The Resultant Multi-Aquancy Phase And Amplitude Subactions...

The Resultant Multi-Aquancy Phase And Amplitude Subactions...
Figure 8.2 and 8.3 show the resultant multi–frequency phase and amplitude responses of the sub–
surface slots after subtraction of the reference data obtained from the crack–free model. As can be
seen in figure 8.2 and 8.3 the locations of the slots can be easily determined by simply looking at the
regions where the highest phase and amplitude change occurred. These results are in agreement with
the previous work carried out by Fletcher et al [7, 39], which used different types of eddy current
probe to inspect straight sub–surface slots. The results in figure 8.2 and 8.3 show a shift in
amplitude change to the high frequency end as the through–wall extent of the slots increases
suggesting that the amplitude responses are more sensitive to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A simplified brick geometries with two different types of defect arrangements were considered
throughout the modelling study, these are: (i) straight sub–surface slot and (ii) inclined sub–surface
defect that has zigzag type profile mainly generated to mimic a real crack, but not necessarily
identical. The key–way slots and the methane holes in the graphite brick models have been
deliberately omitted to reduce the number of elements on the models and the time required obtaining
the solutions. As in the graphite model discussed in section 6, the brick geometry was discretised but
in this case into twenty sub–domains each having the thickness approximately 4.63mm. The
discretisation of the brick geometry is mainly made to allow a control over the mesh density within
each sub–domains independently, such that regions closer to the coils contains more denser mesh
compared to those away from the coils. But, initial study of the mesh density in this particular
models show that having denser mesh around the coil region show negligible effects in the solution
except from increasing the computational cost. For this reason the mesh density was kept constant
throughout the brick geometry as shown in figure 8.1 (a) and (b). The slots in the models were
created using Transition Boundary Condition (TBD) available within the Magnetic–Feld (MF)
solver in COMSOL Multiphysics.
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Nt1310 Unit 4 Results And Conclusion
4 Results and Discussion The results obtained in the three tests described above are consistent with
the outcome of similar test settings available in the literature [Daniels et al., 1995,Bano et al.,
2009,Capozzoli et al., 2012]. On the one hand, there is the effect of water content in the soil: due to
its ability to store and transmit induced energy, water slows down the electromagnetic waves coming
from the transmitter and the arrival time is significantly delayed with increasing water content as a
result. Using a very high frequency antenna (2:0 GHz), the temporal resolution of the profiles is as
good as the unitary nanosecond, and thus the delays in arrival time produced by the addition of a
few liters of water can be accurately observed and quantified. Additionally, the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
From the measured instantaneous amplitude for the 5:2 mm LNAPL thickness, we can confirm the
existence of a direct relationship between instantaneous amplitude and the contaminant
thickness.The test shows that it is possible to detect the presence of the contaminant through the
amplitude anomaly that becomes more noticeable for greater amounts of the fluid. Other authors
have also achieved similar results that describe stronger amplitudes for the contaminated scenarios,
with amplitudes approximately three times greater than without the presence of LNAPL [Kim et al.,
2000]. One more outcome of the presence of LNAPL in the pore space of the soil is the decrease in
the two–way travel time when compared to the water saturated medium (i.e., the dielectric
permittivity of the water saturated sand is between 10 and 30 whereas the LNAPL saturated sand
has a dielectric permittivity of 3, according to [Cassidy, 2007,Daniels et al., 1995]). The faster
arrival of the reflections after the injection of LNAPL is a natural consequence of the decrease in
dielectric permittivity, being the LNAPL an electric insulator with much lower values of er
compared to

A Better Non Orthogonal Space Time Block Code
Cooperative communication is a new concept of research and it is a powerful technique to mitigate
fading in wireless relaying layout. Concerning with the fading problem, this paper is focuses to give
a better non–orthogonal space–time block code (STBC) scheme and assimilate it in the cooperative
relaying nodes for upgrading performance of the system. Golden coded has also been incorporated
in IEEE 802.16 (Wi–MAX) standard as a full rate full diversity space–time code and proven to
present a ranking performance in a wireless MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) scenario than
any other code. At the receiver, maximum likelihood detection of different symbol is achieved
through decoupling of the signal transmit from different antenna rather than joint detection. In this
paper multihop wireless relay consisting of source, relay and destination each equipped with two
antennas have been taken into account using decode–and–forward cooperative protocol strategy in
relay nodes. The simulation results support the effectiveness of the proposed scheme by offering
better SER performance and increased spectral efficiency than other codes.
KEYWORDS
Cooperative communications, Golden code, Multihop relay networks, Decode–and–Forward
protocol
.
INTRODUCTION In recent years, wireless multiple–input multiple–output (MIMO) system using
antenna arrays are fetching attention owing to their significantly higher system capacity [1],[2].
Cooperative communication is now a concerning topic of

Comparing Latency Periods And Amplitude Periods
COMPARISON OF LATENCY PERIOD AND AMPLITUDE OF TWO SIMPLE SPINAL
REFLEX PATHWAYS AND THE INFLUENCE OF THE JENDRASSIK MANEUVER ON EACH
RESPONSE
Jacob Simmons, Adam Middleton, Hamilton Moore, Max Smith, Trey Dickinson
University of Mississippi, Dept. of Biology, University, MS. 38677
A simple spinal reflex is a reflex–involuntary, graded, patterned response to a stimulus–that is
produced via a single synapse between sensory axons and motor neurons and confined to the spinal
cord. In this experiment, two simple spinal reflexes–the myotactic reflex and the H–reflex–were
stimulated. We compared a) the latency period–the amount of time between a stimulus and the
effector response– and the amplitude–magnitude of an electrical signal–of each reflex; then, b) the
effect of the Jendrassik Maneuver (JM) upon the latency period and amplitude of each respective
reflex. For the myotactic response, a mechanical stimulus, a sharp strike of the patellar tendon, was
utilized to elicit a signal in stretch receptors; however, to trigger the H–reflex, an electrical impulse
was applied. These reflexes originate from an action potential produced by a sensory neuron when a
stimulus is applied. Sensory neurons transmit the action potentials to an integrating center–the spinal
cord–where a response is determined. Then, this response is taken back to the effector organ via
motor neurons. The reflex occurs while the brain is becoming aware of the stimulus. Furthermore,
the myotactic reflex is

Investigating The Wave Speed Of Traveling Waves On A...
ii. Experiment 7
The first part of this experiment involved calculating the wave speed of traveling waves on a string
that was bounded on both sides (i.e. one side bounded by a clamp, and the other by a pulley) for
three different tensions being applied. The wave speed was calculated using two different methods:
1. By calculating the tension that was being applied to the string, T=(m_1+m_2 )g, where m_1 is the
mass of the hanging weight, and m_2 is the mass of the portion of the string hanging from the
pulley, and by calculating the linear mass density (μ) of the stretched string. After finding the
tension (T), and the linear mass density (μ), the predicted speed can be found using Equation (7.1):
v_predicted=√(T/μ)
2. By finding the total distance that the wave traveled (L), and multiplying that by two to get the
total travel distance, and dividing that quantity by the time it takes to complete one full oscillation, a
measured wave speed can be found:
v_measured=2L/∆t
For the first method, it is necessary to know the linear mass density of the string (μ), which can be
found by taking the total mass of the string (M), and dividing it by the total length of the string
(L_total). However, for this experiment, the string will be stretched to various lengths depending on
how much tension force is being applied by the hanging masses from the pulley. Also note that there
was no excess string hanging limply from the back of the pulley. Therefore, the linear mass density

Nt1310 Unit 1 Assignment
ASSIGNMENT 2
KARMVIR KAUR SIDHU
1015507
F=1/T and T=1/F Frequency and period are inverse of each other
AMPLITUDE :The highest value of a signal is called amplitude.
FREQUENCY:Frequency of a signal can be defined as the total number of cycles completed in one
second . It is measured in Hertz.
PHASE:A phase is the shift in the waveform w.r.t the time.It can be described as the shift in the
signal along the time axis .It is measurd in radians and degree.
A composite signal can be decomposed into individual sine waves called harmonies.Fourier analsis
is done to decompose a signal.the decomposed signals have different amplitude,frequency and
phase.A periodic signal has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Of bits / time =bit rate
a)

Amplitude Means The Loudness Of Sound
Amplitude is the amount that air particles are disturbed, also means the "loudness" of sound.
b. The frequency of the soundwave for human hearing can range from 20 hz to 20,000 hz.
c. A transducer is a device that can transfer one type of energy to another. An example of this is
headphones.
2. Outer– The outer ear structure has the auricle and the auditory canal. The auditory canal ends at
the tympanic membrane or better known as the eardrum. Sound waves that come in the auditory
canal hit the tympanic membrane, which then will vibrate.
Middle– The middle ear is only involved in hearing. The middle ear is between the tympanic
membrane and the round and oval windows. There are three bones in the middle ear: the malleus,
incus and stapes. Vibrations ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is called the theosseous labyrinth. The 3 parts of this are the semicircular canals, cochlea, and
vestibule. The cochlea has the vital job of sending electrical signals to the brain. Then the brain
takes these signals and transfers the signals into noises and sound.
3. a. The basilar membrane
b. The bass guitar has a deep and low sound. Deep sounds disturb the fibers in the basilar
membrane. The vibrations from all the instruments move across the tectorial membrane so if it was
because of that, more than just the bass wouldn't be heard.
4.a Static equilibrium responds to head position changes. Maculae is what tells the brain the location
of the head. The maculae have tiny hairs called otoliths, which make up the otolithic membrane.
When the head moves, otoliths respond to changes in gravity, which pulls on the otolithic
membrane. A plate then covers the otoliths, which causes them to bend and send signals to the
vestibular nerve. The vestibular nerve tells the brain the location of the head.
b. Inner ear
c. The receptors respond to angular motions. Hair cells called cupulas drags along the endolymph
and the cupulas bend. The hair cells are stimulated and the signals are sent to the vestibular nerve.
The signals are then sent to the cerebellum, this causes the cupulas to bend the other

Simulation of Dynamic Responses of First Order and Second...
Objectives:
As part of the experiment requirements, we were required to simulate the dynamic response of a
first order and a second order linear system with the help of LabVIEW. One of our first objectives of
this experiment was to observe the response of the first order system to the input step signal and
then relate it to the time constant of that specific first order system. The second objective of this
experiment included observing the second order system to the input step signal and then relating it
to the damping ratio of the specific second order system. The third and most important objective of
this experiment was to use different functions of LabVIEW including loop execution control,
LabVIEW formula node, LabVIEW graph, LabVIEW ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A shift register was then used to store the y value for the next iteration (y(n–1)) in case of the first
order system while a 2 stacked shift register, in case of a second order system, was used to store the
y values from previous iterations (y(n–1) and y(n–2)). A formula node was used in order to input the
formula required to program the algorithm for each of the first and second order systems
respectively. After providing the required number inputs and outputs (as per the requirement of each
of the formula respectively), a waveform function was used to create the waveform data from the
output data and determine the time interval of the input waveform. After using an array to contain all
the input and output waveforms, a graph indicator was finally added to the VI to display the final
graphical representation of the output data.
After saving, each of the VI were run separately set at different time constants (for the first order
system) and different damping ratios and 100 Hz undamped natural frequency (for the second order
ratio).
Results:
After creating the VI for first order differential systems in LabVIEW, we ran the VI using five
different time constant values (0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, 0.1) and received the following graphs:
Figure : LabVIEW generated graph of amplitude against time for

Nt1330 Unit 4 Lab Report
Table 1. This table shows the recording of the amplitude, period, and BPMs for the ventricular
contractions before and the effects of the Cold Ringer's after.
Treatment Amplitude (V) Period (sec) BPMs
Room Temp Ringer's 0.013 0.620 48
Cold Ringer's 0.015 1.185 36
10 sec after 0.014 0.970 24
20 sec after 0.011 0.540 27
30 sec after 0.011 0.520 30
40 sec after 0.013 1.480 36
50 sec after 0.014 1.430 42
60 sec after 0.013 1.235 44
Recovery 0.013 1.235 44
Table 2. This table shows the recording of the amplitude, period, and BPMs for the ventricular
contractions before and the effects of the Warm Ringer's after.
Treatment Amplitude (V) Period (sec) BPMs
Room Temp Ringer's 0.009 0.220 48
Warm Ringer's 0.008 0.220 36
10 sec after 0.009 1.040 42
20 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An electrical stimulus was applied to the heart; the following graph shows the refractory period of
the frog's heart when an extra–systole was induced. It can be seen that right after the recording was
marked "Refractory 3," an extra–systole was detected.
The effects of a ligature around the AV groove presented no difference in the contraction of atria or
ventricle after the first tightening. After the string was tightened further, the ventricular contractions
were lost and the atria beat alone at 60 BPM. The AV signal between the chambers was blocked.
Figure 4. The normal heart rate of the frog before the ligature was tightened.
Figure 5. The atrial contractions after the ligature was tightened. No ventricular contractions were

The Design Of Qam Modulated High Speed Coherent Optical...
The Design of QAM Modulated High Speed Coherent Optical OFDM System
Kalpesh Borade1, Swati Kadlag1
1Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Symbiosis
International University, Pune 412115, Maharashtra, India kalpeshborade.r@gmail.com,
swatik@sitpune.edu.in
Abstract. Coherent Optical–Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (CO–OFDM) technique is
extensively reconnoitered for next generation optical communication system emerges attractive
pathway towards future implementation of 1 Tb/s Ethernet systems. This paper proposed the design
of 100 Gb/s CO–OFDM system based on the dual polarization of signal. The performance of 100
Gb/s CO–OFDM system using Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) format transmitted over
576 km optical link using standard SMF is evaluated. The performance of the system in terms of
signal–to–noise ratio (SNR), bit error rate (BER), laser linewidth, chromatic dispersion and
receiving constellation diagram to accomplish excellent system. Eventually, dual polarization based
CO–OFDM system has high spectral efficiency as compared to conventional CO–OFDM and
invokes enhance track for the high–speed optical communication system.
Keyword: Optical OFDM, Coherent detection, Chromatic dispersion, QAM, DCF. Introduction
Now a day, in telecommunication field lot of antagonism between telecom service providers to
provide good quality of broadband services with high speed. In recent year broadband
communication

3.03 The Dimensions Of Waves
The sensory energies of light and vision and sound vibrate as waves passing through space. These
waves result from reflected light or from changes in air pressure caused when vocal cords and other
stuffs move. Generally eye and the ear identified the waves as light and sound. The waves of light
and sound can describe in term of wavelength, frequency and amplitude. Wavelength is the distance
from one peak of the wave to the next. Frequency is the number of complete waves or cycles that
pass a given point amount of time. Amplitude is height of the wave from baseline to peak. These are
shown in the Figure 3. The different wavelength, amplitude and frequency makes various sound and
vision experience. Figure 03: The Dimension of Waves

Wave Patterns
The Effect Mixing Has on the Wave Patterns of a Song
Anna Rezhko
Grade 10
Woodbridge High School
January 16, 2014
Miss Cooper
Abstract The purpose of the experiment was to find the objective difference between an original
song and an acoustic or a remix version of the same song. The expectation was that the difference
lies in the amount of contrast between the highest and lowest amplitude. Sound waves are created
when an object vibrates back and forth and they have amplitudes, wavelengths, and frequencies.
Sixty songs were analyzed in Audacity, a music program. Using the output, their amplitudes were
measured and compared with other versions having clean audio and the same artist. Most of the data
supported the hypothesis by stating ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The outliers to this was Lips Are Moving, Viva la Vida, Take me to Church, and Ice Ice Baby. A
possible reason for this is differences between recording circumstances. All artists have different
equipment and that impacts the sound quality. Unfortunately, this is a variable that couldn't have
been manipulated due to lack of resources and remains an issue in the experimental design. The
recording of Lips Are Moving especially had unusably low Greatest Amplitude readings: 0.20, 0.17,
and 0.18 cm. This is probably a flawed recording, not a program error, because all three trials were
outliers and the rest of the songs had different results. Ideally, in future experiments, all the artists
should be brought in to one studio and had them record in the exact same circumstances with the
same

Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle Report
Smooth muscle founded in the gastrointestinal tract of the Northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens,
contracts through myogenic activity. However, neurotransmitters from the parasympathetic and the
sympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous can influence the strength of these myogenic
contractions. To explore myogenic activity under the influence of the autonomic control, we
examined the contractile activity with and without additions of chemical compounds associated with
the autonomic nervous system. We also wanted to observe contractile activity under the influence of
mechanical stimulus by manually stretching the gastrointestinal smooth muscle. With the addition of
acetylcholine and eserine a significant increase in contraction amplitude and ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The addition of acetylcholine caused a significant increase in contraction amplitude from 0.00983 +
0.00109 N (N=3) to 0.0740 + 0.00807 N (N=3) (Fig. 1). It also caused a significant increase in
contraction duration from 17.3 + 1.44 s (N=3) to 47 + 10.5 s (N=3), the maximum duration observed
(Fig 3). The second compound added was eseine. The amplitude of these contractions significantly
increased to 0.117 + 0.0126 N (N=3), the maximum amplitude observed (Fig. 1). The frequency of
contractions also significantly increased from 1.67 + 0.577 (N=3) to 3 + 0 (N=3), the maximum
frequency observed (Fig. 2). Moreover, contraction duration significantly increased to 41.8 + 5.01 s
(N=3) when compared to the baseline (Fig. 3). There was a third and fourth treatment that added the
chemical compounds atropine and epinephrine respectively, but due to the flat lining of the
gastrointestinal smooth muscle, measurements were not obtained. After the manual stretch of the
gastrointestinal smooth muscle only one contraction was observed. The amplitude of these stretches
decreased to 0.00167 + 0.000404 N (N=3), the minimum amplitude observed

Amplitude Modulation Report
Introduction
Radio Stations within the UK are listened to frequently by large audiences throughout the country.
This is achieved through the use of a number of different network media platforms either in
Analogue or Digital form; including the Internet and traditional wired and wireless broadcasting
such as AM/ FM networks. The objective of this report is to choose two examples of a broadcast
radio platform – one being digital with the other being analogue and then describe in detail of the
modulation methods employed in each case. The 2 broadcast radio platforms that will be focused on
in this report will be AM/ FM and Digital Radio (DAB); providing background information on each
technology and specify modulation methods used by each in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Once the signal is received, these receivers will demodulate the signal – meaning to extract the
modulation from the received signal.
AM
AM (Amplitude Modulation) is the original way of broadcasting radio. Lee de Forest and Reginald
Fessenden are given credit for the development of the technique which was carried out successfully
for the first time in the mid–1870s, its frequency ranges from 535 to 1705 KHz and the typical
bandwidth of an AM channel is 10 kHz. The name 'AM' itself gives a clear indication to the type of
modulation technique used; Amplitude Modulation. Amplitude Modulation is a modulation
technique which works is by modifying the carrier wave's strength by increasing or decreasing its
peaks in line with the variations of the input sound; the strength of the wave is known as amplitude,
through all of this the frequency remains constant – the same. This type of modulation technique is
more susceptible to noise and or interference due to the fact noise effects amplitude directly. The
change in signal strength allows the conveyance of information through the radio wave that is sent
out via a transmitter and is received by a radio device otherwise known as the receiver. When the
signal is received, demodulation takes place; this can be dealt with in two ways depending on the
device. Either a Diode AM detector will carry out the demodulation (which is

Nerve Conduction Study Nervous System
The nervous system, consists of two portions, the central and peripheral systems. Each of the nerves
running in the nerve system is made up of fibers and each one is capable of generating an action
potential (1). An action potential, also called a nerve impulse, is a rapid, all–or–none electrical
signal that allows long distance signaling in the nervous system (2). The speeds at which these
signals are sent are affected by myelination. A nerve that is unmyelinated, is slower than one that is
myelinated because it acts as a form of insulation that allows for the transmission of a stronger and
faster signal (3). In order to test these speeds and to determine whether a nerve fiber is myelinated or
not, a nerve conduction study is used to test ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The record button was clicked and a single sweep was sent to the arm at this stimulus level. After,
the red stimulating lead was moved from Electrode E to Electrode G, and the black stimulating lead
was moved from Electrode D to Electrode F. The record button was clicked again to send another
single sweep of stimulus to this new location on the forearm. Afterwards, a measuring tape was used
to measure the actual distance between the two electrodes that the black stimulating lead was
attached

Ves On A String Virtual Lab Summary
ves on a String Virtual Lab
Google PHET and navigate to the waves in a string simulation. Or type in the following web site.
http://phet.colorado.edu/simulations/sims.php?sim=Wave_on_a_String Click on Run Now. Adjust
the settings on the simulation for zero damping, high tension, manual operation & no end. Wiggle
the left end up and down by moving the mouse vertically one time returning to the rest position.
1. Describe the wave.
The waves was a pulse, not a periodic wave. The pulse appeared as a hump that travels along the
length of the string and disappeared from the window.
2. How do the individual particles move compared to the motion of the pulse? Watch a green
particle.
The energy of the pulse was propagated along the string and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Reset the wave to oscillate, adjust amplitude to 100, change frequency to 30 and change dampening
to 30. What happens to the wave?
What do you think dampening means in terms of energy?
With the dampening, the amplitude of the wave decreases as the wave propagates along the x–axis,
but the wavelength appears to be about the same. The dampening must be causing a decrease in
velocity because energy is mechanical = 1/2mv2 and velocity = Asin (ὠt). As energy decreases, so
will amplitude. Decrease in energy can be caused by friction.
Conclusion:
The objective of this simulation was to create waves on a string by varying the amplitude and
frequency of the oscillator and to compare the effect of string tension, dampening, and how the
string is held at the end. If the string had no end, then the wave would propagate down the string
toward infinity. If the string was held with a loose end, the wave would be reflected back at the
oscillator or a fixed end, the wave would be inverted. When a reflected wave would combine with
other waves coming from the opposite direction, the wave amplitudes of the waves are summed
constructively (amplitudes of the waves are summed) or destructively (amplitudes of the waves
cancel out each other). However, in reality the waves are actually moving pass one other and emerge
as their original form. These reflected waves will continue forever as long as no force lowers their
energy. Adding a damping force decreases the energy of the wave, which caused

Physics Of A Dc Electric Eld
In a DC electric field, charged particles moves to an electrode that has anwith opposite polarity. In
an AC electric field, charged particles oscillate, and their amplitudes are determined by the amount
of the total particle charge. The oscillation amplitude of the charged particle is proportional to the
amount of the charge density (q) and the applied voltage (E), and is inversely proportional to the
radius of the particle (r), the medium viscosity (η), or the applied frequency (f) [28]. When E, η, r,
and f are constant values, the amplitude 'd' of the particle is simply related to the charge density 'q'.
In this case, analyzing the amplitude of the oscillating particle under the AC electric field has the
same meaning with as evaluating ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An AC electric field was applied to a sample containing the fluorescent microspheres, and the
oscillation amplitudes of the fluorescent microspheres were observed by using a fluorescent
fluorescence microscope (TE2000–U, Nikon). The continuous CCD images were recorded in a
computer as a movie file format. After the analysis of the recorded data, the oscillation amplitude 'd'
was calculated as the average of one–way distances [28]. The amplitudes of the 10 different
microspheres were individually measured, and an the average of these amplitudes was used as the
amplitude 'd'. 4.3 Preparation of biofunctional microspheres 4.3.1 Preparation of IgG–modified and
Biotin–IgG–modified microspheres Two kinds types of microspheres modified with IgG (IgG–bead)
and biotin–labeled IgG (Biotin–IgG–bead) were prepared as shown in Figure 4 (a). Two kinds types
of microsphere, carboxylate–modified microspheres and orange fluorescence (540/560), were mixed
in a carbonate buffer solution (0.1 M), and the mixture was centrifuged (1000 rpm, 5 min). After
repeating the washing step more than twice, a small portion of PBS (10 mM, pH 7.0) was added to
the microspheres mixtures of microspheres with the addition of carbodiimide. The reaction mixture
was stirred for ˜∼180 min at room temperature. Then, the microspheres were washed twice with a
PBS and suspended in

The Importance Of Optical Communication
Design of Non optical Carrier Single Sideband and wavelength reused DWDM passive optical
network with Wired/Wireless Services Incorporating OFDM
Abstract– In this work, an integrated passive optical network and free space optical communication
system based on no–carrier single sideband modulation is proposed. Optical orthogonal frequency
multiplexing is employed with dense wavelength division multiplexing to support 16 channels over
300 km bidirectional single mode fiber to enhance spectral efficiency and reduce inter–symbol
interference. Moreover, wavelength reuse is also realized to design cost effective optical network
units. Results revealed that the proposed framework successfully accomplished the 300 km
symmetrical distance and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Literature of OFDM system provides us that there are significantly three kinds of the OFDM such as
direct detection, coherent detection and heterodyne detection. However, all the aforementioned types
can be used in the systems based on the specifications or user demands [7]. To understand the cost
effective system, direct detection and heterodyne reception are ideal beneficiaries [8]. In any case,
regardless the utilization of single photo–detector in reception of OFDM signals and offers the cost
effective modulation, it experiences short separation transmissions [9]. Due to phase matching at the
receiver, CO–OFDM is considered as the unmistakable and potential contender for long separation
transmissions [10]. Till now, different methodologies are exhibited to create a dependable OFDM
signals incorporating double side band and single side band modulation [11]. Disadvantage in the
former modulation such as double side band (DSB) modulation, is the bandwidth inefficiency and
limiting effects of power fading because of dispersion effects [12]. Unexpectedly, single sideband
balance offers more noteworthy insusceptibility or resistance to scattering impacts and procures less
data transmission in the optical fiber [13]. Also, it is studied that the optical carrier to signal power
ratio (CSPR) is vital parameter in the frameworks that utilized the single side band adjustment in
OFDM. Nonlinearities are because of high power, in the fiber,

A Study On A Wave Amplitude And Positive Panss Scores
Balogh et al. (2008) was the first group to our knowledge that correlated clinical parameters to ERG
findings. They found a significant negative relationship between a–wave amplitude and positive
PANSS scores at the baseline assessment (r=−0.51, p800mg/day, several case reports noted changes
at lower doses. Melleril was discontinued worldwide in June, 2005 due to concerns regarding
increased risk of cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death.
4. Discussion
4.1 Possible mechanisms
4.1.1 Omega–3 FA Omega–3 fatty acid depletion has been proposed mechanism for ERG
abnormalities in schizophrenic patients. Specifically, docosohexaenoic acid (DHA) is found in high
concentrations in the central nervous system, with the highest levels found in the outer segments of
photoreceptors in the retina. There have been reports of significantly lower levels of essential fatty
acids in the red blood cells of schizophrenic patients treated with neuroleptics and increased
breakdown of membrane phospholipids in drug naïve schizophrenic patients using magnetic
resonance spectroscopy. Previous studies have demonstrated reduced brain omega–3 fatty acid
levels in schizophrenia, with demonstrated abnormalities in ERG. More recent research has
investigated the possible relationship between omega–3 fatty acids and the dopamine hypothesis
(which is discussed in more detail below). Quantitative changes in n–3 fatty acids have been shown
to have quantitative effects in dopamine concentration and amount of

Urinary Amplitude Infections
Urinary amplitude infections aftereffect in millions of visits to doctors offices every year consistent
in antibiotics accepting assigned for the majority of those cases. The majority of those who ache
from urinary amplitude infections are women and about 20% will accept a added infection. Having a
added infection will accomplish her accessible to a third and a fourth. In added words, anniversary
infection increases her affairs of accepting another.
Mainstream medicine's access to this affair is to appoint antibiotics to allay the problem. But that
presents a botheration of it's own. Since urinary amplitude infections action several times consistent
in antibiotics accepting assigned several times, the overuse of those antibiotics can advance ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How abounding times accept you heard anyone say " The antibiotics I took didn't work" or "I had to
yield several doses afore I got results".
We all apperceive it's easier to anticipate an affliction than is to amusement an absolute affliction
that has taken authority and sometimes acquired accident to an organ.
So lets allocution about prevention. If we can anticipate a urinary amplitude infection we can
annihilate all those aching and abhorrent symptoms. And we can aswell annihilate all those biologic
associated ancillary effects. If we are traveling to annihilate biologic accompanying ancillary
effects, that agency we are traveling to annihilate drugs. Sounds acceptable to me.
Scientists accept been belief cranberry extracts for over 40 years and they accept fabricated some
actual absorbing discoveries. Studies accept apparent if humans supplement with Organic Cranberry
Juice or Cranberry Supplements, their urine takes on the adeptness to block bacilli from adhering to
the beef lining the bladder, urethra, or the

Spring Simulations
Physics 20 Chapter 7
Masses and Springs explorations employing pHet simulations
Selena Xu
Phet simulations: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/mass–spring–lab/mass–spring–lab_en.html Masses
and springs simulation
Part 1: Exploration
Describe (sentences) the effect that manipulating each of the following variables has on the SIMPLE
HARMONIC MOTION of the spring system. (Note, period, amplitude, speed max in description.
1. mass on the spring
By manipulate the mass of the bob, the SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION of the spring system is
changed. When we increase the mass of the bob , the period of oscillation longer, since period of
oscillation varies directly proportionally to the mass bob. By increase the mass, the amplitude will
become longer and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Variable Identification:
Manipulate Variable: The stiffness of the spring
Responding Variable: displacement from the equilibrium point
Controlled Variable: The amount of friction applied (medium) The hanging mass ( 100 grams)
Gravity (on earth ) Initial pull ( at the equilibrium point, untouched) Real time
Hypothesis: If the stiffness of the spring increase, then the displacement of the bob from the
equilibrium point will decrease proportionally, since as the spring getter stiffer, there is more tension
that held the bob from the spring, which decrease the amount of distance that the bob travels from
the equilibrium point. A stiffer spring also increase the natural frequency, so when we increase the
stiffness of the spring, the period of oscillation is shorter, the amplitude is smaller and the speed max
is smaller, which shows less displacement.
Specify controlled variable:
The amount of friction applied is set to

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Frequency Modulation
ANGLE MODULATION
Chapter Objectives
This chapter will help you to:
1. Define and explain the processes of frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM) and
state their differences.
2. Calculate the modulation index given the maximum deviation and maximum modulating
frequency, determine the significant number of sidebands in an FM signal, and calculate the
bandwidth of an FM signal.
3. Define pre–emphasis and de–emphasis, state their benefits, and show how they are accomplished.
4. Name the advantages and disadvantages of FM and PM compared to AM.
Angle modulation is a technique in which the angle of the carrier wave is varied according to the
instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal. There are two types of angle modulation.
1. Frequency Modulation
2. Phase Modulation
Frequency Modulation: (Definition & Introduction)
FM is a technique in which the instantaneous frequency of the carrier wave is varied according to
the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal. In other words if the amplitude of the
modulating signal increases, then there will be a corresponding increase in the frequency of the
modulated wave, similarly if the amplitude of the modulating signal decreases, then there will be a
corresponding ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As can be seen in Figure 3.1 (a) the modulating signal increases from its negative peak value during
this quarter, and at time t3 it becomes zero. This sinusoidal increase in the amplitude of the
modulating signal is mapped on to the carrier signal by increasing its frequency. At time T3, the
amplitude of the modulating signal is zero and hence there will not be any deviation in the carrier
frequency from its original value. Thus between time T2 and T3, the frequency of the modulated
carrier increases from its minimum value attained at time t2. This is shown in Figure 3.l(c) by
inserting more cycles during quarter III as compared to the number of cycles that occurred during
the quarter

Nt1310 Unit 1 Reaction Paper
MATHS ASSIGNMENT–PART A Question 1 B) As the constant A is changed (from 1 to 2, to 0.3)
the amplitude of the graph is greatly changed. For example, when the constant A is changed to 0.3
from 1, the amplitude is also changed to 0.3. However the change does not affect the pattern of the
critical points (along the x axis). When the Constant A is changed to a negative (1 to –1, to –2) the
patter is reversed (peaks are in the places troughs were and troughs are in the places peaks were,
also on the opposite side of the x axis). The critical points don't change. In conclusion, constant A
changes the amplitude of the graph. QUESTION 2 B) As the constant B is changed the period of all
of the graphs are changed(y= sin (3*x), y= sin (5*x) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The new graph has a far larger amplitude of 2 and smaller period of about 1.49. PART B
QUESTION 6 A) The three equations are: y= 1 sin (0.2731819699*x), y= 1 sin (0.2243994753*x)
and y= 1 sin (0.1903995548*x). In order to find the equations of the functions for the 3 biorhythms I
used the equation (2XPi)/the period of the graph. B) My birthday is on the 8/5/1999 (day 128 of that
year). 1999 was not a leap year. C) I have been alive for 5940 days (on the 12/8/15), minus 224 days
(to get the first of January) is 5716. The first critical point for the physical biorhythm is at 5718.25.
The first critical point for the emotional biorhythm is 5716.55. The final critical point for the
intellectual biorhythm is 5717.34. D) My next triple critical point is at day 6016. This could make
my life on the day better than it would be if my biorhythms were not at a triple critical point. E) On
the 25 December 2015 my biorhythms will all be positive. The biorhythms will not alter my plans in
any way as there have been no unflawed scientific studies that prove that they are

Physics and Nature of Sound
Locate a noise source in an environment with which you are familiar or research a situation in which
you are not working around noise. Recommend at least one specific method to reduce the noise
level using each of the following: engineering, administrative, or work practice controls. How would
you take advantage of the wave–like nature of sound in designing a control method? Right now as I
am doing this assignment, I hear a variety of noises but loudest of all is this lawnmower operated by
my neighbor who somewhat deaf himself seems to be unaware of its high decibel sound level. The
wave–like nature of sound states the following: Sound travels through waves; it cannot travel in a
vacuum. Sound is really a variation in its pressure on those waves. A region of increased pressure is
'compression 'or noise; a region of decreased pressure on a sound wave is 'dilation'. The waves have
different characteristics. These are: Amplitude, frequency (and period), wavelength, speed, and
phase (The physics hypertextbook). Amplitude represents intensity, loudness, or volume and this is
the quality that I wish to diminish/ work on. The larger the amplitude, the greater the intensity of the
sound wave, and the louder the sound. I may be able to use that to design some methods that can
temper my neighbor's loud machine. Firstly, the larger the amplitude, the greater the intensity of the
sound wav and the louder the sound, so I need to diminish the amplitude. To know the amplitude of
the

Using Ofdm Transmitter And Receivers
Now a day's communication is an important factor and requirement high data rate for the
communication and also require the error free environment. So for these entire requirements we use
OFDM. OFDM is used for both wired and wireless communication. OFDM belongs to a broader
class of multicarrier modulation (MCM) in which the data information is carried over many lower
rate subcarrier [1]. OFDM is a solution of intersymbol interference (ISI). ISI is caused by dispersive
channel.
As higher data rate requirement for this OFDM is very important and for the subcarrier modulation
using the different type of modulation technique such as Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
or Phase Shift Modulation (PSK) [3]. The Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) and the Fast
Fourier Transform (FFT) are very effectively use in OFDM transmitter and receiver. These
algorithms are very important for the OFDM to prove higher scalability above the channel
dispersion and the data rate [5].There are so many restrictions in optical fiber communication like
modal dispersion, Chromatic Dispersion (CD), Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) [11]. OFDM
play important role to eliminate these restriction by using different modulation technique. Coherent
optical OFDM (CO–OFDM) is an important technique for high data rate. CO–OFDM eliminates the
Chromatic Dispersion (CD) and the Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)[8] The main two
advantages of OFDM are its robustness against channel dispersion and its ease

Essay Activity of Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle Worksheet
Activity of Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle: Worksheet
Please Ensure That You Have Completed The Calculations In Tables 1–3 Before You Answer The
Worksheet Questions
Table 1. The effects of phentolamine and atropine on the contractile response to nerve stimulation
(20 Hz) in the isolated rabbit ileum
| |Contraction amplitude |Contraction amplitude with the |Effect of nerve stimulation on the
contraction amplitude |
| |pre–nerve stimulation |maximum response to nerve | |
| | |stimulation |PLEASE SHOW YOUR CALCULATIONS ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The effects of phentolamine and atropine on the contractile response to acetylcholine in the isolated
rabbit ileum
| | |Contraction amplitude with the | |
| |Contraction amplitude |maximum response to |Effect of acetylcholine on the contraction amplitude
|
| |pre– acetylcholine |acetylcholine | |
| | | |PLEASE SHOW YOUR CALCULATIONS |
| |Maximum – Minimum |Maximum – Minimum |Express the effect of acetylcholine as % change
(from |
|

Xilinx Fpga Based Pwm Technique For Controlling Multilevel...
XILINX FPGA based PWM technique for controlling Multilevel Inverter
Abstract––Multilevel inverter finds its application in high voltage high power converters. Various
topologies of multilevel inverter provides several advantages such as high efficiency, low voltage
stress, low EMI, better waveform and improved THD. This paper presents the development of
Xilinx FPGA as a control circuit for generation of the pulse width modulation (PWM) signal for the
single–phase cascaded H–bridge multilevel inverter and modified H–bridge PWM multilevel
inverter. The XILINX FPGA based modified multilevel PWM inverter was implemented by adding
bi–directional switches to the conventional bridge topology. Xilinx System Generator/MATLAB
software has been used for simulation and verification of the proposed circuit before
implementation.
Index Terms– Field programmable gate array (FPGA), Cascaded H–bridge multilevel inverter, Pulse
width modulation (PWM), Xilinx System Generator.
INTRODUCTION Pulse width modulation technique based cascaded multilevel inverters have been
receiving increasing research attention in the past few years. These power converters provide
advantages of high power quality waveforms, low switching losses, and high–voltage capability. It
has led to many applications such as high–power motor drive, variable speed drive, Uninterruptible
Power Supply and active power line conditioners. The various topological structures of the
multilevel inverter suggestions

Unit 2 Asignment 2
Unit 2 Assignment 1 Blank Answer Sheet
Name: Date: Electronics ET2530
Chapter 2 (pp. 111–113)
2. A 1500 kHz carrier and a 2 kHz intelligence signal are combined in a non–linear device. List all
the frequency components produced.
– 1498, 1500, and 1520KHz
3.If a carrier is amplitude modulated what causes the sideband frequencies?
– The non–linear mixing of the carrier and intelligence frequencies.
4.What determines the bandwidth of emission for an AM transmission?
– It is twice the frequency of the highest audio frequency transmitted.
The upper sideband is fc +FM where fc is the carrier frequency and FM is the modulation (audio)
frequency .The lower sideband is fc – FM. The total bandwidth is 2*FM
5.Explain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
– A high percentage of modulation is important so that the power is the sidebands.
20. During 100% modulation, what percentage of the average output power is in the sidebands?
(33.33%)
– Pt = Pc (1+m2/2)
35. Draw a block diagram (or indicate which text book Figure # shows this) of an AM transmitter.
Chapter 3 (pp. 159–160)
– Figure 3–1 pg. 118
1. Draw a diagram (or indicate which text book Figure # shows this)of a tuned radio–frequency
(TRF) radio receiver.
2. Explain the following: Sensitivity of a receiver, selectivity of a receiver. Why are these important
characteristics? In what units are these usually expressed?
– Sensitivity: the minimum input RF signal to a receiver required to produce a specified audio signal
at the output.
Selectivity: the extent to which a receiver can differentiate between the desire signal and

3.Explain why a receiver can be overly selective.
– A receiver that is overly selective can result in alack of fidelity because part of the intelligence is
not included (filtered out)
6.Describe the advantages and disadvantages of a diode detector. * Advantages * Handle high power
* Acceptable distortion levels * Efficient * Provide a usable dc voltage for the AGC circuits *
Disadvantage * Reduce Q and selectivity * No amplification
10. Provide the advantages of a synchronous detector compared to a diode detector. Explain its

Ecg Survey Report
The experiment's design included two sections. One section was the survey responses, and the other
was the ECG measurements. In this experiment, the subjects were 18 college students. In the
experiment, the independent variable was the hours of exercise and life style habits, and the
dependent variable was the changes in heartrate before and after exercise. In the survey section, the
survey questions asked about the subjects' background information. These background related
questions includes: Gender, Age, and medical conditions. Additionally, the questions asked about
their life styles and exercise habits. Example of these questions are: The frequency of their exercise,
the intensity of their exercise, and the specific type of their exercise. The survey section of the
experiment was used to determine the independent variable of the subjects, which was: The hours of
exercise and life style habits. Through these survey responses, the subjects were divided into two
groups. One group was defined as moderate, and the other group was defined as casual. Subjects
who does less than 2 hours of exercise a week were considered casual, while subjects who does
more than 2 hours a week were considered moderate. Another main factor that determined the
groups was the type of the exercises. Since this experiment was focused on cardiac fitness, subjects
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, the subjects' percent difference in BPM was calculated. The percent difference in BPM
was calculated by subtracting subjects' after exercise BPM to their before exercise BPM and then
dividing the number by the subject's BPM before exercise. A two–tailed t–test was used to yield the
p–value. The p–value was used to determine the significance of the results. If the p–value is less
than 0.05, than it is considered significant. If the p–value is more than 0.05, than the result of the
experiment was not

Oil Conservation Essay
AVO Sensitivity in a reservoir undergoing
Enhanced oil recovery using steam flood
Introduction
Steam flooding sometimes known as a steam drive is one of the most conventional thermal EOR
"Enhanced oil recovery" method that is applied in heavy oil reservoirs. This technique also is
referred to as continuous steam injection and steam drive, where steam is injected continuously
through an injection well or wells, while oil is produced via different wells where the oil is heat to
higher temperatures and to thereby decrease its viscosity enhancing its hydraulic properties and
allowing its flow through the surrounding formations toward the producing wells, alternatively a
second mechanism is the physical displacement employing in the same ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
chamber. The overburden was assumed to have a constant P–wave, S–wave and density of 2600
m/s, 1600 m/s and 2500 kg/m3, respectively.
Background and theory
AVO results from "energy partitioning‟, i.e. when a seismic wave hit a boundary, portion of energy
is reflected and the rest propagates through. If the angle of incidence is not zero, pressure wave
energy is partitioned further into reflected and transmitted as P and S components. The ratio between
of the reflected and transmitted energy amplitudes is dependent on the disparity in physical
properties across the boundary; mainly shear velocity (Vs), compressional wave velocity (Vp), and
density (ρ). But, It is also notable that reflection amplitudes also depend on the angle of progation
between incidence and the surface as shown in the figure.
The reflection coefficient of a seismic wave reflecting off a boundary separating two medias as a
product from a normal incidence, can be expressed simply as R:
R=(Z_1–Z_0)/(z_1+z_0 )
where Z0 and Z1 are the acoustic impedances of the first and second medium, respectively, although
this simple relation cannot be utilized in case of abnormal incidents, due to interchange conversion
between P–waves and S–waves, and can be described by Zoeppritz equations, where the amplitudes
of reflected and refracted waves at a planar interface for an incident P–wave as a function of the

How Does The Skater 's Free Leg Affects The Amplitude, And...
These equations were derived from using d ⃗_y, the axis of symmetry, and a point on the parabola.
It is necessary to have a known point on the parabola to determine the stretch of the parabola,
defined as s. In the equations above let u define a point in vertical direction and h define a point in
the horizontal direction. The point used in order to calculate the equation of the parabola that models
the behaviour of a waltz jump was (1.61, 0). This point is used as 1.61m is where the skater lands on
the ice, which is where the parabola model ends, and the ice is the horizontal plane defined as zero.
Below h is defined as the horizontal distance, and u is the vertical distance. The math of figure
skating spins:
A spin depicts circular motion. I wanted to investigate how the skater's free leg affects the
amplitude, and period of a cosine function. To analyze this I chose to video a figure skater doing a
spin from a birds eye view, this way the points could be tracked all the way around the circle. If the
video was taken facing the skater, many of the points on the cosine curve would be 'hidden' by the
skater's body. In figure 8, 9, and 10 show the different spins I chose to analyze.
Figure 8: Sit Spin Figure 9: Broken Leg Spin
Figure 10: Cross Foot On the figure above, the amplitudes are shown in a black line across the body.
These were defined as the skaters' amplitudes, because when measuring the amplitude of a circular
motion object you measure from the

Amplitude Of AAntipodal Linear Tapered Slot Antenna...
Abstract–Due to the expected mass deployment of millimeter–wave wireless technologies,
thresholds of potential millimeter–wave–induced biological and health effects should be carefully
assessed. The main purpose of this study is to optimize the specific absorption rate of a Antipodal
Linear Tapered Slot antenna operating at 60 GHz.
Index Terms –Millimeter Wave, Wireless Technologies, ALTSA, SAR.
I. INTRODUCTION
In the recent years, progress in computational and experimental millimeter–wave electronics has
identify the millimeter–wave (MmW) frequency band as highly promising for a number of high–
resolution and high–speed wireless systems [1]–[6]. In specific, the unlicensed 57–64 GHz band is
of strong interest for high data rate Gbps ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These antennas have high gain and efficiency but they are not suitable for low–cost commercial
devices because they are expensive, heavy and bulky and cannot be integrated with solid–state
devices [12]. For the aforementioned reasons, the TSA have been chosen as a strong candidate
because of their compromise in terms of size and efficiency. One such type of antenna is Antipodal
Linear Tapered Slot antenna (ALTSA). Researchers around the globe have given more attention to
ALTSA for its salient performances such as narrow beamwidth, high gain and wide bandwidth [4].
60–GHz band frequencies correspond to molecular groups containing carbon or oxygen. As, these
frequencies are used for biomedical purposes, molecular interactions with human body is possible.
Potential biological effects of millimeter waves were explained in few theories [15]. From the
general public safety viewpoint, it is important to investigate the possible biological effects of low–
power communication systems in the 60–GHz band before their wide, near–future deployment
within domestic and professional environments.
Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is a measure to quantify exposure to RF fields. It is commonly used
to measure power absorbed from user–operated devices. The SAR value depends on the specific part
of the body that is exposed to the RF energy, and on the exact location of the source. SAR testing is
therefore performed with a specific

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Arrays
What is meant by array? An antenna is a system of similar antennas oriented similarly to get greater
directivity in a desired direction.
2. What is meant by uniform linear array.? An array is linear when the elements of the array
arespaced equally along the straight line. If the elements arefed with currents of equal magnitude
and having a uniform Progressive phase shift along the line, then it is calleduniform linear array .
3. What are the types of array?
a. Broad side array.
b. End fire array
c. Collinear array.
d. Parasitic array.
4. What is Broad side array? Broad side array is defined as an arrangement inwhich the principal
direction of radiation is perpendicularto the array axis and also the plane containing ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tapering is done fromcenter to end.
19.What is a binomial array? It is an array in which the amplitudes of theantenna elements in the
array are arranged according to thecoefficients of the binomial series.
20.What are the advantages of binomial array? Advantage:
No minor lobes
Disadvantages:
Increased beam width
Maintaining the large ratio of current amplitude in large arrays is difficult
21. What is the difference between isotropic and nonisotropicsource
Isotropic source radiates energy in alldirections but non–isotropic source radiates energy only in
some desired direction.
Isotropic source is not physically realizablebut non–isotropic source is physically realizable.
22.Define Side Lobe Ratio Side Lobe Ratio is defined as the ratio ofpower density in the principal

or main lobe to the powerdensity of the longest minor lobe.
23. List the arrays used for array tapering
Binomial Array:Tapering follows thecoefficient of binomial

The Current Study Has Tested The Episodic Memory Essay
The current study has tested the episodic memory; how everyday brand experience left a mark in the
memory and tried to discover that when these brands have been tested, could people able to separate
previously shown brands and new brands from each other. Therefore, it examined whether
familiarity or recollection would be more superior. Moreover, the source memory was tested using
these brand logos. As a conclusion, this study was needed to use recollection to remember details in
the source memory to press the correct button during the experiment. The behavioural results
provided that the type of modality influenced the response time and visual brands helped to
participants to decide quicker than acoustic which supported the hypothesis. However, expected to
be responded faster to old brands, it was otherwise. On the other hand, accuracy was influenced by
neither modality nor old/new effect. Old/new brands have been analyzed in two separate time
frames (FN400/ LPC) to understand the neural correlates of familiarity or recollection. In general,
both at FN400 and LPC's electrodes were in the same direction as a whole, but they did not have the
same effect at the same time compared to amplitude and latency.
FN400 (300–500ms)
FN400 component is associated with familiarity (Rugg & Wilding, 2000 Paller, et al., 2007; Curran,
2000) and in this current experiment, the FN400 were significant, according to timing, amplitude
and topographical distribution for old/new effect.

Symptoms And Treatments Of Aroma Therapy
Aroma therapy has been speculated to have significant positive effects for calming throughout
medical history. It has been known in alternative medicine to reduce anxiety, stress, and even ease
physical pain. Although aroma therapy has been used in alternative medicine for decades, it is
unclear what effect it has on the heart physically. What effects does aroma therapy have on the heart
and what specific heart intervals are effected? How do these increments coincide with lowering
heart rates and reducing stress? If the use of aroma therapy is proven effective, it may help
generations of patients manage pain and stress. With future research in physiology and aroma
therapy there could be a correlation found with neurotransmitters and what ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(insert in–text citation) This is an example of how aroma therapy has been proven to have a positive
mental effect. Alternatively, Armaiti Salamati and collegues conducted a study to test whether or not
the inhalation of lavender oil reduced the physical pain that patients encountered after they have had
open heart surgery. Unfortunately, they found there to be no significance in the data that proved that
inhaling lavender had any reduction of the patient's pain after open heart surgery. (insert in–text
citation) It is clear that science is having a difficult time proving the benefits of aroma therapy and
coming to definitive conclusion on the effectiveness of aroma therapy. Is aroma therapy able to
effect humans physically, or is it more of a mental stimulation that causes these positive feelings
within most people?
For this study, students investigated how the ECG will change after a subject smells aromatherapy
oils that are commonly seen as calming such as lavender and peppermint. With this data, students
will also be comparing the ECG readings in regards to the subject's stress level. Formally, the
hypothesis was that if the aroma therapy oils are inhaled the overall heart rate for the subject will
decrease because of the calming properties of these oils. More so, students also predicted that
subjects with higher stress levels will be more susceptible to a heartrate decrease due to aroma
therapy.
To test these hypotheses, students compared various

A Biphasic Compound Action Potential
DISCUSSION
Biphasic CAP. For the recording of a biphasic compound action potential, both the positive and
negative recording electrodes were used, with the negative recording electrode at position 'D' and
the positive recording electrode at position 'E' (refer to Figure 1). The extracellular bipolar recording
takes the difference between what the negative electrode picked up and what the positive electrode
picked up. The first, positive deflection of the CAP was caused by the extracellular negative charge
of the action potential recorded by the negative electrode subtracted from the positive resting charge
at the positive electrode–a positive value minus a negative value yields a positive value, hence the
positive, upward deflection of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The compound action potential adds up all the action potentials that each individual neuron
experiences in the sciatic nerve. Different stimulus amplitudes cause different neurons to fire an
action potential; this is due to the fact that each neuron has a different threshold potential, or the
minimum voltage the neuron needs to fire an action potential. The individual neuron action potential
is an 'all–or–nothing' event, but the CAP, as a summation of different individual neurons, is not. The
CAP amplitude will increase with larger stimulus potentials because more neurons with higher
individual thresholds will be recruited. For this frog sciatic nerve, there are three fiber types, A, B,
and C. A fibers are further divided, in the order of decreasing diameter, into α, β, γ, and δ fibers.
There is an inverse relationship between the diameter of the nerve fiber and the threshold potential:
the larger the diameter, the lower the threshold. Thus, as the largest fibers, the Aα neurons will be
the first to be stimulated at a low stimulus potential, and the Aδ neuron fibers will be the last to be
recruited. Because the sciatic nerve is mostly composed of A fibers, the recruitment of A–subtype
nerve fibers are more readily distinguishable from the data. The minimum potential required to
stimulate the Aα fibers was between 75 mV and 80 mV. Once the stimulus potential reached 90 mV,
Aβ neurons were recruited and contributed to the increase in amplitude of the CAP. At a stimulus

Skeletal Muscle Contraction And Relaxation Is Vital For
Skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation is vital for voluntary body movements to occur. Skeletal
muscles contract when myofibrils composed of actin and myosin slide past each other, which
contracts the muscle by altering its length. The gastrocnemius muscle in Rana pipiens, which is
attached to the sciatic nerve, can be stimulated to find threshold and maximal stimulus voltage.
Once threshold is reached, contraction amplitude increases with stimulus voltage until the maximal
voltage is reached, at which point it levels off. Altering the interstimulus interval can induce twitch
summation in the gastrocnemius, leading to one combined contraction with a high amplitude.
Increased stimulus frequency can be used to induce a tetanic ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Twitches are the resulting contraction from the firing of an AP in muscles. Twitches are much longer
than the APs themselves. Twitch recruitment uses external stimuli to determine the threshold and
maximal voltages of nerves and muscles. Stimuli below the threshold voltage, or the minimum
stimulus strength required to elicit an action potential, will not cause a muscle to twitch. Once
threshold potential is determined, increased stimulus voltage will increase the contraction amplitude
of the twitch until the maximal stimulus is reached. The twitch will not significantly increase in
strength for any voltage above maximal. This is because at maximal stimulus voltage all motor units
have already been recruited to contract. The gastrocnemius muscle has a far higher threshold and
maximal voltage that the sciatic nerve due to its size and the number of motor units present in the
gastrocnemius. Along with increasing stimulus voltage, contraction amplitude can also be increased
through twitch summation. Twitch summation occurs when a muscle is stimulated twice in quick
succession, so that the second twitch occurs before the first twitch has relaxed. The twitches then
combine to form a stronger muscle contraction. This process is made possible by the temporal
relationship between a muscle's AP and the resulting twitch, which is far longer in duration than the
1 ms AP that causes it. Due to the nature of skeletal muscle contraction, the length–tension
relationship in

FM Receivers Essay
Abstract
This paper will discuss the design of an FM receiver. It will begin with a brief historical backdrop of
FM broadcasting and its use in society. It will continue by providing the necessary mathematical
background of the modulation process. Furthermore, it will enumerate some of the advantages of
FM over other forms of modulation, namely AM.
Finally, the paper will discuss the design of a basic FM receiver as well as introduce some circuits
and circuit components which the reader may not be familiar with.
Introduction
Frequency modulation (FM) was invented in 1936 by an American electrical engineer/ inventor
named Edwin H. Armstrong. Possessing numerous advantages over the existing
AM broadcasting system, as will be discussed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Charge builds up on both sides of the junction implying a capacitance Cj. In a varactor diode, Cj is a
function of the reverse bias voltage. During this application, the diode is biased such that this
relationship is approximately linear. In the varactor diode modulator of Fig1.0, the carrier is coupled
via a transformer to the tank circuit in the secondary. The carrier undergoes a phase shift,
&#8710;¦Èc, due to the complex impedance of the tank. The modulating signal changes the
biasing point and consequently Cj of the diode.
This in turn changes the resonant frequency of the tank circuit and consequently, the phase shift of
the incoming signal. If design properly, ¦Èc(t) will vary at the same rate as the modulating signal so
that ¦Èc(t)= a(t), where a(t) = kf ¡Òm(¦Ó)d¦Ó (i.e. an integrator, not shown in figure, is used
beforehand to generate a(t)).
Properties of FM Signals
As defined in equation (1.0), the instantaneous frequency of an FM signal is3 wi(t) = wc +kfm(t)
which varies from wc +kf|m(t)| to wc–kf|m(t)|. Let

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