Operating systems provide common services and applications to users by managing key computer components and processes. They organize the processor's computing tasks by priority, manage memory allocation to running programs using virtual memory, and allow user interaction through file storage, window switching, pointers, and command line interfaces. Operating systems also facilitate the transfer of power, communication between the motherboard and components, and file management using file allocation tables to track fragmented files across storage. They further secure access to files by controlling permissions for users and limiting actions like transferring or modifying file properties without authorization.