in Pichavaram, Muthupet, and Gulf of Mannar. The document outlines the dominant mangrove species in each region and associated flora and fauna. It discusses the ecological importance of mangroves and various threats to them, as well as conservation efforts and relevant laws and policies.
The document summarizes key information about the Sundarbans mangrove forest located in Bangladesh. It describes the forest's climate, flora, and fauna. It also discusses tourism opportunities in the forest like honey collection, religious festivals, and wildlife watching. However, it notes management challenges for the forest like natural calamities, overexploitation, illegal activities, and pollution. It concludes by recommending increased protection efforts, raising local awareness, and regulating ecotourism activities to better preserve the forest.
This document summarizes information about the Sunderbans Tiger Reserve in India. It notes that the reserve was established in 1973 under Project Tiger to protect the only mangrove forest habitat of tigers in the world. The Sunderbans contains over 4,000 square kilometers of mangrove forest across 56 islands that provide habitat for diverse flora and fauna including the endangered Royal Bengal tiger. The forest faces threats from poaching, illegal logging, industrial development, and climate change impacts like rising sea levels. The management of the reserve focuses on conservation, supporting local communities, research, and developing sustainable livelihoods to reduce pressure on the ecosystem.
This powerpoint presentation is created by Gyanbikash.com for the students of class nine to ten from their English first part NCTB textbook for multimedia class.
The presentation provides an overview of the Sundarbans mangrove forest located in Bangladesh. It introduces the group members giving the presentation and provides a preview of the topics to be covered, which include the location, ecology, flora and fauna, tourism, ecosystem services, threats, and management challenges of the Sundarbans. It highlights that the Sundarbans is home to the Bengal tiger and faces threats from sea level rise, pollution, and development projects, and discusses some ways to combat these issues and protect the ecosystem.
This document outlines the objectives, key findings, and recommendations of a study on wetlands in Bangladesh. The study aimed to understand the biophysical characteristics and importance of wetlands, examine management practices and issues, and recommend solutions. It found that wetlands cover about 11% of Bangladesh and provide important ecosystem services like water purification and fisheries. However, they face threats from overexploitation, pollution, and development. The document recommends preserving wetlands, restoring degraded areas, bringing all under sustainable management, and limiting resource use to protect breeding wildlife.
Sundarban the Largest Mangrove Forest in the World..Md. Al-Amin
Sundarbans, The largest single block of tidal halophytic mangrove forest in the world, located in the southwestern part of Bangladesh. It lies on the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta at the point where it merges with the bay of bengal. The forest lies a little south to the Tropic of Cancer between the latitudes 21°30'N and 22°30'N, and longitudes 89°00'E and 89°55'E. With its array of trees and wildlife the forest is a showpiece of natural history. It is also a centre of economic activities, such as extraction of timber, fishing and collection of honey. The forest consists of about 200 islands, separated by about 400 interconnected tidal rivers, creeks and canals.
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on biodiversity in the Indian Sundarbans region of West Bengal. It provides background on the unique ecosystem and biodiversity found in Sundarbans, including 334 plant species, 49 mammal species, and over 400 fish species. Climate change is having serious effects like increased salinity, reduced freshwater flows, and rising sea levels. This is depleting biodiversity as species like the Javan rhino have gone extinct and tiger populations have declined. Conservation efforts are needed to protect the region's biodiversity from the threats of climate change.
Sundarbans-an introduction by Dibash debDibash Deb
The Sundarbans mangrove forest, one of the largest such forests in the world (140,000 ha), lies on the delta of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers on the Bay of Bengal. The area is known for its wide range of fauna, including 260 bird species, the Bengal tiger and other threatened species such as the estuarine crocodile and the Indian python.
This document discusses national parks and biodiversity conservation in India. It provides information on several national parks in India, including their locations, key species, and ecosystems. It also defines in-situ and ex-situ conservation and describes the goals of national parks in conserving biodiversity and habitats where species naturally occur. Threats to national parks like habitat loss and overexploitation are mentioned.
Biodiversity and conservation status of mangrove forest, Sundarbans
Biodiversity and conservation status of mangrove forest, Sundarbans
Biodiversity and conservation status of mangrove forest, Sundarbans
The document discusses the Western Ghats region of India, which contains high biodiversity and endemism. A High Level Working Group was formed to make recommendations balancing conservation and development. The group defined the region as covering 164,280 sq km across 6 states. They identified 37% of the region as Ecologically Sensitive Areas that contain high biodiversity, protected areas, and wildlife corridors and recommend notifying this area for protection. The group also suggested prohibiting environmentally damaging activities like mining in this area while allowing sustainable development.
Ranthambore National Park is located 130km from Jaipur in southeastern Rajasthan. It covers 392 square kilometers and is famous for its tiger population, being one of the best places in India to see tigers in the wild. Over 270 species of plants and animals live in the park, including tigers, leopards, deer, birds like hornbills and kingfishers. Nearby attractions include Ranthambore Fort, a historic fort within the park now designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The document provides information about national parks in India. It begins with introducing what a national park is and provides some key facts, such as Yellowstone being the world's first national park established in 1872 and India's first being established in 1936. It then discusses several specific national parks in India, providing details about their location, size, notable flora and fauna, and establishment dates. Key national parks summarized include Corbett, Ranthambore, Kaziranga, Gir, Periyar, Keoladeo, Hemis, and Valley of Flowers.
The Sundarbans National Park Tiger Reserve is located in West Bengal, India and is part of the Sundarbans on the Ganges River delta. It is one of the largest reserves for Bengal tigers and is home to a variety of wildlife including birds, reptiles, and invertebrates. The park works to protect the wildlife and habitats through conservation efforts, local community involvement, education, and sustainable management practices.
This presentation provides information about the Sundarbans mangrove forest in Bangladesh. It introduces the student group giving the presentation and then discusses key facts about the Sundarbans, including that it is the largest mangrove forest in the world, home to the royal Bengal tiger, and was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The presentation also outlines the biodiversity found in the Sundarbans, its economic contributions through industries like timber and honey, tourism, and benefits like protecting against natural disasters. It notes threats facing the Sundarbans like sea level rise, logging and pollution, and provides information on conservation efforts and voting to have it named one of the New Seven Wonders of Nature.
The document summarizes information about the Himalayan musk deer ecology and conservation project. It describes the musk deer's habitat in alpine forests and scrub, solitary and nocturnal behavior, and population declines due to illegal hunting for its musk used in traditional medicines. Conservation efforts focus on protecting musk deer populations within national parks and sanctuaries, controlling domestic and international musk trade, sustainable use of the species, and captive breeding programs. International agreements like CITES aim to restrict musk deer product trade and use to support species conservation.
The document provides information on wildlife conservation in India, including:
1) It defines wildlife and explains the meaning and importance of conservation, discussing threats such as habitat loss and pollution.
2) It describes some of India's key conservation areas and programs, such as national parks, sanctuaries, biosphere reserves, and Project Tiger.
3) It discusses laws and organizations that support conservation efforts, including the Wildlife Protection Act, Forest Conservation Act, and IUCN Red List.
Protected area network :Biosphere reserves Almas Tamake
Protected areas are a cornerstone of in situ conservation and include national parks, bioreserves, and sanctuaries. They are managed areas dedicated to protecting biodiversity. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has established seven categories of protected areas and guidelines for their management. India has over 600 protected areas covering a variety of ecosystems and hosting many endangered species. These areas help maintain biodiversity through conserving habitats and genetic diversity. Biosphere reserves specifically aim to balance conservation and sustainable development through zoning of areas for strict protection and various levels of human involvement. India has established 18 biosphere reserves recognized for their unique biodiversity and ecosystems.
The document provides information about the Sundarbans forest located in Bangladesh. It discusses that the Sundarbans is the largest mangrove forest in the world, located in the delta region of Bangladesh where the Padma, Meghna, and Brahmaputra Rivers empty into the Bay of Bengal. The Sundarbans is home to the world's largest population of Bengal tigers and is an important UNESCO World Heritage Site recognized for its biodiversity including mangrove forests, plants, and wildlife. The forest provides economic and environmental benefits through tourism, fisheries, and protection against natural disasters.
The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) is an international organization working in nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. It is involved in data gathering, research, field projects, lobbying and education. It is best known for compiling and publishing the Red List which assesses the conservation status of species worldwide. IUCN's mission is to influence societies to conserve nature and ensure sustainable use of natural resources.
Natural calamities and diseases of sundarbans mangrove forestihn FreeStyle Corp.
Bangladesh with an area of 147,570 square km is bordered by India to the northeast and west, Myanmar to the southeast, and the Bay of Bengal to the south. Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries in the world and its population is still growing by over 2 million people per year. The Sundarbans mangrove forest has a history of scientific management since 1879. The Sundarbans are the world's largest halophytic mangrove forests and one of the most biologically productive of all natural ecosystems. The forest is an essential buffer for inland areas against the ravages of frequent cyclones from the Bay of Bengal. For outstanding natural value, the World Heritage committee of UNESCO inscribed the Sundarban of Bangladesh in the 798th World Heritage list in 1997 and accordingly the Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh declared the Sundarban as World Heritage Site in 1999. The Sundarbans is the largest remaining habitat in the world for the Royal-Bengal Tiger. According to Ramsar convention, the wetland of Sundarban area in very complex and it is recognized as one of the most organic productive area in the world. The livelihood survival of the Sundarban community is linked with the forest resources of the Sundarbans, aquatic resources of the saline and fresh water wetlands.
Biodiversity hotspots around the world and in indiaAbhilash Panju
This document discusses biodiversity hotspots around the world and in India. It defines biodiversity hotspots as regions with significant biodiversity that are threatened with destruction. 36 hotspots have been identified globally based on having at least 1,500 vascular plant species and having lost over 70% of original habitat. Two key hotspots in India are the Indo-Burma region spanning parts of India, Bangladesh, Myanmar and China, and the Western Ghats range along India's west coast, both home to many endemic species. The document outlines various conservation efforts focused on protecting hotspots.
This presentation provides an overview of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. It discusses that the Ramsar Convention is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands. The objectives of the convention are to conserve and sustainably use wetlands, as well as stop their loss and encroachment. Bangladesh has designated two Ramsar sites - Tanguar Haor and the Sundarbans Reserved Forest. Tanguar Haor provides habitat for many fish and bird species, while the Sundarbans is a vast mangrove forest that is a UNESCO World Heritage Site known for its biodiversity including the Royal Bengal Tiger.
This is a presentation about the glorious kaziranga national park of assam, showing some famous and beautiful animals and birds of the park and some common problems.
The document provides information on national parks in India. It lists over 100 national parks across 28 states and union territories. Some of the key national parks mentioned include Jim Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand, which was India's first national park established in 1936, and Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park in Telangana, which declared a national park in 1998 and comprises the historic Chiran Palace complex. National parks in India are areas reserved for protecting wildlife habitats and allowing free movement and resource use for animals.
Swamp forest, Sylhet, Mangrove Forest, Ratargul forest, mangrove species, Swamp Forest definition, Types of Swamp Forest, Bangladesh wetlands vegetation. The Ratargul Swamp Forest, located in the Gowainghat area of Sylhet, is the only freshwater swamp forest in Bangladesh123. This unique ecosystem is naturally conserved under the Department of Forestry, Government of Bangladesh13.
The forest spans an area of 3,325.61 acres, including 504 acres declared as an animal sanctuary in 20151. It’s often referred to as the “Sundarbans of Sylhet” due to its rich biodiversity and unique landscape14.
The forest’s name comes from the word “Rata” or “Pati” tree, used by the locals of Sylhet14. The evergreen forest is situated by the river Goain and linked with the channel Chengir Khal14. Most of the trees growing here are the Dalbergia reniformis (করচ গাছ Koroch tree)1.
During the rainy season, the forest is submerged under 20–30 ft (6.1–9.1 m) water1. For the rest of the year, the water level is about 10 ft (3.0 m) deep1. The forest is flooded by water coming from the hills of India only in the monsoon period and makes a swamp2. Other times, it remains dry2.
The water level never remains at the same level in this forest. It depends on the number of rainfalls. The water level could be 15-20 feet in the forest on the time of heavy rainfall2. The main trees of this forest are zigzag-style Koroch and Hizal tree. The root of these trees is in two-level. One in the ground, and another in the mid-level which is used while the forest is flooded in the monsoon time2.
Among wildlife, monkeys, snakes, frogs, and many types of birds are seen here2. Four months in the monsoon period is considered as the best time to explore this forest2. You can hire a local wooden boat and spend a whole day wandering and relaxing in this beautiful green mystery2.
The Ratargul Swamp Forest is not just a place of natural beauty but also a testament to nature’s resilience and adaptability. It’s a living reminder that even in conditions that may seem inhospitable to us, life finds a way to thrive and flourish.
Sundarbans Beautiful Forest is the Natural Habitat of the world..pdfDurbar Bagerhat
The Sundarbans has been classified as a moist tropical forest demonstrating a whole mosaic of seers, comprising primary colonization on new accretions to more mature beach forests. Historically vegetation types have been recognized in broad correlation with varying degrees of water salinity, freshwater flushing and physiography.
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on biodiversity in the Indian Sundarbans region of West Bengal. It provides background on the unique ecosystem and biodiversity found in Sundarbans, including 334 plant species, 49 mammal species, and over 400 fish species. Climate change is having serious effects like increased salinity, reduced freshwater flows, and rising sea levels. This is depleting biodiversity as species like the Javan rhino have gone extinct and tiger populations have declined. Conservation efforts are needed to protect the region's biodiversity from the threats of climate change.
Sundarbans-an introduction by Dibash debDibash Deb
The Sundarbans mangrove forest, one of the largest such forests in the world (140,000 ha), lies on the delta of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers on the Bay of Bengal. The area is known for its wide range of fauna, including 260 bird species, the Bengal tiger and other threatened species such as the estuarine crocodile and the Indian python.
This document discusses national parks and biodiversity conservation in India. It provides information on several national parks in India, including their locations, key species, and ecosystems. It also defines in-situ and ex-situ conservation and describes the goals of national parks in conserving biodiversity and habitats where species naturally occur. Threats to national parks like habitat loss and overexploitation are mentioned.
Biodiversity and conservation status of mangrove forest, Sundarbans
Biodiversity and conservation status of mangrove forest, Sundarbans
Biodiversity and conservation status of mangrove forest, Sundarbans
The document discusses the Western Ghats region of India, which contains high biodiversity and endemism. A High Level Working Group was formed to make recommendations balancing conservation and development. The group defined the region as covering 164,280 sq km across 6 states. They identified 37% of the region as Ecologically Sensitive Areas that contain high biodiversity, protected areas, and wildlife corridors and recommend notifying this area for protection. The group also suggested prohibiting environmentally damaging activities like mining in this area while allowing sustainable development.
Ranthambore National Park is located 130km from Jaipur in southeastern Rajasthan. It covers 392 square kilometers and is famous for its tiger population, being one of the best places in India to see tigers in the wild. Over 270 species of plants and animals live in the park, including tigers, leopards, deer, birds like hornbills and kingfishers. Nearby attractions include Ranthambore Fort, a historic fort within the park now designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The document provides information about national parks in India. It begins with introducing what a national park is and provides some key facts, such as Yellowstone being the world's first national park established in 1872 and India's first being established in 1936. It then discusses several specific national parks in India, providing details about their location, size, notable flora and fauna, and establishment dates. Key national parks summarized include Corbett, Ranthambore, Kaziranga, Gir, Periyar, Keoladeo, Hemis, and Valley of Flowers.
The Sundarbans National Park Tiger Reserve is located in West Bengal, India and is part of the Sundarbans on the Ganges River delta. It is one of the largest reserves for Bengal tigers and is home to a variety of wildlife including birds, reptiles, and invertebrates. The park works to protect the wildlife and habitats through conservation efforts, local community involvement, education, and sustainable management practices.
This presentation provides information about the Sundarbans mangrove forest in Bangladesh. It introduces the student group giving the presentation and then discusses key facts about the Sundarbans, including that it is the largest mangrove forest in the world, home to the royal Bengal tiger, and was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The presentation also outlines the biodiversity found in the Sundarbans, its economic contributions through industries like timber and honey, tourism, and benefits like protecting against natural disasters. It notes threats facing the Sundarbans like sea level rise, logging and pollution, and provides information on conservation efforts and voting to have it named one of the New Seven Wonders of Nature.
The document summarizes information about the Himalayan musk deer ecology and conservation project. It describes the musk deer's habitat in alpine forests and scrub, solitary and nocturnal behavior, and population declines due to illegal hunting for its musk used in traditional medicines. Conservation efforts focus on protecting musk deer populations within national parks and sanctuaries, controlling domestic and international musk trade, sustainable use of the species, and captive breeding programs. International agreements like CITES aim to restrict musk deer product trade and use to support species conservation.
The document provides information on wildlife conservation in India, including:
1) It defines wildlife and explains the meaning and importance of conservation, discussing threats such as habitat loss and pollution.
2) It describes some of India's key conservation areas and programs, such as national parks, sanctuaries, biosphere reserves, and Project Tiger.
3) It discusses laws and organizations that support conservation efforts, including the Wildlife Protection Act, Forest Conservation Act, and IUCN Red List.
Protected area network :Biosphere reserves Almas Tamake
Protected areas are a cornerstone of in situ conservation and include national parks, bioreserves, and sanctuaries. They are managed areas dedicated to protecting biodiversity. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has established seven categories of protected areas and guidelines for their management. India has over 600 protected areas covering a variety of ecosystems and hosting many endangered species. These areas help maintain biodiversity through conserving habitats and genetic diversity. Biosphere reserves specifically aim to balance conservation and sustainable development through zoning of areas for strict protection and various levels of human involvement. India has established 18 biosphere reserves recognized for their unique biodiversity and ecosystems.
The document provides information about the Sundarbans forest located in Bangladesh. It discusses that the Sundarbans is the largest mangrove forest in the world, located in the delta region of Bangladesh where the Padma, Meghna, and Brahmaputra Rivers empty into the Bay of Bengal. The Sundarbans is home to the world's largest population of Bengal tigers and is an important UNESCO World Heritage Site recognized for its biodiversity including mangrove forests, plants, and wildlife. The forest provides economic and environmental benefits through tourism, fisheries, and protection against natural disasters.
The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) is an international organization working in nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. It is involved in data gathering, research, field projects, lobbying and education. It is best known for compiling and publishing the Red List which assesses the conservation status of species worldwide. IUCN's mission is to influence societies to conserve nature and ensure sustainable use of natural resources.
Natural calamities and diseases of sundarbans mangrove forestihn FreeStyle Corp.
Bangladesh with an area of 147,570 square km is bordered by India to the northeast and west, Myanmar to the southeast, and the Bay of Bengal to the south. Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries in the world and its population is still growing by over 2 million people per year. The Sundarbans mangrove forest has a history of scientific management since 1879. The Sundarbans are the world's largest halophytic mangrove forests and one of the most biologically productive of all natural ecosystems. The forest is an essential buffer for inland areas against the ravages of frequent cyclones from the Bay of Bengal. For outstanding natural value, the World Heritage committee of UNESCO inscribed the Sundarban of Bangladesh in the 798th World Heritage list in 1997 and accordingly the Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh declared the Sundarban as World Heritage Site in 1999. The Sundarbans is the largest remaining habitat in the world for the Royal-Bengal Tiger. According to Ramsar convention, the wetland of Sundarban area in very complex and it is recognized as one of the most organic productive area in the world. The livelihood survival of the Sundarban community is linked with the forest resources of the Sundarbans, aquatic resources of the saline and fresh water wetlands.
Biodiversity hotspots around the world and in indiaAbhilash Panju
This document discusses biodiversity hotspots around the world and in India. It defines biodiversity hotspots as regions with significant biodiversity that are threatened with destruction. 36 hotspots have been identified globally based on having at least 1,500 vascular plant species and having lost over 70% of original habitat. Two key hotspots in India are the Indo-Burma region spanning parts of India, Bangladesh, Myanmar and China, and the Western Ghats range along India's west coast, both home to many endemic species. The document outlines various conservation efforts focused on protecting hotspots.
This presentation provides an overview of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. It discusses that the Ramsar Convention is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands. The objectives of the convention are to conserve and sustainably use wetlands, as well as stop their loss and encroachment. Bangladesh has designated two Ramsar sites - Tanguar Haor and the Sundarbans Reserved Forest. Tanguar Haor provides habitat for many fish and bird species, while the Sundarbans is a vast mangrove forest that is a UNESCO World Heritage Site known for its biodiversity including the Royal Bengal Tiger.
This is a presentation about the glorious kaziranga national park of assam, showing some famous and beautiful animals and birds of the park and some common problems.
The document provides information on national parks in India. It lists over 100 national parks across 28 states and union territories. Some of the key national parks mentioned include Jim Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand, which was India's first national park established in 1936, and Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park in Telangana, which declared a national park in 1998 and comprises the historic Chiran Palace complex. National parks in India are areas reserved for protecting wildlife habitats and allowing free movement and resource use for animals.
Swamp forest, Sylhet, Mangrove Forest, Ratargul forest, mangrove species, Swamp Forest definition, Types of Swamp Forest, Bangladesh wetlands vegetation. The Ratargul Swamp Forest, located in the Gowainghat area of Sylhet, is the only freshwater swamp forest in Bangladesh123. This unique ecosystem is naturally conserved under the Department of Forestry, Government of Bangladesh13.
The forest spans an area of 3,325.61 acres, including 504 acres declared as an animal sanctuary in 20151. It’s often referred to as the “Sundarbans of Sylhet” due to its rich biodiversity and unique landscape14.
The forest’s name comes from the word “Rata” or “Pati” tree, used by the locals of Sylhet14. The evergreen forest is situated by the river Goain and linked with the channel Chengir Khal14. Most of the trees growing here are the Dalbergia reniformis (করচ গাছ Koroch tree)1.
During the rainy season, the forest is submerged under 20–30 ft (6.1–9.1 m) water1. For the rest of the year, the water level is about 10 ft (3.0 m) deep1. The forest is flooded by water coming from the hills of India only in the monsoon period and makes a swamp2. Other times, it remains dry2.
The water level never remains at the same level in this forest. It depends on the number of rainfalls. The water level could be 15-20 feet in the forest on the time of heavy rainfall2. The main trees of this forest are zigzag-style Koroch and Hizal tree. The root of these trees is in two-level. One in the ground, and another in the mid-level which is used while the forest is flooded in the monsoon time2.
Among wildlife, monkeys, snakes, frogs, and many types of birds are seen here2. Four months in the monsoon period is considered as the best time to explore this forest2. You can hire a local wooden boat and spend a whole day wandering and relaxing in this beautiful green mystery2.
The Ratargul Swamp Forest is not just a place of natural beauty but also a testament to nature’s resilience and adaptability. It’s a living reminder that even in conditions that may seem inhospitable to us, life finds a way to thrive and flourish.
Sundarbans Beautiful Forest is the Natural Habitat of the world..pdfDurbar Bagerhat
The Sundarbans has been classified as a moist tropical forest demonstrating a whole mosaic of seers, comprising primary colonization on new accretions to more mature beach forests. Historically vegetation types have been recognized in broad correlation with varying degrees of water salinity, freshwater flushing and physiography.
Sundarban Beautiful Forest is the Natural Habitat of the world..pdfDurbar Bagerhat
he Sundarbans has been classified as a moist tropical forest demonstrating a whole mosaic of seres, comprising primary colonization on new accretions to more mature beach forests. Historically vegetation types have been recognised in broad correlation with varying degrees of water salinity, freshwater flushing and physiography. The generally accepted explanation, however, is its derivation from the sundari tree, the most common tree in these forests. The tract of the Sundarbans is of recent origin, raised by the deposition of sediments formed due to soil erosion in the Himalayas. The process has been accelerated by tides from the sea face.
India has 10 biogeographic zones based on its diverse climate, terrain and ecosystems. The Trans-Himalayan zone is very cold and arid with sparse vegetation. The Himalayan zone has unique biodiversity due to its high altitude and temperate forests. The Thar Desert and Rann of Kutch are hot and dry with adapted wildlife like wild asses. Semi-arid areas have thorn forests and bustard birds. The Western Ghats are a biodiversity hotspot with high endemism. The Deccan Plateau and Gangetic Plain have varied forests and agriculture. North-East India and islands also have distinctive ecosystems.
India has high biodiversity with over 47,000 plant and 89,600 animal species. Its natural vegetation includes tropical and dry deciduous forests, thorn forests, mangrove forests, and montane forests. Vegetation depends on factors like soil, temperature, sunlight, and precipitation. India's ecosystems support diverse wildlife including tigers, lions, elephants, rhinos, and over 2,000 bird species. The government has established 14 biosphere reserves, 89 national parks, 49 wildlife sanctuaries, and projects like Project Tiger to protect India's natural heritage and conserve its ecosystems and wildlife.
The document discusses India's natural vegetation and wildlife. It describes various types of natural vegetation found in India including tropical evergreen forests, tropical deciduous forests, thorn forests and scrubs, montane forests, and mangrove forests. It also discusses factors like relief and climate that affect the diversity of flora and fauna in India. The document further provides details on India's wildlife and the distribution of various animal species. It highlights government conservation efforts like projects tiger and rhino as well as the establishment of biosphere reserves and protected areas to conserve India's natural heritage.
India has 10 major biogeographic zones based on climate and terrain: Trans-Himalayan, Himalayan, Desert, Semi-Arid, Western Ghats, Deccan Plateau, Gangetic Plain, Northeast, Coastal, and Islands. Each zone has distinct climates, ecosystems, flora and fauna. For example, the Trans-Himalayan zone is very cold and arid with sparse vegetation, while the Western Ghats zone contains high biodiversity including many endemic species of plants, animals and amphibians. India's diverse biogeography is due to its wide range of elevations, soils, and microclimates across the country.
India has 10 major biogeographic zones based on geography, climate, vegetation and wildlife:
1) Trans-Himalayan region north of the Great Himalayas has sparse vegetation but the richest wild sheep and goat community and snow leopard.
2) Himalayas have very dense forests and grasslands and are home to monal, wild sheep, mountain goats, ibex, panda, and snow leopard.
3) Semi-arid areas between deserts and Western Ghats have thorn forests and support species like lions, birds, jackals, and buffaloes.
4) Western Ghats are one of the world's unique biological regions with high endemism
This document provides information about natural vegetation and wildlife in India. It discusses the different types of natural vegetation found in India, including tropical evergreen forests, tropical deciduous forests, tropical thorn forests and scrubs, montane forests, and mangrove forests. It also describes the factors that affect the distribution of flora and fauna across India, such as climate, soil type, and relief of the land. Additionally, it summarizes the various steps taken by the Indian government to protect the country's rich biodiversity, including establishing biosphere reserves, botanical gardens, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and conservation projects.
Grass land ecosystems in india.
types of grasslands
uses of grassland
threats to grasslands
flora and fauna of grassland ecosystems
interesting facts
grassland ecosystem conservation
The Sundarbans is a vast mangrove forest located in the Ganges delta region across India and Bangladesh. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site known for its rich biodiversity. The document discusses the Sundarbans' biogeography, flora, and fauna. It notes that the Sundarbans contains mangrove forests, freshwater swamps, and brackish water forests. It is home to diverse plant and animal species including the royal Bengal tiger, fishing cat, spotted deer, king crab, Ganges river dolphin, and over 280 bird species. However, climate change and human-wildlife conflict now threaten this unique ecosystem.
The Sundarban region spans about 10,200 square kilometers across India and Bangladesh and contains a unique mangrove forest ecosystem. It is home to diverse plant and animal species, including the Bengal tiger. The Sundarban landscape is shaped by the complex interaction of tides, rivers, and sediment deposition. However, increasing salinity and reduced freshwater flow due to human activities are negatively impacting the ecosystem. While conservation efforts focus on wildlife, the Sundarban also provides livelihoods for many economically vulnerable people living nearby. Developing a collaborative management plan that considers both ecological protection and human needs across the international border could help preserve this shared natural resource.
The document provides information about different types of forests found in India. It discusses tropical rainforests, tropical deciduous forests, tropical thorn forests and scrubs, montane forests, and mangrove forests. For each forest type, it describes the climate and rainfall conditions they are found in, the dominant plant and tree species, and some examples of animal life.
The Great Indian Desert, also known as the Thar Desert, spans parts of northwest India and eastern Pakistan. It is characterized by large sand dunes and receives little rainfall. Wildlife such as blackbucks have adapted to the harsh desert conditions. Agriculture is the main occupation where water is available, though many nomadic herders also live in the desert, moving their flocks in search of grass and water. The Indian government has implemented irrigation projects like the Indira Gandhi Canal to bring water from other regions and increase agriculture in parts of the desert.
The Sundarbans, located in the delta region of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers in Bangladesh and India, is the largest mangrove forest in the world and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Its unique ecology is shaped by the interaction of land and water, resulting in a dynamic ecosystem that supports a rich diversity of flora and fauna.
The Sundarbans is renowned for its dense mangrove forests, which act as a buffer against cyclones and tidal surges, protecting the inland areas from natural disasters. The mangrove trees, particularly the sundari (Heritiera fomes) and gewa (Excoecaria agallocha), have adapted to the saline conditions of the region, forming intricate root systems that stabilize the soil and provide habitat for numerous species.
The Sundarbans is home to various endangered species, including the Bengal tiger, estuarine crocodile, and Irrawaddy dolphin. It also hosts a plethora of bird species, such as kingfishers, herons, and egrets, making it a paradise for birdwatchers.
The ecosystem of the Sundarbans is highly sensitive to climate change, with rising sea levels and changing rainfall patterns threatening its stability. Human activities, such as deforestation, overfishing, and pollution, further exacerbate these challenges, putting the delicate balance of the ecosystem at risk.
Efforts are underway to conserve and sustainably manage the Sundarbans, including community-based conservation initiatives, research on climate resilience, and eco-tourism development. However, addressing the complex issues facing the Sundarbans requires coordinated efforts at local, national, and international levels to ensure the long-term health and integrity of this vital ecosystem.
Habitats are places where animals live and meet their needs. There are two main types of habitats - land and water. Each habitat shares climate, geography, soil and plant life that affect the animals living there. The document describes several specific habitats - deserts, forests, grasslands, tundra, freshwater and saltwater. Each habitat is defined and examples are given of animal species that have adapted to live in those environments.
This document summarizes the biology and status of mangroves. Mangroves are salt-tolerant trees and shrubs that grow in coastal saline sediments in tropical and subtropical regions. India has around 6,740 square kilometers of mangrove forests, which represents around 7% of the world's mangroves. The Sundarbans mangrove forest in West Bengal covers around 10,000 square kilometers. Mangroves play an important environmental role by protecting coastlines from storms and erosion, and provide habitat for many species. They also have economic value by supplying timber, fuel and other resources to local communities.
This document provides an overview of tourism marketing. It discusses key concepts like the marketing mix, market segmentation, and developing a marketing plan. The main points are:
1. Modern marketing focuses on designing products/services to meet customer needs, targeting specific market segments, and developing marketing efforts that fit business objectives.
2. For tourism businesses, the main products are recreational experiences and hospitality services. These are intangible and quality control is important.
3. Successful marketing requires identifying target customer segments, developing separate marketing strategies for each, and coordinating efforts to ensure a consistent customer experience.
4. A complete marketing plan includes assessing the market environment, profiling available resources, identifying target segments, setting objectives
The document provides guidance on effective sales techniques. It discusses the importance of being outgoing, polite, helpful, self-confident, well-organized, and able to think quickly and clearly express thoughts tactfully. Salespeople should aim to understand customers' needs, make recommendations, overcome objections, and follow up after sales. The AIDA model of gaining attention, interest, desire and action is also described as a logical sales sequence. Finally, tips are given such as preparing, developing people skills, making a good first impression, building relationships through listening, selling benefits not features, not rushing sales, keeping promises, and positioning oneself as an expert.
This document discusses marketing and the marketing mix model. It defines marketing and explores various elements of the marketing environment including economic, legal, political, demographic, competitive, cultural, institutional, and technological factors. It then explains the marketing mix model using the four Ps - product, price, place, and promotion. Specific questions are provided for each P to help define marketing strategies. The document also discusses tools and instruments used for tourism marketing, including various forms of advertising, public relations, trade shows, and word-of-mouth promotion.
The document discusses tourism destination management. It defines a tourist destination as a city, town, or area that markets itself to tourists and contains attractions. A destination can attract tourists for its natural beauty, culture, history, or activities. Key factors that shape a destination's appeal include accessibility, accommodations, attractions, activities, and amenities. There are different types of destinations categorized by their geographical location or cultural focus. Destination management implements strategies and programs to promote a destination's unique identity and enhance tourism in that region. It is seen as key to the successful management of tourism overall.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as t...vijaykumar292010
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as the Directive 2002/95/EC. It includes the restrictions for the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. RoHS is a WEEE (Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment).
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
2. SUNDARBAN: AN OVER VIEW
• The Sundarbans is the largest single block of tidal halophytic mangrove
forest with the eponymous Royal Bengal Tiger in the world, is situated in
the southern part of Satkhira, Khulna, and Bagerhat district.
• Two-thirds of the forest lies in the southwest corner of Bangladesh at the
estuary of the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta, and on the coast of the Bay of
Bengal; and the rest one-third, in the southeast corner of the Indian state
of West Bengal.
• The forest lies a little south to the Tropic of Cancer between the latitudes
21º30´N and 22º30´N, and longitudes 89º00´E and 89º55´E. It extends
about 274 kilometers along the coast of the Bay, and inland, to a
maximum distance of 128 kilometers.
• With its array of trees and wildlife the forest is a showpiece of natural
history. It is also a centre of economic activities, such as extraction of
timber, fishing and collection of honey.
• The forest consists of about 200 islands, separated by about 400
interconnected tidal rivers, creeks and canals. The Sundarbans has rich
promises of eco-tourism. Every nature-oriented tourist will get an
unequalled opportunity to find a unique environment and overwhelming
spectrum of unusual exotic wildlife and natural scenes that has no match
in the world.
3. SUNDARBAN-AREA
• The Sundarbans was originally measured (about 200 years ago) to be of about
16,700 sq km. Now it has dwindled to about 1/3 of the original size. Because
of the partition of India, Bangladesh received about 2/3 of the forest; the rest
is on the Indian side. The total area of the Sundarbans is 6017 sq. km. Out of
which 4143 sq. km. is land and 1874 sq. km. is water-comprising rivers, small
streams and canals.
• The forest lies under two forest divisions, and four administrative ranges viz
Chandpai, Sarankhola, Khulna and Burigoalini and has 16 forest stations. It is
further divided into 55 compartments and 9 blocks.
• The Sundarbans was declared as a Reserve Forest in 1875. About 32,400
hectares of the Sundarbans have been declared as three wildlife sanctuaries,
and came under the UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1999. These wildlife
sanctuaries were established in 1977 under the Bangladesh Wildlife
(Preservation) (Amendment) Act, 1974. These are Sundarbans West (9,069
ha), Sundarbans South (17,878 ha), and Sundarbans East (5,439 ha). In the
early 1980s, the Sundarbans was declared as Ramsar site.
• Finally on 6th December 1997, UNESCO declared these three sanctuaries as its
522nd world heritage site, although the Indian part was included much earlier.
4. SUNDARBAN- NAME
• The Bangla word ban means forest, and the name Sundarban was
coined either from the forests of Sundari tree ie Sundari-ban, or
from the forests of the samudra (sea) ie, Samudra-ban, or from its
association with the primitive tribe Chandra-bandhe which was
corrupted into Sundarban. The generally accepted explanation,
however, is its derivation from the Sundari tree, the most common
tree in these forests.
• The name 'Sundarbans' appears to be of recent origin i.e., during
the British rule. Its ancient name was Kalikabon, while the medieval
name was Bada, derived from Arabic word 'badish' meaning forest.
Mughal rulers described the area as Muradkhana and Jeradkhana,
also as 'Bhanti' but at present people who live along the borderline
of the forest prefers it as 'Bada.'
5. SUNDARBAN- FORMATION
• The Sundarbans area was formed with the deposition of silt carried down
by the Brahmaputra and the Ganges rivers and by a large number of
tributaries. It has been said that, the tidal swamp of the forest extended
landward to the base of the Rajmahal hills and filled up in the latter part
of the tertiary. Later evidence showed that the Bengal basin tilted
eastward during the 12th century because of neo-tectonic movement
resulting in a higher elevation of landmass in the eastern areas of the
forest from sea level.
• Soils of the Sundarbans mangrove forest differ from other inland soils in
that they are subjected to the effects of salinity and water logging, which
naturally affect the vegetation. In places soils are semi-solid and poorly
consolidated.
6. SUNDARBAN- CLIMATE
• Climate in the Sundarbans is moderate. Air is humid. Full monsoon is from June to
September. Since the forest is located on the south of the Tropic of Cancer and
bounded by the northern limits of the Bay of Bengal, it is classified as tropical moist
forest.
• The temperature in the Sundarbans remains almost uniform all round the year; the
highest mean temperature being 32˚ Celsius and mean lowest, 29˚ Celsius. High
temperatures occur from mid-March to mid-June and low in December and January.
The mean maximum temperature for the hottest months has been recorded as 32.4ºC
at Patuakhali, in the east of the Sundarbans. Humidity is highest in June-October and
lowest in February.
• The average annul rainfall in the forest is 75 inches. Dry and cool season in this forest
starts at the end of October and continues till the end of March. During ebb tide the
forest becomes bare by 6-7 feet and at high tide (30 miles and hour) the entire territory
of the forest floats on water. The mean annual relative humidity varies from 70% at
Satkhira to 80% at Patuakhali. Annual rainfall in the Sundarbans is in the range of 1640-
2000 mm; rainfall increases from west to the east. Most rainfall occurs during the
monsoon from May to October. Frequent and heavy showers occur from mid-June to
mid-September. Often storm accompanied by tidal waves result widespread inundation
and cause damage to vegetation and animal life.
7. SUNDARBAN: FLORA & FAUNA
• The speciality of the Sundarbans is its amazing natural resources, which
includes a few globally endangered species. It is interesting to note that
plants do not thrive on the harsh environment of the estuarine deltaic
landmasses.
• High salinity both in soil and water, fluctuation of water level, anoxic
water saturated soil, and strong winds make the area difficult for most
plants to thrive if not aided by special adaptation to cope with adverse
conditions.
• Thus mangrove environment shows less diversity of plants and hence birds
and animals depend on plants species. In this respect the Sundarbans
sustains an amazingly large variety of flora and fauna and stands unique
among the mangrove forests of the world.
8. SUNDARBAN: FLORA
• The Sundarbans, a tidal mangrove forest covering nearly 6000 sq. km. along
the Bay of Bengal is the main reserve forest of the country. It is the largest
contiguous block of mangrove forest remaining in the world.
• The most famous tree in the Sundarbans, Sundari grows mainly in the fresh
water zone and can attain a height of thirty to forty feet. It sends up from its
roots small prongs or spits, up to thirty centimeters or more in height, which
are sometimes as thickly placed as to leave little room for walking.
• The most elegant tree in this forest, Keora (screw pine) is also the tallest one,
and may reach a height of about 40-50 feet. A saltwater zone tree, its sour
fruit and slender leaves are delicacies to the deer and the monkey.
• The next prominent tree is the Garan, which does not grow more than ten to
twelve feet in height. A highly saline water tree, Garan shows up first when a
new land emerges out of the sea. The tree, Geoa, numerous in numbers in this
forest, produces some sort of a poisonous gum. This tree is used as raw
material to produce newsprint.
9. SUNDARBAN: FLORA
• The other trees grow in the forest worth mentioning are Pashoor, Bain,
Dhundal and Garjan. Among the plants of Sundarbans, henthal, resembles
a short and thin date tree, grows in cluster and not more than fifteen to
sixteen feet tall. With clean bed and covered above, a thicket of this plant
is one of the best lurking places for a tiger. A bush of thorny hudo or tiger
fern is also a choice for the predator to stay in ambush. Another
prominent plant of the Sundarbans, Golpata (Nypa fruticans), belongs to
• the palm family, but does not grow tall. It may attain a height of about
eight meters. The riverbanks of the forest are seen lined up with this
plant. In the human habitats near the forest, Golpata is used widely as
roofing material.
10. SUNDARBAN: FAUNA
Sundarbans is home to many different species of birds, mammals,
insects, reptiles and fishes. Over 120 species of fish and over 320
species of inland and migratory birds have been recorded in the
Sundarbans. The Gangetic River Dolphin is common in the rivers.
No less than 50 species of reptiles about 400 species of fish and
eight species of amphibians are known to occur.
The Sundarbans now support the only population of the Estuarine,
or Salt-Water Crocodile in Bangladesh, and that population is
estimated at less than two hundred individuals. Here land and
water meet in many novel fashions, Wildlife presents many a
spectacle. No wonder, you may come across a Royal Bengal Tiger
swimming across the streams or the crocodiles basking on the
riverbanks.
11. • Besides the spectacular Royal Bengal Tiger, the other notable mammalian
fauna are spotted deer, Barking deer, Rhesus macaque, Jungle cat,
Leopard cat, the Indian porcupine, Otter, and wild boar. Deer and wild
boar constitute the main prey for the tiger. Some species including the
Bengal tiger are endangered.
• The ecological diversity of the Sundarbans supports a large variety of
birds. Among the total number of species recorded, most are resident.
Over 50 species are known to be migratory and are mostly represented by
the waterfowls. The egrets, storks, herons, bitterns, sandpipers, curlew,
and numerous other waders are seen along the muddy banks. Nine
species of kingfishers are available in the forest. The rich avifauna of the
forest include species of woodpeckers, barbets, owls, bee-eaters, bulbul,
shrikes, starlings, mynas, babblers, thrush, oriole, flycatchers, and many
others.
SUNDARBAN: FAUNA
12. SUNDARBAN: FAUNA
• Of about 50 species of reptiles the largest member in the Sundarbans is the
estuarine crocodile. Some of which may attain a length of about seven metres.
Although once they were abundant in this mangrove habitat, their total
number is now estimated to be around 250. Species of lizards, including the
Monitor Lizards Varanus, turtles, and snakes are well represented. Among the
snakes, the King Cobra, Russell's viper, Rock Python , Banded Krait and several
species of sea snakes are notable.
• Only eight species of amphibians have been reported from the Sundarbans.
The green frog is mostly observed in Chandpai area of the mangrove forest.
The other forest amphibians include the Skipper frog, Cricket frog, Tree frog,
and the common toad.
• The Sundarbans suports nearly 400 species of fishes in its varied aquatic
habitats; these include both the pelagic and demersal fishes. Many species use
these habitats as nursery grounds. No aquaculture or fish farming is allowed in
the Sundarbans. The Forest Department controls the fish catch from the area.
14. Hidden beauty of the Sundarbans
Mangroves throughout the world attract a wide variety of organisms making
them a biologically rich habitat. Hidden beauties of Sundarbans are enormous.
The beauty of the deep green forests in the early morning and evening, the
basking crocodiles along the margins of the creeks and inlets, the quick,
delicate movements of the deer at the drinking pools, as well as the beautiful
seashore, will quicken the hearts of even the most world-weary traveler. There
are six different seasons, each giving different perspectives of the forest. In the
rainy season, the fresh green leaves appear full of youthful vigor. The
waterways during this period are full of fishes and provide great sport for the
fisherman. Majestic white waves roll in from the Indian Ocean to end their
journey on the spectacular shore. Each winter, thousands of guest birds and
colourful ducks transform the water body into a bird sanctuary. From the sight
of thousands of shorebirds wheeling in perfectly synchronized flight over the
water, to the soft calling of myriad’s of song-birds as they fly overhead on an
autumn night, or the ghostly silhouettes of geese seen passing across a full
moon, there are few other natural environments that can compete.
15. Hidden beauty of the Sundarbans
It is a virgin forest which until recently owed nothing to human endeavor
and yet nature has laid it out with as much care as a planned pleasure
ground. For miles and miles, the lofty treetops form an unbroken canopy,
while nearer the ground, works of high and ebb-tide marked on the soil
and tree trunks and the many varieties of the natural mangrove forest
have much to offer to an inquisitive visitor. Here land and water meet in
many novel fashions, Wildlife presents many a spectacle. No wonder, you
may come across a Royal Bengal Tiger swimming across the streams or the
crocodiles basking on the riverbanks. With the approach of the evening
herds of deer make for the darkling glades where boisterous monkeys
shower Keora leaves from above for sumptuous meal for the former. For
the botanist, the lover of nature, the poet and the painter this land
provides a variety of wonder for which they all crave.
•
16. Main Attractions
Wildlife photography including photography of the famous Royal Bengal
Tiger, wildlife viewing, boating inside the forest will call recordings, nature
study, meeting fishermen, wood-cutters and honey-collectors, peace and
tranquility in the wilderness, seeing the world's largest mangrove forest
and the revering beauty.
This is indeed a land for the sportsmen, the anglers and the
photographers with its abundance of game, big and small, crocodile, wild
boar, deer, pythons, wild-birds and above all the Royal Bengal Tiger,
cunning, ruthless and yet majestic and graceful, For the less adventurously
inclined, there are ducks and snipes, herons and coots, yellow-lags and
sandpipers. It is also the land for the ordinary holiday makers who desire
to rest or wander around at will to refresh their mind and feast their eyes
with the rich treasure that nature has so fondly bestowed.
17. Means of Communication
Water transport is the only means of communication for visiting the
Sundarbans from Khulna or Mongla Port. Private motor launch,
speedboats, country boats as well as mechanized vessel of Mongla
Port Authority might be hired for the purpose. From Dhaka visitors
may travel by air, road or rocket steamer to Khulna - the gateway to
the Sundarbans. Most pleasant journey from Dhaka to Khulna is by
Paddle Steamer, Rocket presenting a picturesque panorama of rural
Bangladesh. Day and nightlong coach services by road are also
available. The quickest mode is by air from Dhaka to Jessore and
then to Khulna by road. Journey time varies depending on tides
against or in favor in the river. Usually it takes 6 to 10 hours journey
by motor vessel from Mongla to Hiron Point or Katka.
18. Famous Spots: Kachikhali (Tiger Point)
Kachikhali (Tiger Point) is one of the most fascinating islands on the
mouth of supati-estuary. The unique forest vegetation extends down to
the 9-kilometre long sandy sea beach. In winter hundred of thousands
fishermen use the sea beach for drying their catch. Migratory birds,
spotted deer in big herds, wild boar and the Royal Bengal tigers are often
seen. Pythons are also likely to be seen here in the grasslands as well as
the king cobra. Sea gulls, kites and oystercatchers are also abundantly
found here. Katka islands are a place at the confluence of Katka khal and
Betmore River. In the rivers, canals, estuaries and forest meadows and
trees; there are an extravaganza of wild animals and birds, which will all
captivate the visitors.
19. Dublar Char
Dublar Char, the delta shaped island is part of our great mangrove forest, the
Sundarbans, situated on the eastern bank of the Passur and considered as a key
area for dried fish trade. It is a beautiful island where herds of spotted deer are
often seen to graze.
The eastern face of the island popularly known as 'Alorkol' is the site of the great
bathing festival of Dubla on Rush Purnima. The event is arguably the biggest
festival of the southwestern Bangladesh. Every year, thousands of pilgrims and
fun-lovers throng the place irrespective of their religious beliefs.
The pilgrims spend a lot of their time singing religious songs. Dhol, kartal, khol
and harmonium are their accompanying instruments. This is the only festival they
can participate in without any prejudice although sometimes they fall prey to
pirates. Only a third of the visitors are camped on the beach and the rest are
scattered inside the forest creeks either for hunting deer or enjoying adventure in
the forest. Although the festival is observed on the eve of 'Rush Purnima' in
memory of Lord Krishna's romantic episode with Radha and her aides, but here
Komoley Kaming, a river goddess, is considered as the chief deity.
20. Thousands of people gathered there and it became impossible to
move without bumping into others. While some of the crowd paid
homage to the deities, most of them encircled the stage where Lila
Kirton was going on. The shopkeepers were busy selling cosmetics
and other household goods.
The main attraction of the Dubla festival is bathing in the sea.
Thousands of devotees sitting on the shore with various offerings.
They were waiting for the high tide. Peoples were singing religious
songs. As the tide turned high, the devotees rushed to the water to
take a dip. The devotees believe that the holy bath would wash
away their sins and would help emancipate them from next
incarnation. On the banks for the river Meher Ali near Dublar Char,
one can enjoy spectacular sunrises and sunsets, in which the sea
and the sun appear to kiss each other twice a day. The memory of
Dublar Char will remain forever in the heart of the beholder.
Dublar Char
21. Katka
Katka: Katka is one of Heritage sites in Sundarban. Katka
attracts tourists for its landscape and wildlife. In Katka there is
a forest rest house and a wooden watching tower of 40 ft.
high from where you can enjoy the scenic beauty of
Sundarban. A beautiful sea beach is there is Katka; you will
enjoy while you are walking to go the beach from the
watching tower. Verities birds are visible in Katka.
22. Hiron point:
This is another tourist spot in Sundarban. It is called the
world heritage state. You can enjoy the beauty of wild
nature and dotted dears walking and running in Hiron
point. If you are lucky you can see the Great Royal Bengal
Tiger, but for sure you can at least see the stepping of
Great Royal Bengal Tiger here and there in these spots.
Hiron Point also has a rest house and an observation
tower.
23. Karamjol
Karamjol is a forest station for the Rangers. Here you can see
a dear breeding center. To visit Sundarban you need to go
there with a guide and it is even better if you go there with a
group. You can stay two/three days in Sundarban depending
on your desire and requirements. One-day tour is not enough
for Sundarban as you will not be able to see the nature in
haste. For one-day tour you can go up to Karamjol and at a
glance visit the outer portion of Sundarban forest areas.
In the full moon the nights in Sundarban could be one of the
most memorable nights for your whole life.
24. Life in Forest
Only means of transportation inside the forest is boat. There is no
road, no trail of a path anywhere. The woodcutters make temporary
dwellings at the edge of the forest at a height of 8-10 feet for fear
of wild animals others live on boats.
In the chandpai region it is fascinating to see the nomadic
fishermen (living with families on boats) catching fish with the help
of trained otters. Exciting activities take place in Dublar Char in the
forest where fishermen from Chittagong gather for four months
(mid Oct. to mid Feb.) to catch and dry fish. But the most daring
and exciting of all activities is presented by the honey-collectors
who work in groups for just two months (April-May) and it is
interesting to see how they locate a hive and then collect honey.
25. Tourist season & Shooting
Best time to visit the Sundarbans is from November to
March. Exciting honey collection season is during April-May.
Law in the country for the preservation of wildlife prohibits
hunting. Certain species of birds, however, can be shot with
prior permission of the Divisional Forest Officer, Khulna.
26. Requirements
Permission from the Divisional Forest Officer (DFO), Khulna is
required to visit the forest. Cholera vaccine is to be taken well
in advance. Anti-malaria, anti-diarrhoeal, insect repellent
cream, drinking water, medical kit, light tropical dress, thick
rubber soled boots etc. are to be carried with the tourist. It
will be wise to take the help of an experienced guide to make
the journey fruitful.
27. Local Population
Due to its rich biodiversity and unique ecosystem, the ecological
importance of the Sundarbans Reserve Forest (SRF) is immense. Over 3.5
million people live in the Sundarbans' Ecologically Critical Area (ECA), with
no permanent settlement within the Sundarbans Reserve Forest. Of them,
about 1.2 million people directly depend on the Sundarbans for their
livelihoods. Most of these people are Bawalis (wood cutters/golpatta
collectors), fishermen, crab and shell collectors; Mawalis (honey
collectors) and shrimp fry collectors and mostly women and children.
Their dwellings are usually at the edge of the forest and the houses are
built on platforms supported on 3-5 m high poles of wood or bamboo.
Some people, especially the bedyas (gypsy) live on boats.
28. Local Population
Fishermen come in their boats from as far away as Chittagong and
establish temporary encampments at various sites along the coast,
where they remain until the approach of the monsoon season in
April before returning to their homes. Apart from the large
numbers of people employed by contractors in the commercial
exploitation of sundri and other tree species, the local people are
themselves dependent on the forest and waterways for such
necessities as firewood, timber for boats, poles for house-posts and
rafters, golpatta leaf for roofing, grass for matting, reeds for fencing
and fish for their own consumption. The season for collecting honey
and wax is limited to two and a half months commencing annually
on 1 April. Thousands of people, having first obtained their permits
from the Forest Department, enter the forest in search of bee
nests, which are collected and then crushed to extract the honey
and wax.
29. Economic value, tourism and forest dwellers
The most important value of the Sundarbans lies in its protective role. The
estuary is a good breeding centre for many fishes. Several plant-based
industries have been developed here. The most important ones are the
newsprint and hardboard mills in Khulna. The raw material for the former is
gewa and for the latter sundari. Other important plant-based industries are
match factories and boat building. The forest is a good source of fuel, tannins,
thatching, wooden articles, medicinal plants, and fodder. The forest is also a
major source of honey and bee wax.
The floor of the Sundarbans is flat and its maximum ground elevation is three
meters above the sea level. The forest undergoes two low tides and two high
tides within every 24 hours and 50 minutes. During high tides, the most of the
forestland goes under water; the tidal range being usually three to four
meters. On full-moon night as well as on the night of new moon the range
soars much higher. Though rare, the tidal bore hits the forest with great
devastating effects on it.
30. Ecologically, Sundarbans plays an important role, globally and regionally. The
Sundarbans stands tall with 31 genuine mangrove species out of world's 56
(UNESCO). As other mangrove forests of the world already are well depleted, the
Sundarbans on the contrary, possess an area of more than 70 percent well clothed
in dense vegetation.
The area's religious and cultural importance is reflected in a religious festival once
a year, which attracts local Hindu devotees, and in the venerable ruined Hindu
temple of Sheikh at Shekher Tek. The reduction in fresh water flow due to water
diversion, the construction of dykes combined with the pollution of the industries
and the ports of Khulna and Mongla have tremendously affected the plant and fish
population of Sundarbans. The site is notable for the long history of scientific
management with protected areas established along the southern periphery of
this mangrove wetland. There are eight field stations that provide data for a
number of ongoing studies and researches. Recently an information and education
center was established at Khulna and a new Integrated Sundarbans management
plan is under preparation under the Sundarbans Biodiversity Conservation Project
funded by Asian Development Bank.
Economic value, tourism and forest dwellers