The document summarizes the Rwandan genocide that occurred in 1994 where Hutu extremists killed an estimated 500,000 to 800,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutu civilians over the course of 100 days. It provides background information on Rwanda's ethnic groups and the tensions between Hutus and Tutsis that built over decades. It describes key events that triggered the genocide such as the assassination of Rwanda's president and the methods used in mass killings and rapes across the country. International response to the genocide is characterized as slow and inadequate.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: TRUMAN DOCTRINE 1947. Content: assistance to democratic nations, Truman doctrine, supporting Greece, aid for Greece and Turkey, strategic importance, against Soviet totalitarianism.
In 1971 massive genocide was done by Pakistani military force and it has been assisted by recognized war criminals and anti-liberation people. These people never accepted country Bangladesh and they are now dreaming to get into power. It has been a planned process to erase them from history and let young generation forget what happened in 1971. This presentation shows few screenshow how brutal was that.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: TRUMAN DOCTRINE 1947. Content: assistance to democratic nations, Truman doctrine, supporting Greece, aid for Greece and Turkey, strategic importance, against Soviet totalitarianism.
In 1971 massive genocide was done by Pakistani military force and it has been assisted by recognized war criminals and anti-liberation people. These people never accepted country Bangladesh and they are now dreaming to get into power. It has been a planned process to erase them from history and let young generation forget what happened in 1971. This presentation shows few screenshow how brutal was that.
In May 1997, disgruntled soldiers, led by Major Johnny Paul Koroma, toppled President Kabbah and invited the RUF to join the government. The two groups – rebels and renegade soldiers -- controlled the capital city for nine brutal months, threatening to blow up entire neighborhoods if the ECOMOG forces then besieging Freetown attempted to enter. ECOMOG finally liberated Freetown and returned Kabbah to power in February 1998, but the Army and RUF attacked Freetown again on January 6, 1999, murdering and raping their way across a city of a million people. That date marks the climax of the crisis, and many of the artworks in this exhibition reflect on the terror of that unforgettable day.
The international community was completely disengaged from Sierra Leone during the early years of the crisis and especially during the reign of Sani Abacha, the Nigerian leader, because they did not want to be seen to be dealing with Nigeria. Nigerian led ECOMOG footed all the bills until late 1999. In July 1999, a sub-regional initiative led by Nigeria with participation of President Bill Clinton’s administration, spearheaded a peace deal with the rebels. This time, Sankoh was made Vice-President, and given official control of Sierra Leone’s diamond industry. Other RUF leaders were also granted high positions in government, and the rebels were given amnesty for their crimes. In return, they were required to disarm. But the rebels were a criminal group incapable of cooperating with the international community, and in May, 2000, they captured 500 UN peacekeepers sent to monitor the peace agreement, and seized their weapons and vehicles. This prompted military intervention by Great Britain. Sankoh was captured and imprisoned.
On May 14, 2002, Sierra Leone held a peaceful democratic election monitored by the United Nations, marking the end of the decade-long rebel war. There is now an international court in Sierra Leone to try the worst of the human rights offenders, and a peace and reconciliation commission to expose the worst crimes of the rebel war to the light of day. But UN peacekeepers still remain in Sierra Leone to insure the fragile peace. With vast deposits of diamonds, gold, iron, rutile, and bauxite, and with its tropical hardwoods, fertile land for coffee, cacao, and other crops, and its coastal waters teeming with marine resources, Sierra Leone should be among the wealthiest of the emerging nations. But its wealth has been its curse, providing a fertile ground for criminals, arms dealers, mercenaries and drug dealers. The whole world is now looking to Sierra Leone to see if good governance can be restored there, to see if this wealthy nation can be transformed into a haven of peace and progress.
How to Become a Thought Leader in Your NicheLeslie Samuel
Are bloggers thought leaders? Here are some tips on how you can become one. Provide great value, put awesome content out there on a regular basis, and help others.
Future Of Fintech In India | Evolution Of Fintech In IndiaTheUnitedIndian
Navigating the Future of Fintech in India: Insights into how AI, blockchain, and digital payments are driving unprecedented growth in India's fintech industry, redefining financial services and accessibility.
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
Welcome to the new Mizzima Weekly !
Mizzima Media Group is pleased to announce the relaunch of Mizzima Weekly. Mizzima is dedicated to helping our readers and viewers keep up to date on the latest developments in Myanmar and related to Myanmar by offering analysis and insight into the subjects that matter. Our websites and our social media channels provide readers and viewers with up-to-the-minute and up-to-date news, which we don’t necessarily need to replicate in our Mizzima Weekly magazine. But where we see a gap is in providing more analysis, insight and in-depth coverage of Myanmar, that is of particular interest to a range of readers.
27052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
ys jagan mohan reddy political career, Biography.pdfVoterMood
Yeduguri Sandinti Jagan Mohan Reddy, often referred to as Y.S. Jagan Mohan Reddy, is an Indian politician who currently serves as the Chief Minister of the state of Andhra Pradesh. He was born on December 21, 1972, in Pulivendula, Andhra Pradesh, to Yeduguri Sandinti Rajasekhara Reddy (popularly known as YSR), a former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, and Y.S. Vijayamma.
role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
Chapter-8th-Recent Developments in Indian Politics-PPT.pptx
Genocide: Rwandan Massacre
1. Genocide: Rwandan Massacre
Shakib Rahat Chowdhury
Dept. of Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering
University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh
2. Contexts
• Rwanda: Overview
• The Massacre at a glance
• Background
• Early Period
• Rise of Hutu Nationalism
• Civil War, 1990
• The Masterplan
• Assassination of Habyrimana
• The Massacre
• Refugee camps
• International Response
• Ending
• Aftermath
• References
3. Rwanda: Overview
• Location: Central Africa
• Liberation:
• From Belgium
• On 1st July 1962
• Capital: Kigali
• Area: 26,338 sq km.
• Population: 12,012,589
• Ethnic groups:
• Hutu (84%)
• Tutsi (15%)
• Twa (1%)
4.
5. The Massacre: At a Glance
• Started: 7th April, 1994
• Ended: Mid July, 1994 (100 days)
• Attackers: Hutu majorities; includes-
• Rwandan Army
• National Police
• Govt. Backed Militias and
• Hutu civilians
• Target: Tutsi civilians and politicians
• Deaths & causalities: Death of 5,00,000-8,00,000 civilians.
6. Background: Early Period
• Twas were the early settlers.
• Rwanda-
• 1894-1918: Part of German East Africa
• After WWI: Came under the League of Nations mandate of Belgium
along with Burundi.
• In the begining, Belgians favoured the minority Tutsis over the Hutus
as part of a strategy to “fuel inter-ethnic rivalries as a means of
achieving political control”; which-
• Formed Tutsi monarch.
• Exacerbated the tendency of the few to oppress the many.
7. • Toward the end of Belgian rule, the government began to favor the
Hutu, that-
• Created a legacy of tension that-
• Exploded into violence even before Rwanda gained its
independence.
• Lead to Hutu Revolution in 1959.
• In 1957, a group of Hutu scholars wrote the "Bahutu Manifesto", which-
• Was the first document to label the Tutsi and Hutu as separate races.
• Called for the transfer of power from Tutsi to Hutu.
• Enhanced to rise Hutu Nationalism
8. Hutu Revolution
• Hutu revolution, 1959-
• Forced as many as 3,00,000 Tutsis to flee the country
• Made them an even smaller minority.
• By early 1961, Rwanda’s Tutsi monarch fell down; thus-
• The country became republic.
• Rise of Hutu Power ideology.
9. Formation of RPF
• Rebel
• RPF: Rwandan Patriotic Front.
• Formed by Paul Kagame in 1987
• Largely composed of Tutsi refugees.
• Had armed wing called RPA (Rwandan Patriotic Army).
10. Background: Civil War, 1990
• 1990s, tension grew when-
• Tutsis been exiled for over thirty years started to invade together in an
organised group known as the RPF.
• Started; 1st Oct 1990
• Ended: 4th Aug 1993, by dint of
• Military and political victory of RPF.
• Casualties: +- 10,000 deaths
• Resultant: Arusha Accords
11. The Arusha Accords
• Signed by Rwandan government and RPF in August 1993.
• Organized by USA, France and Organisation of African Unity.
• Goal:
• To end Rwandan Civil War, 1990.
• To create a power sharing government with RPF.
• The agreement displeased many conservative Hutu, including the
members of Akazu.
12. Background: The Blueprint
• Displacements came from Civil War and Arusha Accords.
• Planned by members of Akazu, senior govt. officials and Ministers.
• Months before of the massacre, Senior Govt. Ministars and Officials
started to-
• Import automated guns and strengthen Rwandan Army.
• Import machetes in a vast amount.
• Arm Hutu civilians .
• Train large groups of armed Hutu extremists and civilians in an act of
Self Defense Training.
13. Background: Assassination of
President Habyrimana
• April 6, 1994: Airplane was shot down on Kigali; killing all on board,
including-
• Habyrimana, Rwandan president.
• Cyprien Ntaryamira, Hutu president of Burundi.
• Suspected culprit: Tutsi extremists.
• Within an hour of the plane crash-
• The Presidential Guard, Rwandan armed forces (FAR) and extremist
militia-
• Set up roadblocks and barricades and
• Began the organized slaughter.
• Spreaded anti-Tutsi propaganda all over the country through radio station
(Radio Mille Collines).
• Command of exterminating Tutsi ethnicity.
14. The Massacre
• Started in capital, Kigali-
• Soon after the assassination of Habyrimana.
• Roadblocks were set across the city by-
• Elite unit of Army, assisted by militias named “Interahamwe “ and
“Impuzamugambi”
• Under order & influence of Hutu powered Rwandan government.
• Hutu civilians were directly ordered by the authorities to-
• Arm themselves with machetes, clubs and other blunt objects; to-
• Rape, maim & kill their Tutsi neighbours and
• Destroy or grab their property.
• Neighbours turned into foes.
• Rwandan National ID cards were used to verify ethnicity.
15. • Civilians started to look for security from local authorities, but failed.
• Many started their journey towards Refugee camps on Zaire.
• Rwandan Patriotic Front-
• Started to fightback against the Rwandan Army, Police and Militias.
• Made slow but steady territorial gains in the north and east of the
country, progressively ending the killings.
• The genocide ended during April in areas of-
• Kibungo and Kigali provinces.
16. • Within first 3 weeks, death caressed almost 3,00,000 Rwandan civilians;
claims Red Cross.
• Genocide didn't affect areas that were already under RPF control, like-
• Byumba province and
• Eastern Ruhengeri.
17. Rape as Weapon
• Sexual violence was directed at-
• The national and local levels by political and military leaders, to uproot
of the Tutsi ethnic group in every possible way.
• Within 100 days-
• Up to half a million women were raped, sexually mutilated or
murdered
• The mass rapes were carried out by-
• The militia
• Members of the civilian population
• With help of female Hutus, the Army, and the Rwandan
Presidential Guard.
• Resulted in an estimated 2000–10,000 war babies.
18. “No blood in front of my town hall”
• Drenched in Panic; people ran to the town hall of Nyamata, hoping for
some protection from the local authorities.
• The mayor came out telling-
• “If you go back home, you shall be killed. If you escape into the bush,
you shall be killed. If you stay here, you shall be killed. Nevertheless,
you must leave here, because I do not want any blood in front of my
town hall.”
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42. Weapons Used
• Machetes
• Axes
• Spears
• Hammers
• Clubs and other blunt objects
• Automated guns
• Grenades
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48. The Ntarama Church
• 15-16th April, 1994
• Around 5000 civilians crowded there, seeking protection.
• Attacked by Hutu extrimists.
• Only a few (5-10 person) survived.
• The Bloodstained wall: The death-smash for children.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62. Refugee Camps
• In Zaire (currently known as Congo).
• Two million Rwandans fled there.
• Over 200 aid organizations rushed into Goma to start an
emergency relief.
• Many died in the journey towards camps.
• Over 50,000 people died of-
• Dysentery and
• Cholera epidemic that swept through the camp.
• Almost 2000 deaths per day; claimed Red-Cross.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75. International Response
• 3 months before the massacre-
• Clear warnings about the "Hutu Power" were sent to UN by UNAMIR
commander.
• No action were taken!
• USA, France, Italy & all those developed & powerful countries acted as
silent audiences.
• In 1998, Clinton on his visit to Rwanda, said-
• “USA made a mistake”, but
• didn't ever mentioned that he was sorry.
• After the genocide-
• UN peace keeping mission restarted.
• Reliefs came from all over the world.
76. Ending
• The gradual advance of RPF-
• Occupied the most of genocidal areas in the eve of July.
• Genocide ended in 15th July.
• Gained victory.
77. Aftermath
• 8 November 1994, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
(ICTR) was created. So far-
• The tribunal has finished 50 trials and
• Convicted 29 accused persons.
• 20% Hutus, 70% Tutsis were reduced from total population
• Genocidal Rapes caused rise of HIV.
• Economically devastated.
• Many citizens living disabled life.
78.
79. References
• "Ghosts of Rwanda", Frontline episode on the Public
Broadcasting Service (PBS)
• http://www.history.com/topics/rwandan-genocide
• http://www.rwandanstories.org/
• Deutsche Welle- http://www.dw.de/
• http://www.wikipedia.org/