The Redundancy Principle

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2. Hey, Here’s the
introduction:
 Have you ever experienced ‘Death by
Powerpoint’?
 Slides with graphics, explained by text that
is endlessly narrated word-for-word by an
instructor or audio sound track.
 It is termed ‘Death by Powerpoint’ because
you either feel like your head is going to
explode or you zone out because you cannot
process the information.

3.  This training module is intended for
ISD students learning to use multi-
media elements in training
presentations.
 Click ‘Next’ above and follow the Redundancy
Journey. Start with the ‘Learning Objectives’ and
work your way through the journey, to learn
more about this principle and how using its
guidelines can help your training presentations.

4. After completing this instructional
module, you will be able to define the
Redundancy Principle and determine if its
guidelines are being utilized or
violated in a presentation.
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5. You will accomplish this journey by clicking
the icon on the bottom and navigating the
Redundancy Journey to:
 Learn the definition of the
Redundancy Principle and its
exceptions.
 View examples of the Redundancy
Principle guidelines in practice and
violations of those Principles
 Take The Several Challenges to test
your knowledge.
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6. Ready go?! 
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7. Mini lecture
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8. What is Redundancy Principle?
The redundancy principle states complex on-screen graphics are
explained through audio narration and with text that also presented on
the screen at the same time; learning is hindered under such
instructional context.

9. The following example is very
confusing. Please do NOT do this!

10. Redundant Use
Text used to explain Visual input taken in
graphics or as bullet points from combined use of Text
in conjunction with graphics and Graphics
Graphics in the
form of graphs, pictures or
illustrations
Overload!
Narration
that reads the text
to reinforce the Auditory reinforcement
graphic through narration of text

11. Proper Use
OR

12. Redundancy Principle
• Proper Use • Redundant Use
– Text + Narration – Text + Narration+
– Graphics + Narration Graphics
• Outcomes • Outcomes
– Rich Presentation – Crowded
– Enhanced learning Presentation
transfer – Depressed learning

13.  One of six media element principles defined by
Ruth Clark as a result of research by Richard Mayer.
 The Redundancy Principle:
 When using multi-media in an instructional setting,
 Explaining graphics with a combination of text and
redundant narration can depress learning due to
overload of working memory.
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14.  Exceptions to the Redundancy Principle:
 Graphics with audio narration
 Text with audio narration
 Graphics and text (without audio
narration)
 Use of graphics, text, and audio narration
if learner has poor reading skills
 Violations of the Redundancy Principle in a
presentation, can result in “Death by
Powerpoint!”
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15. Choose Challenge Level
Click here to see game instructions and get
started… 
Easy Medium Hard
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16. If you achieve this goal… you can get…
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17. If you achieve this goal… you can get…
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18. If you achieve this goal… you can get…
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19. Game Instructions
 In order to get the final prizes, you must need to
pass through the whole process: easy (two
questions), medium (two questions) and hard (two
questions)
 A 10 second timer is shown on the first five
questions to help you keep pace through the
challenge.
 Once you start, the only options are to continue
through the questions or return to the menu
page.
 After all, we have a review section to help you
enhance your knowledge.
 You can click on Home tab to review the lesson
during the challenge to help you retrieve the
knowledge.
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10 Q1: The Redundancy Principle
states you should never repeat a word more than
once during a training session
Sorry. You ran out of time!
is 1 of 6 media principles defined by Ruth Clark based
on Richard Mayer’s research
Click “Menu” to proceed
is part of Einstein’s Theory of Relativity
states you should only use one type of media when
training

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22.  Feedback: The Redundancy
Principle is 1 of 6 media
principles defined by Ruth
Clark based on Richard
Mayer’s research.
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10 Q2: The Redundancy Principle is violated
when text & graphic are used together
Sorry. You ran out of time!
when text is narrated
Click graphics are narrated
when “Menu” to proceed
when text & graphics are combined with redundant
narration

24.  Feedback: The
Redundancy Principle is
violated when text &
graphics are combined
with redundant
narration.
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25. Congratulations!! You can get…
Want something more?…
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10 Q3: Learning may not be depressed if text &
graphics are combined with redundant
narration if the learner has poor reading skills
Sorry. YouTrue of time!
ran out
Click “Menu” to proceed
False

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28.  Feedback: Learning may not
be depressed if text &
graphics are combined with
redundant narration if the
learner has poor reading
skills is a true statement.
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10 Q4: All uses of graphics & text in a
presentation violate the Redundancy
Principle.
Sorry. YouTrue of time!
ran out
Click “Menu” to proceed
False

30.  Feedback: NOT All uses of
graphics & text in a
presentation violate the
Redundancy Principle.
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31. Congratulations!! You can get…
Want something more?…
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Q5: Violation of the Redundancy principle
causes an overload in
Working Memory
Long You ran out of time!
Sorry. Term Memory
Click “Menu” to proceed
Shallow Memory
Embedded Memory

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34.  Feedback: Violation of the
Redundancy principle
causes an overload in
working memory.
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35. Q6: The Redundancy Principle
OR
This slide violates the Redundancy Principle This slide does not violate the Redundancy Principle

36.  Feedback: The slide shown does
not violate the Redundancy
Principle because it includes
graphics narrated by audio.
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37. Congratulations!! Awesome!! You can get…
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38. 1) The Redundancy Principle is 1 of 6 media
principles defined by Ruth Clark based on
Richard Mayer’s research.
2) The Redundancy Principle is violated when
text & graphics are combined with redundant
narration.
3) NOT All uses of graphics & text in a
presentation violate the Redundancy Principle.
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39. 4) Learning may not be depressed if text
& graphics are combined with
redundant narration if the learner has
poor reading skills is a true statement.
5) Violation of the Redundancy principle
causes an overload in working
memory.
6) The slide shown does not violate the
Redundancy Principle because it
includes graphics narrated by audio.
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40. Congratulations again !! Awesome!!
 You have successfully completed
this instructional module!
 Now you should be equipped to
know when the Redundancy
Principle is being applied in a
presentation and how to use it to
save your learners from “Death by
Powerpoint!”
Thanks for joining us! See you next time!

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