Shrimp culture has vital role for rising economic success, shaping a more prosperous and sustainable future in Bangladesh, specially in the coastal area but this sector is under threat for various problems, faced by shrimp cultivators. This paper explains the problem, faced by shrimp cultivators in the coastal area of Bangladesh and the solution of those problems with the current attitude of shrimp farmers on shrimp culture. This study has been conducted in three districts, named Bagerhat, Khulna and Shatkhira district of Bangladesh. 200 respondents have been selected randomly who have been cultivating shrimp since several years. A semi-structured questionnaire has been used, four FGDs and three case study interviews have been conducted to identify problems and solutions of those problems and a scale has been used to know their current attitude on shrimp culture. Secondary data have been collected though journal, repots and newspaper. This study has focused on problems, disrupting the shrimp culture constantly and solutions in specific areas of shrimp cultivators but the whole problem of shrimp culture hasn’t been included in this study. This study has identified that shrimp cultivators are facing problems a lot which are eroding the benefit from shrimp culture, including shrimp fry remains sick, comparatively high price of shrimp fry, virus, pollution of water, comparatively low price during they sell shrimp, the price of feed is so high, lack of proper transportation, traditional process of culture and lack of monitoring bodies etc. True, to combat these troubling situations and create new possibilities, cooperation is crucial, including- soft loan, training, NGOs’ help, and Governmental initiatives. So, the Government of Bangladesh must take cognizance and act decisively to determine the barrier of shrimp cultivators and the solution of those barriers to make a suitable place of shrimp culture which will contribute to enrich the economy of Bangladesh.
Abdul karim Gazi. “The Problem and Prospect of Shrimp Cultivators in the Coastal Area of Bangladesh: An Analysis” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.2 (2019): 48-57.
The term “sustainability” or also “sustainable development”, often used as nothing more than a catch-phrase, has much more to offer. It is a concept to guarantee a livable environment for all people in the long term, encompassing at least three fundamental components of sustainable development, preservation of a functional environment, economic welfare and social equity. Accordingly, also in the field of aquaculture, aiming for sustainability requires not only the achievement of environmental objectives, but also to provide clear economic advantages for aquaculture farmers in the long term. However, the term “sustainability” is often diluted and weakened , being used by politicians, entrepreneurs and the public, in a general way on numerous occasions, very often in a superficial or misleading way and with an incorrect definition, just to exploit the positive , connotations of the term.
Evolution of fisheries sector in BangladeshMD. ZANE ALAM
Bangladesh is a densely populated country of 147 570 km2 with a population of 160
million people. It is fortunate in having an extensive water resource in the form of ponds,
natural depressions (haors and beels ), lakes, canals, rivers and estuaries covering an area
of 47,03,658 ha .
The present per capita annual fish consumption in Bangladesh stands at about 14 kg/year
against a recommended minimum requirement of 18 kg/year; hence, there is still need to
improve fish consumption in the country.
Fisheries in Bangladesh are diverse, there are about 795 native species of fish and shrimp
in the fresh and marine waters of Bangladesh and 12 exotic species that have been
introduced. In addition, there are 10 species of pearl bearing bivalves, 12 species of
edible tortoise and turtle, 15 species of crab and 3 species of lobster.
Fisheries and aquaculture sectors in Bangladesh: an overview of the present s...Premier Publishers
Fisheries sector in Bangladesh represents as one of the most productive and dynamic sectors in the country. This sector plays a significant role in food security, employment, and foreign exchange earnings in the economy. At present agricultural transformation is taking place in Bangladesh. With the changes of farming system, farmers have started to shift their crop land to aquaculture as they considered it more profitable compared to rice production. The production of inland fisheries represents an increasing trend since 1989-90 with a growth rate of around 5-7%. Similarly, marine fisheries have also shown an increasing trend while a fluctuated growth rate has emerged in this sub sector. The fisheries sector in the 21st century is facing the challenges of food security for the increasing population, habitat degradation, urbanization, and industrial development. Development of responsible fisheries management and optimal use of water bodies can address those challenges. Since fishery is a productive growth sector in Bangladesh, it has high potential to contribute in the socioeconomic development of the country.
Bangladesh is endowed by three principal river systems: the rivers Brahmaputra (Jamuna), Ganges (Padma), and Meghna. In the agro-based economy of Bangladesh,fisheries play an important role in nutrition, employment and foreign exchange earnings, contributing 4.37% to GDP, 2.01% to export earning, 60% to animal protein intake, in addition to providing 1.4 million people full time and 11 million part time employment. In 2012-2013 the total production of fish in Bangladesh was 3.41 million tons. About 82.73% of the fish production (2.82 million tons) comes from the inland fresh water resources and 17.27% from marine resources (0.58 million tons). Inland fisheries resources are broadly classified into inland open waters and inland closed waters which comprises the area of 3.91 million ha and 0.78 million ha contributing fish production over 1.85 million tons (54.54%) and 0.96 million tons (28.19%) respectively. Among the
4.69 million ha of inland open water resources, the major proportion consists of floodplains with an area of 2.8 million ha contributing 0.77 million tons of fish in 20012-13.
Seasonal floodplains are water bodies that retain water for 5-6 months during which they are suitable to grow fish and other aquatic animals. Recent studies have revealed that, if
25% of the 2.8 million ha can be brought under community management, calculating 50% to be accessible, then 6.7 million people would be benefited including 2.7 million
landless people. Out of 2.8 million ha of medium and deep-flooded areas, about 1.5 million ha are estimated to be suitable for community based fish culture. If 50% of accessible water of these areas is taken under aquaculture and management practices, then annual fish production will be increased 4 to 5 times over the existing production .
The term “sustainability” or also “sustainable development”, often used as nothing more than a catch-phrase, has much more to offer. It is a concept to guarantee a livable environment for all people in the long term, encompassing at least three fundamental components of sustainable development, preservation of a functional environment, economic welfare and social equity. Accordingly, also in the field of aquaculture, aiming for sustainability requires not only the achievement of environmental objectives, but also to provide clear economic advantages for aquaculture farmers in the long term. However, the term “sustainability” is often diluted and weakened , being used by politicians, entrepreneurs and the public, in a general way on numerous occasions, very often in a superficial or misleading way and with an incorrect definition, just to exploit the positive , connotations of the term.
Evolution of fisheries sector in BangladeshMD. ZANE ALAM
Bangladesh is a densely populated country of 147 570 km2 with a population of 160
million people. It is fortunate in having an extensive water resource in the form of ponds,
natural depressions (haors and beels ), lakes, canals, rivers and estuaries covering an area
of 47,03,658 ha .
The present per capita annual fish consumption in Bangladesh stands at about 14 kg/year
against a recommended minimum requirement of 18 kg/year; hence, there is still need to
improve fish consumption in the country.
Fisheries in Bangladesh are diverse, there are about 795 native species of fish and shrimp
in the fresh and marine waters of Bangladesh and 12 exotic species that have been
introduced. In addition, there are 10 species of pearl bearing bivalves, 12 species of
edible tortoise and turtle, 15 species of crab and 3 species of lobster.
Fisheries and aquaculture sectors in Bangladesh: an overview of the present s...Premier Publishers
Fisheries sector in Bangladesh represents as one of the most productive and dynamic sectors in the country. This sector plays a significant role in food security, employment, and foreign exchange earnings in the economy. At present agricultural transformation is taking place in Bangladesh. With the changes of farming system, farmers have started to shift their crop land to aquaculture as they considered it more profitable compared to rice production. The production of inland fisheries represents an increasing trend since 1989-90 with a growth rate of around 5-7%. Similarly, marine fisheries have also shown an increasing trend while a fluctuated growth rate has emerged in this sub sector. The fisheries sector in the 21st century is facing the challenges of food security for the increasing population, habitat degradation, urbanization, and industrial development. Development of responsible fisheries management and optimal use of water bodies can address those challenges. Since fishery is a productive growth sector in Bangladesh, it has high potential to contribute in the socioeconomic development of the country.
Bangladesh is endowed by three principal river systems: the rivers Brahmaputra (Jamuna), Ganges (Padma), and Meghna. In the agro-based economy of Bangladesh,fisheries play an important role in nutrition, employment and foreign exchange earnings, contributing 4.37% to GDP, 2.01% to export earning, 60% to animal protein intake, in addition to providing 1.4 million people full time and 11 million part time employment. In 2012-2013 the total production of fish in Bangladesh was 3.41 million tons. About 82.73% of the fish production (2.82 million tons) comes from the inland fresh water resources and 17.27% from marine resources (0.58 million tons). Inland fisheries resources are broadly classified into inland open waters and inland closed waters which comprises the area of 3.91 million ha and 0.78 million ha contributing fish production over 1.85 million tons (54.54%) and 0.96 million tons (28.19%) respectively. Among the
4.69 million ha of inland open water resources, the major proportion consists of floodplains with an area of 2.8 million ha contributing 0.77 million tons of fish in 20012-13.
Seasonal floodplains are water bodies that retain water for 5-6 months during which they are suitable to grow fish and other aquatic animals. Recent studies have revealed that, if
25% of the 2.8 million ha can be brought under community management, calculating 50% to be accessible, then 6.7 million people would be benefited including 2.7 million
landless people. Out of 2.8 million ha of medium and deep-flooded areas, about 1.5 million ha are estimated to be suitable for community based fish culture. If 50% of accessible water of these areas is taken under aquaculture and management practices, then annual fish production will be increased 4 to 5 times over the existing production .
Fisheries and aquatic resources are economically, ecologically, culturally and aesthetically important to the nation. From the global perspectives, the main issues facing by the international fishing community generally are over fishing, overcapacity, by-catch management as well as environmental degradation. The combined effect of these factors that have made 60-70% of the major world fisheries resources are in urgent need of management action to restrict the increase in fishing capacity and to rehabilitate damaged resources (FAO,1991). In Bangladesh, fisheries is one of the major subsectors of agriculture, which play a dominant role in nutrition, employment, earning foreign currency and other areas of economy. Many of our open waterbody are polluted with various pollutants and harmful chemicals. Water Resources Planning Organization (WARPO) has prepared the National Water Management Plan (NWMP) for Bangladesh in December 2001. The goal of the NWMP is to implement the National Water Policy (NWPo) and contribute to national economic development through rational management of open water resources, in a way that protects the natural environment and improves the quality of life for the people of Bangladesh. Open water fisheries are major aquatic common property resources in Bangladesh covering over four million hectares. Around ten percent of the population of 120 million depend for their livelihoods on fisheries.
Introduction
Definition
Principle of drying
Importance
Types
Drying procedure of SIS
Drying procedure of large fishes
Advantage of dried fish
Disadvantage of dried fish
Uses
Feasibility study
Recommendations
Conclusion
References
Socio-Economic and Environmental Implication’s of Shrimp Cultivation in Andhr...Ruby Med Plus
Impromptu and random expansion of shrimp cultivation is happening in coastal regions of Andhra Pradesh. The exploration of its adverse effects has not received significant attention from the Indian researcher community yet. The shrimp industry is polluting and degrading soils,
water, mangroves, and forests. The sustainable productivity of ecosystems, biodiversity and public health is endangering year after year. Shrimp aquaculture is changing customary patterns of natural resource use by appropriating these resources for its own purposes while restricting rights of local users as coastal Andhra big and experienced farmers in the aqua field are making huge investments in the sector and purchasing the agriculture fields of small farmers to convert it into aqua ponds. This in turn affects livelihoods more widely by disrupting earlier systems of production, distribution and social relations.
In order to elicit the concomitant socio-economic impacts and propose environmental sustainable solutions of shrimp cultivation based on secondary data, the present study was conducted by applying ‘Systematic Review and Content Analysis’ as a research method. The study findings manifest that the constant and unregulated shrimp farming has immense impacts on human health, ecology, environment and sustainability other than economic benefits to aqua farm
owners. The extensive shrimp farming in coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh has negatively expedited the infringement of mangroves, intrusion of salinity, degradation of land, destabilization of coastal ecosystems. The main socio-economic effects challenge the patterns of
livelihood pattern, displacement of family and social structure, internal migration, reduction in grazing field and livestock, changes in the cropping calendar and its pattern and bio-diversity.
The Government of Andhra Pradesh and the financial institutions sponsoring shrimp cultivation has overlooked the impact of shrimp farming on Ecological and sustainability of farm fields and
control of salinity and degradation of mangrooves. In conclusion, appropriate adoption and implementation of the resilient strategies can reduce the adverse effects on the coastal environment, and improve the impact of unplanned shrimp cultivation in Andhra Pradesh and
other parts of India.
This study accomplish the generation of proper information on the proximate chemical composition, heavy metals and free fatty acid profiling studies of Indian EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone) and will be more important when utilization of new species of deeper water fishes for human healthcare benefits especially in pregnant women, young children and aged population.
Contributory factors for low productivity of inland capture fisheries in Tami...India Water Portal
In this presentation, Dr R. Sakthivadivel gives a brief overview of the various Government policies relating to fisheries, the potential for inland fishing in Tamilnadu and the factors constraining yield.
Socio-economic status of fish retailers in Jashore sadar, BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted to determine the fish retailer's livelihood and socioeconomic status in three markets of Jashore for a period of six months from February to August, 2016. The average net profit of fish retailers was found higher in Boro bazaar (Tk.350) followed by Palbari bazaar (Tk.325), Chuadanga Bus Stand bazaar (TK.275). The average age groups of 20-65 years were found among the markets. The study shows that 53% fish retailers had nuclear family and 47% had joint family. Most of the housing conditions were kacha (69%) and Muslim fish retailers were predominant in all markets. Among the total 45 traders interviewed, 42% were illiterate, 31% have primary level education, 24% have secondary level education and none of them had bachelor level of education. It was found that fish retailers of Boro bazaar and Palbari bazaar sold an average of 35 kg fish daily, compared with Chuadanga Bus Stand bazaar 15 kg per day. The daily supply of fish in Boro bazaar can be estimated at 1.6 MT (25 retailers' × 65 kg) while 0.3 MT (15 retailers × 20 kg) and 0.45 MT (15 retailers × 30 kg) in C.B Bazar and Palbari bazaar respectively. Improvement in basic infrastructure such as, clean water supply, sanitation facilities, adequate drainage and ice facilities are recommended by the present study.
Fisheries and aquatic resources are economically, ecologically, culturally and aesthetically important to the nation. From the global perspectives, the main issues facing by the international fishing community generally are over fishing, overcapacity, by-catch management as well as environmental degradation. The combined effect of these factors that have made 60-70% of the major world fisheries resources are in urgent need of management action to restrict the increase in fishing capacity and to rehabilitate damaged resources (FAO,1991). In Bangladesh, fisheries is one of the major subsectors of agriculture, which play a dominant role in nutrition, employment, earning foreign currency and other areas of economy. Many of our open waterbody are polluted with various pollutants and harmful chemicals. Water Resources Planning Organization (WARPO) has prepared the National Water Management Plan (NWMP) for Bangladesh in December 2001. The goal of the NWMP is to implement the National Water Policy (NWPo) and contribute to national economic development through rational management of open water resources, in a way that protects the natural environment and improves the quality of life for the people of Bangladesh. Open water fisheries are major aquatic common property resources in Bangladesh covering over four million hectares. Around ten percent of the population of 120 million depend for their livelihoods on fisheries.
Introduction
Definition
Principle of drying
Importance
Types
Drying procedure of SIS
Drying procedure of large fishes
Advantage of dried fish
Disadvantage of dried fish
Uses
Feasibility study
Recommendations
Conclusion
References
Socio-Economic and Environmental Implication’s of Shrimp Cultivation in Andhr...Ruby Med Plus
Impromptu and random expansion of shrimp cultivation is happening in coastal regions of Andhra Pradesh. The exploration of its adverse effects has not received significant attention from the Indian researcher community yet. The shrimp industry is polluting and degrading soils,
water, mangroves, and forests. The sustainable productivity of ecosystems, biodiversity and public health is endangering year after year. Shrimp aquaculture is changing customary patterns of natural resource use by appropriating these resources for its own purposes while restricting rights of local users as coastal Andhra big and experienced farmers in the aqua field are making huge investments in the sector and purchasing the agriculture fields of small farmers to convert it into aqua ponds. This in turn affects livelihoods more widely by disrupting earlier systems of production, distribution and social relations.
In order to elicit the concomitant socio-economic impacts and propose environmental sustainable solutions of shrimp cultivation based on secondary data, the present study was conducted by applying ‘Systematic Review and Content Analysis’ as a research method. The study findings manifest that the constant and unregulated shrimp farming has immense impacts on human health, ecology, environment and sustainability other than economic benefits to aqua farm
owners. The extensive shrimp farming in coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh has negatively expedited the infringement of mangroves, intrusion of salinity, degradation of land, destabilization of coastal ecosystems. The main socio-economic effects challenge the patterns of
livelihood pattern, displacement of family and social structure, internal migration, reduction in grazing field and livestock, changes in the cropping calendar and its pattern and bio-diversity.
The Government of Andhra Pradesh and the financial institutions sponsoring shrimp cultivation has overlooked the impact of shrimp farming on Ecological and sustainability of farm fields and
control of salinity and degradation of mangrooves. In conclusion, appropriate adoption and implementation of the resilient strategies can reduce the adverse effects on the coastal environment, and improve the impact of unplanned shrimp cultivation in Andhra Pradesh and
other parts of India.
This study accomplish the generation of proper information on the proximate chemical composition, heavy metals and free fatty acid profiling studies of Indian EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone) and will be more important when utilization of new species of deeper water fishes for human healthcare benefits especially in pregnant women, young children and aged population.
Contributory factors for low productivity of inland capture fisheries in Tami...India Water Portal
In this presentation, Dr R. Sakthivadivel gives a brief overview of the various Government policies relating to fisheries, the potential for inland fishing in Tamilnadu and the factors constraining yield.
Socio-economic status of fish retailers in Jashore sadar, BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted to determine the fish retailer's livelihood and socioeconomic status in three markets of Jashore for a period of six months from February to August, 2016. The average net profit of fish retailers was found higher in Boro bazaar (Tk.350) followed by Palbari bazaar (Tk.325), Chuadanga Bus Stand bazaar (TK.275). The average age groups of 20-65 years were found among the markets. The study shows that 53% fish retailers had nuclear family and 47% had joint family. Most of the housing conditions were kacha (69%) and Muslim fish retailers were predominant in all markets. Among the total 45 traders interviewed, 42% were illiterate, 31% have primary level education, 24% have secondary level education and none of them had bachelor level of education. It was found that fish retailers of Boro bazaar and Palbari bazaar sold an average of 35 kg fish daily, compared with Chuadanga Bus Stand bazaar 15 kg per day. The daily supply of fish in Boro bazaar can be estimated at 1.6 MT (25 retailers' × 65 kg) while 0.3 MT (15 retailers × 20 kg) and 0.45 MT (15 retailers × 30 kg) in C.B Bazar and Palbari bazaar respectively. Improvement in basic infrastructure such as, clean water supply, sanitation facilities, adequate drainage and ice facilities are recommended by the present study.
Marketing channels of mud crab (Scylla serrata) at Nijhum Dwip, Noakhali, Ban...AbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted to assess the marketing and value chain of crab from Nijhum Dwip Island in Noakhali region during July 2015 to December 2015. Data were collected through questionnaire interview and tools of participatory rural appraisal such as focus group discussion. The Meghna estuary, tidal rivers and mangroves were the main sources of crab. Local people including the fishermen can collect the crabs and crab lets. The grading system varied depending on sex and size of the crab. The highest average price was found to be 200 BDT/kg for FF1 grade of female while the minimum price was found to be 500 BDT/kg for XXL grade of male. Crabs were mainly available in April, May, June, July, August, September, and October. It was found that 70% crab catchers were from the age group of 12-28 years, which were the main working force in the society. In the study area, 60% of the crab marketers had monthly income of BDT 9,000-20,000, the farmers living conditions were not up to the mark but the survey suggests that most of the crab marketers and exporters increased their income level. If crab fattening can be established, training can be provided, institutional and policy support can be offered to the farmers and good marketing facilities can be developed, crab can be an alternative source of income and sustainable livelihood for the coastal poor people.
Status of polyculture Pangasius hypophthalmus with carps in Jhikargacha Upazi...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted in Jhikargacha sub-district of Jessore district with the view to evaluating status of polyculture of Pangasius hypophthalmus with carps from July to December 2012. The mean age and experience of the respondents was 41.28±12.19 and 9.48±3.12 years respectively. Culture pond size was 0.41±0.21 ha (0.343 to 0.478 at 95% CL). 67.50% culture ponds were leased ponds and mean yearly lease value was 535364.70±468224.20 BDT/ha. All the ponds were rectangular in shape and perennial in nature. During preparation of pond, all the ponds were dried by draining out the water. Liming was done at 229.30±118.70 kg/ha (pre-stocking) and 250 kg/ha (post-stocking). Application rate of various fertilizers during post stocking management were recorded as- 155.12±79.10 kg/ha (cow dung); 158.27±79.85 kg/ha (urea); and 79.90±42.93 kg/ha (TSP). Five species of fishes were found to be stocked at the rate of 7377 individuals/ha including 93.10% P. hypophthalmus seeds and 6.90% other carps. Supplementary feeding was done daily and the application rates were 444.23±236.41 kg/ha (rice bran), 228.29±116.96 kg/ha (mustard oil cake), and 912.91±468.05 kg/ha (commercial pangus feeds, pellet). Average fish production was found 6672.84 kg/ha. All the fishes grown in the study area were marketed to fish landing centers and markets of three districts- Chuadanga (47.50%), Dhaka (30%) and Jessore (22.50%). The average cost-benefit ratio was 1:1.15. High mortality, low growth of seeds, and high input price were the major problems.
Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) marketing system in greater Jessore region,...AbdullaAlAsif1
The study was carried out to access on the present status of Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) marketing in Jessore sadar in Jessore district. Study period was carried out during June 2013 to December 2013. For the market survey, two important fish markets in Jessore town, namely Boro Bazaar and Rail-station Bazaar Similarly, two important local fish markets in the Jessore Sadar namely Churamonkati Bazaar and Ambot-tola Bazaar were selected to carry out comparative studies of tilapia marketing between town and local markets. A total of 80 traders were interviewed in Local and Town markets, 40 in each area. In the study area 55% of harvested tilapias are sold to the local agents, while the rest (45%) are sold to the suppliers and about 60% of tilapias are transported to the boro bazaar. The rest (40%) of the tilapia, which are under-sized, are transported to nearby local markets. The average farm-gate prices of tilapia varied between Tk 55 and Tk 85 per kg. According to the survey, a wholesaler typically operates with capital of around Tk 11,968 per day, ranging from Tk 8,350 to Tk 27,125 per day. According to the survey, 70% of wholesalers used their own money for fish marketing including tilapia, while the rest (30%) received loans. In the study area tilapia comes from Jhenidah, Satkhira, Jessore then it is supplied to Boro Bazar to wholesaler then it is distributed towards local market. Around 20 to 25 individuals are associated with fish trading including tilapia, except for Boro Bazaar which is larger. The total average marketing costs from producers to consumers was calculated to be Tk 13.02 per kg of tilapia which is sub-divided into: primary market – Tk 3.25 (25%), secondary market – Tk 4.75 (36%), and retail market – Tk 5.02 (39%). In the study area, tilapia prices are generally lower between September and December, rising during the following four to five months. The highest average marketing margin and profit per kilogram of tilapia was found in secondary market, followed by retail and primary market. The proportion of respondents identifying poor road and transport facilities was 24%. Only 20% and 12% of traders identified lack of money for this business. In case of socio economic condition traders 25% has earthen house and 65% has Pucca house and 10% has Semi pucca house. In the study area about 35% traders goes to the MBBS and rest of 65% is goes to the quack or non trained doctor. Traders has earthen toilet of 27%, Pucca toilet is 50% and Semi pucca is 23%. All traders have education at some level, which implies that the reported literacy rate is 83%. Most traders were quite young, with an average age estimated at 36 with a range from 23 to 57. The average family size of tilapia traders was estimated at 5.5 in a single family.
Performances of resource poor households in aquaculture practices in sadar up...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to evaluate the performances of resource poor farmers in fish farming at their homestead ponds in Sadar Upazila under Meherpur district from July to October 2015. Participatory Rural Appraisal tools such as questionnaire interview, cross check interview and secondary information were used to assess the performances in aquaculture activities. Thirty pond fish farmers were purposively selected, among them 10, 5, 5, and 10 participants were involved with carp-mola, carp-tilapia and carp-shing polyculture and vietnam koi mono-culture respectively. The result showed that the majority of the farmers (33.33%) had 51-100 decimal cultivable land followed by 20 and 16.67% participants who possessed 151-200 and >300 decimal of land respectively. It was found that the highest percentage of participants (73.33%) primary occupation was agriculture followed by fish farming (3.33%). A majority of the farmers (53.33%) started fish farming only before 1-5 years influenced by the positive result of fish culture by the villagers and 20% each have started before 6-10 and 11-15 years back. Only 6.67% farmers started fish culture in 16 years before who were the pioneers of fish farming in the region. The average pond size in the area was found 15 decimal with a range of 7 to 35. Before starting fish culture all the farmers got training and inputs support for fish culture from a local NGO called Daridra Bimochon Sangstha (DBS). Prior to start fish farming all of the farmers followed standard procedure of pond preparation and fish fry release in their ponds. Majority farmers (90%) applied homemade feed, whereas rest applied commercial feed to their fish. By contrast, 90% farmers used to feed their fish and rest was reluctant to provide feed to the fish. Almost twenty seven percent respondents annual income was between BDT 61,000 to 80,000 followed by 20 and 10% whose income was 100000-150000 and >150000 BDT per year. During the culture operation, farmers usually had some problems such as pond drying, disease outbreak, dike erosion, shade of tree over the ponds, theft, snakes eating the fish etc.
Blue Economy means sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods and jobs, and ocean environment health. More specifically, it basically refers to any economic activity in the marine sector, whether sustainable or not”.In Bangladesh , Coastal and Marine based aquaculture has been developed day by day .There are many prawn and shrimp farm in Bangladesh among the different districts.These farm play a dominant role for rising blue economic development of Bangladesh .Besides sea weed is also a prominent aquaculture in Bangladesh .There are about 133 species of sea weeds that commercially produce in different kinds of farm in Bangladesh .Although there has so many bar to management theses types of farm ,but day by day the efficiency of producing these product are increasing very rapidly. A very great role has kept by the marine and coastal aquaculture for developing blue economy of Bangladesh
Attitude of farmers towards Pangas farming for their livelihood improvementAbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted in the selected Malotipur village of Muktagachha upazila under Mymensingh district during 13 to 28 April, 2014. The sample size of the study was 90 fish farmers (43 percent of population) and it was drown from a population of 209 using simple random sampling technique. Eight (8) selected characteristics of farmers viz.: age, level of education, family size, farm size, annual income, credit received, training experience and cosmopoliteness were considered as the independent variables, while the attitude of the farmers towards Pangas farming was the dependent variable of the study. The focus variable i.e. attitude of farmers towards Pangas farming was measured with a 5 point likert scale such as " strongly agree " , " agree " , " undecided " , " disagree " and " strongly disagree " in Pangas farming and the corresponding scores were 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 respectively. The findings indicated that the majority (50 percent) of the Pangas farmers had moderately favorable attitude towards Pangas farming compared to 31.1 percent having highly favorable and only 18.9 percent had slightly favorable attitude. The finding on problem faced by the farmers related to Pangas farming revealed that about two-third (65.6 percent) of the farmers had high problem followed by 20 percent low problems. Among eight selected characteristics of Pangas farmers five characteristics such as age, level of education; annual income, training experience and cosmopoliteness had significant positive relationships with their attitude towards Pangas farming. On the other hand, the other two characteristics of pangas farmers such as family size and farm size had positive but no significant relationships with their attitude towards Pangas farming.
Fry production and its marketing system of North-West fisheries extension pro...AbdullaAlAsif1
In order to understand the present status of hatcheries, questionnaire interview and participatory rural appraisal tools were used in North-west Fisheries Extension Project (NFEP), Parbatipur during the period from July to December 2015. There are two hatcheries in NFEP, Parbatipur- a carp hatchery and a prawn hatchery. The production of spawn was around 611 kg in the year 2015. According to the target hatchery manager collected brood fish from rivers and other sources which he maintained in their brood stock ponds with proper management. The hatchery manager maintained proper age and weight of broods for spawning and followed the guideline of hatchery operation so that the quality of spawn and fry were good. It was found that the hatcheries produced fish seed of a variety of species such as Indian major carps, carpio, sarpunti, silver carp, grass carp, magur, shing as well as freshwater prawn. The hatchery production activities took place starting from February and continued up to September. The quantity of fish seed produce varied from 25 to 75 kg per hatching cycle depending on size and facilities of hatcheries. The price of fry in NFEP was being fixed by the hatchery manager. However, the price variation was seen due to seasonal variation, species and demand. The average price of fish seed was highest in monsoon and lowest in winter. A number of middlemen were involved in the fry marketing channel of NFEP at Parbatipur. They were responsible for increasing the price of fry at each stage of marketing channel.
Contribution of aquaculture on livelihood development of fish farmer at Noakh...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to assess the contribution of aquaculture on livelihood status of fish farmer at Noakhali sadar upazila. This research work was carried out during the period of February 2013 to July 2013. A total of 50 fish farmers were interviewed with a well-structured questionnaire. The survey revealed that average pond size was 0.48 ha with 40% of the farmers having ponds of single ownership, 20% having ponds of multiple-ownership, 30% having ponds of single lease and 10% having ponds of multiple leases. Poly culture of Indian major carps and exotic carps has been practiced by most of the farmers. Fish fingerlings were stocked from April to June and average stocking density was 12,370 fingerlings/ha. The average fish production cost was Tk 69,870/ha/yr. Although the living condition of the rural fish farmers were poor, livelihood outcomes were found positive and 88% of the farmers have improved their socioeconomic conditions through fish farming. The gross income and net profit were Tk. 1, 06,400 and Tk. 1, 00,000/ha/yr respectively. The average monthly income was in range of BDT 15,000-25,000. Their basic need like food, cloth, house, education and medical facility had changed after fish farming. The households have broadly improved their food consumption, family education, standards of living, purchasing power, choice and economic ability through fish farming. The constraints for sustainable pond fish farming in the areas were lack of technical knowledge of the farmers, disease of fishes, multiple ownership of the pond, higher production cost (mainly seeds and feed), insufficient supply of fry and fingerlings, lack of money and credit facilities and inadequate extension services. It is therefore essential to provide the necessary training facilities with institutional and organizational supports, credit facilities and extension services for sustainable fish production and livelihoods of rural fish farmers.
Analysis of Living Stages of Traditional Fishermen in Belang District Southea...AI Publications
The purposive of this study, namely to find out how much and what are the sources of income for traditional fishermen's families in Belang District, and the expenses of traditional fishermen's families in Belang District is, te last step is to find out how the standard of living of traditional fishermen's families in Belang District is. The Method used in this research is a survey method. The population in this study are traditional fishermen in Belang District. The data collection method used is Sampling . The sampling method is using a quataed Multi-Stages Purposive Sampling, with the number of sample villages being 15 villages and the sample fishermen taken are fishermen with fishing rods and nets as much as 10% of the total population in each sample village. The data collected consists of primary data and secondary data. Primary data was collected through observation and interviews guided by questionnaires. Secondary data were obtained from the Belang District of office and related to this research. The data analysis used is descriptive qualitative and quantitative analysis. The standard of living of traditional fishing families is analyzed using the Engel index. Based on the results of the analysis, it is known that the income of traditional fishermen's families in Belang District comes from their main job as fishermen, side jobs outside the field of fisheries. The total incomes of traditional fishermen's families in Belang District on average for one year is Rp.53,394,000. There are 2 types of expenditures for traditional fishermen's families in Belang District, namely expenditures for food and expenditures for non-food such as clothing, housing, health, education, electricity, transportation and others. The total average expenditure for one year is Rp. 53,394,000, which is divided into expenditures for food needs of Rp. 32,284,500 and expenditures for non-food needs which are Rp. 21,109,500. The results of the analysis of the Engel index are 60 0.46% , meaning that the total income of traditional fishermen in Belang District is 60.46% used to meet food needs only. The proportion for food, which is 39,54 % . This is indicates that the standard of living of traditional fishermen in Belang District is still relatively low because more than half of their income is only sufficient to meet food needs.
Constraints and prospects of fish farming in Lalmonirhat districtAbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to know the constraints and prospects of fish farming in Lalmonirhat district of Bangladesh. The data were collected from 100 fish farmers through questionnaire interview for a period of four months from July 2014 to October 2014. Most of the ponds were perennial (72%) with an average size of 0.41 ha and a depth of 1.69 m. All the fish farmers practiced mostly carp polyculture system using different aquaculture inputs like fertilizer, feed, seed, and chemicals. They were usually found to collect fish seed from neighboring districts, mainly Bogra and Mymensingh. The main constrains were availability of quality seed, lack of scientific and technical knowledge, lack of manpower, outbreak of fish diseases, lack of credit facilities, high price of various inputs, low fish price, theft of fish and poisoning the pond water. Though there were many constraints, the fish production from aquaculture sector was increasing gradually in the study area. The total fish production from aquaculture in 2014 was projected 10,663 MT, while the fish production in 2010 was only 7600.4 MT in Lalmonirhat district. If the constraints could be solved, fish production in the study area would possibly be increased tremendously.
Aquaculture facilities used by farmers in Barangay Day-asan, Surigao City, Ph...Open Access Research Paper
The purpose of the study was to determine the aquaculture facilities used by the fish farmers in Barangay Day-asan, Surigao City, Philippines, and its effect to the fish farm production. This study utilized a survey questionnaire administered to aquaculture operators in the study area. The respondents were randomly selected, and data were collected through personal interviews and ocular inspections of the facilities. The collected data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results showed that aquaculture farming in the study area was predominantly carried out by males. A significant proportion of older individuals above 50 years old remained active in the industry. The majority of the respondents were married, indicating that fish farming was often pursued as a livelihood activity within families. Practical experience and traditional methods played a significant role in fish farming practices, as many respondents had lower levels of formal education. Most of the fish farmers were full-time and engaged in intensive aquaculture, particularly in lobster culture. The farmers’ choice of fish species was not significantly influenced by their years of farming experience, but their management options were significantly affected by their experience. The type of culture facility used did not significantly impact fish farm production, suggesting that similar production levels could be achieved with different facility choices.
Socio-economic condition of fish fry and fingerling traders in greater Jessor...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to assess the livelihood status of fish fry and fingerling traders and socioeconomic condition in the greater Jessore, Bangladesh from April 2013 to September 2013. Data were collected through the use of well-structured questionnaire from the selected area. 73% of traders have single family but only 27% have joint family. 45% fish fry and fingerling traders family has four members. 20% family has five members, 14% family has six members, 12% family has three members 9%family has seven to eight members respectively. 92% traders has own bank account but only 7% traders uses their bank account when they trade fry and fingerling. 87% traders have secondary business like rickshaw business, fruit business, cloth business, fish trading etc. Among 300 fish fry and fingerling traders the sanitation facilities are present 100%. It was found that 69% and 31% of fish farmers used semi-pucca and pucca toilet respectively. Among 300 fish fry and fingerling traders 78% of traders have own house but only 22% of trader live in rental house or place. 46% of traders have institutional education that range from primary to higher education and other 54% of traders have no experience in education. In case of illness 58% of traders and trader's family goes to government hospital, 24% uses private clinic, 15% traders are uses local village doctor and another 3% does not get any treatment or not require no treatment. 93% traders have television, 5% house consist radio and another 2% house no instrument for entertainment. Only 10% trader wants their son and grandson engages with this fish fry and fingerling trading profession. The average monthly income of traders in the peak season is 18000 taka and off-peak season the income is less than 7000 taka per month.
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The Problem and Prospect of Shrimp Cultivators in the Coastal Area of Bangladesh: An Analysis
1. UIJRT | United International Journal for Research & Technology | Volume 01, Issue 02, 2019
All rights are reserved by UIJRT.COM. 48
The Problem and Prospect of Shrimp Cultivators in the
Coastal Area of Bangladesh: An Analysis
Abdul karim Gazi
Studying BSS in Sociology,
University of Barishal, Barishal 8200, Bangladesh
gazikarimbu@gmail.com
Abstract— Shrimp culture has vital role for rising
economic success, shaping a more prosperous and
sustainable future in Bangladesh, specially in the
coastal area but this sector is under threat for various
problems, faced by shrimp cultivators. This paper
explains the problem, faced by shrimp cultivators in the
coastal area of Bangladesh and the solution of those
problems with the current attitude of shrimp farmers on
shrimp culture. This study has been conducted in three
districts, named Bagerhat, Khulna and Shatkhira
district of Bangladesh. 200 respondents have been
selected randomly who have been cultivating shrimp
since several years. A semi-structured questionnaire
has been used, four FGDs and three case study
interviews have been conducted to identify problems
and solutions of those problems and a scale has been
used to know their current attitude on shrimp culture.
Secondary data have been collected though journal,
repots and newspaper. This study has focused on
problems, disrupting the shrimp culture constantly and
solutions in specific areas of shrimp cultivators but the
whole problem of shrimp culture hasn’t been included
in this study. This study has identified that shrimp
cultivators are facing problems a lot which are eroding
the benefit from shrimp culture, including shrimp fry
remains sick, comparatively high price of shrimp fry,
virus, pollution of water, comparatively low price
during they sell shrimp, the price of feed is so high,
lack of proper transportation, traditional process of
culture and lack of monitoring bodies etc. True, to
combat these troubling situations and create new
possibilities, cooperation is crucial, including- soft
loan, training, NGOs’ help, and Governmental
initiatives. So, the Government of Bangladesh must
take cognizance and act decisively to determine the
barrier of shrimp cultivators and the solution of those
barriers to make a suitable place of shrimp culture
which will contribute to enrich the economy of
Bangladesh.
Keywords— Shrimp, shrimp fry, shrimp cultivators,
Bangladesh, problems and prospects.
I. INTRODUCTION
Bangladesh, a developing country has suitable
geographical position to cultivate shrimp, specially
Bagda (English name: Black tiger) and Golda (English
name: Fresh water Prawn) which have a lot of demands
worldwide, specially- in the USA, UK and Japan. Over
the few decades, with meeting local demands, this
product has been being exported since 1980s by fits
and starts and that resulted in earning huge amount of
dollars every year as well as turned over a new leaf in
those areas. Moreover, shrimp would certainly have
helped to rise economy, only that there are many
problems. In fact, the cultivator may still fancy to
cultivate shrimp but the truth is that there are too
problems to cultivate shrimp in Bangladesh, which
demotivate farmers to cultivate. Hence, the Bangladesh
government has formulated several strategies but that
effects have quickly been disappeared, because people
abide by those rules irregularly, inappropriately, and
infrequently. Subsequently, there is no overall change
in this sector. Similarly, shrimp cultivators face
problems a lot, yet such problems, that are still
horrifying, are becoming far more common.
Identifying those problems is only temporary fix, the
root cause must be addressed. By and large, the fact
that Bangladesh is a poor country proves that there is
less focusing on problems and solutions. By
emphasizing on this issue, the author has discussed
problems, solutions and attitude on shrimp culture in
the below.
A. Background of this study
This part shows an overview of the shrimp cultivation
in Bangladesh. Bangladesh ranks at 5th in the world as
aquaculture producer [1]. Farmers produce 300-350 kg
shrimp per hectare in Bangladesh which is fewer than
any other countries in which shrimp culture is ongoing.
Actually, in the 1950s, the shrimp was first cultivated
in Satkhira district and has been being run ever since.
In the 1960s, coastal areas of Bangladesh were restored
by tidal water and they were reared shrimp for 3-4
months. In the 1980s, exporting shrimp was started in
the world market. Around 2,75,583 hectares land are
used to cultivate shrimp, among them, 70% land are
2. UIJRT | United International Journal for Research & Technology | Volume 01, Issue 02, 2019
All rights are reserved by UIJRT.COM. 49
situated in Khulna District. Furthermore, 12,000
hectares land are used in other 16 districts in
Bangladesh [2].
16 crores people, among them 2.8 crores people are
unemployed live in Bangladesh and shrimp has vital
role to give income sources to those unemployed
people. To cultivate shrimp, there are sufficient labor,
water and land on which shrimp farming is running.
8% foreign income come from fisheries, among it, 92%
income come from shrimp sector [2].
Parvez (as cited in EPB, 2018) has said that the
demand and price of shrimp have decreased in
international market in 2017-18 fiscal year [3].
He also has argued that 8.37% income of shrimp has
been decreased.
Fiscal Year US Doller
($)
2018 408
2017 446
2016 448
2015 502
2014 545
2013 439
Table I: The income from shrimp sector
Source: EPB,2018
He (as cited from Hussain who is Managing Director of
Sobi Fish Processing Industries Ltd) stated that 39,705
tons shrimp have been exported in 2017 but 36,267
tons shrimp have been exported in 2018 [3].
But current price of shrimp has been increased in 2019.
Golda has been sold per kilogram highest at $16.25 and
Bagda has been sold per kilogram highest at $ 10.00 in
local shrimp market.
B. Rationale of the study
This section of this paper has focused on the rationality
of preparing of this paper. Actually, shrimp is the most
beneficial product and cash cow in coastal areas of
Bangladesh. So far, it seems that rising of shrimp
culture has already contributed to a board pattern of
income in those areas. But many reasons have affected
this culture which are hidden as yet, specially-
problems of cultivators. Although those problems are
associated with several sector of shrimp culture but this
paper has focused on cultivators’ problems and
solutions. The Shrimp has more positive sides than
negative sides. The Shrimp increases the income of
farmers, majority people of those area are being rich,
infrastructures are being developed, the rate of
reducing poverty is being increased, their investing in
business is increasing for this culture [4].
Chand, N. C., Minster of state for Fisheries and
Livestock has said that shrimp culture not only won’t
be confined in Satkhira district but also will be started
in all districts, without Chottogram Hill Tracts in
Bangladesh [5].
Although several researches have been conducted on
shrimp culture, but researching on shrimp cultivators
with their problems and solutions didn’t get attention
of researchers and research communities in
Bangladesh. On the other hand, some environmental
organizations have recommended to reduce shrimp
culture in coastal areas, because of rising saline water
in those areas and preventing environmental
degradation.
More specifically, to rise shrimp culture, identifying
cultivators’ problems and solutions is more required
the leaps and bounds. The author is an inhabitant of
coastal area and he observes the problems which can’t
be eradicated in a matter of years, or even decades and
way of mitigating those problems and the importance
of shrimp culture.
C. Objectives of the study
It is clear that so long as problem of shrimp farmers is
stopped and solution is visual, the aggrandizement of
shrimp culture is not possible. Therefore, this study has
focused on problems and prospects of shrimp farmers,
including-
a) To highlight shrimp cultivators,
b) To learn the problem with buying shrimp fry and
how to mitigate,
c) To learn the problem with selling shrimp and how
to mitigate,
d) To analyze the problem with shrimp cultivation
and how to mitigate,
e) To show shrimp feed-oriented problems and how
to mitigate,
f) To identify the current attitude on shrimp culture.
II. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND
MATERIALS
This paper was initiated with reviewing previous
research paper, current state of shrimp, observing the
problems, faced by shrimp farmers and used seven
recognized members to collect data from fields who
3. UIJRT | United International Journal for Research & Technology | Volume 01, Issue 02, 2019
All rights are reserved by UIJRT.COM. 50
have been mentioned in acknowledgement section.
This paper has included mixed method approach to
identifying problems and way of mitigation of those
problems and identify farmers attitude in shrimp
culture.
A. Research approach
The author has used mixed method research
methodology which includes both quantitative and
qualitative approach. Quantitative data show numerical
presentation of data and qualitative data show the
descriptive presentation.
B. Data collection and analysis
Both primary and secondary data are used in this study
and findings have made on the basis of collected data.
Primary data are collected by four ways, including-
interview by using semi-structured questionnaire,
FGDs, case study and Likert scale. Quantitative data
have been gathered via Likert scale which has been
used on 200 shrimp farmers to know current attitude of
farmers on shrimp culture by using non-probability
sampling (convince and snowball sampling).
Quantitative data have been analyzed statistically and
MS Excel has used to make chart.
Qualitative data have been gathered by informal semi-
structured questionnaire interview which has been
conducted on 200 farmers, farm observations, four
FGDs, and three case studies. Qualitative data have
been analyzed thematically and used independently.
Secondary data are collected via journals, newspapers,
reports of GOs and NGOs in order to discuss shrimp
culture, current state of shrimp culture, to format study
design and to formulate semi-structured questionnaire,
way of FGDs and case study method.
C. Ethical issues
This study has conducted to clarify farmers’ problems
and prospects with attitude on shrimp culture. Findings
are not presupposed in the research, rather by analyzing
data, collected from fields these findings have been
shown in the Result and Discussion section. On the
other hand, ethics has been maintained in conducting
interviews, case study and FGDs. All questions have
been made in English language and translated in
Bangla language by author and participants to ensure
efficient communication with respondents. Each of the
farmers has got a brief introduction on the nature and
purpose of the study before giving answers. Then
asking questions and recording answers were started in
sequence. A total of four FGDs were conducted with
farmers, experts, and dwellers who are observed
shrimp culture since many years. Research participants
took data at the beginning of the study with building
rapport, speaking fluently and observing farmers’ facial
condition. Thus, farmers have given data verbally and
participants have recorded data exactly.
D. Study area and period
Timing of the study: March 1, 2019 to June 5, 2019,
this time is used to review previous research, identify
gap, select title, make methodology, select study areas,
and make questionnaire. The author and the team
member are divided into eight parts and went to collect
data on this topic and conducted interviews and
collected data on scale. Besides conducting interviews,
the author has conducted case study interviews and
FGDs. Thus, June 6, 2019 to July 10, 2019, this time is
used to collect data from respondents. July 11, 2019 to
August 24, 2019, this time has been used to analyze
and formulate report.
Areas of the study: Bangladesh, situated on the bank
of the Bay of Bengal is considered a proper state to
produce shrimp on the basis of saline and unlimited
water of coastal areas. The Bagda is cultivated in
Bagerhat, Khulna, Satkhira and Cox’s Bazar district.
But the Golda is cultivated in Bagerhat, Khulna,
Joshore, Patuakhali, Barishal, Chottogram,
Lakshmipur, Feni, Gopalgonj, Madaripur,
Kishoregonj, Rajbari and Dhaka district, because the
Golda is cultivated in fresh water [26]. Actually, Both
Golda and Bagda are cultivated in Bagerhat, Khulna
and Bagerhat district. So, the author has conducted this
study in these three districts.
E. Instruments
This study has followed those data which are- updating
data on shrimp production, earning state, problems
with buying, selling, cultivating, feeding of shrimp and
attitude on shrimp culture. Based on these preliminary
research and data, specific research questions were
developed, including-
F. Interview questions are made of these ways
Four key issues of farmers have been focused,
including-
Problems of shrimp cultivators
Way of reducing those problems
Showing farmers’ well-beings
Identifying attitude on shrimp culture.
a) On the basis of focusing title and objectives,
questionnaire has been made, including-
b) Questions on biographical state, including- name.
age, location,
c) Questions on type of shrimp and shrimp Gher
(pond), including- the amount of shrimp Gher
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(pond), size of shrimp Gher (pond), cultivating
period, and main type of cultivating shrimp,
d) Questions on buying, selling, cultivating and feed-
oriented problems and way of mitigation.
e) Questions have focused on natural and social
problems, including- water, sunlight, hot weather,
drought, and robbery.
f) Questions on helping body, including- foreign
aids, training, governmental subsidy, NGOs’ help,
making association, attending seminar and money
supply.
G. Likert scale
Liker scale has focused on five attitudes of farmers,
including- strongly satisfied, satisfied, undecided,
dissatisfied, and strongly dissatisfied.
H. Case study
Case study interview has focused on
a) Experiences on shrimp culture,
b) Problems which have been observed to cultivate
shrimp,
c) Solutions of those problems in their opinions,
d) Way of rising this culture in coastal areas.
I. Focus Group Discussion
Focused Group Discussions have focused “shrimp
farmers’ problems and prospects”. Besides cultivators,
experts, inhabitants of those areas who don’t cultivate
shrimp but observed since many years were present.
They have expressed their opinions on shrimp culture
over the previous years and current years.
J. Limitations of this study
The quantitative findings from this study can be biased
for using non-probability sampling. As this study is not
high-quality statistical representation at the national or
international level, findings shouldn’t be generalized to
the entire shrimp cultivators in Bangladesh.
Furthermore, there are some limitations, including-
Only 200 farmers, four FGDs and three case
studies have been used to collect data,
Comparatively less time has been used to analyze,
Respondents feel nervous, hesitation and fear to
give data,
Only eight participants or members have collected
data.
However, besides several limitations, this paper has
made a clean pattern on problems of buying fry, selling
shrimp, cultivating shrimp, feed supply and the
importance of shrimp culture.
III. LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature review is seemed as the internal part of
research. This section provides the base of research and
sources of data and techniques for analyzing. There are
many researches on this topic, but author has discussed
those papers which have described about problems and
prospects of shrimp culture. A brief review of the
relevant literature is given in the below.
The coastal area of Bangladesh is appropriate place to
cultivate shrimp. Without cultivating shrimp, the land
of those areas is useless because of salinity in water
and soil. Some landlords cultivate shrimp in own land
but most of shrimp farmers get lease land to cultivate
land. The landlord earns huge amount of money by
giving lease of land and renting shrimp cultivators earn
huge money by cultivating shrimp. These landlords and
farmers earn less money by agriculture than shrimp
culture [6]. Transforming cultivating system from rice
to shrimp has developed the economic state in the
coastal area and besides shrimp farming, farmers rear
cattle, such as- cow and goat on the dikes of shrimp
Ghers (ponds) [7]. To get proper benefit from shrimp
sector, lack of qualified PL (post larvae) is main
barrier. The Problem with PL (post larvae) affects
shrimp culture. To rise hatchery is needed to enrich
shrimp culture in order to get qualified PL (post larvae)
that can rise the economy of Bangladesh [8]. The
problem in transporting sector is preventing to get
exact price of shrimp. To get exact price of shrimp,
farmers have to go Mokams (shrimp market) at around
12:00 PM to 1:00 PM. In coastal areas, transportation
is so bad and farmers often don’t arrive at market at
due time [9]. Shrimp diseases are more responsible
than other factors to get utilizations. As well as
unplanned culture increase salinity in water and land.
So, farmers should be aware to cultivate shrimp [10].
The high price of feed is more obstacle to get high
utilization from shrimp culture. Comparatively the
price of shrimp feed is so high in Bangladesh, farmers
often don’t buy feed and get less profit than
expectation [11]. There are a lot of problems in land
tenure system in Bangladesh, like- rich farmers take
lease Ghers(ponds) by paying high amount and small
farmers are failing to take lease Ghers (ponds) [12].
Along with, inadequate prawn fry, high production
cost, inadequate technical knowledge and low
production are obstacle to get proper benefit from
shrimp culture in Bangladesh .Moreover, lack of
planning, system design, construction, sufficient
finance, proper operation management, and political
leaders and local power holders who have captured
public places in coastal areas of Bangladesh are
preventing to cultivate shrimp exactly [13,14,15].
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Fresh water prawn has been cultivated in small-scale in
Bangladesh. To get proper benefit they should
extensive process which is favorite process in other
countries [16]. To increase shrimp production,
technology and information supply are must needed.
Because. every country has changed their technologies
in shrimp farming sector and gets proper utilizations
but Bangladesh is leg behind from changing pattern of
shrimp cultivation [17]. Also, to increase shrimp
production, government stimuli, marketing
opportunities, technical improvement must be needed.
Because above opportunities are so fewer in
Bangladesh what disrupt to get exact profits from
shrimp culture [18]. Identifying diseases, improve feed
supply, maintain water quality and improving hatchery
are needed [19]. Proper management system is also
required. There is lack of proper management system
of shrimp in Bangladesh which disrupts to enhance
shrimp culture [20].
There are needs to get aids in production technology
and hatchery operations which increase shrimp
production. Because of Lacking of proper technologies,
shrimp culture is being disrupted [21]. There are no
monitoring bodies in Bangladesh, the authority has to
make a clear guideline which will monitor ecological
impact and introduce programs for shrimp culture [22].
To sustain shrimp culture in Bangladesh, some
strategies must be taken, including- knowledge
technology, pond preparation, sufficient feeding, using
good fry etc. [23]. Shrimp sector has arranged many
employment sectors in Bangladesh, including- hatchery
operations, feed production and selling, farm workers,
marketing and processing of shrimp [24]. Finally,
farmers, trade holders, processors, general people
should be integrated to laws and legislation to rise our
economy [25].
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. Shrimp in Bangladesh
The shrimp is found all over the world in both fresh
water and saline water. The Shrimp sector, as everyone
knows, is unique in Bangladesh. There are many types
of shrimp in Bangladesh, including- Bagda (English
name: Black tiger), Golda (English name: Fresh water
prawn), Harina Chingri (English name: Brown
Shrimp), Chaka Chingri (English name: Indian white
Prawn). With shrimp firming, there are many carp fish
have been cultivated in those areas, including- Catla
(English name: katla), Mrigal (English name: Mrigal),
Rui (English name: Rohu), Silver carp (English name:
Silver carp), Miner carp (English name: Common
Carp), Grass carp (English name: Grass Carp),
Kalibaus (English name: orange-fin-labes) etc.
B. Shrimp cultivation process
The shrimp is cultivated in traditional process in
Bangladesh. Even, other countries have changed their
cultivation process and instruments and taken new
technologies in order to they can produce huge shrimp.
The farmer of Bangladesh remains so unaware about
development that they can’t get sufficient benefits.
Today, the number one task of all farmers should be
aware about development, nothing can be more
important than that. Indeed, farmers are being careful
about their rights. The farmer of Bangladesh cultivate
shrimp this way-
1.Preparing shrimp Gher (pond),
2.Collecting shrimp fry: Natural and hatchery fry,
3.Shrimp culture (releasing fry +feeding +monitoring),
4.Marketing,
5.Businessmen,
6.Sending local market and exporting to global market.
At first, farmers prepare ponds to release fry. Then,
they collect fry from Mokam (Fry market) and buy fry
and release them as soon as possible. By laboring,
feeding and monitoring, they are rearing fry and
produce shrimp. After that they send shrimp to market
for selling and brokers buy them and send to local
market and fish processing companies. At the last, fish
processing companies sell them in global markets.
C. The problem of farmers
Shrimp culture has come a long way since the 1980s,
more than three decades ago, when the first shrimp was
exported but farmers problems are yet to be
recognized. From preparing ponds to selling shrimp,
farmers are facing various problems but yet no
palpable progress has been made. It is a tragedy that
some problems are so serious that most of the time
having lost, few farmers leave from shrimp culture and
commit suicide. Looking the other way, without
identifying the terms with the fact of those problems,
farmers will not see a downward trend of problems.
This section has shown those problems from different
angles of view in the below-
Problems with buying fry: Indeed, the shrimp is
produced from fry and this fry comes from hatcheries
and rivers. Farmers are facing several problems over
and over again when they buy fry, including-
Comparatively the price of shrimp fry is high,
Farmers get less shrimp fry than the amount which
seller saying,
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A little amount of shrimp fry remains weak, ill and
death,
Sometimes, farmers don’t get shrimp fry to buy,
Fry-seller make syndicate and take high price,
Comparatively, Mokams (shrimp fry market) are
situated far away from shrimp Ghers (ponds),
There are huge transportation problems,
During buying shrimp fry, farmers don’t get
proper money support,
Farmers are interested in buying natural shrimp fry
but they don’t get expected natural shrimp fry,
Hatchery growing fry is not preferred to buy,
because the shrimp of hatchery growing fry won’t
be big what farmers want,
Farmers pointed out that a little amount of fry are
died after releasing,
Police prevent to catch natural fry.
Problems with cultivation: After releasing fry,
farmers are facing many problems in rearing
shrimp, including-
There are problems in land tenure system, rich
people from cities take lease land at high price and
local farmers don’t get land lease to cultivate,
Many diseases, including- virus, water logging in
head, and shortage beard are preventing to get
proper benefits,
Comparatively, this culture is much expenses than
agriculture,
Before releasing fry, getting lease pond, cleaning
ponds, making dikes, repairing weak dikes,
eradicating Pek (soft mud) at the bottom of the
ponds, giving wages to laborers, are more
expensive,
There are no suggestion centers in which they can
get urgent suggestions,
There is no direct governmental help,
People in power control over public cannels,
Cannels and water management bodies aren’t
aware and sincere about their duties,
Farmers don’t get water in proper way,
They have fear of theft and robbery,
Most of farmers don’t attend in training and
seminar,
Farmers have associations, but those associations
don’t work clearly,
Banks and NGOs take huge interests,
The wages of laborer is very high,
Most of farmers don’t get NGOs’ help or training,
There are public services in those areas but
farmers don’t get those services,
Abrupt climate changes create many accidents.
Problems with selling shrimp: Whenever farmers sell
shrimp after catching, they face several problems,
including-
Comparatively the price of Bagda is very cheap,
Most of farmers argued that the price of Golda was
so cheap a few months ago,
Shrimp buyers make a syndicate and buy shrimp at
low price,
When huge shrimp are arrived, buyers buy shrimp
at low price,
The condition of Mokam (shrimp selling market) is
very bad,
The rate of tax is high,
Sometimes, some staffs of Mokam(shrimp selling
market) steal shrimp,
There is a problem of ice, farmers don’t get ice
easily,
There are no monitoring bodies in those areas,
There is a main problem in transporting system,
When farmers arrived in late at market, they get
low price,
Sometimes, Mokam (shrimp selling market) owner
don’t pay full money.
Problems with feed: farmers face several problems
wherever they buy shrimp feed Including-
Comparatively the price of feed is very high which
prevent to get exact benefit,
Some feed companies produce low quality feed,
There are many problems to bear feed in
Ghers(ponds),
A few companies use adulterated component in
feed,
There have no clear ideas about the demand of
feed of shrimp,
They feed shrimp in traditional way,
Snail is the most prominent feed for shrimp but
there is very scarcity of snail,
They don’t know the measurement of feed.
Problems with Environment: As a matter of fact,
environmental degradation is being increased and
impacts on shrimp culture head over heels, including-
It is hot weather in this year,
Comparatively raining is less than other years,
Sometimes, huge raining make flood,
Almost cyclone disrupts shrimp farming,
A few areas don’t get saline water when farmers
use food salt to make saline water,
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A few areas get much saline water that disrupts
farming shrimp,
Sometimes, polluted water makes gas in Gher
(pond),
There is no governmental project to reduce water
pollution.
D. The Solution of the problem
Removing farmers’ problems can’t be open-ended and
farmers can’t wait indefinitely. Also, a situation is
especially grave, when there are no steps of solutions.
Even if those problems don’t prevent farmers to rise
shrimp culture, they do prevent to get proper benefits.
This is one reason why there are fewer benefits from
shrimp culture is identifying solutions is growing less
than other countries.
The fact of the matter is that his shrimp culture will end
up dark if the authority hasn’t taken way of solving
problems.
The author has identified several solutions of those
problems, faced by shrimp farmers on the basis of
collected data analysis.
Soft loan: All farmers have no sufficient money for
farming shrimp. Most farmers take loan from banks
and micro-credit-based NGOs.
Farmers take money and pay high interests what makes
farmers loss substantially.
Money lending organizations are also concerned about
rising interest rates, which not only put a damper on
money returning but also on farmers’ benefits. It is not
their concern whether farmers survive or not, they want
to interests.
The fact that this loan system now seems to be
disintegrating- at the same time they need soft loan. In
this case, when they get soft loan, they can get proper
benefit from shrimp farming.
Generally, shrimp is died because of virus or diseases
and farmers become disappointed at times.
Under this circumstance, when they get soft loan and
release fry, they can cope up with losses. On the other
hand, this loan creates capital that will be used in
future.
Governmental help: Obviously, the shrimp earns a high
amount of dollars, for existing this occupation,
governmental help is urgently needed. Not only at
national level but also at international level it has huge
demands.
If government cannot understand the importance of
solutions of farmers’ problems, who will? So,
government has a lot of obedience. Even steps taken by
Bangladesh government are influential but other
strategies are claimed by farmers. including-
Making shrimp fry research center, shrimp
research center, and feed research center, although
there are research centers but those are not
sufficient to cover all Bangladesh,
Establishing and improving diseases research
center,
Consenting in medicine department of fishing
sector,
Rising awareness among farmers to cultivate
shrimp in legal way,
Rising subsidy in this sector,
Giving specific attention on this section and
making national strategic plan,
Ensuring monitoring in remote areas,
Rising suggestion service centers and concerning
potential future risks,
Encouraging people to cultivate shrimp because
some farmers are dissatisfied on this culture,
Arranging new seminars, workshops, projects etc.
Consenting in feed producing sector,
Giving economic help to marginal farmers,
Making updated laws for this sector,
Making easy to get information,
Repairing infrastructure,
Ensuring road safety,
Government officials have to more attentive on
duties.
NGOs’ help: NGOs involvement is crucial to take
forward shrimp culture. Even if that NGOs don’t
enable to help everyone with much accuracy, they
facilitate timely responses.
This is one reason why economic growth is increasing
that NGOs help in Bangladesh. So, NGOs help and will
continue to do so. Such as-
NGOs should encourage to rise shrimp farming,
NGOs have to make suitable policies and projects,
They can arrange training system for rising shrimp
production,
Giving economic support,
Lack of help, local associations become weak, so
NGOs can help to those local level associations,
Arranging seminars and workshops,
Making advertisements in global level,
Helping and suggesting foreign traders,
A few organizations focus on fry, they should
focus on feed and market place.
Duties of farmers: besides other sectors, farmers
have to take numerous steps in multiple stages
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what farmers argued during data collection. Such
as-
Being aware socially and publicly,
Taking trainings,
Obeying laws and regulations,
Getting public services, when they don’t get
services they should go to senior officers,
When they feel any trouble, they should inform
Upazila Agriculture Officers,
When GO, NGOs, and researcher call for
information, they should correct information,
Farmers should inspire to other farmers to be
aware and helpful with each other,
Repairing local level association and make
concerted efforts,
Avoiding traditional way of farming,
Helping to governmental activities,
When shrimp become ill, they have to go to
disease specialist and relevant authorities,
And take extra vigilant and extra precautions.
Actions of traders: Shrimp traders have to not only
continue their business but also have to keep it mind
that the shrimp is the way of income of them. So, they
should use legal way of business.
It doesn’t matter to some traders whether shrimp
farmers survive or die. So, they have many activities,
including-
Hatchery owners should use legal way to produce
perfect fry,
Shrimp buyers should pay legal price and avoid
illegal ways,
The staff of Mokam (shrimp market) should use
legal way to conduct business and pay full prices,
Feed making companies should rising research and
produce feed in legal ways,
Medicine companies have to rise research on
diseases and invent new medicine,
Shrimp processing companies should follow legal
ways and pay full prices,
Changing the pattern of Mokams (shrimp market),
Ice companies have to supply ice in remote areas
E. Farmers’ attitudes
Along with changing time, there are created a lot of
attitudes on shrimp culture in coastal areas of
Bangladesh.
Many people are satisfied but some people are
dissatisfied to cultivate shrimp. In this section, the
author has shown the attitude of shrimp cultivators on
shrimp culture in coastal areas of Bangladesh.
Figure I: farmers’ attitude on shrimp culture
Source: Analyzing of field data
This pie-chart shows the attitude of shrimp cultivators
on shrimp farming in coastal areas of Bangladesh by
different dimensions, including- strongly satisfied,
satisfied, undecided, dissatisfied and strongly
dissatisfied. It reveals that many farmers are strongly
satisfied on shrimp culture. 31% people prefer to
cultivate shrimp in their Ghers (ponds). Besides, more
people are only satisfied on shrimp culture than others.
49% farmers agree to continue this culture in coastal
areas of Bangladesh. But some farmers are undecided
to share their arguments, like- 12% farmers of this
study who are respondents are undecided to share their
attitude on shrimp culture. On the contrary, some
farmers of this study are dissatisfied to cultivate shrimp
in their Ghers (ponds). 5% farmers are dissatisfied to
cultivate shrimp. Even, last of all some farmers are
strongly satisfied to cultivate shrimp, like- 3% farmers
of this study are strongly dissatisfied.
From this chart, it can be said that shrimp culture has a
great influence in coastal areas of Bangladesh.
Actually, shrimp culture is more expensive culture than
other cultures, for instance- agriculture. So, to cultivate
shrimp, money is more mentionable among all urgent
needs. Also, this culture is at risk because virus and
other shrimp diseases affect shrimp and shrimp die
without alarming immediately. Having lost benefits,
capital, and way of income in farming, farmers become
disappointed and bad attitude has been emerged in their
mind on shrimp culture. There are two types of attitude
on shrimp farming, for instance a group of farmers are
strongly dissatisfied: who have lost all of their capital
in farming shrimp and another group of farmers are
31%
49%
12%
5% 3%
Farmers' attitude on shrimp culture
Strongly satisfied Satisfied Undecided
Disagree Strongly disagree
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only dissatisfied who have faced various problems and
don’t get proper benefits.
On the other hand, a few farmers have no time to
cultivate shrimp and put land without cultivating
shrimp and a group who fear to share decision, they are
undecided to share their attitude and become undecided
farmers. A number of farmers who have shrimp ponds
and get benefits in farming with engage in other
income sources, they are satisfied with shrimp culture
in coastal areas. At last, a group of farmers have got
proper benefits and their farming is running, they are
strongly satisfied with this shrimp culture.
Ultimately, as the dwellers of coastal areas, it is not
hopeful that farmers dislike shrimp culture as their
profession but situations encourage or discourage them.
So, shrimp farming is so urgent that shrimp exporting
can be a more influential part of the development of
Bangladesh.
F. Discussion of findings
This study has been conducted not because for
identifying problems but because by solving those
problems, shrimp culture will be enriched. Problems,
discussed in problems of shrimp farmers section,
disrupted shrimp farming as a whole across the coastal
areas of Bangladesh. Without a long-term solution or
removing these problems, farmers don’t get proper
benefits in shrimp farming. Keeping in mind this issue,
the author has identified several solutions, leading to
novel interventions which are needed to solve
immediately. Shrimp culture has been for a long time
plagued by the problems which really unhinge shrimp
culture. Existing some trends among farmers are so bad
and ignorable, for instance- traditional farming system
is more beneficial and the shrimp decrease our capital
etc. This attitude deserves to be eradicated because it is
threatened and influences other farmers who may be
demotivated to cultivate shrimp.
The Shrimp not only fulfills our local and national
demands but also fulfills international demands and
earns huge economy as well as enriches economic
development and human welfare. So, the government
of Bangladesh and the Ministry of Fisheries and
Livestock, and the Department of Fisheries have to
make proper strategies and conducive circumstance to
run properly this culture in coastal areas of Bangladesh.
Also, Bangladesh Government must also involve itself
in multilateral forums to bring help from international
community.
V.CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
At the eleventh hours, the author has been argued that
to reduce poverty in Bangladesh, shrimp culture has
vital role what is visible. Earlier, although little land is
used to firm rice but most of part of those land was
unusable and remained in non-benefited way. Yes,
huge land was empty even though farmers didn’t firm
that. Because the water of tide flowed those areas. But
those land has been known as mining of gold. Shrimp
has shown us the way ahead and continue to do so.
Even if we just for the day become developed nation in
the true sense, that too will have an impact. To rise
shrimp culture, the author has recommended that
a. The research centers of public and private
universities have to attention on shrimp
production,
b. Officers have to observe by going in fields
and make comprehensive plan,
c. Money supporting organizations and NGOs
have to give soft loan,
d. Besides researching in PL sectors, NGOs have
to give attention on every sectors of shrimp
culture and make development projects,
e. Farmers have to leave traditional system of
shrimp culture,
f. Governments have to repair transportation
system.
Thus, cultivating white gold will be stabled which take
part to develop Bangladesh and Bangladeshi nation
surely. Yes, without reducing the problems of farmers,
shrimp culture won’t be stabled in future. So,
identifying their problems and solving those problems
is must need.it is only when everyone, related to
shrimp culture come forward to enhance shrimp culture
that shrimp culture will be sustainable in Bangladesh.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank my parents who have given
money and inspired to conduct this study. Then I want
to acknowledge seven members, including- Md.
Muhimenul Islam, Rubina Pervin, Md. Sulaiman,
Avijit Golder, Md. Al-Amin Islam, Md.
Hasanuzzaman, and Md. Shamim Hossain who have
helped to collect data and conducted this study.
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