The earliest Neanderthals lived in Europe around 200,000 years ago but went extinct around 30,000 years ago as modern humans with more advanced brains and tools migrated out of Africa around 100,000 years ago. Neanderthals were muscular with large bones and brains, migrated as far as Siberia, hunted large game like bison and reindeer, and made tools from stone and bone. They began disappearing as the forests they relied on shrank and modern humans' superior abilities outcompeted them.

1. By: Octavian, Lynn, Tony and Nicolas

2. Location By Tony

3. First Neanderthals The evidence showed that the earliest Neanderthals had lived in Europe around 200,000 years ago. But then around 30,000 years ago the Neanderthals disappeared in the same time when the first modern humans appeared.

4. Modern Humans Modern humans, spread out of Africa around 100,000 years ago with better brains and more advanced tools.

5. Neanderthal Migration The Neanderthals migrated to Central Asia and some recent evidence has showed that some of the Neanderthal group migrated about 1,250 miles east to southern Siberia's Altay Mountains.

6. Sources "Neanderthal." Science & Nature: TV And Radio Follow-up. BBC, 2005. Web. 18 Nov 2010. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/horizon/neanderthal_prog_summary.shtml "Neanderthal." Wikipedia . Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., 22 Nov. 2010. Web. 22 Nov 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal>.

7. Anatomy A typical Neanderthal man averaged about 5 feet six inches, which now is considered pretty short nowadays. Neanderthals were muscular and from their skeletal structure we assume that they were very hard workers. Their bones were also big, which helped them adapt to their environment because they had to work hard to survive so their bodies could deal with what they were going through.

8. Neanderthals had the protruding brow bone like their ancestors and their eyes were set low, and had huge nasal cavities. Neanderthals also had short limbs in comparison, and wide rib cages, to keep heat. Their brains were also 20% bigger than the average modern man, we know this from the size of the cranium. A bone in the throat called the Hyoid also suggests that Neanderthals could have spoken. As I said in habitat ands shelter, the forests which Neanderthals depended on were shrinking, this was causing trouble to the Neanderthals, but it would be harder for them to adapt.

9. Professor Fred Spoor was looking through the ear of a Neanderthal. The semi-circular canals of the inner ear give a sense of balance. By looking at a variety of animals, he found out that there is a high connection between the levels of agility and the size of the canals. As humans evolved the size of the ear canals got bigger while our levels of agility got higher. However Neanderthals' ear canals were smaller than both modern humans, so we think that they were less agile. So this could have been another reason for extinction.

10. There is an explanation to this theory. The Neanderthal’s short limbs and wide pelvis would have made it harder to move around more efficiently, so if Neanderthals wanted to travel it would take a lot of energy.

11. Habitat Neanderthals lived in Europe and migrated to central Asia around 200,000 years ago, the world was still in the Ice Age, but there were still big climate swings, causing the weather to be sometimes hotter than now, or to be freezing. Even though Neanderthals survived this doesn’t mean they did it with ease. Archaeological records assume that Neanderthals lived around the edges of forests.

12. Like almost all early men, some Neanderthals lived in caves, had toasty fires, and painted on the walls. Homo Sapiens had started to build tents, this method could have been used by Neanderthals who lived in regions where there weren’t many caves, as well. The tents were normally made of animal skin held up by poles, and mammoth bones were used as weights to keep the tents from floating away. As I said before Europe was going through many changes in climate, causing the environment to change as well. The forests which the Neanderthals depended on for food and shelter were turning into plains, which the Neanderthals weren’t used to.

13. Bibliography Early Man. Revised Edition. New York, USA: DK Publishing Inc., 2005. 6-69. Print. "Origins of Humankind." Evolution. WGBH educational Foundation, Clear Blue Sky Productions, 2001. Web. 18 Nov 2010. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/humans/humankind/n.html "Neanderthal." www.BBC.com. N.p., September 2005. Web. 18 Nov 2010. <http://www.citationmachine.net/index2.php?reqstyleid=1&mode=form&reqsrcid=MLAWebDocument&more=yes&nameCnt=1>. And thanks to Google Images for the pictures!

14. Diet Neanderthals were very good hunters that was eating bison , rain deer , wild horses or wisents and collected plants , berries and roots. Everybody had to know his environment very well to hunt around that area and also analyze and watch their animal for a few days. The Neanderthals were eating dead animal remains and basically they were eating mostly raw meat. Also they were eating twice as us.

15. Rain deer Bison Wild horse These are some of the animals the Neanderthals mainly found and ate in the past years. The Neanderthals are waiting for their meat to come!

16. Bibliography "Origin of Humankind." Evolution. WGBH Educational Foundation and Clear Blue Sky Productions, 2001. Web. 18 Nov 2010. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/humans/humankind/d.html

17. By Nicolas

18. Tools Neanderthals had the most evolved tools during their time compared to all the other hominids during that time. Neanderthals learned to use even more kinds of materials to make more tools for example one of the tools they had discovered to use were bones. The Neanderthals tools were advanced and very modern for that. But they weren’t known for the chipping technique even though they used it a lot because many hominids even from before used that technique. The chipping technique is just what it sounds like, Chipping off parts from a stone. But unfortunately that technique was discovered 2.5 years ago in Africa and was passed on with new growing hominids. Stones and bones weren't just what would make a tool with those materials they could make spears, axes and many more tools. But the big question is, how could the Neanderthals make sharp tools when they didn’t even have sharp tools to carve an object.

19. How Did They Make Tools The Neanderthals were really good at doing tools but how could they chip off parts with out a sharp object and honestly they didn’t need any sharp tool. In fact they didn’t even need to make a tool. They would just use concave notch scrapers or in other words a flint. Then like so, they would chip off some parts.

20. Bibliography "Origins of Humankind." WGBH Educational Foundation and Clear Blue Sky Productions, Inc. N.p., 2001. Web. 18 Nov 2010. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/humans/humankind/n.html 'Complexity' of Neanderthal tools ." http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7582912.stm. BBC, Tuesday, 26 August 2008 22:50 . Web. 22 Nov 2010. <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7582912.stm Stone Age Man." http://www.historyworld.net. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Nov 2010. <http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab10>.Stone Age Man." http://www.historyworld.net. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Nov 2010. <http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab10>.

21. Miscellaneous Facts By Tony

22. Miscellaneous facts Neanderthals are called Neanderthals because the first skeletons were found in neander valley. Neanderthals did have control of fire The oldest Neanderthals appear are just over 30 years old.

23. Miscellaneous facts They had red hair and they are than 10 times stronger than the most powerful bodybuilder.

24. Sources "What are some interesting facts about Neanderthal?." WikiAnswers. Copyright © 2010 Answers Corporation, n.d. Web. 29 Nov 2010. <http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_some_interesting_facts_about_Neanderthal>. Hirst, Krist. "Neanderthal Study Guide." About.com. ©2010 About.com, n.d. Web. 29 Nov 2010. <http://archaeology.about.com/od/hominidancestors/a/neander_2.htm>.