Status of Science, Technology and society in India. Today is affected Science and technology for society in India and govt. system. Fail all point of Technology and Science due to COVID-19 in India.

1. Jaswant Ray
Manager
AGSS Analytical and Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Delhi

3. Today, the word of “technology” means industrial science and is mainly
associated with major activities such as manufacturing, transportation
and communication only (2020). The technology has been, in fact,
really associated with the evolution of man starting with tools,
clothing, fire, shelter, nature and various other basic survival items
(Origin of Life). The coevolution persists and, since basic science is
now very much a part of developing technologies, the term co-
evolution of science and society which is used at times very much
implies the co-evolution of both basic science and industrial science
with society (1980- 2010).

4. Advances in technology are generally accompanied by social changes as a
consequence of changing economies and ways of carrying out life’s various
activities. An important question arises concerning how basic scientific
discoveries eventually lead to new technologies and what that may mean to
the rational support of basic research and the future of science and
technology in the developed and developing world.
Basic scientific research has made monumental contributions to technology
and national priorities. The bond between basic research and the
development of both novel and current technologies has been and is well in
place.
There is no question that science and society will continue to co-evolve.
Societies whose governments recognize the dependence of the development
of successful novel technologies on broadly supported basic research are
more likely to be healthier and economically prosperous in the future than
those that does not.

5. The intellectual roots of STS lie in the history, philosophy, and social
study of science and technology, an arena where often-controversial
issues and choices interface with values and influence public policy.
STS prepares students to understand both the technical and social
dimensions of science and technology, helps them become more
thoughtful and better-informed citizens of our high-tech society, and
develops their critical interdisciplinary thinking, research, and
communication skills. Students flourish intellectually in an
environment where critical questioning is encouraged and
opportunities for research are abundant. Govt. and Non Govt. agencies
departments guide for the benefit of students and the larger Social
community.

6. •Interdisciplinary education for life.
•Relevant to every field of study.
•A great major or double major or “the minor for all majors”
subjects and research areas.
•A way to improve your writing and communications skills,
problem-solving abilities, and ability to adapt to changes in
science and technology.
•Attractive to potential employers.
•Needed at all levels, in education, government, the private
sector, and internationally.

7. •Interdisciplinary study of the interaction of science and
technology with society and culture.
•The realization that discoveries and inventions are shaped
by historical forces and in turn influence values,
aspirations, events, and institutions, thus shaping the
course of history.
•S and T in social and cultural context.
•Both academic and activist.

8. How do we define science?
CONTENT Body of organized knowledge about nature
From Latin scientia - knowledge
METHOD Of obtaining that knowledge, experiment,
observation, hypothesis, theory, law
ATTITUDE Organized and systematic skepticism
GOALS Explanation, understanding, prediction, control
LANGUAGE Mathematics and technical vocabulary
TOOLS Uses Instruments and technologies
COMMUNITY Discipline, education, credentials,
careers, patrons, societies, “turf”
PROCESS Organized, but very diverse activity shaped by
social forces and historical change

9. Technology
a. Artifacts or Hardware. Products fabricated by
humans to meet specific needs. Tools, machines,
implements.
b. Knowledge and Methods. A system of tacit and
explicit knowledge, techniques, and materials
utilized in using, making, or repairing a certain kind
of artifact.
c. A human cultural activity or profession. e.g. military
or civil engineers, crafters, machinists.
d. A total societal enterprise. e.g. “Indian technological
know-how.” R&D, invention, patronage, mass
production and mass consumption.

10. History of S & T in INDIA
 Since our independence in 1947, India has been successful in building a massive ecosystem of
science, technology and innovation (STI). An STI ecosystem includes universities, public and
private enterprises, and human resources. We have over 16,000 colleges, ~600 universities,
~2000 research and development institutes, and over 4,00,000 science professionals, as per
data collected during 2010-11 (source: www​.data​.gov.in). Some of the top scientists,
technologists and CEOs of the world have been beneficiaries of our science and policy
ecosystem. This has been made possible through the implementation of robust policies by
central and state governments over the years.
 The Science Policy developed into the processes and institutions that go into creating policy
for science. By discussing four major policies implemented since independence
namely, Scientific Policy Resolution (SPR1958), Technology Policy
Statement 1983 (SPR1958), Science and Technology Policy 2003 (STP2003), and Science
Technology Innovation Policy 2013 (STIP2013).

11. Scientific Policy Resolution (SPR 1958)
 Our first major science policy can be traced back to the year 1958. The policy document was
drafted by the government of the then Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal
Nehru. SPR1958 laid the foundation of scientific enterprise and scientific temper in India.
Nehru had imagined India to be a welfare state. This resolution was born out of the realisation
that the creation of a welfare state was only possible through investments in science and
technology. Science and Technology would thus act as an instrument of socio-economic
transformation.
 An aim to provide a reasonable amount of economic, social, cultural amenities and services to
every citizen through industrialization, investment in science and technology was critical as it
would reduce the burden on the use of raw materials and capital.

12. Technology Policy Statement (TPS 1983)
 In the aftermath of passing SPR1958, India spent the next three decades building its scientific
enterprise. By the early 1980s, India had developed a strong industrial and agricultural base
and also had a large pool of trained human resources.
 The primary feature of TPS1983 was technological self-reliance through promotion and
development of indigenous technologies.
 Finally, TPS1983 stressed on strengthening the technology base especially in new sectors at
that time — information, electronics, and biotechnology through an increase in R&D
investments and collaboration amongst governmental organisations, educational institutions
and industries.

13. Science and Technology Policy (STP 2003)
 By the turn of the millennium, India had established a sound infrastructure base in science and
technology in terms of institutions and human resources. However, it was acknowledged that
there were dramatic changes in how science was practised, how technology was developed,
how science and technology interact and how they affected society. Science was becoming
more multidisciplinary, spanning different sectors and different countries.
 A significant feature of STP2003 was a process to develop mechanisms within ministries and
agencies to gather inputs from scientists and technologists vis-a-vis planning and
policymaking and a call to invest heavily into the R&D sector with an aim of increasing
investment to 2% of GDP. STP2003 recognised the need to modernise existing infrastructure
for science and engineering in academic institutions and set up new funding mechanisms for
basic research. The policy also called for the development of incentive mechanisms to attract
scientists and engineers especially of Indian origin from abroad to contribute to the
Indian STI ecosystem.

14.  STP2003 was aimed at encouraging R&D and innovation in areas that impact the economy and
society, and developing mechanisms to facilitate interaction among various stakeholders
within the ecosystem. Finally, STP2003 called for cross-pollination of industry and scientific
research, and the establishment of intellectual rights regimes to protect and incentivise
inventors. It also encouraged research in management and mitigation of natural hazards. This
policy document laid special emphasis on science diplomacy, especially on international
science and technological cooperation between developing countries located in the global
south.
 There was a significant rise in overall R&D investment (raise in both public as well as private
investment). At the end of the 10 year period after the adoption of the mandate of STP2003,
even though R&D investment did not reach 2% of national GDP as was called for by the
mandate, it was at a globally benchmarked figure of 0.7 % of GDP. India made a significant
jump in publication rankings. There was also a steady increase in human capacity. We started
churning out many more PhD students, more patents were filed, and more startups incubated.

15. Science, Technology and Innovation Policy (STIP 2013)
 The decade of 2010 to 2020 was declared as a decade of innovation by the then Prime Minister
Manmohan Singh. It was acknowledged that in order to stay globally competitive, it was
necessary to make a transition into a knowledge-based economy.
 There was a need to synergise science, technology and innovation to position India amongst
the top five global scientific powers. With this objective, the fourth policy, the STIP2013 was
implemented.
 This policy document was a step in the right direction towards building a robust national
innovation ecosystem. It paved the way for promoting science and technology-led innovation
in the country by attracting private-sector contributions into the R & D ecosystem. It laid
emphasis on directing scientific discoveries and outputs of science and technology activities
towards developmental priorities in key areas (agriculture, manufacturing, water, health,
environment and infrastructure).

16. India Status…… STS
 This policy also resulted in India’s increased participation in global mega-
science initiatives such as the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave
Observatory (LIGO), the Large Hadron Collider (LHC — CERN), the
International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) and the Square
Kilometre Array (SKA), among others. However, since we are still within
the decade of innovation, an in-depth evaluation of this policy remains to be
done to understand its impact in its entirety.

17. STS
21st century will be the
century of knowledge

18. Raw Materials
Agri products
Industrial
products
Knowledge
products
Information
products
Innovation
Networks
Technology
Industrial
Society
Agricultural
Society
Information
Society
Knowledge
Society
Societal Transformation

19. “When R & D investments begins
to exceed capital investment, the
corporation can be said to be
shifting from a place for
production to a place for
knowledge creation”
But, 80 countries are classified
as scientifically lagging and
have no capital
RAND S & T Report 2001
Nanotechnology
Genomics
Driven R&D Reinvestment

20. Clusters of Action points
 Human Resources-New paradigms in science education
 Universal scientific and technical literacy
 Science, its values and Societal engagement
 Institutions, infrastructure and networks
 Information access-particularly to scientific journals
 Public/Private partnerships
 Policy issues - national and international

21. A long way to go…

22. Developments/Investments:
2020…..2030
With support from the Government, considerable investment and development
has incurred in different sectors such as agriculture, healthcare, space research,
and nuclear power through scientific research. For instance, India is gradually
becoming self-reliant in nuclear technology.

24.  Need for a major rethink at pedagogic and curricular level
 Imaginative synergy with other knowledge streams
 Rekindle interest in experiments and sensory observations
 Restore the inspirational role of teacher-motivator & mentor
 Integration with concepts of sustainable development
 Learning science as an enlivening experience-neither esoteric
nor prosaic
New Paradigms in Science Education
Strengthening science education at all levels is an enabling requirement,
especially for developing nations, for a self-standing national science base.

25. Recent developments in India:
Some of the recent developments in the field of science and technology in
India are as follows:
India Space Research Organisation (ISRO) launched space technology
incubation centre in Tripura, Agartala. ISRO has planned 36 missions
including satellites and launch vehicles in FY21.
India's space business will witness tremendous growth in the next five years
on the back of technology advancement, global space business opportunity
and a sharp rise in ISRO’s satellite launch capabilities.

26. Achievements…..
Following are the achievements of the Government in the past four years:
•The first national state-of-the-art cGMP facility for production of herbal preparations was
established in CSIR-IIIM. It has a production capacity of 30,000 tablets and capsules per hour
and 500 litres of liquid per batch.
•DBT launched the DBT-BUILDER (Boost to University Interdisciplinary Departments of Life
Sciences for Education and Research) scheme to boost advanced education and promotion of
interdisciplinary research and technology development.
•The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) launched 30 skill/training
programmes in the areas of leather processing, paints and coatings, electroplating and metal
finishing, industrial maintenance engineering, bioinformatics, mechatronics, andglass beaded
jewellery among others.

27. Investment Scenario…….
•GridRaster Inc, working in the virtual and augmented reality space, raised US$ 2 million as seed
funding, which will be used for marketing and product development.
•In April 2020, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) and TATA Sons
signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) for licensing of KNOWHOW for FNCAS9
Editor Linked Uniform Detection Assay (FELUDA) for rapid diagnosis of COVID-19.
•In March 2020, Agnikul Cosmos Pvt Ltd, an IIT Madras incubated space tech start-up
developing low-cost satellite launch vehicles, raised Rs 23.4 crore (US$ 3.35 million) in a pre-
series A funding round led by pi Ventures.
•In February 2020, Capgemini announced plans to hire 30,000 employees in the country by 2021.
•In December 2019, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), India and the National
Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), France signed an MoU for cooperation between the two
towards promotion and support of scientific and technological research.

28. The Road Ahead…………………..
India is aggressively working towards establishing itself as a leader in industrialization and
technological development. Significant developments in the nuclear energy sector are likely as
India looks to expand its nuclear capacity. Moreover, nanotechnology is expected to transform
India’s pharmaceutical industry. The agriculture sector is also likely to undergo a major
revamp with the government investing heavily for a technology-driven Green Revolution.
Government of India, through the Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Policy-2013,
among other things, aspires to position India among the world’s top five scientific powers.
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) will launch its first Indian human mission by
2022.
References – Media reports, Press Releases, Press Information Bureau (PIB), Union Budget 2019-20

29. Innovation & Industrial Development
National IPR Policy (2016) [DPIIT]
MSME Policy Statement (Central & States)
R&D Tax Incentives (Central & State)
Startup India Action Plan (2016) [DPIIT]
National INNOVATION and STARTUP Policy 20
19 for Students and Faculty [MHRD]
Following is a non-exhaustive (indicative) list of related policies.

30. Conclusion:
Indian STI policy is evolving fast with the changing national and international
dynamics. The four national policies discussed here were key milestones in this
journey. While these policies have had a positive influence on India’s STI ecosystem
overall, there are some targets that were missed. One of these is attaining the magic
figure of 2% of GDP investments in R&D. The reasons for this could be manifold —
inability to attract private funding, incentives being not attractive enough, or simply
discrepancies in data reporting. There are various factors which determine the
successful implementation of policies. Stable commitment and support from
changing/​alternative governments, shared ownership and accountability among
various implementing agencies, and timely evaluation of policies and associated
programmes are some of the important factors in successfully achieving stated policy
objectives in India.