Sudan history...

1. SUDAN

2. COUNTRY
BACKGROUND
 PROFILE
 geography
 HISTORY
 Culture and tourism
 leadership

3. Country profile
Capital: Khartoum
Population: 39.5 million
Major languages: Arabic, English (official)
Major religion: Islam
Life expectancy: 63 years (men), 66 years
(women)
Currency: Sudanese pound
UN, World Bank

4. geography
 SUDAN is located in north-EAST
AFRICA.
 Sudan is mainly composed of vast plains
and plateaus that are drained by the
Nile River and its tributaries.
 It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the
Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and
Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the
south, the Central African Republic to
the southwest, Chad to the west and
Libya to the northwest.

5. history
 the Nubian kingdom in Sudan has
witnessed the most ancient civilization
in the history of human being (Kush)
2500 B.C.
 FOLLOWED BY NABATA AND
MARWE CIVILIZATION.
 THE LATEST OCCUPATION IN
SUDAN WAS ANGLO-EGYPTIAN
ENDED IN 1956 WHEN THE
COUNTRY ACHIEVED ITS
INDEPENDENCE.

6. CULTURE
 SUDANESE HAVE SPECIAL SOCIAL LIFE
FLOURISHED WITH POPULAR DANCE;
SONGS AND MUSIC; FOLKLORE AND
HERITAGE.
 ALL THOSE EXPRESSION MECHANISMS
WOULD BE PRACTICED IN A CERTAIN
CEREMONIES OF MARRIAGES;
HARVESTING SEASONS; AND
VOLUNTARY CONTRIBUTIONS TO
CONFRONT CRISES.

7. tourism
 Tourism in Sudan is a minor contributor
to the country's economy. As of 2019,
travel and tourism contributed about
2.4% of Sudan’s gross domestic product.
 Sudan has advantage of several sight
seeing; forest and wild animals;
mountains; archeological tourism;
national museum; waterfall and scuba
diving.

8. leadership
 General Abdel Fattah Abdelrahman
Burhan IS CURRENTLY RULING
SUDAN.
 Sudan's Sovereign Council, the military-
civilian body that is the highest power in
the transitional government, has ruled
Sudan since the fall of Omar al-Bashir.
 Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok is the
civilian leader of the cabinet.

9. Political landscape
 Stateness
 Political participation
 Rule of law
 stability of institution
 Political and social
integrarion

10. Stateness
 Lack of infrastructure
 (SPLA)broke apart as a result
of civil conflict.
 Political and military powers
are intertwined in south
Sudan and several
 political parties have maintain
relations to armed groups.
 Much needed security
sectors reformed, due to
seven-years civil war and
 weak security.

11. Political partition
 South Sudan has not had
elections since it became an
independent
 State
 War of independence (2015)
 The power dynamics
between SPLM and vice
president Riek
 Machar`s SPLM-10 has been
frozen as a result of new
development.

12. Rule of law
 The armed forces can use their power for political
purposes.
 Military personnel cannot be judged in civillian court.
 South sudan has de jure a fairly strong separation of
power.

13. Stability of institution
 the constitution grants absolute powers to the executive
and particularly
 to the president.
 the president can dismiss or replace elected government
officials without
 challenge from the national lagislative assembly.
 He has the right to desolve or suspend the assambly in a
state of
 emergency.

14. Political and social integration
 South Sudan has multiparty
political system
 The former rebel movement, and
Sudan People`s Liberation
 Movement(SPLM) remains by far
the dominant political party in the
country.

15. Relationship with other countries
 Sudan relationship
 Egypt- Sudan relation
 Eritrea–Sudan relations
 Ethiopia and Sudan Relations

16. Sudan relationships
 Sudan is much more Islamist-oriented and has an
unstable relationship with neighboring countries like
Egypt, Chad, Ethiopia, Libya, and South Sudan.
 Sudan’s ties with countries like North Korea and Libya
and its support for regional insurgencies such as
Egyptian Islamic Jihad, Eritrean Islamic Jihad, Ethiopian
Islamic Jihad, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, Hamas,
Hezbollah, and the Lord’s Resistance Army generated
great concern about its contribution to regional instability.

17. Egypt–Sudan relations
 Egypt–Sudan relations are the bilateral relations
between the governments of Egypt and Sudan.
 Contact between Egypt and Sudan goes back to trade
and conflict during ancient times. In 1820, Egypt
conquered Sudan, and continued to occupy the country,
later as a condominium under the British, until Sudan
declared Independence in 1956.

18. Eritrea–Sudan relations
Eritrea–Sudan relations have historically been tense but
have normalized in recent years. By the end of 1993,
shortly after Eritrea's independence from Ethiopia, Eritrea
charged Sudan with supporting the activities of Eritrean
Islamic Jihad, which carried out attacks against the Eritrean
government. Eritrea broke relations with Sudan at the end
of 1994, became a strong supporter of the Sudan People's
Liberation Movement/Sudan People's Liberation Army
(SPLA), and permitted the opposition National Democratic
Alliance to locate its headquarters in the former Sudan
embassy in Asmara.

19. Ethiopia and Sudan Relations
 Relations between Ethiopia and
Sudan have not always been
cordial.
 Military conflict broke out
between Ethiopians and
Sudanese in the 1850s.
 Sudanese Mahdists, or
dervishes as they also were
called, then advanced into
Ethiopia in 1885, resulting in a
series of battles between
Sudanese Muslims and
Ethiopian Christians over the
next four years.

20. Sudan conflict
 MAIN CONFLICT
 Reasons
 war

21. Main conflict
A CONFLICT FROM 1955 TO 1972 BETWEEN
THE NORTHERN PART OF SUDAN AND THE
SOUTHERN SUDAN REGION THAT
DEMANDED REPRESENTATION AND MORE
REGIONAL AUTONOMY.HALF A MILLION
PEOPLE DIED OVER THE 17 YEARS OF WAR,
WHICH MAY BE DIVIDED INTO THREE
STAGES: INITIAL GUERRILLA WAR,
ANYANYA, AND SOUTH SUDAN
LIBERATION MOVEMENT.

22. causes
 Until 1946, the British government, in
collaboration with the Egyptian government
administered south Sudan and north Sudan
as separate regions. At this time, the two
areas were merged into a single
administrative region as part of British
strategy in the Middle East.
 This act was taken without consultation with
southern leaders, who feared being
subsumed by the political power of the
larger north.

23. Continued…
 Religion is the pivotal factor in the conflict. The North, with roughly two-
thirds of Sudan's land and population, is Muslim and Arabic-speaking.
The South is more indigenously African in race, culture, and religion,
with Christian influences and a Western orientation.
 Matters reached a head as the 1 January 1956 independence day
approached, as it appeared that northern leaders were backing away
from commitments to create a federal government that would give the
south substantial autonomy.

24. war
 On 18 August 1955, members of the British-
administered Sudan Defense Force
Equatorial Corps mutinied in Torit, and in
the following days in Juba, Yei, and
Maridi.The immediate causes of the mutiny
were a trial of a southern member of the
national assembly and an allegedly false
telegram urging northern administrators in
the South to oppress Southerners.

25. continued
 The mutinies were suppressed, though survivors fled the towns and began an
uncoordinated insurgency in rural areas. Poorly armed and ill-organized, they were
little threat to the outgoing colonial power or the newly formed Sudanese
government.
 The insurgents gradually developed into a secessionist movement composed of the
1955 mutineers and southern students. These groups formed the Anyanya guerrilla
army.
 The separatist movement was crippled by internal ethnic divisions.
 -The government was unable to take advantage of rebel weaknesses because of their
own factionalism and instability.

26. WAR EFFECTS
 Mediation between the World Council of
Churches (WCC) and the All Africa Conference
of Churches (AACC), both of which spent years
building up trust with the two combatants,
eventually led to the Addis Ababa Agreement of
March 1972 ending the conflict.
 In exchange for ending their armed uprising,
southerners were granted a single southern
administrative region with various defined
powers.

27.  CONTINUED….
Five hundred thousand people, of which only one in five was
considered an armed combatant, were killed in the seventeen years
of war and hundreds of thousands more were forced to leave their
homes. The Addis Ababa Agreement proved to be only temporary
respite. Infringements by the north led to increased unrest in the
south starting in the mid-1970s, leading to the 1983 army mutiny
that sparked the Second Sudanese Civil War.

28. Economy
 Currency
 Current situation
 Problems that
faced Sudanese
economy
 reasons

29. Currency:
the Sudanesepoundis the currency of the republic of Sudan and is issued by the central bank
of Sudan.
Basedon:
The oil sector has driven much of Sudan’s GDP growth
secession of South Sudan cost Sudan two-thirds of its oil revenue. Close to half of the
population is at or below the poverty line and dependent on subsistence agriculture.
Import: Raw sugar, wheat, cars
Export: Gold Other oily seeds Crude Petroleum

30. Current situation:
It is going to be a tough end of 2022 and possibly an even tougher 2023 in Sudan, as it
faces an increased risk of recession.
The business sector downturn and reduced household purchasing power will likely
drive real economic growth into negative territory.

31. Problems that faced Sudanese economy:
 political conflict
 Internal conflict
 Corruption
 Floods
 Violence
 refugees
 inefficient bureaucracy lacking in capacity
 struggling financial sector.
 Covid 19

32. Reasons:
 Firstly, the initial reason number one that contributed to Sudan's financial crisis is
Sudan's financial crisis is the separation of South Sudan.
 secondly, the American economic sanctions against Sudan.
Sudan.
 thirdly the civil war and conflict in the west and new South Sudan.
Sudan.