This document discusses a laboratory assignment for a science of living systems course. It includes the names of 5 students and discusses using methodologies like renewable energy and eco-friendly lifestyles to address the problem of greenhouse gas effects leading to issues like climate change and melting ice. The document then provides information on various science concepts related to greenhouses, greenhouse gases, ozone depletion, catalytic converters, biofertilizers, and photocatalysts.
This lab report summarizes an experiment on electrical resistance in series and parallel circuits. Resistors with values of 660Ω, 250Ω and 130Ω were connected in series and parallel to a power supply varying from 2V to 10V. The total resistance was calculated for each circuit and compared to theoretical values. The results obtained from experimental data had errors below 20% compared to theory, demonstrating the concepts of series and parallel resistance.
1. The document provides a topical test with 6 questions about chemical equations and stoichiometric calculations. It asks the student to write chemical equations for reactions involving sodium, magnesium carbonate, aluminum, copper nitrate, and iron. It also asks the student to calculate relative molecular mass, mass of atoms, relative molecular mass of a gas, a combustion reaction of magnesium, and the volume and number of oxygen molecules from the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
This lab report summarizes an experiment on electrical resistance in series and parallel circuits. Resistors with values of 660Ω, 250Ω and 130Ω were connected in series and parallel to a power supply varying from 2V to 10V. The total resistance was calculated for each circuit and compared to theoretical values. The results obtained from experimental data had errors below 20% compared to theory, demonstrating the concepts of series and parallel resistance.
1. The document provides a topical test with 6 questions about chemical equations and stoichiometric calculations. It asks the student to write chemical equations for reactions involving sodium, magnesium carbonate, aluminum, copper nitrate, and iron. It also asks the student to calculate relative molecular mass, mass of atoms, relative molecular mass of a gas, a combustion reaction of magnesium, and the volume and number of oxygen molecules from the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
chemistry form 4 - Acids n bases (concentration)Maharani Lawak
This document defines concentration and discusses two common units - molarity and g/dm3 concentration. It provides equations to convert between the units and calculate various parameters like moles of solute given volume and molarity. Standard solutions are solutions of known concentration prepared using a volumetric flask. Dilution methods are described to calculate new concentration when an existing solution is diluted with solvent. The pH of acids and alkalis depends on degree of dissociation and concentration - higher values lower pH for acids and raise it for alkalis.
The document discusses various physics concepts related to forces, pressure, density and motion. It includes sample exam questions and diagrams related to topics like aerodynamics, buoyancy, atmospheric pressure, hydraulics and more. Several questions analyze diagrams of situations involving forces and ask examinees to compare variables, identify relationships and explain physical phenomena based on key principles. Sample exam responses provide multi-step working to arrive at calculated values or rankings of concepts.
ikatan ion terbentuk melalui proses derma dan terima elektron.Atom menderma/menerima elektron untuk membentuk ion di mana susunan elektron bagi ion adalah duplet/oktet (stabil).Susunan elektron ini adalah sama dengan susunan elektron bagi gas nadir.Daya elektrostatik yang kuat menarik kation dan anion untuk datang dekat dan membentuk sebation ion.
1. Togok
2. Tongkang Masuk
3. Lambang Sari
4. Sri Rama Balik
5. Dayung Sampan
6. Antawada
7. Topeng
8. Madu dan Racun
9. Lagu Moden - Hang Pi Mana
10. Loi Kratong
11. Jasmine Flower
12. Yea Lai Siang
13. Inang Cina
14. Ayak-Ayak
15. Geliong
16. Sulang Aral
17. Gambus Menyanyi
18. Lambang Sari
19. Timang Burung
The document defines oxidation number and provides rules for determining oxidation numbers of elements in compounds and polyatomic ions. The rules state that the oxidation number of atoms is 0, ions take the charge, and the sum of oxidation numbers in compounds and polyatomic ions equals the overall charge. Examples are provided to demonstrate applying the rules to calculate the oxidation number of underlined elements in various compounds and polyatomic ions.
Dokumen tersebut merupakan soalan-soalan peperiksaan akhir Sijil Pendidikan MRSM 2022 untuk subjek Fizik. Soalan-soalan tersebut meliputi topik seperti daya dan gerakan, haba, gelombang, cahaya, elektrik, kegravitian dan fizik nuklear.
1) Environmental chemistry deals with chemicals and pollutants resulting from human activities that affect the environment.
2) Water pollution occurs when water is contaminated with substances that harm humans, animals, and plants. Major sources include industrial waste, livestock waste, oil spills, and excess fertilizers and pesticides.
3) Pollutants can be suspended solids or dissolved in water. They include heavy metals, organic compounds, and excess nutrients that can damage aquatic life and contaminate drinking water sources.
The branch of chemistry which deals with chemicals and other pollutants in environment
This presentation includes atmospheric pollution, water pollution, waste water treatment method and green chemistry.
chemistry form 4 - Acids n bases (concentration)Maharani Lawak
This document defines concentration and discusses two common units - molarity and g/dm3 concentration. It provides equations to convert between the units and calculate various parameters like moles of solute given volume and molarity. Standard solutions are solutions of known concentration prepared using a volumetric flask. Dilution methods are described to calculate new concentration when an existing solution is diluted with solvent. The pH of acids and alkalis depends on degree of dissociation and concentration - higher values lower pH for acids and raise it for alkalis.
The document discusses various physics concepts related to forces, pressure, density and motion. It includes sample exam questions and diagrams related to topics like aerodynamics, buoyancy, atmospheric pressure, hydraulics and more. Several questions analyze diagrams of situations involving forces and ask examinees to compare variables, identify relationships and explain physical phenomena based on key principles. Sample exam responses provide multi-step working to arrive at calculated values or rankings of concepts.
ikatan ion terbentuk melalui proses derma dan terima elektron.Atom menderma/menerima elektron untuk membentuk ion di mana susunan elektron bagi ion adalah duplet/oktet (stabil).Susunan elektron ini adalah sama dengan susunan elektron bagi gas nadir.Daya elektrostatik yang kuat menarik kation dan anion untuk datang dekat dan membentuk sebation ion.
1. Togok
2. Tongkang Masuk
3. Lambang Sari
4. Sri Rama Balik
5. Dayung Sampan
6. Antawada
7. Topeng
8. Madu dan Racun
9. Lagu Moden - Hang Pi Mana
10. Loi Kratong
11. Jasmine Flower
12. Yea Lai Siang
13. Inang Cina
14. Ayak-Ayak
15. Geliong
16. Sulang Aral
17. Gambus Menyanyi
18. Lambang Sari
19. Timang Burung
The document defines oxidation number and provides rules for determining oxidation numbers of elements in compounds and polyatomic ions. The rules state that the oxidation number of atoms is 0, ions take the charge, and the sum of oxidation numbers in compounds and polyatomic ions equals the overall charge. Examples are provided to demonstrate applying the rules to calculate the oxidation number of underlined elements in various compounds and polyatomic ions.
Dokumen tersebut merupakan soalan-soalan peperiksaan akhir Sijil Pendidikan MRSM 2022 untuk subjek Fizik. Soalan-soalan tersebut meliputi topik seperti daya dan gerakan, haba, gelombang, cahaya, elektrik, kegravitian dan fizik nuklear.
1) Environmental chemistry deals with chemicals and pollutants resulting from human activities that affect the environment.
2) Water pollution occurs when water is contaminated with substances that harm humans, animals, and plants. Major sources include industrial waste, livestock waste, oil spills, and excess fertilizers and pesticides.
3) Pollutants can be suspended solids or dissolved in water. They include heavy metals, organic compounds, and excess nutrients that can damage aquatic life and contaminate drinking water sources.
The branch of chemistry which deals with chemicals and other pollutants in environment
This presentation includes atmospheric pollution, water pollution, waste water treatment method and green chemistry.
This document summarizes key topics in atmospheric chemistry, including the composition of the atmosphere, common air pollutants from natural and human sources, acid rain, global warming, and ways to prevent global warming. The main atmospheric gases are nitrogen, oxygen, and argon. Pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and methane are emitted from burning fossil fuels and incomplete fuel combustion. These pollutants can cause acid rain and global warming by trapping heat in the atmosphere. Reducing fossil fuel usage and transitioning to renewable energy can help mitigate global warming.
This document summarizes key topics in atmospheric chemistry, including the composition of the atmosphere, common air pollutants from natural and human sources, acid rain, global warming, and ways to prevent global warming. The main natural gases that make up the atmosphere are nitrogen, oxygen, and argon. Common air pollutants produced by burning fossil fuels include sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, methane, and ozone. The increase of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane is causing global warming, which threatens ecosystems and will raise sea levels. Individual actions like using renewable energy can help reduce global warming.
This document summarizes key topics in atmospheric chemistry, including the composition of the atmosphere, common air pollutants from natural and human sources, acid rain, global warming, and ways to prevent global warming. The main atmospheric gases are nitrogen, oxygen, and argon. Pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and methane are emitted from burning fossil fuels and incomplete fuel combustion. These pollutants can cause acid rain and global warming by trapping heat in the atmosphere. Reducing fossil fuel usage and transitioning to renewable energy can help mitigate global warming.
Power Point Presentation realizada como parte de kla unidad integrada trabajada en 1º ESO, en las enseñanzas bilingües de Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias Sociales.
The document discusses air pollution, its causes and effects. It outlines the primary air pollutants such as particulate matter, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, volatile organic compounds, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and fluorides. Secondary pollutants like photochemical smog and acid rain are also mentioned. Control methods for air pollution include the use of scrubbers, cyclonic separators and electrostatic precipitators to capture particulate matter, and combustion, absorption and adsorption techniques to control gaseous pollutants. The role of Central Pollution Control Board in regulating air pollution in India is highlighted.
hi everyone it is the most usefull of our some solution of routine life like what is responsibility of our envoronment and atmosphere...so see the ppt and know the problem,solution and many more future of deplating our ozone layer.......
Acid rain is caused by sulfur and nitrogen oxides dissolving in rainwater to form acids that harm both the environment and human health. It damages forests, crops, aquatic species and infrastructure. The main causes are fossil fuel combustion and industrial emissions. To reduce acid rain, countries have implemented regulations limiting sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants and vehicles. The ozone layer protects the Earth from ultraviolet radiation but was being depleted by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). The Montreal Protocol phased out CFCs to allow the ozone layer to recover. Climate change poses a challenge because it is a global problem requiring cooperation between countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
The document discusses different types of fuels produced from crude oil and their combustion properties. It then explains the environmental impacts of burning fossil fuels, including global warming, acid rain, and global dimming. Strategies to reduce these impacts through the use of emission control devices and alternative fuels like biodiesel and hydrogen are also summarized.
The document summarizes the key laws of the environment: interdependence, everything has a role, limiting factors, and nature knows best. It then discusses the living environment including photosynthesis and respiration. The non-living environment includes weathering from physical, chemical, and biological factors. Acid rain is formed from carbonic, sulfuric, and nitric acids. Actions individuals can take to reduce acid rain and help the environment are also outlined.
The problems attract worldwide attention K/a Global Environmental Problems.
The top three environmental problems are: (1) Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming (2) Depletion of Ozone and (3) Acid Rain.
Global warming is caused by human activities that release greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere. This traps heat and warms the planet. Effects of global warming include melting ice caps, rising sea levels, more extreme weather, and threats to ecosystems. The document outlines causes like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. It also discusses the greenhouse effect and how certain gases trap heat. Suggested measures to reduce global warming are provided, such as using less energy, driving less, recycling, and planting trees to absorb carbon dioxide.
Ozone Depletion Potential of Different RefrigerantsHaroon Rashid
Ozone depletion occurs when CFCs and HCFCs released into the atmosphere reach the stratosphere. Ultraviolet radiation causes these compounds to break down and release chlorine atoms which then catalyze the breakdown of over 100,000 ozone molecules each. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol have led countries to phase out ozone depleting substances and strengthen protections for the ozone layer.
The document discusses ozone depletion and the ozone layer. It defines ozone and how it forms, and describes the ozone layer's location and role in protecting the Earth. It then discusses the discovery of the ozone hole, the causes of ozone depletion including CFCs, and solutions implemented through the Montreal Protocol to phase out ozone-depleting substances and allow the ozone layer to recover by 2050.
Biology Form 4 Chapter 9 : 9.2-9.3 Endangered EcosystemNirmala Josephine
This document discusses endangered ecosystems and the depletion of the ozone layer. It explains that CFCs released into the atmosphere rise to the stratosphere where they destroy ozone molecules, creating a hole in the ozone layer. This thinning of the ozone layer allows more UV radiation to reach the Earth's surface, increasing health risks like skin cancer. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol have led countries to reduce CFC use and find alternatives to protect the ozone layer over time. Loss of habitat and overhunting have also endangered many species, so conservation efforts aim to preserve biodiversity through protected areas and sustainable use of resources.
The document discusses various topics related to chemistry and the environment, including:
- The composition and layers of the atmosphere, including how temperature and pressure vary with altitude.
- How the atmosphere protects the Earth from radiation from the sun.
- How chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were depleting the ozone layer by reacting with ozone in the upper atmosphere.
- Other air pollutants like nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and their effects on air quality and health.
- The greenhouse effect of gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor in regulating the Earth's temperature.
- Water purification processes like desalination, reverse osmosis, and the use of chemicals
Similar to The Science of Living System - All About Greenhouse (20)
The document discusses the six phases of the systems life cycle for system analysis and design: 1) Preliminary investigation determines the need for a new system. 2) Systems analysis collects data on the present system. 3) Systems design develops alternative systems and selects the best design. 4) Systems development acquires and tests software and hardware. 5) Systems implementation converts to the new system. 6) Systems maintenance performs audits and evaluations to ensure efficient operation. The goal is to use a six-phase problem-solving procedure to accomplish the development of a new information system.
This document discusses chemicals used for consumers such as soaps, detergents, food additives, and medicines. It provides details on the preparation and cleansing action of soaps and detergents. Soaps form scum in hard water while detergents do not. Food additives discussed include preservatives, antioxidants, and flavorings. The document also covers traditional and modern medicines, listing examples such as aspirin, paracetamol, penicillin, and psychotherapeutic medicines. Proper management of chemicals is emphasized, including using biodegradable detergents and carefully following instructions for medicines.
The document summarizes key aspects of quadratic graphs:
1) A quadratic function takes the form of ax2 + bx + c, with examples given.
2) When plotted, a quadratic function produces a smooth curve called a parabola.
3) There are two ways to solve quadratic graphs - using a table of values to find coordinates, or directly replacing x-values into the function.
Steps for each method are outlined along with an example.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
The Science of Living System - All About Greenhouse
1. CHM096THE SCIENCE OF LIVING
SYSTEMLABORATORY ASSIGNMENT
CENTRE OF FOUNDATION STUDIES, UiTM
DENGKIL
2. MUHAMMAD FARITH HAIKAL BIN ZAHARUDIN 2018277964
MUHAMMAD HARITH HILMI BIN ZEN AZHAR 2018671936
MUHAMMAD ISKANDAR ZULQARNAIN BIN MOHD ISHAK 2019294362
MUHAMMAD LUQMAN HAKIM BIN CHE LAH 2018684538
MUHAMMAD NAZREEN SHAH BIN HABEEB RAHMAN 2018681214
3. Problem Statement
We want every creatures on this
Earth, Earthlings to be beware of the
effect on greenhouse gaseous on their
health. In addition, we must
acknowledge the effect of greenhouse
gaseous on living things.
Today, we had too many
implications regarding greenhouse
gaseous effects that resulting too many
rollback failures. If we ignore this
problem, it may lead to dramatic
increment of cascading problems. This
include climate change, Antartic rapid
ice melt and solar radiation.
Therefore, we will use a few
methodology such as using renewable
energy and practicing eco-friendly
lifestyle.
5. A greenhouse is so named because it's a structure
intended for growing plants, and most plants are green,
at least in part. Obviously, you can have plants inside
your home as well, but greenhouses are built to
maximize the "comfort" of plants.
What makes a greenhouse special are primarily, it is the
amount of light, the controlled temperature, and the
easily manipulated amount of moisture plants receive.
Greenhouses have glass ceilings, which serve to both
admit a high amount of light and trap heat inside the
structure. When the sun goes down, the heat doesn't
dissipate as quickly as it does outdoors, allowing for
plants that don't tolerate cool nights well to flourish.
From a physics standpoint, what warms a greenhouse is
the same thing that warms the interior of a car on a
sunny day. rShoter-wavelength infrared light enters the
structure through the glass, and after these invisible but
warm rays bounce around, they become longer-
wavelength electromagnetic energy and tend to stay
inside, getting absorbed by their surroundings.
What are Greenhouse?
6. WHAT ARE GREENHOUSE GASEOUS?
The main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor and nitrous
oxide.
• Carbon dioxide (CO2): Carbon dioxide molecules make up only a tiny fraction of
the atmosphere, but they nevertheless exert a very strong effect on climate.
• Methane (CH4): Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas, with a capacity to absorb
considerably more heat, molecule for molecule, than carbon dioxide can.
• Nitrous oxide (N20) is emitted during agricultural and industrial activities, as well
as during combustion of fossil fuels and solid waste.
7. THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT OVER TIME
• With more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, creating something like an invisible ceiling
(not unlike a real greenhouse),
• Heat passing upward is more likely to be stopped than to pass out of the atmosphere
altogether, because the additional greenhouse gases absorb, and then radiate, this heat as
infrared radiation.
• Some of the heat will head away from the Earth, but some of it will be absorbed by nearby
greenhouse-gas molecules, and some will return to the Earth’s surface again.
• Thus, through a variety of mechanisms, as greenhouse gases accumulate, the planet
continues to warm. Glaciers recede, ice at both of Earth's poles melts, the oceans warm and
become more acidic, snow cover worldwide is diminished and catastrophic weather events
such as hurricanes become more commonplace.
9. WHAT IS OZONE?
• Ozone is created in the atmosphere when the sun's rays split oxygen molecules
into single atoms. These atoms combine with nearby oxygen to form a three-
oxygen molecule, called ozone.
• Ozone is a colourless or pale blue gas (blue when liquefied), slightly soluble in
water and much more soluble in inert non-polar solvents such as carbon
tetrachloride or fluorocarbons, in which it forms a blue solution. At 161 K (−112 °C;
−170 °F), it condenses to form a dark blue liquid. It is dangerous to allow this liquid
to warm to its boiling point, because both concentrated gaseous ozone and liquid
ozone can detonate. At temperatures below 80 K (−193.2 °C; −315.7 °F), it forms a
violet-black solid.
10. z
Ozone Depletion
Ozone depletion, gradual thinning of Earth’s ozone layer in the
upper atmosphere caused by the release of chemical compounds
containing gaseous chlorine or bromine from industry and other
human activities.
The thinning is most pronounced in the polar regions, especially
over Antarctica. Ozone depletion is a major environmental
problem because it increases the amount of ultraviolet (UV)
radiation that reaches Earth’s surface, which increases the rate of
skin cancer, eye cataracts, and genetic and immune system
damage.
Ozone depletion occurs when the natural balance between the
production and destruction of stratospheric ozone is tipped in
favour of destruction. Although natural phenomena can cause
temporary ozone loss, chlorine and bromine released from man-
made compounds such as Choloroflourocarbon are now accepted
as the main cause of this depletion.
Ozone Structure
11. • Chlorofluorocarbons are not "washed" back to Earth by rain or destroyed in reactions with other
chemicals. They simply do not break down in the lower atmosphere and they can remain in the
atmosphere from 20 to 120 years or more.
• As a consequence of their relative stability, CFCs are instead transported into the stratosphere where
they are eventually broken down by ultraviolet (UV) rays from the Sun, releasing free chlorine. The
chlorine becomes actively involved in the process of destruction of ozone. The net result is that two
molecules of ozone are replaced by three of molecular oxygen, leaving the chlorine free to repeat the
process:
O3 ---(after absorbing ultra violet rays)-----> O2 + O
CFCl3 ---(ultraviolet ray)---> CFClO2 + Cl
Cl +O3---ClO+O2
ClO+O3------------> Cl+2O2
• From the above reaction we can see how the atomic halogines(Chlorine, Bromine ) have multi-cycles
to prevent regeneration of O3 from O2 ang O atoms .
• Ozone is converted to oxygen, leaving the chlorine atom free to repeat the process up to 100,000
times, resulting in a reduced level of ozone. Bromine compounds, or halons, can also destroy
stratospheric ozone. Compounds containing chlorine and bromine from man-made compounds are
known as industrial halocarbons.
12.
13. Simple device used in exhaust system of most
modern day automobile and vehicle to reduce
emissions from an internal combustion of engine.
When Oxygen is not enough, carbon fuel will
produce by-product (hazardous).
This converter will provide a site for
oxidation(adding oxygen) and reduction(remove
oxygen) of toxic by-products (NO, CO,
Hydrocarbon) to less hazardous substance (H2O,
CO2).
CATALYTIC CONVERTER
SOLUTIONS #1
14. How It Works
It uses basic redox reactions to reduce
pollutants a car makes
Converts 98% of harmful fumes produced
into less harmful gasses.
Composed of metal housing with
ceramic honeycomb-like interior and
insulating layers
Honeycomb-like has thin walls
channels coated with a washcoat of
Aluminium Oxide(porous). Increasing
surface area, thus more reactions
Precious metals like Platinum,
Rhodium, Palladium(promote transfer
of ē)
Three way Catalytic converter has
3 simultaneous functions:
1. Reduction of NO into elemental N and O
NOX NX + OX
2. Oxidation of CO to CO2
CO + O2 CO2
3. Oxidation of Hydrocarbons into CO2 AND H20
CXH4X + 2XO2 XCO2 + 2XH2O
Two types of systems: “lean”(O2 more) & “rich”(fuel more)
Never achieve 100% efficiency because of constant imbalance
of reactions.
15. BASIC CATALYTIC CONVERTER
Require the use of unleaded fuel,
so the catalyst will work because
lead in conventional ful “poisons”
the catalyst and prevent it from
taking up pollutants in exhaust
gasses.
16. • BIOFERTILIZERS ARE THE SUBSTANCES WHICH MAKE USE OF MICROORGANISMS TO FERTILE THE
SOIL. THESE FERTILIZERS ARE NOT HARMFUL TO CROPS OR OTHER PLANTS LIKE THE CHEMICAL
FERTILIZERS. THEY ARE ACTUALLY TAKEN FROM THE ANIMAL WASTES ALONG WITH MICROBIAL
MIXTURES. MICROORGANISMS ARE USED TO INCREASE THE LEVEL OF NUTRIENTS IN THE
PLANTS. THEY LET THE PLANTS GROW IN HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT. THEY ARE ALSO
ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY AND DO NOT CAUSE THE POLLUTION OF ANY SORT. ISE OF FERTILIZERS
IN SOIL, MAKES THE PLANT HEALTHY AS ELL AS PROTECT THEM FROM GETTING ANY DISEASES.
BIOFERTILIZERS
SOLUTIONS #2
17. TYPES OF BIOFERTILIZERS
Nitrogen Biofertilizers
This type of biofertilizers helps the
agricultures to determine the
nitrogen level in the soil. Nitrogen is
necessary component which is used
for the growth of the plant. Plants
need a limited amount nitrogen for
their growth. The types of the crops
also determines that which type of
biofertilizers is needed for this crop.
Foe example, azotobacterial is used
for the non legume crops; Rhizobium
is needed for the legume crops.
Phosphorus Biofertilizers
Phosphorus fertilizers are used to
determine the phosphorus level in
the soil. The need of phosphorus for
the plant growth is also limited.
Phosphorus biofertilizers make the
soil get the required amount of
phosphorus. It is not necessary that a
particular phosphorus biofertilizers is
used for a particular type of crop.
They can be used for any types of
crops.
Compost Biofertilizers
Compost biofertilizers are those
which make use of the animal dung to
enrich the soil with useful
microorganisms and nutrients. To
convert the animals waste inti
biofertilizers, the microorganisms like
bacteria undergo biological processes
and help in breaking down the waste.
Cellulytic fungal culture and
azetobacter cultures can be used for
the compost biofertilizers.
18. Advantages of Biofertilizers
• They help to get high yield of crops by making the soil rich with nutrients and useful
microorganisms necessary for the grown of plants.
• Biofertilizers have replaced the chemical fertilizers as chemical fertilizers are not beneficial
for the plants. They decrease the growth of the plants and make the environment polluted
by releasing harmful chemicals.
• Plant growth can be increased if biofertilizers are used, because they contain natural
components which do not harm the plants.
• If the soil are free with chemicals, it will retain its fertility which is beneficial for the plants
as well as environments
• They are environment friendly and protect environments against pollutants
19. Disadvantages of Biofertilizers
• Biofertilizers require special care for long-term storage because they are alive. They
must be used before their expiration date.
• If other microorganisms contaminate the carrier medium or if growers use the
wrong strain, they are not as effective.
• Biofertilizers complement other fertilizers, but they cannot totally replace them.
• Biofertilizers lose their effectiveness if the soil is too hot or dry.
• Excessively acidic or alkaline soils also hamper successful growth of the beneficial
microorganisms; moreover, they are less effective if the soil contains an excess of
their natural microbiological enemies.
22. SCIENCE CONCEPT –
PHOTOCATALYTIC CELLS
Since that Carbon dioxide, CO2 gas contribute in global warming as well
as greenhouse gaseous, it can be converted into another chemical substances. In
addition to reducing CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, photocatalytic
methods can also produce valuable chemicals that make such approaches an
appealing option to conventional CO2 removal methods.
25. In conclusion, the greenhouse gaseous in air
affecting most of our environmental issues and
harming the living things. Here, we have
overcome methodologies in reducing the effect
of greenhouse gaseous such as using unleaded
fuel and applying photocatalytic cell.
Editor's Notes
Thanks to growing concerns about climate change (often called "global warming") and the language that has sprung up around this concern, it's likely that as many younger people have heard terms like "the greenhouse effect" and "greenhouse gases“
Conversion of carbon dioxide into gaseous hydrocarbons using titanium dioxide in the presence of water.[14] As an efficient absorber in the UV range, titanium dioxide nanoparticles in the anatase and rutile phases are able to generate excitons by promoting electrons across the band gap. The electrons and holes react with the surrounding water vapor to produce hydroxyl radicals and protons. At present, proposed reaction mechanisms usually suggest the creation of a highly reactive carbon radical from carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide which then reacts with the photogenerated protons to ultimately form methane. Although the efficiencies of present titanium dioxide based photocatalysts are low, the incorporation of carbon based nanostructures such as carbon nanotubes[15] and metallic nanoparticles[16] have been shown to enhance the efficiency of these photocatalysts.