The document discusses the concept of pain, including its definition, physiology, and theories. It defines pain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. The physiological processes of pain include transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation. Pain is also categorized by duration (acute or chronic) and pathological condition. The gate control theory proposes that pain impulses can be regulated by a gating mechanism in the central nervous system. Factors like stress and exercise can influence individuals' pain thresholds. A thorough pain assessment considers intensity and other influencing factors.
pathophysiology and therapeutics of pain .pptxSamuel Nimoh
The document defines acute and chronic pain and classifies pain types as nociceptive and neuropathic. It describes the pathophysiology of acute pain, involving transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation of pain signals in the nervous system. Chronic pain may involve central sensitization and wind-up phenomena in the spinal cord. Pain assessment involves history, examination, and investigations. Management follows the WHO analgesic ladder using non-opioids, weak opioids like codeine, and strong opioids like morphine. Non-opioid options include paracetamol and NSAIDs like ibuprofen.
Physiology of Pain (PPT) Nervous System PhysiologyShaista Jabeen
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCrrAABI7QDRCJ1yMrQCip_w/videos
https://www.facebook.com/ShaistaJabeeen/
https://www.facebook.com/Human-Physiology-Lectures-100702741804409/
Physiology of Pain (PPT)
Nervous System Physiology
INTRODUCTION
BENEFITS OF PAIN SENSATION
COMPONENTS OF PAIN SENSATION
PATHWAYS OF PAIN SENSATION
FROM SKIN AND DEEPER STRUCTURES
FROM FACE
FROM VISCERA
FROM PELVIC REGION
VISCERAL PAIN
CAUSES OF VISCERAL PAIN
REFERRED PAIN
DEFINITION
EXAMPLES OF REFERRED PAIN
MECHANISM OF REFERRED PAIN
NEUROTRANSMITTERS INVOLVED IN PAIN SENSATION
ANALGESIA SYSTEM
ANALGESIC PATHWAY
GATE CONTROL THEORY
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
Short Notes
pdf ppt
This document discusses pain and surgery. It begins by outlining a grading system for a class on pain and surgery. It then defines pain and describes it as the first symptom of injury and an indicator of disease processes. The document discusses the physiology of pain, including the four phases of nociception (transduction, transmission, perception, modulation). It describes various types of pain based on duration, source/origin, intensity, and location. Factors affecting pain perception and various non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic pain management strategies are also outlined.
Pain is a complex, subjective experience that can be acute or chronic in nature. It is influenced by physiological, psychological, social, and cultural factors. Pain is assessed using tools like verbal rating scales, numeric rating scales, or the Wong-Baker Faces scale. Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods are used for pain management, with pharmacological methods including non-opioid analgesics, opioid analgesics, and adjuvant medications according to the WHO pain ladder. Patient-controlled analgesia allows patients more control over their pain medication delivery.
The document discusses pain pathways and mechanisms of pain control. It defines pain and describes different types of pain such as acute vs chronic, nociceptive vs neuropathic, somatic vs visceral, referred vs non-referred, and somatogenic vs psychogenic pain. It then explains the neuroanatomy of pain transmission from nociceptors to the central nervous system and perception in the brain. Finally, it discusses current analgesic options and the WHO analgesic ladder for treating mild to severe pain.
This document discusses the pathophysiology of pain. It covers topics such as the definition of pain, categories of pain (somatogenic, psychogenic, acute, chronic), the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of pain processing, and different types of neuropathic pain. The gate control theory of pain is also explained, which proposes that stimulation of large nerve fibers can close the "gate" in the spinal cord and decrease pain transmission.
assessment and physiotherapy management of pain in elderly sunil JMI
1. Pain assessment in elderly patients requires a comprehensive evaluation of sensory, emotional, functional, and social impacts of pain. It also requires consideration of age-related changes and beliefs about pain.
2. A thorough history and physical exam are needed to identify potential causes of pain and evaluate for comorbidities. The history should address location, intensity, descriptors, relieving/aggravating factors, and impact on sleep, function, mood and quality of life.
3. Physical exam includes general exam, specific pain evaluation, neurological and musculoskeletal exams to identify potential causes and contributing factors. Assessment of psychological and cognitive factors is also important.
This document discusses pain and the pain pathway. It defines pain and describes the three hierarchical levels that interact to produce the pain experience. It then categorizes different types of pain such as nociceptive, neuropathic, inflammatory, acute, chronic, psychogenic, referred, and phantom pain. It explains the neuroanatomy of pain including the afferent pathways that transmit pain signals to the central nervous system and efferent pathways that modulate pain. Finally, it outlines the stages of the pain pathway including transduction, conduction, transmission, modulation, and perception of pain signals.
pathophysiology and therapeutics of pain .pptxSamuel Nimoh
The document defines acute and chronic pain and classifies pain types as nociceptive and neuropathic. It describes the pathophysiology of acute pain, involving transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation of pain signals in the nervous system. Chronic pain may involve central sensitization and wind-up phenomena in the spinal cord. Pain assessment involves history, examination, and investigations. Management follows the WHO analgesic ladder using non-opioids, weak opioids like codeine, and strong opioids like morphine. Non-opioid options include paracetamol and NSAIDs like ibuprofen.
Physiology of Pain (PPT) Nervous System PhysiologyShaista Jabeen
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCrrAABI7QDRCJ1yMrQCip_w/videos
https://www.facebook.com/ShaistaJabeeen/
https://www.facebook.com/Human-Physiology-Lectures-100702741804409/
Physiology of Pain (PPT)
Nervous System Physiology
INTRODUCTION
BENEFITS OF PAIN SENSATION
COMPONENTS OF PAIN SENSATION
PATHWAYS OF PAIN SENSATION
FROM SKIN AND DEEPER STRUCTURES
FROM FACE
FROM VISCERA
FROM PELVIC REGION
VISCERAL PAIN
CAUSES OF VISCERAL PAIN
REFERRED PAIN
DEFINITION
EXAMPLES OF REFERRED PAIN
MECHANISM OF REFERRED PAIN
NEUROTRANSMITTERS INVOLVED IN PAIN SENSATION
ANALGESIA SYSTEM
ANALGESIC PATHWAY
GATE CONTROL THEORY
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
Short Notes
pdf ppt
This document discusses pain and surgery. It begins by outlining a grading system for a class on pain and surgery. It then defines pain and describes it as the first symptom of injury and an indicator of disease processes. The document discusses the physiology of pain, including the four phases of nociception (transduction, transmission, perception, modulation). It describes various types of pain based on duration, source/origin, intensity, and location. Factors affecting pain perception and various non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic pain management strategies are also outlined.
Pain is a complex, subjective experience that can be acute or chronic in nature. It is influenced by physiological, psychological, social, and cultural factors. Pain is assessed using tools like verbal rating scales, numeric rating scales, or the Wong-Baker Faces scale. Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods are used for pain management, with pharmacological methods including non-opioid analgesics, opioid analgesics, and adjuvant medications according to the WHO pain ladder. Patient-controlled analgesia allows patients more control over their pain medication delivery.
The document discusses pain pathways and mechanisms of pain control. It defines pain and describes different types of pain such as acute vs chronic, nociceptive vs neuropathic, somatic vs visceral, referred vs non-referred, and somatogenic vs psychogenic pain. It then explains the neuroanatomy of pain transmission from nociceptors to the central nervous system and perception in the brain. Finally, it discusses current analgesic options and the WHO analgesic ladder for treating mild to severe pain.
This document discusses the pathophysiology of pain. It covers topics such as the definition of pain, categories of pain (somatogenic, psychogenic, acute, chronic), the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of pain processing, and different types of neuropathic pain. The gate control theory of pain is also explained, which proposes that stimulation of large nerve fibers can close the "gate" in the spinal cord and decrease pain transmission.
assessment and physiotherapy management of pain in elderly sunil JMI
1. Pain assessment in elderly patients requires a comprehensive evaluation of sensory, emotional, functional, and social impacts of pain. It also requires consideration of age-related changes and beliefs about pain.
2. A thorough history and physical exam are needed to identify potential causes of pain and evaluate for comorbidities. The history should address location, intensity, descriptors, relieving/aggravating factors, and impact on sleep, function, mood and quality of life.
3. Physical exam includes general exam, specific pain evaluation, neurological and musculoskeletal exams to identify potential causes and contributing factors. Assessment of psychological and cognitive factors is also important.
This document discusses pain and the pain pathway. It defines pain and describes the three hierarchical levels that interact to produce the pain experience. It then categorizes different types of pain such as nociceptive, neuropathic, inflammatory, acute, chronic, psychogenic, referred, and phantom pain. It explains the neuroanatomy of pain including the afferent pathways that transmit pain signals to the central nervous system and efferent pathways that modulate pain. Finally, it outlines the stages of the pain pathway including transduction, conduction, transmission, modulation, and perception of pain signals.
1. Pain is a complex, subjective experience influenced by physiological, psychological, social, and cultural factors.
2. Accurate pain assessment is crucial for nurses and includes gathering subjective reports from patients, which are the primary source of data.
3. A nurse's key role is as a patient advocate for comprehensive pain management, including both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions tailored to each patient's individual experience of pain.
1. Pain is a complex, subjective experience influenced by physiological, psychological, social, and cultural factors.
2. Accurate pain assessment is crucial for nurses and includes gathering subjective data from patients.
3. A nurse's key role is advocating for patients by assisting with pain management through both nonpharmacological and pharmacological interventions.
Comprehensive description of pain pathways which covers related definitions, benefits, theories, classification and mechanism of pain with factors that affect pain and diagnosis of pain. Also covers assessment and management of pain along with brief description of ascending and descending pain pathways.
In this presentation I have tried to explain in brief about pain management, different types of pain, its diagnostic criteria, its physiology, and its treatment approaches both pharmacological and non pharmacological
The document discusses the pathophysiology of pain. It defines pain and describes the three systems - sensory, motivational, and cognitive - that interact to produce the experience of pain. It categorizes pain into somatogenic, psychogenic, acute, and chronic types and discusses their characteristics. It also describes age-related differences in pain perception and the neuroanatomy of pain processing, including the roles of the afferent and efferent pathways and different areas of the central nervous system.
This document discusses pain and its management. It defines pain and categorizes it based on origin, onset, severity and cause. It describes acute and chronic pain and discusses gate control theory of pain transmission. It outlines non-pharmacologic, pharmacologic and surgical approaches to pain management including electrical stimulation, nerve blocks, acupuncture, behavior modification and hypnosis.
The document discusses pain and its management. It defines pain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Pain is subjective and involves physiological, emotional, and cognitive components. Pain assessment methods include WHATSUP, PQRST, and OLDCART. Pain management involves pharmacological approaches like opioids and non-opioids, surgical interventions, physical therapy, and complementary therapies like massage, acupuncture, and meditation. Nurses play a key role in comprehensive pain management.
The document discusses pain from several perspectives:
1. It defines pain, describes different types of pain (acute, chronic, neuropathic), and explains pain pathways and the gate control theory of pain.
2. Effective pain management is an important part of nursing care and involves comprehensive pain assessment, education to increase patient understanding and coping, and a variety of pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain interventions.
3. Unrelieved acute or chronic pain can negatively impact health, recovery, and quality of life so nurses must work to prevent and treat pain.
This document discusses pain and its management from a nursing perspective. It defines pain, describes different types of pain, and discusses pain pathways and theories like the gate control theory. It also outlines nursing assessments of patients in pain and pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain management strategies including relaxation techniques, hot/cold therapy, positioning, and medication administration. The nursing process is applied to pain management, including assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation of pain interventions.
This document defines pain and discusses its assessment and management. It defines pain as an unpleasant sensory experience associated with tissue damage. Pain is subjective and multidimensional, consisting of sensory, cognitive, and emotional dimensions. Several pain scales are described for assessing pain intensity, including verbal numeric and visual analog scales. Management of pain involves treating its underlying cause, pharmacological approaches matched to pain severity, and other options like nerve blocks or neuroaugmentation.
This document provides an overview of pain, including its definition, classification, transmission pathways, and management. It begins with defining pain and discussing its incidence and epidemiology. Pain is then classified based on its source, duration, and transmission. The pathways of pain transmission from nociceptors to the central nervous system are explained. Finally, the document discusses pain assessment, management guidelines, and concludes with references.
This document defines pain and discusses its pathophysiology. It notes that pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Two major classes of pain are described: normal/nociceptive pain and abnormal/pathophysiologic pain. Nociception involves a complex series of physiological events between tissue damage and pain perception. Nociceptors are activated by mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli. The receptors that mediate pain are called nociceptors, which come in two types: Aδ myelinated nerve fibers and C unmyelinated nerve fibers. The neuroanatomy of pain processing involves afferent pathways, the central nervous system, and efferent pathways.
This document discusses assessment and management of pain in the elderly. It defines pain and describes the physiology of pain transmission through nociceptors and nerve fibers. Pain can be acute, chronic, nociceptive, or neuropathic. Chronic pain is common in older adults and has many negative impacts. A comprehensive geriatric pain assessment evaluates multiple factors, including sensory experience, emotional impact, functional status, sleep, attitudes, coping, and goals of treatment. Proper assessment requires a thorough history, physical exam, and diagnostic tests.
The document discusses pain, including defining pain, explaining the physiology of pain, types of pain, and managing pain. It defines pain as an unpleasant sensation caused by tissue damage. The physiology of pain involves nociceptors detecting damage and transmitting signals to the spinal cord and brain. Pain types include acute, chronic, and neuropathic. Managing pain requires thorough assessment and treatments like analgesics, relaxation, and diversional therapy.
Pain Management (General concepts and primary discussions)Saeid Safari
This document provides an overview of pain medicine. It defines pain and discusses its epidemiology, economics, and physiological effects. It describes acute and chronic pain, including their presentations and pathophysiology. Neuropathic and nociceptive pain are major categories discussed. Pain pathways and the gate control theory of pain are also summarized. Psychiatric comorbidities with chronic pain are noted.
I. Pain pathways involve nociceptors detecting damaging stimuli and transmitting signals along primary afferent neurons to the dorsal horn. Signals then project up the spinal cord and through ascending tracts to various brain regions for processing. Descending pathways from the brain modulate pain transmission.
II. The document outlines the history of pain theories, definitions of pain terminology, embryological development of pain pathways, types of pain, and components of the pain pathway including nociceptors, neurons, and brain regions involved in perception.
III. Key aspects of acute and chronic pain are distinguished. The gate control theory proposes that non-painful stimuli can inhibit pain transmission at the dorsal horn. Overall the document provides a comprehensive overview of
The document discusses several theories of pain including:
1) Specificity theory which proposed specialized pain receptors
2) Gate control theory which proposes that pain is modulated by a "gate" in the spinal cord that can be opened or closed by non-painful stimuli
3) Neuromatrix theory which suggests that a person's unique matrix of neurons is shaped by their physical, psychological, and cognitive traits and experiences.
It also discusses pain control mechanisms like endogenous opiates and placebos, and provides examples of how integrating pain theories can guide multimodal pain management strategies.
1. Pain is a complex, subjective experience influenced by physiological, psychological, social, and cultural factors.
2. Accurate pain assessment is crucial for nurses and includes gathering subjective reports from patients, which are the primary source of data.
3. A nurse's key role is as a patient advocate for comprehensive pain management, including both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions tailored to each patient's individual experience of pain.
1. Pain is a complex, subjective experience influenced by physiological, psychological, social, and cultural factors.
2. Accurate pain assessment is crucial for nurses and includes gathering subjective data from patients.
3. A nurse's key role is advocating for patients by assisting with pain management through both nonpharmacological and pharmacological interventions.
Comprehensive description of pain pathways which covers related definitions, benefits, theories, classification and mechanism of pain with factors that affect pain and diagnosis of pain. Also covers assessment and management of pain along with brief description of ascending and descending pain pathways.
In this presentation I have tried to explain in brief about pain management, different types of pain, its diagnostic criteria, its physiology, and its treatment approaches both pharmacological and non pharmacological
The document discusses the pathophysiology of pain. It defines pain and describes the three systems - sensory, motivational, and cognitive - that interact to produce the experience of pain. It categorizes pain into somatogenic, psychogenic, acute, and chronic types and discusses their characteristics. It also describes age-related differences in pain perception and the neuroanatomy of pain processing, including the roles of the afferent and efferent pathways and different areas of the central nervous system.
This document discusses pain and its management. It defines pain and categorizes it based on origin, onset, severity and cause. It describes acute and chronic pain and discusses gate control theory of pain transmission. It outlines non-pharmacologic, pharmacologic and surgical approaches to pain management including electrical stimulation, nerve blocks, acupuncture, behavior modification and hypnosis.
The document discusses pain and its management. It defines pain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Pain is subjective and involves physiological, emotional, and cognitive components. Pain assessment methods include WHATSUP, PQRST, and OLDCART. Pain management involves pharmacological approaches like opioids and non-opioids, surgical interventions, physical therapy, and complementary therapies like massage, acupuncture, and meditation. Nurses play a key role in comprehensive pain management.
The document discusses pain from several perspectives:
1. It defines pain, describes different types of pain (acute, chronic, neuropathic), and explains pain pathways and the gate control theory of pain.
2. Effective pain management is an important part of nursing care and involves comprehensive pain assessment, education to increase patient understanding and coping, and a variety of pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain interventions.
3. Unrelieved acute or chronic pain can negatively impact health, recovery, and quality of life so nurses must work to prevent and treat pain.
This document discusses pain and its management from a nursing perspective. It defines pain, describes different types of pain, and discusses pain pathways and theories like the gate control theory. It also outlines nursing assessments of patients in pain and pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain management strategies including relaxation techniques, hot/cold therapy, positioning, and medication administration. The nursing process is applied to pain management, including assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation of pain interventions.
This document defines pain and discusses its assessment and management. It defines pain as an unpleasant sensory experience associated with tissue damage. Pain is subjective and multidimensional, consisting of sensory, cognitive, and emotional dimensions. Several pain scales are described for assessing pain intensity, including verbal numeric and visual analog scales. Management of pain involves treating its underlying cause, pharmacological approaches matched to pain severity, and other options like nerve blocks or neuroaugmentation.
This document provides an overview of pain, including its definition, classification, transmission pathways, and management. It begins with defining pain and discussing its incidence and epidemiology. Pain is then classified based on its source, duration, and transmission. The pathways of pain transmission from nociceptors to the central nervous system are explained. Finally, the document discusses pain assessment, management guidelines, and concludes with references.
This document defines pain and discusses its pathophysiology. It notes that pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Two major classes of pain are described: normal/nociceptive pain and abnormal/pathophysiologic pain. Nociception involves a complex series of physiological events between tissue damage and pain perception. Nociceptors are activated by mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli. The receptors that mediate pain are called nociceptors, which come in two types: Aδ myelinated nerve fibers and C unmyelinated nerve fibers. The neuroanatomy of pain processing involves afferent pathways, the central nervous system, and efferent pathways.
This document discusses assessment and management of pain in the elderly. It defines pain and describes the physiology of pain transmission through nociceptors and nerve fibers. Pain can be acute, chronic, nociceptive, or neuropathic. Chronic pain is common in older adults and has many negative impacts. A comprehensive geriatric pain assessment evaluates multiple factors, including sensory experience, emotional impact, functional status, sleep, attitudes, coping, and goals of treatment. Proper assessment requires a thorough history, physical exam, and diagnostic tests.
The document discusses pain, including defining pain, explaining the physiology of pain, types of pain, and managing pain. It defines pain as an unpleasant sensation caused by tissue damage. The physiology of pain involves nociceptors detecting damage and transmitting signals to the spinal cord and brain. Pain types include acute, chronic, and neuropathic. Managing pain requires thorough assessment and treatments like analgesics, relaxation, and diversional therapy.
Pain Management (General concepts and primary discussions)Saeid Safari
This document provides an overview of pain medicine. It defines pain and discusses its epidemiology, economics, and physiological effects. It describes acute and chronic pain, including their presentations and pathophysiology. Neuropathic and nociceptive pain are major categories discussed. Pain pathways and the gate control theory of pain are also summarized. Psychiatric comorbidities with chronic pain are noted.
I. Pain pathways involve nociceptors detecting damaging stimuli and transmitting signals along primary afferent neurons to the dorsal horn. Signals then project up the spinal cord and through ascending tracts to various brain regions for processing. Descending pathways from the brain modulate pain transmission.
II. The document outlines the history of pain theories, definitions of pain terminology, embryological development of pain pathways, types of pain, and components of the pain pathway including nociceptors, neurons, and brain regions involved in perception.
III. Key aspects of acute and chronic pain are distinguished. The gate control theory proposes that non-painful stimuli can inhibit pain transmission at the dorsal horn. Overall the document provides a comprehensive overview of
The document discusses several theories of pain including:
1) Specificity theory which proposed specialized pain receptors
2) Gate control theory which proposes that pain is modulated by a "gate" in the spinal cord that can be opened or closed by non-painful stimuli
3) Neuromatrix theory which suggests that a person's unique matrix of neurons is shaped by their physical, psychological, and cognitive traits and experiences.
It also discusses pain control mechanisms like endogenous opiates and placebos, and provides examples of how integrating pain theories can guide multimodal pain management strategies.
This document provides an introduction to pharmacology. It defines key terms like efficacy, potency, therapeutic index, and adverse drug reactions. It describes pharmacokinetic principles such as absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of drugs. It also discusses pharmacodynamics concepts like agonists, antagonists, and drug-receptor interactions. The document outlines various drug classifications and therapeutic categories. It discusses routes of drug administration including enteral and parental routes. It also covers topics like drug interactions, drug labeling, and patient records.
Pathophysiology deals with the physiological changes that occur with disease at the cellular, tissue, and organ levels and how those changes affect overall body function. The document introduces pathophysiology and defines it and the related field of pathology. It outlines the objectives of describing the basic concepts of disease development and the five components of the disease process: prevalence, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, and outcomes.
This document provides an overview of health education, including its objectives, roles, levels, advantages, planning steps, methodologies, and principles of teaching and learning. Health education aims to produce positive behavior changes through increasing awareness and influencing attitudes. It is an important strategy of primary health care. The document discusses levels of health education from primary to tertiary, as well as advantages like promoting health and safety. Key steps in planning health education include assessment, priority setting, teaching implementation, and evaluation. Effective methodologies include lectures, discussions, demonstrations, and using visual aids. Principles of teaching emphasize meeting learners' needs and facilitating active participation.
The document provides guidance on assessing the abdomen, anus, and rectum. It outlines the objectives of the assessment, including discussing pertinent health history questions, describing specific examination techniques, documenting findings, and listing age-related changes. It then provides detailed instructions on inspecting, auscultating, percussing, and palpating the abdomen, as well as examining the rectum. It describes how to assess for common abnormalities and conditions affecting different areas of the gastrointestinal system.
The document provides guidance on assessing the nose, mouth, and pharynx by outlining objectives, components of the health history, physical examination techniques, anatomical structures, and common abnormal findings to evaluate for each area. The health history takes into account medical conditions, medications, allergies and lifestyle factors, while the physical examination instructs on inspecting and palpating the nose, mouth, teeth, gums, tongue, palate, tonsils, and throat. The document also lists equipment needed and references for further information.
The document provides an overview of assessing the skin, head, and neck by describing the anatomy and physiology of these systems, outlining the subjective and objective components of the physical exam including inspection, palpation, and documentation of normal and abnormal findings, and noting age-related variations and differences to consider in the assessment. The assessment approach is systematic and includes evaluating characteristics like color, temperature, texture, and integrity while inspecting for lesions, rashes, lumps or other abnormalities.
This document outlines the objectives and activities for a health assessment course. It introduces key concepts like health, illness, disease, and wellness. It also covers the four main types of health assessments and how to document assessment data using a problem-oriented approach. The document provides guidance on preparing for and performing a physical examination, including techniques like inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. It emphasizes collecting objective and subjective data to make clinical judgments about a client's health status.
Food sanitation and safety are important to prevent food-borne illness. Proper food handling includes cleaning, separating foods, cooking to proper temperatures, and refrigerating foods promptly. Various methods can preserve foods like drying, refrigeration, vacuum sealing, salting, smoking, pickling, canning, and burial. Following food safety practices such as cleaning, separating foods, thoroughly cooking, refrigerating, and using safe ingredients can help prevent transmission of food-borne diseases.
The document summarizes the key components of the female reproductive system. It describes the internal and external organs including ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva, and mammary glands. It explains the functions of producing eggs and sex hormones, transporting eggs and sperm, enabling fetal development and birth. The two phases of the menstrual cycle are also outlined: the follicular phase where an egg is produced and the luteal phase where the endometrium is prepared for potential implantation.
The document discusses the environment and its impact on community health. It defines environment as everything external to the human body, including the physical, biological, and social surroundings. The physical environment comprises air, water, housing, food, waste, and places of work. The biological environment includes animals, plants, bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rodents. The social environment consists of cultural values, customs, beliefs, attitudes, morals, religion, education, standard of living, and economics. Environmental factors like unsafe water, contaminated food, air pollution, noise, toxicants, and poor sanitation can negatively impact community health. Community health nurses should educate communities about environmental hazards and how to avoid or minimize their effects.
This document discusses enteral and parenteral nutrition. It defines key terms like enteral, parenteral and infant formula. It describes the indications for and types of enteral feeding tubes. It classifies different types of enteral formulas and discusses complications of enteral nutrition. It also describes central and peripheral parenteral nutrition and compares TPN and PPN. Finally, it discusses infant formula feeding and reasons parents may choose it.
The endocrine system regulates homeostasis through hormones that target cells and organs throughout the body. Key endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, which regulates other glands; the thyroid gland, which produces hormones regulating metabolism; the adrenal glands, which produce hormones involved in stress response like cortisol; and the pancreas, which produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar. Hormones signal to target cells via mechanisms like activating or inhibiting gene expression. The hypothalamus helps regulate the endocrine system by producing hormones that stimulate or inhibit hormone release from the pituitary gland.
This document provides an overview of concepts related to sleep including definitions of sleep and rest, the two types of sleep (NREM and REM), sleep cycles and stages, factors that affect sleep, functions of sleep, and common sleep disorders. It also discusses nursing assessments of sleep and potential nursing diagnoses and interventions to promote healthy sleep.
The document discusses the concept of pain, including its definition, physiology, and theories. It defines pain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. The physiological processes of pain include transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation. Pain is also categorized by duration (acute or chronic) and pathological condition. The gate control theory proposes that pain impulses can be regulated by a gating mechanism in the central nervous system. Effective pain management requires a thorough assessment of the patient's description of their pain and influencing factors.
This document outlines objectives and content for a unit on concepts of loss, grieving, death and dying. It discusses types of loss, grief, terms related to loss and grieving, Kubler-Ross' stages of grief, manifestations of grief, effects of multiple losses, nursing assessment and diagnosis of grieving clients, and providing support to dying patients and their families. Key points covered include assessing physiological signs of death, identifying beliefs about death across ages, discussing needs of dying patients, and changes that occur in the body after death.
This document provides information on the concepts of elimination, including definitions, patterns, problems, nursing assessments, and interventions related to both fecal and urinary elimination. Specifically, it defines elimination and patterns, discusses common problems like constipation and incontinence, outlines nursing assessments of elimination functions, and provides potential nursing diagnoses and interventions to address issues and promote normal elimination.
This document provides an overview of the concepts of elimination, including definitions, common problems, nursing assessments, and interventions. It discusses the normal functioning of the urinary and gastrointestinal systems and factors that can influence elimination patterns. Common urinary issues covered include urinary tract infections, incontinence, retention, and diversions. For the bowels, constipation, diarrhea, impaction, and incontinence are addressed. Nursing assessments and plans of care for both systems are outlined, along with health promotion strategies and acute and restorative nursing interventions.
This document discusses air/ventilation and housing. It defines ventilation as the exchange of air in the lungs and describes the importance of proper ventilation for fire rescue efforts. Poor ventilation can cause fires to intensify and endanger firefighters. The effects of poor ventilation on health include elevated carbon dioxide, low oxygen, and indoor air quality issues that can cause respiratory illnesses. Regarding housing, the document outlines types of housing and standards for adequate housing including ventilation, sanitation, and safety. Poor housing can negatively impact physical and mental health through increased disease transmission, dampness, poor indoor air quality, overcrowding and homelessness.
Unlocking the Secrets to Safe Patient Handling.pdfLift Ability
Furthermore, the time constraints and workload in healthcare settings can make it challenging for caregivers to prioritise safe patient handling Australia practices, leading to shortcuts and increased risks.
Stem Cell Solutions: Dr. David Greene's Path to Non-Surgical Cardiac CareDr. David Greene Arizona
Explore the groundbreaking work of Dr. David Greene, a pioneer in regenerative medicine, who is revolutionizing the field of cardiology through stem cell therapy in Arizona. This ppt delves into how Dr. Greene's innovative approach is providing non-surgical, effective treatments for heart disease, using the body's own cells to repair heart damage and improve patient outcomes. Learn about the science behind stem cell therapy, its benefits over traditional cardiac surgeries, and the promising future it holds for modern medicine. Join us as we uncover how Dr. Greene's commitment to stem cell research and therapy is setting new standards in healthcare and offering new hope to cardiac patients.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - ...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
KEY Points of Leicester travel clinic In London doc.docxNX Healthcare
In order to protect visitors' safety and wellbeing, Travel Clinic Leicester offers a wide range of travel-related health treatments, including individualized counseling and vaccines. Our team of medical experts specializes in getting people ready for international travel, with a particular emphasis on vaccines and health consultations to prevent travel-related illnesses. We provide a range of travel-related services, such as health concerns unique to a trip, prevention of malaria, and travel-related medical supplies. Our clinic is dedicated to providing top-notch care, keeping abreast of the most recent recommendations for vaccinations and travel health precautions. The goal of Travel Clinic Leicester is to keep you safe and well-rested no matter what kind of travel you choose—business, pleasure, or adventure.
Healthy Eating Habits:
Understanding Nutrition Labels: Teaches how to read and interpret food labels, focusing on serving sizes, calorie intake, and nutrients to limit or include.
Tips for Healthy Eating: Offers practical advice such as incorporating a variety of foods, practicing moderation, staying hydrated, and eating mindfully.
Benefits of Regular Exercise:
Physical Benefits: Discusses how exercise aids in weight management, muscle and bone health, cardiovascular health, and flexibility.
Mental Benefits: Explains the psychological advantages, including stress reduction, improved mood, and better sleep.
Tips for Staying Active:
Encourages consistency, variety in exercises, setting realistic goals, and finding enjoyable activities to maintain motivation.
Maintaining a Balanced Lifestyle:
Integrating Nutrition and Exercise: Suggests meal planning and incorporating physical activity into daily routines.
Monitoring Progress: Recommends tracking food intake and exercise, regular health check-ups, and provides tips for achieving balance, such as getting sufficient sleep, managing stress, and staying socially active.
MBC Support Group for Black Women – Insights in Genetic Testing.pdfbkling
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Concept Of Pain.pdf
1. Concept Of Pain
SHAHINA BANO
(Lecturer, DUHS, DION&M)
Year 1, semester II
Objectives
At the end of the session learners will be able to:
1. Define the process of pain (physiological changes)
2. Describe the different theories of pain theory.
3. differentiate between acute and chronic pain
4. Discuss the non pharmacologic interventions pain management.
5. identify pharmacologic interventions for pain management
Concept of pain
• . The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) defines pain as
• “an unpleasant, subjective sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue
damage, or described in terms of such damage” (IASP, 2010).
• It is the most common reason for seeking health care. It occurs with many disorders, diagnostic tests, and
treatments.
Nociception
• The extent to which pain is perceived depends on the interaction between the body analgesia system,
the nervous system's transmission and mind’s interpretations of stimuli and its meaning.
The peripheral nervous system includes specialized primary sensory neurons that detect mechanical, thermal, or
chemical conditions associated with potential tissue damage.
When these nociceptors are activated, signals are transduced and transmitted to the spine and brain where the
signals are modified before they are ultimately understood and then “felt.”
The physiological processes related to pain perception are described as nociception
2. Physiology of pain
• The physiological process are involved in nociception:
1. Transduction
2. Transmission
3. Perception
4. Modulation
Transduction of Pain
• Specialized pain receptors or nociceptors can be excited by mechanical, thermal and chemical stimuli.
3. • Pain stimuli is converted to electrical energy. This electrical energy is known as Transduction. This
stimulus sends an impulse across a peripheral nerve fiber (nociceptor).
Transduction of Pain
• During the transduction phase, harmful stimuli trigger the release of biochemical mediators, such as
prostaglandins, bradykinin, serotonin, histamine, and substance P, which sensitize nociceptors.
• Painful stimulation also causes movement of ions across cell membranes, which excites nociceptors.
• This conversation is known as Transduction.
• Pain medications can work during this phase by blocking the production of prostaglandin (e.g., ibuprofen
or aspirin) or by decreasing the movement of ions across the cell membrane (e.g., local anesthetic)
Transmission
• The second process of nociception, transmission of pain, includes three segments.
• During the first segment of transmission, the pain impulses travel from the peripheral nerve fibers to the
spinal cord.
• There are primarily two types of peripheral nerve fibers that conduct painful stimuli.
1) The fast, myelinated A- delta fibers:
send sharp, localized, and distinct sensations.
2) The small, slow unmyelinated C fibers:
Relay slower impulses that are poorly localized, visceral, and persistent
Example: after stepping on a nail, a person initially feels a sharp localized pain, which is result of A- fiber
transmission. Within a few seconds, the whole foot aches from C-fiber stimulation.
After the pain impulse ascends the spinal cord, information is send quickly to higher centers in the brain.
4. • The second segment is transmission of the pain signal through an ascending pathway in the spinal cord to
the brain
• The third segment involves transmission of information to the brain where pain perception occurs.
• Pain control can take place during this second process of transmission.
• For example, opioids (narcotic analgesics) block the release of neurotransmitters, particularly substance P,
which stops the pain at the spinal level
Perception of Pain
• It is the third process of nociception.
• It is when a person becomes conscious of the pain. It is believed that pain perception occurs in the
cortical structures, which allows for different cognitive behavioral strategies to be applied to reduce the
sensory and affective component of pain
• For example, Cognitive–behavioral therapy and approaches such as distraction ,imagery and music can
help direct the client’s attention away from pain.
Modulation of Pain
• This is the fourth system, often describes as the “descending system,”.
• These descending fibers release substances such as endogenous opioids, serotonin and norepinephrine
which can inhibit the ascending of noxious impulses in the dorsal horn
5. Types of pain
• Pain is categorized by:
➢ Duration (acute or chronic)
➢ Pathological condition (e.g., cancer or neuropathic)
Acute Pain
• Also known as Transient Pain.
• Acute pain is protective, has an identifiable cause, is of short duration, and has limited tissue damage and
emotional response.
• It eventually resolves, with or without treatment, after an injured area heals.
• Acute pain has a predictable ending (healing) and an identifiable cause, health team members are usually
willing to treat it aggressively. Unrelieved acute pain can progress to chronic pain (Kehlet et al., 2006).
Chronic Pain
• Chronic pain, also known as persistent pain, is prolonged, usually recurring or lasting 3 months or longer,
and interferes with functioning.
• Chronic pain is not considered protective, may not have an identified cause, and leads to great personal
suffering.
• Chronic may be noncancerous (non-malignant) or cancerous(malignant).
• Example of chronic pain arthritis, low back pain, headaches and peripheral neuropathy.
Cancer Pain
• Cancer pain may be acute and/or chronic. It can be due to tumor progression and its related pathological
process, invasive procedures toxicities of treatment, infection and physical limitations.
6. • Cancer pain can be sensed at the actual site of the tumor or distant to the site. This kind of pain is called
referred pain.
• Not all clients with cancer will experience pain.
Neuropathic pain
• Neuropathic pain is associated with damaged or malfunctioning nerves due to illness (e.g., diabetic
peripheral neuropathy), injury (e.g., spinal cord injury pain), or undetermined reasons.
• Neuropathic pain is typically chronic; it is described as burning, “electric-shock,” and/or tingling, dull, and
aching.
Episodes of sharp, shooting pain can also be experienced. Neuropathic pain tends to be difficult to treat.
Types of Pain by Location
• Superficial or coetaneous pain
– Pain resulting from stimulation of skin
• Deep or Visceral pain
– Pain resulting from stimulation of internal organ
• Referred pain
– Perception of pain is in unaffected areas. Common phenomena in visceral pain because many
organs themselves have no pain receptors. Example. MI
• Radiating pain
– Sensation of pain extending from initial site of injury to another body part. Example: low back
pain, sciatic nerve irritation radiating down to leg.
INTENSITY of pain
• Most practitioners classify intensity of pain by using a standard scale:
• 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst possible pain) scale.
– 1 to 3 range is deemed mild pain
– 4 to 6 is moderate pain
– 7 to 10 is deemed severe pain and is associated with the worst outcomes
Factors Influencing Pain
• Degree of pain perception
• Past experience
7. • Social factors : attention ,family support
• Physiological factors: Age, Fatigue, Genes
• Social factors: Attention, Previous experience, Family and social support
• Psychological factor :Anxiety, Coping style
• Spiritual factor
• Cultural factor
• Response of health professionals
Gate-Control theory of Pain
Psychologist Ronald Melzack and the anatomist Patrick wall proposed the gate control theory for pain in 1965 to
explain the psychological aspects of pain are as important as the physiological aspects.
• According to them, the pain stimuli transmitted by afferent pain fibers are blocked by Gate mechanism
located at the posterior gray horn of the spinal cord. if the gate is opened, pain is felt. if the gate is closed,
pain is suppressed.
• The gate control theory combines cognitive, sensory, and emotional components in addition to the
physiological aspects.
• The mechanism act on a gate control system to block the individual’s perception of pain.
• Pain perception is regulated through a gating mechanism at the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
• The gating mechanism causes vasoconstriction and decreased nerve conduction velocity, thereby
reducing the transmission of noxious stimuli.
• As a result, the level of conscious awareness of painful sensation is altered.
• The large-diameter cells have the ability, when properly stimulated, to ‘‘close the gate’’ and thus block
transmission of the pain impulse to the brain .
• Stimulants such as cutaneous massage, opioid release, and excessive stimulation all activate the large-
diameter cells to close the gate.
• Clinically, the effectiveness of several nonpharmacologic modalities, such as massage, acupuncture, and
acupressure, supports the gate control theory
9. • Pain impulses can be regulated or even blocked by gating mechanism located along the central nervous
system.
• The theory suggests that pain impulses pass through when a gate is open and that impulses are blocked
when a gate is closed.
• This gating mechanism can be found in the cells of dorsal horn of the spinal cord, thalamus and limbic
system
Pain Threshold
• Pain threshold is the point at which a person feels pain.
• Pain threshold can be different for different individuals, because stress, exercise and many other factors
increase the release of endorphins, raising an individual’s pain threshold.
• The amount of circulating substances vary with every individual, so the response to pain will be different
among different individuals.
Pain Management
Assessment
As pain intensity is considered the fifth vital sign
In assessing a patient with pain, the nurse reviews the patient’s description of the pain and other factors that may
influence pain (e.g., previous experience, anxiety, and age) as well as the person’s response to pain relief
strategies.
COLDERRA
C= Characteristic of pain, e.g Sharp pain, dull pain, diffused pain, pressure, squeezing, heaviness
O= Onset of pain. When pain started, and how pain initiated?
L= Location of pain.
D= Duration of pain. For how long pain persists?
E= Exacerbating factors. What factor/factors increase the pain? e.g activity, exercise, diet, drug
R=Relieving factors. What factor/factors relieve pain, e.g drug, rest etc
R=radiating. Does pain radiate (spread) anywhere else or not
A=Associated factors. What other symptoms do occur with pain e.g diaphoresis, nausea, vomiting etc
Pain Scale (Liker Scale)
12. The FLACC scale has been validated in children 2 months to 7 years old and rates pain behaviors as manifested by :
Facial expressions, Leg movement, Activity, Cry, and Consolability
measures that yield a score of 0 to 10.
13. Pain Management
• Pain management strategies include both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic approaches.
• These approaches are selected on the basis of the patient’s requirements and goals.
• Appropriate analgesic medications are used as prescribed. They are not considered a last resort to be
used only when other pain relief measures fail. Any intervention is most successful if initiated before pain
sensitization occurs, and the greatest success is usually achieved if several interventions are applied
simultaneously.
Pharmacological Approaches
• Pharmacologic pain management involves the use of:
➢ Opioids (narcotics)
➢ Nonopioids such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)
➢ Coanalgesic drugs
• These agents work by different mechanisms. Using two or three types of agents simultaneously can
maximize pain relief while minimizing the potentially toxic effects of any one agent.
• When one agent is used alone, it usually must be used in a higher dose to be effective
Opioids
• Opioids can be administered by various routes, including oral, intravenous, subcutaneous, intraspinal,
intranasal, rectal, and transdermal routes.
• The goal of administering opioids is to relieve pain and improve quality of life; therefore, the route of
administration, dose, and frequency of administration are determined on an individual basis.
Side effects of Opioids
• Respiratory depression
• Nausea and vomiting
• Constipation
• Tolerance and addiction
Nonsteroid Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
• NSAIDs are thought to decrease pain by inhibiting cyclo-oxygenase (COX), the rate-limiting enzyme
involved in the production of prostaglandin from traumatized or inflamed tissues.
• Example:
14. • Asprin, Ibuprofen, Diclofanic sodium (Dicloran), Acetaaminophen (paracetamol), Mafemanic acid
(Ponston)
Side effects of NSAIDS
• Gastric ulceration
• Impaired kidney and liver function
• Bleeding tendencies
Coanalgesics
• A coanalgesic (formerly known as an adjuvant) is a medication that is not classified as a pain medication.
• Coanalgesics have properties that may reduce pain alone or in combination with other analgesics, relieve
other discomforts, potentiate the effect of pain medications, or reduce the pain medication’s side effects.
• Examples of medications used to reduce the side effects of analgesics include stimulants, laxatives, and
antiemetic.
Non pharmacological Approaches
• Cutaneous Stimulation
– Massage
– Application of heat or cold
– Acupressure
– Contralateral stimulation.
• Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
• Cognitive–Behavioral Interventions
– Distraction
– Guided Imagery
– Relaxation Techniques
• Selected Spiritual Interventions
Non Pharmacological Approaches
16. References
• Berman, A., Frandsen, G., Snyder, S., Kozier, B., & Erb, G. L. (2016). Kozier and Erb's fundamentals of
nursing, volumes 1-3 (10th ed.).
• Delaune, S. C. (2010). Fundamentals of nursing (4th ed.). Delmar Pub.