This document discusses pain, including its definition, causes, factors influencing it, types, assessment, and management. Pain is defined as a sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Common causes of pain include headaches, postsurgical pain, and injuries. Factors influencing pain include age, genetics, and psychological states. The main types of pain are nociceptive and neuropathic. Pain should be thoroughly assessed through patient reporting and physiological measurements to guide treatment, which includes pharmacological, non-pharmacological, and nursing interventions.

2. MS. DAISY DSOUZA
LECTURER
DEPT OF MSN
YNC

3. Learning objectives
Students will be able to:
 define pain
 list down the causes of pain
 enlist the factors influencing pain.
 enumerate the types of pain and explain pain
assessment
 explain management in detail.

4. Introduction
Pain is not just a simple physical sensation – it is also an
emotional experience and should be treated as such;
and isn’t always associated with actual damage to the
body’s tissues. It may be caused by potential tissue
damage, or even just feel like tissue damage even
though none has actually occurred.

5. Pain- definition
• The International Association for the Study of Pain
(IASP) defines pain as a "sensory and emotional
experience associated with tissue damage or described
in terms of such damage."

6. Causes
• headache.
• postsurgical pain.
• post-trauma pain.
• lower back pain.
• cancer pain.
• arthritis pain.
• neurogenic pain (pain caused by nerve
damage)
• psychogenic pain

7. Physiology of pain

8. Major categories of pain
1. Nociceptive pain- Nociceptive pain is a medical term used
to describe the pain from physical damage or potential
damage to the body. Examples might be the pain felt from a
sports injury, a dental procedure, or arthritis. (stimuli from
somatic and visceral structures)
2. Neuropathic pain -Neuropathic pain is a medical term
used to describe the pain that develops when the nervous
system is damaged or not working properly due to disease
or injury.

9. Factors influencing pain
• Physiological- age, fatigue, genes, neurological function
• Social – attention, previous experiences, family and
support groups
• Psychological – anxiety, coping style
• Cultural/Spiritual-meaning of pain, ethinicity

10. Types of pain
• acute pain starts suddenly
• chronic pain lasts for a longer period of time

11. • soft tissue pain - when organs, muscles or tissues are
damaged or inflamed
• nerve pain - a nerve is damaged
• referred pain -pain from one part of the body is felt in
another
• phantom pain when there is pain in a part of the body that
has been removed
• bone pain

12. Pain assessment

15. Management
• Symptomatic treatment
• Identification of the cause
• Treatment for the cause

16. Pain management- pharmacological
The WHO 3-Step Ladder for Pain Management

17. Non- pharmacological
Comfort therapy
• Heat/cold application
• massage therapy
• Meditation
• Music therapy
• Positioning
• Counselling
• Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(TENS)

18. Physical and occupational therapy
• Aquatherapy
• Tone and strengthening
Psychosocial
• Individual counseling
• Family counseling
Neurostimulation
• Acupuncture
• Acupressure

19. Nursing management
Subjective assessment
1. Pain history
2. Onset and duration of occurrence:
3. Location
4. Intensity
5. Pain assessment

20. Objective assessment
• Behavioral effects - assess verbalization, vocal response,
facial and body movements & social interaction, facial
expression is often 1st indication of pain, vocalization like
crying, screaming are associated with pain.
• Physiological responses - it vary with the origin and duration
of pain, early in onset of acute pain, the symapthetic nervous
system is stimulated, results in increased blood pressure,
pulse rate, respiration, pallor, diaphoresis and pupil dilation

21. Nursing diagnosis
• Acute pain related to -----------------------as evidenced by
pain scale score.

22. Summary
In this topic we have discussed about the
pain, causes of pain, factors influencing
pain, types of pain, pain assessment and
management in detail.

23. Conclusion
• Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or
damaging stimuli. Pain motivates the individual to
withdraw from damaging situations, to protect a
damaged body part while it heals, and to avoid similar
experiences in the future. So pain management is very
important

24. Evaluation
 what is mean by pain pain
 discuss the causes of pain
 enlist the factors influencing pain.
 explain the types of pain and how to assess
pain
 explain management of pain in detail.

25. References
1. Black MJ. Textbook of medical surgical nursing.7th
ed.St. louis:Saunders
2. Brunner. Text book of medical surgical nursing.6th
ed.Philadelphia:Saunders;
3. Lewis. Medical surgical nursing.6th ed. St
louis:Mosby