This document discusses a laboratory assignment for a science of living systems course. It includes the names of 5 students and discusses using methodologies like renewable energy and eco-friendly lifestyles to address the problem of greenhouse gas effects leading to issues like climate change and melting ice. The document then provides information on various science concepts related to greenhouses, greenhouse gases, ozone depletion, catalytic converters, biofertilizers, and photocatalysts.

1. CHM096THE SCIENCE OF LIVING
SYSTEMLABORATORY ASSIGNMENT
CENTRE OF FOUNDATION STUDIES, UiTM
DENGKIL

2. MUHAMMAD FARITH HAIKAL BIN ZAHARUDIN 2018277964
MUHAMMAD HARITH HILMI BIN ZEN AZHAR 2018671936
MUHAMMAD ISKANDAR ZULQARNAIN BIN MOHD ISHAK 2019294362
MUHAMMAD LUQMAN HAKIM BIN CHE LAH 2018684538
MUHAMMAD NAZREEN SHAH BIN HABEEB RAHMAN 2018681214

3. Problem Statement
We want every creatures on this
Earth, Earthlings to be beware of the
effect on greenhouse gaseous on their
health. In addition, we must
acknowledge the effect of greenhouse
gaseous on living things.
Today, we had too many
implications regarding greenhouse
gaseous effects that resulting too many
rollback failures. If we ignore this
problem, it may lead to dramatic
increment of cascading problems. This
include climate change, Antartic rapid
ice melt and solar radiation.
Therefore, we will use a few
methodology such as using renewable
energy and practicing eco-friendly
lifestyle.

4. HOW DOES A GREENHOUSE WORK?
SCIENCE CONCEPT #1

5. A greenhouse is so named because it's a structure
intended for growing plants, and most plants are green,
at least in part. Obviously, you can have plants inside
your home as well, but greenhouses are built to
maximize the "comfort" of plants.
What makes a greenhouse special are primarily, it is the
amount of light, the controlled temperature, and the
easily manipulated amount of moisture plants receive.
Greenhouses have glass ceilings, which serve to both
admit a high amount of light and trap heat inside the
structure. When the sun goes down, the heat doesn't
dissipate as quickly as it does outdoors, allowing for
plants that don't tolerate cool nights well to flourish.
From a physics standpoint, what warms a greenhouse is
the same thing that warms the interior of a car on a
sunny day. rShoter-wavelength infrared light enters the
structure through the glass, and after these invisible but
warm rays bounce around, they become longer-
wavelength electromagnetic energy and tend to stay
inside, getting absorbed by their surroundings.
What are Greenhouse?

6. WHAT ARE GREENHOUSE GASEOUS?
The main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor and nitrous
oxide.
• Carbon dioxide (CO2): Carbon dioxide molecules make up only a tiny fraction of
the atmosphere, but they nevertheless exert a very strong effect on climate.
• Methane (CH4): Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas, with a capacity to absorb
considerably more heat, molecule for molecule, than carbon dioxide can.
• Nitrous oxide (N20) is emitted during agricultural and industrial activities, as well
as during combustion of fossil fuels and solid waste.

7. THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT OVER TIME
• With more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, creating something like an invisible ceiling
(not unlike a real greenhouse),
• Heat passing upward is more likely to be stopped than to pass out of the atmosphere
altogether, because the additional greenhouse gases absorb, and then radiate, this heat as
infrared radiation.
• Some of the heat will head away from the Earth, but some of it will be absorbed by nearby
greenhouse-gas molecules, and some will return to the Earth’s surface again.
• Thus, through a variety of mechanisms, as greenhouse gases accumulate, the planet
continues to warm. Glaciers recede, ice at both of Earth's poles melts, the oceans warm and
become more acidic, snow cover worldwide is diminished and catastrophic weather events
such as hurricanes become more commonplace.

8. THE THINNING OZONE
SCIENCE CONCEPT #2

9. WHAT IS OZONE?
• Ozone is created in the atmosphere when the sun's rays split oxygen molecules
into single atoms. These atoms combine with nearby oxygen to form a three-
oxygen molecule, called ozone.
• Ozone is a colourless or pale blue gas (blue when liquefied), slightly soluble in
water and much more soluble in inert non-polar solvents such as carbon
tetrachloride or fluorocarbons, in which it forms a blue solution. At 161 K (−112 °C;
−170 °F), it condenses to form a dark blue liquid. It is dangerous to allow this liquid
to warm to its boiling point, because both concentrated gaseous ozone and liquid
ozone can detonate. At temperatures below 80 K (−193.2 °C; −315.7 °F), it forms a
violet-black solid.

10. z
Ozone Depletion
 Ozone depletion, gradual thinning of Earth’s ozone layer in the
upper atmosphere caused by the release of chemical compounds
containing gaseous chlorine or bromine from industry and other
human activities.
 The thinning is most pronounced in the polar regions, especially
over Antarctica. Ozone depletion is a major environmental
problem because it increases the amount of ultraviolet (UV)
radiation that reaches Earth’s surface, which increases the rate of
skin cancer, eye cataracts, and genetic and immune system
damage.
 Ozone depletion occurs when the natural balance between the
production and destruction of stratospheric ozone is tipped in
favour of destruction. Although natural phenomena can cause
temporary ozone loss, chlorine and bromine released from man-
made compounds such as Choloroflourocarbon are now accepted
as the main cause of this depletion.
Ozone Structure

11. • Chlorofluorocarbons are not "washed" back to Earth by rain or destroyed in reactions with other
chemicals. They simply do not break down in the lower atmosphere and they can remain in the
atmosphere from 20 to 120 years or more.
• As a consequence of their relative stability, CFCs are instead transported into the stratosphere where
they are eventually broken down by ultraviolet (UV) rays from the Sun, releasing free chlorine. The
chlorine becomes actively involved in the process of destruction of ozone. The net result is that two
molecules of ozone are replaced by three of molecular oxygen, leaving the chlorine free to repeat the
process:
O3 ---(after absorbing ultra violet rays)-----> O2 + O
CFCl3 ---(ultraviolet ray)---> CFClO2 + Cl
Cl +O3---ClO+O2
ClO+O3------------> Cl+2O2
• From the above reaction we can see how the atomic halogines(Chlorine, Bromine ) have multi-cycles
to prevent regeneration of O3 from O2 ang O atoms .
• Ozone is converted to oxygen, leaving the chlorine atom free to repeat the process up to 100,000
times, resulting in a reduced level of ozone. Bromine compounds, or halons, can also destroy
stratospheric ozone. Compounds containing chlorine and bromine from man-made compounds are
known as industrial halocarbons.

13.  Simple device used in exhaust system of most
modern day automobile and vehicle to reduce
emissions from an internal combustion of engine.
 When Oxygen is not enough, carbon fuel will
produce by-product (hazardous).
 This converter will provide a site for
oxidation(adding oxygen) and reduction(remove
oxygen) of toxic by-products (NO, CO,
Hydrocarbon) to less hazardous substance (H2O,
CO2).
CATALYTIC CONVERTER
SOLUTIONS #1

14. How It Works
It uses basic redox reactions to reduce
pollutants a car makes
Converts 98% of harmful fumes produced
into less harmful gasses.
Composed of metal housing with
ceramic honeycomb-like interior and
insulating layers
Honeycomb-like has thin walls
channels coated with a washcoat of
Aluminium Oxide(porous). Increasing
surface area, thus more reactions
Precious metals like Platinum,
Rhodium, Palladium(promote transfer
of ē)
 Three way Catalytic converter has
3 simultaneous functions:
1. Reduction of NO into elemental N and O
NOX NX + OX
2. Oxidation of CO to CO2
CO + O2 CO2
3. Oxidation of Hydrocarbons into CO2 AND H20
CXH4X + 2XO2 XCO2 + 2XH2O
 Two types of systems: “lean”(O2 more) & “rich”(fuel more)
 Never achieve 100% efficiency because of constant imbalance
of reactions.

15. BASIC CATALYTIC CONVERTER
 Require the use of unleaded fuel,
so the catalyst will work because
lead in conventional ful “poisons”
the catalyst and prevent it from
taking up pollutants in exhaust
gasses.

16. • BIOFERTILIZERS ARE THE SUBSTANCES WHICH MAKE USE OF MICROORGANISMS TO FERTILE THE
SOIL. THESE FERTILIZERS ARE NOT HARMFUL TO CROPS OR OTHER PLANTS LIKE THE CHEMICAL
FERTILIZERS. THEY ARE ACTUALLY TAKEN FROM THE ANIMAL WASTES ALONG WITH MICROBIAL
MIXTURES. MICROORGANISMS ARE USED TO INCREASE THE LEVEL OF NUTRIENTS IN THE
PLANTS. THEY LET THE PLANTS GROW IN HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT. THEY ARE ALSO
ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY AND DO NOT CAUSE THE POLLUTION OF ANY SORT. ISE OF FERTILIZERS
IN SOIL, MAKES THE PLANT HEALTHY AS ELL AS PROTECT THEM FROM GETTING ANY DISEASES.
BIOFERTILIZERS
SOLUTIONS #2

17. TYPES OF BIOFERTILIZERS
Nitrogen Biofertilizers
This type of biofertilizers helps the
agricultures to determine the
nitrogen level in the soil. Nitrogen is
necessary component which is used
for the growth of the plant. Plants
need a limited amount nitrogen for
their growth. The types of the crops
also determines that which type of
biofertilizers is needed for this crop.
Foe example, azotobacterial is used
for the non legume crops; Rhizobium
is needed for the legume crops.
Phosphorus Biofertilizers
Phosphorus fertilizers are used to
determine the phosphorus level in
the soil. The need of phosphorus for
the plant growth is also limited.
Phosphorus biofertilizers make the
soil get the required amount of
phosphorus. It is not necessary that a
particular phosphorus biofertilizers is
used for a particular type of crop.
They can be used for any types of
crops.
Compost Biofertilizers
Compost biofertilizers are those
which make use of the animal dung to
enrich the soil with useful
microorganisms and nutrients. To
convert the animals waste inti
biofertilizers, the microorganisms like
bacteria undergo biological processes
and help in breaking down the waste.
Cellulytic fungal culture and
azetobacter cultures can be used for
the compost biofertilizers.

18. Advantages of Biofertilizers
• They help to get high yield of crops by making the soil rich with nutrients and useful
microorganisms necessary for the grown of plants.
• Biofertilizers have replaced the chemical fertilizers as chemical fertilizers are not beneficial
for the plants. They decrease the growth of the plants and make the environment polluted
by releasing harmful chemicals.
• Plant growth can be increased if biofertilizers are used, because they contain natural
components which do not harm the plants.
• If the soil are free with chemicals, it will retain its fertility which is beneficial for the plants
as well as environments
• They are environment friendly and protect environments against pollutants

19. Disadvantages of Biofertilizers
• Biofertilizers require special care for long-term storage because they are alive. They
must be used before their expiration date.
• If other microorganisms contaminate the carrier medium or if growers use the
wrong strain, they are not as effective.
• Biofertilizers complement other fertilizers, but they cannot totally replace them.
• Biofertilizers lose their effectiveness if the soil is too hot or dry.
• Excessively acidic or alkaline soils also hamper successful growth of the beneficial
microorganisms; moreover, they are less effective if the soil contains an excess of
their natural microbiological enemies.

20. PHOTOCATALYST
SOLUTIONS #3

22. SCIENCE CONCEPT –
PHOTOCATALYTIC CELLS
Since that Carbon dioxide, CO2 gas contribute in global warming as well
as greenhouse gaseous, it can be converted into another chemical substances. In
addition to reducing CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, photocatalytic
methods can also produce valuable chemicals that make such approaches an
appealing option to conventional CO2 removal methods.

23. SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE PHOTOCATALYTIC REDUCTION
OF 𝐶𝑂2 WITH 𝐻2 𝑂 ON THE ANCHORED TITANIUM OXIDE

25. In conclusion, the greenhouse gaseous in air
affecting most of our environmental issues and
harming the living things. Here, we have
overcome methodologies in reducing the effect
of greenhouse gaseous such as using unleaded
fuel and applying photocatalytic cell.