The present study was conducted in the selected Malotipur village of Muktagachha upazila under Mymensingh district during 13 to 28 April, 2014. The sample size of the study was 90 fish farmers (43 percent of population) and it was drown from a population of 209 using simple random sampling technique. Eight (8) selected characteristics of farmers viz.: age, level of education, family size, farm size, annual income, credit received, training experience and cosmopoliteness were considered as the independent variables, while the attitude of the farmers towards Pangas farming was the dependent variable of the study. The focus variable i.e. attitude of farmers towards Pangas farming was measured with a 5 point likert scale such as " strongly agree " , " agree " , " undecided " , " disagree " and " strongly disagree " in Pangas farming and the corresponding scores were 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 respectively. The findings indicated that the majority (50 percent) of the Pangas farmers had moderately favorable attitude towards Pangas farming compared to 31.1 percent having highly favorable and only 18.9 percent had slightly favorable attitude. The finding on problem faced by the farmers related to Pangas farming revealed that about two-third (65.6 percent) of the farmers had high problem followed by 20 percent low problems. Among eight selected characteristics of Pangas farmers five characteristics such as age, level of education; annual income, training experience and cosmopoliteness had significant positive relationships with their attitude towards Pangas farming. On the other hand, the other two characteristics of pangas farmers such as family size and farm size had positive but no significant relationships with their attitude towards Pangas farming.
This document summarizes a study on the impact of education on fish farming in West Bengal, India. It discusses how the population growth in India is increasing pressure on water resources and how fish farming can help utilize water resources sustainably. The study aims to analyze the relationship between fish farmers' level of education and fish production. Data was collected through surveys of 50 fish farmers in each of the Burdwan and Birbhum districts of West Bengal, which were selected as the study areas. The methodology, objectives of the study, and background literature on previous related studies are also summarized.
2.[14 24]impact of education on fish farming in west bengal a study reportAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the impact of education on fish farming in West Bengal, India. It discusses how the population growth in India is increasing pressure on water resources and how fish farming can help utilize water resources sustainably. The study aims to analyze the relationship between fish farmers' level of education and fish production. Data was collected through surveys of 50 fish farmers in each of the Burdwan and Birbhum districts of West Bengal, which were selected as the study areas. The methodology, objectives of the study, and background literature on previous related studies are also summarized.
Fisheries and aquaculture sectors in Bangladesh: an overview of the present s...Premier Publishers
Fisheries sector in Bangladesh represents as one of the most productive and dynamic sectors in the country. This sector plays a significant role in food security, employment, and foreign exchange earnings in the economy. At present agricultural transformation is taking place in Bangladesh. With the changes of farming system, farmers have started to shift their crop land to aquaculture as they considered it more profitable compared to rice production. The production of inland fisheries represents an increasing trend since 1989-90 with a growth rate of around 5-7%. Similarly, marine fisheries have also shown an increasing trend while a fluctuated growth rate has emerged in this sub sector. The fisheries sector in the 21st century is facing the challenges of food security for the increasing population, habitat degradation, urbanization, and industrial development. Development of responsible fisheries management and optimal use of water bodies can address those challenges. Since fishery is a productive growth sector in Bangladesh, it has high potential to contribute in the socioeconomic development of the country.
Performances of resource poor households in aquaculture practices in sadar up...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to evaluate the performances of resource poor farmers in fish farming at their homestead ponds in Sadar Upazila under Meherpur district from July to October 2015. Participatory Rural Appraisal tools such as questionnaire interview, cross check interview and secondary information were used to assess the performances in aquaculture activities. Thirty pond fish farmers were purposively selected, among them 10, 5, 5, and 10 participants were involved with carp-mola, carp-tilapia and carp-shing polyculture and vietnam koi mono-culture respectively. The result showed that the majority of the farmers (33.33%) had 51-100 decimal cultivable land followed by 20 and 16.67% participants who possessed 151-200 and >300 decimal of land respectively. It was found that the highest percentage of participants (73.33%) primary occupation was agriculture followed by fish farming (3.33%). A majority of the farmers (53.33%) started fish farming only before 1-5 years influenced by the positive result of fish culture by the villagers and 20% each have started before 6-10 and 11-15 years back. Only 6.67% farmers started fish culture in 16 years before who were the pioneers of fish farming in the region. The average pond size in the area was found 15 decimal with a range of 7 to 35. Before starting fish culture all the farmers got training and inputs support for fish culture from a local NGO called Daridra Bimochon Sangstha (DBS). Prior to start fish farming all of the farmers followed standard procedure of pond preparation and fish fry release in their ponds. Majority farmers (90%) applied homemade feed, whereas rest applied commercial feed to their fish. By contrast, 90% farmers used to feed their fish and rest was reluctant to provide feed to the fish. Almost twenty seven percent respondents annual income was between BDT 61,000 to 80,000 followed by 20 and 10% whose income was 100000-150000 and >150000 BDT per year. During the culture operation, farmers usually had some problems such as pond drying, disease outbreak, dike erosion, shade of tree over the ponds, theft, snakes eating the fish etc.
Assessment of sustainability of Pangasius (Pangasius hypophthalmus) farming a...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study focused on existing status and assessment of sustainability of Pangasius (Pangasius hypophthalmus) farming at Jhikargacha upazila in Jessore district. The research was carried out through questionnaire interview with randomly selected 80 farmers during December 2014 to May 2015. Most of farms (96%) are under polyculture, while only 4% is under monoculture practice. The source of pangasiid fingerlings were fry traders, nearby nursery, local hatchery and large hatchery from Jessore. Fingerlings size varied from 1 to 2 inch with price of TK. 0.5-1/fingerling. Majority of the farmers stocked fingerlings in March to April with average stocking density was 18,700 fingerlings/ha. About 46% of Pangasius farmers have leased ponds and lease value varied from Tk. 1,12,200-1,49,600/ha/yr. The leased ponds were solely used for Pangasius farming. Over 19% of farmers exchanged water one time per year, while 81% never exchanged. Almost all of the Pangasius farmers used supplementary feeds in their farms. Among the farmers, 37% of farmers received general aquaculture training from Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute (BFRI) and Department of Fisheries (DoF) and some non-government organizations (NGO's). Average pond size was 0.17 ha of which 85% was perennial and 15% was seasonal. Various constraints such as, lack of capital and proper technological knowledge, lack of continuous supply of quality fry, high price of the inputs especially feed, adulteration of feed, inbreeding, improper marketing and management problems were prominent. Some farmers use some unethical feeds in their farms. The highest proportion (41%) of the people was involved in Pangasius farming as main occupation and their age was between 31-40 years. The main reason of converting their ponds and lands for Pangasius farmimg was to get more profit. Large farmers always got higher profit over 2.03 Lac Tk./ha. However, small and medium farmers also got over 1.9 lac Tk. profit per hectare from Pangasius farming. Though the potential of fish farming in Jhikargacha region is mentioned-worthy, it is currently facing a number of problems such as, lack of capital, proper technological knowledge, lack of regular supply of quality fingerlings, improper proportion of protein and supply of adulterate feed, high price of feed, inbreeding, marketing and management problems. If the suggested constraints could be solved, the fish production in Jhikargacha region would possibly be increased tremendously and the pangasius farming would be progressed towards sustainability.
Contribution of aquaculture on livelihood development of fish farmer at Noakh...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to assess the contribution of aquaculture on livelihood status of fish farmer at Noakhali sadar upazila. This research work was carried out during the period of February 2013 to July 2013. A total of 50 fish farmers were interviewed with a well-structured questionnaire. The survey revealed that average pond size was 0.48 ha with 40% of the farmers having ponds of single ownership, 20% having ponds of multiple-ownership, 30% having ponds of single lease and 10% having ponds of multiple leases. Poly culture of Indian major carps and exotic carps has been practiced by most of the farmers. Fish fingerlings were stocked from April to June and average stocking density was 12,370 fingerlings/ha. The average fish production cost was Tk 69,870/ha/yr. Although the living condition of the rural fish farmers were poor, livelihood outcomes were found positive and 88% of the farmers have improved their socioeconomic conditions through fish farming. The gross income and net profit were Tk. 1, 06,400 and Tk. 1, 00,000/ha/yr respectively. The average monthly income was in range of BDT 15,000-25,000. Their basic need like food, cloth, house, education and medical facility had changed after fish farming. The households have broadly improved their food consumption, family education, standards of living, purchasing power, choice and economic ability through fish farming. The constraints for sustainable pond fish farming in the areas were lack of technical knowledge of the farmers, disease of fishes, multiple ownership of the pond, higher production cost (mainly seeds and feed), insufficient supply of fry and fingerlings, lack of money and credit facilities and inadequate extension services. It is therefore essential to provide the necessary training facilities with institutional and organizational supports, credit facilities and extension services for sustainable fish production and livelihoods of rural fish farmers.
Socio-Economic and Environmental Implication’s of Shrimp Cultivation in Andhr...Ruby Med Plus
Impromptu and random expansion of shrimp cultivation is happening in coastal regions of Andhra Pradesh. The exploration of its adverse effects has not received significant attention from the Indian researcher community yet. The shrimp industry is polluting and degrading soils,
water, mangroves, and forests. The sustainable productivity of ecosystems, biodiversity and public health is endangering year after year. Shrimp aquaculture is changing customary patterns of natural resource use by appropriating these resources for its own purposes while restricting rights of local users as coastal Andhra big and experienced farmers in the aqua field are making huge investments in the sector and purchasing the agriculture fields of small farmers to convert it into aqua ponds. This in turn affects livelihoods more widely by disrupting earlier systems of production, distribution and social relations.
In order to elicit the concomitant socio-economic impacts and propose environmental sustainable solutions of shrimp cultivation based on secondary data, the present study was conducted by applying ‘Systematic Review and Content Analysis’ as a research method. The study findings manifest that the constant and unregulated shrimp farming has immense impacts on human health, ecology, environment and sustainability other than economic benefits to aqua farm
owners. The extensive shrimp farming in coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh has negatively expedited the infringement of mangroves, intrusion of salinity, degradation of land, destabilization of coastal ecosystems. The main socio-economic effects challenge the patterns of
livelihood pattern, displacement of family and social structure, internal migration, reduction in grazing field and livestock, changes in the cropping calendar and its pattern and bio-diversity.
The Government of Andhra Pradesh and the financial institutions sponsoring shrimp cultivation has overlooked the impact of shrimp farming on Ecological and sustainability of farm fields and
control of salinity and degradation of mangrooves. In conclusion, appropriate adoption and implementation of the resilient strategies can reduce the adverse effects on the coastal environment, and improve the impact of unplanned shrimp cultivation in Andhra Pradesh and
other parts of India.
Shrimp disease investigation and culture strategies in Bagerhat district, Ban...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted in three upazilla (Bagerhatsadar, Fakirhat and Rampaul) to investigate the shrimp diseases and culture strategies of Bagerhat district in 2012. Post larvae (PL-13/21) from hatchery and natural were used to stock in the study area. The highest mean stocking density was recorded in the ghers of Rampaul (16796±7729.69 PL/ha), where the maximum survival rate was also found (63.00±11.52 %). The highest dose of lime was recorded as 302.58±50.92 kg/ha at Bagerhat sadar; cowdung was recorded as 605.16±118.46 kg/ha at Fakirhat upazilla and urea was recorded as 29.02±5.84 kg/ha (Bagerhat sadar) respectively. The maximum doses of MP and TSP were recorded as 34.58±4.51 kg/ha at Bagerhat sadar and Fakirhat and 27.79±3.71 kg/ha at Bagerhat sadar respectively. No supplementary feed were fed to shrimp, in where culture dependent on natural foods. The highest shrimp production was found in Fakirhat upazila (667±307.05 kg/ha) and the lowest production was in Rampaul upazilla (497±268.97 kg/ha). Sudden change of pH , low dissolved o2 levels, salinity variations, nutritional deficiency and other environmental changes causes yellow head viral disease (YHD), white spot syndrome viral (WSSV), vibriosis, fusarium and protozoan were recorded during the experimental period.
This document summarizes a study on the impact of education on fish farming in West Bengal, India. It discusses how the population growth in India is increasing pressure on water resources and how fish farming can help utilize water resources sustainably. The study aims to analyze the relationship between fish farmers' level of education and fish production. Data was collected through surveys of 50 fish farmers in each of the Burdwan and Birbhum districts of West Bengal, which were selected as the study areas. The methodology, objectives of the study, and background literature on previous related studies are also summarized.
2.[14 24]impact of education on fish farming in west bengal a study reportAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the impact of education on fish farming in West Bengal, India. It discusses how the population growth in India is increasing pressure on water resources and how fish farming can help utilize water resources sustainably. The study aims to analyze the relationship between fish farmers' level of education and fish production. Data was collected through surveys of 50 fish farmers in each of the Burdwan and Birbhum districts of West Bengal, which were selected as the study areas. The methodology, objectives of the study, and background literature on previous related studies are also summarized.
Fisheries and aquaculture sectors in Bangladesh: an overview of the present s...Premier Publishers
Fisheries sector in Bangladesh represents as one of the most productive and dynamic sectors in the country. This sector plays a significant role in food security, employment, and foreign exchange earnings in the economy. At present agricultural transformation is taking place in Bangladesh. With the changes of farming system, farmers have started to shift their crop land to aquaculture as they considered it more profitable compared to rice production. The production of inland fisheries represents an increasing trend since 1989-90 with a growth rate of around 5-7%. Similarly, marine fisheries have also shown an increasing trend while a fluctuated growth rate has emerged in this sub sector. The fisheries sector in the 21st century is facing the challenges of food security for the increasing population, habitat degradation, urbanization, and industrial development. Development of responsible fisheries management and optimal use of water bodies can address those challenges. Since fishery is a productive growth sector in Bangladesh, it has high potential to contribute in the socioeconomic development of the country.
Performances of resource poor households in aquaculture practices in sadar up...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to evaluate the performances of resource poor farmers in fish farming at their homestead ponds in Sadar Upazila under Meherpur district from July to October 2015. Participatory Rural Appraisal tools such as questionnaire interview, cross check interview and secondary information were used to assess the performances in aquaculture activities. Thirty pond fish farmers were purposively selected, among them 10, 5, 5, and 10 participants were involved with carp-mola, carp-tilapia and carp-shing polyculture and vietnam koi mono-culture respectively. The result showed that the majority of the farmers (33.33%) had 51-100 decimal cultivable land followed by 20 and 16.67% participants who possessed 151-200 and >300 decimal of land respectively. It was found that the highest percentage of participants (73.33%) primary occupation was agriculture followed by fish farming (3.33%). A majority of the farmers (53.33%) started fish farming only before 1-5 years influenced by the positive result of fish culture by the villagers and 20% each have started before 6-10 and 11-15 years back. Only 6.67% farmers started fish culture in 16 years before who were the pioneers of fish farming in the region. The average pond size in the area was found 15 decimal with a range of 7 to 35. Before starting fish culture all the farmers got training and inputs support for fish culture from a local NGO called Daridra Bimochon Sangstha (DBS). Prior to start fish farming all of the farmers followed standard procedure of pond preparation and fish fry release in their ponds. Majority farmers (90%) applied homemade feed, whereas rest applied commercial feed to their fish. By contrast, 90% farmers used to feed their fish and rest was reluctant to provide feed to the fish. Almost twenty seven percent respondents annual income was between BDT 61,000 to 80,000 followed by 20 and 10% whose income was 100000-150000 and >150000 BDT per year. During the culture operation, farmers usually had some problems such as pond drying, disease outbreak, dike erosion, shade of tree over the ponds, theft, snakes eating the fish etc.
Assessment of sustainability of Pangasius (Pangasius hypophthalmus) farming a...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study focused on existing status and assessment of sustainability of Pangasius (Pangasius hypophthalmus) farming at Jhikargacha upazila in Jessore district. The research was carried out through questionnaire interview with randomly selected 80 farmers during December 2014 to May 2015. Most of farms (96%) are under polyculture, while only 4% is under monoculture practice. The source of pangasiid fingerlings were fry traders, nearby nursery, local hatchery and large hatchery from Jessore. Fingerlings size varied from 1 to 2 inch with price of TK. 0.5-1/fingerling. Majority of the farmers stocked fingerlings in March to April with average stocking density was 18,700 fingerlings/ha. About 46% of Pangasius farmers have leased ponds and lease value varied from Tk. 1,12,200-1,49,600/ha/yr. The leased ponds were solely used for Pangasius farming. Over 19% of farmers exchanged water one time per year, while 81% never exchanged. Almost all of the Pangasius farmers used supplementary feeds in their farms. Among the farmers, 37% of farmers received general aquaculture training from Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute (BFRI) and Department of Fisheries (DoF) and some non-government organizations (NGO's). Average pond size was 0.17 ha of which 85% was perennial and 15% was seasonal. Various constraints such as, lack of capital and proper technological knowledge, lack of continuous supply of quality fry, high price of the inputs especially feed, adulteration of feed, inbreeding, improper marketing and management problems were prominent. Some farmers use some unethical feeds in their farms. The highest proportion (41%) of the people was involved in Pangasius farming as main occupation and their age was between 31-40 years. The main reason of converting their ponds and lands for Pangasius farmimg was to get more profit. Large farmers always got higher profit over 2.03 Lac Tk./ha. However, small and medium farmers also got over 1.9 lac Tk. profit per hectare from Pangasius farming. Though the potential of fish farming in Jhikargacha region is mentioned-worthy, it is currently facing a number of problems such as, lack of capital, proper technological knowledge, lack of regular supply of quality fingerlings, improper proportion of protein and supply of adulterate feed, high price of feed, inbreeding, marketing and management problems. If the suggested constraints could be solved, the fish production in Jhikargacha region would possibly be increased tremendously and the pangasius farming would be progressed towards sustainability.
Contribution of aquaculture on livelihood development of fish farmer at Noakh...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to assess the contribution of aquaculture on livelihood status of fish farmer at Noakhali sadar upazila. This research work was carried out during the period of February 2013 to July 2013. A total of 50 fish farmers were interviewed with a well-structured questionnaire. The survey revealed that average pond size was 0.48 ha with 40% of the farmers having ponds of single ownership, 20% having ponds of multiple-ownership, 30% having ponds of single lease and 10% having ponds of multiple leases. Poly culture of Indian major carps and exotic carps has been practiced by most of the farmers. Fish fingerlings were stocked from April to June and average stocking density was 12,370 fingerlings/ha. The average fish production cost was Tk 69,870/ha/yr. Although the living condition of the rural fish farmers were poor, livelihood outcomes were found positive and 88% of the farmers have improved their socioeconomic conditions through fish farming. The gross income and net profit were Tk. 1, 06,400 and Tk. 1, 00,000/ha/yr respectively. The average monthly income was in range of BDT 15,000-25,000. Their basic need like food, cloth, house, education and medical facility had changed after fish farming. The households have broadly improved their food consumption, family education, standards of living, purchasing power, choice and economic ability through fish farming. The constraints for sustainable pond fish farming in the areas were lack of technical knowledge of the farmers, disease of fishes, multiple ownership of the pond, higher production cost (mainly seeds and feed), insufficient supply of fry and fingerlings, lack of money and credit facilities and inadequate extension services. It is therefore essential to provide the necessary training facilities with institutional and organizational supports, credit facilities and extension services for sustainable fish production and livelihoods of rural fish farmers.
Socio-Economic and Environmental Implication’s of Shrimp Cultivation in Andhr...Ruby Med Plus
Impromptu and random expansion of shrimp cultivation is happening in coastal regions of Andhra Pradesh. The exploration of its adverse effects has not received significant attention from the Indian researcher community yet. The shrimp industry is polluting and degrading soils,
water, mangroves, and forests. The sustainable productivity of ecosystems, biodiversity and public health is endangering year after year. Shrimp aquaculture is changing customary patterns of natural resource use by appropriating these resources for its own purposes while restricting rights of local users as coastal Andhra big and experienced farmers in the aqua field are making huge investments in the sector and purchasing the agriculture fields of small farmers to convert it into aqua ponds. This in turn affects livelihoods more widely by disrupting earlier systems of production, distribution and social relations.
In order to elicit the concomitant socio-economic impacts and propose environmental sustainable solutions of shrimp cultivation based on secondary data, the present study was conducted by applying ‘Systematic Review and Content Analysis’ as a research method. The study findings manifest that the constant and unregulated shrimp farming has immense impacts on human health, ecology, environment and sustainability other than economic benefits to aqua farm
owners. The extensive shrimp farming in coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh has negatively expedited the infringement of mangroves, intrusion of salinity, degradation of land, destabilization of coastal ecosystems. The main socio-economic effects challenge the patterns of
livelihood pattern, displacement of family and social structure, internal migration, reduction in grazing field and livestock, changes in the cropping calendar and its pattern and bio-diversity.
The Government of Andhra Pradesh and the financial institutions sponsoring shrimp cultivation has overlooked the impact of shrimp farming on Ecological and sustainability of farm fields and
control of salinity and degradation of mangrooves. In conclusion, appropriate adoption and implementation of the resilient strategies can reduce the adverse effects on the coastal environment, and improve the impact of unplanned shrimp cultivation in Andhra Pradesh and
other parts of India.
Shrimp disease investigation and culture strategies in Bagerhat district, Ban...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted in three upazilla (Bagerhatsadar, Fakirhat and Rampaul) to investigate the shrimp diseases and culture strategies of Bagerhat district in 2012. Post larvae (PL-13/21) from hatchery and natural were used to stock in the study area. The highest mean stocking density was recorded in the ghers of Rampaul (16796±7729.69 PL/ha), where the maximum survival rate was also found (63.00±11.52 %). The highest dose of lime was recorded as 302.58±50.92 kg/ha at Bagerhat sadar; cowdung was recorded as 605.16±118.46 kg/ha at Fakirhat upazilla and urea was recorded as 29.02±5.84 kg/ha (Bagerhat sadar) respectively. The maximum doses of MP and TSP were recorded as 34.58±4.51 kg/ha at Bagerhat sadar and Fakirhat and 27.79±3.71 kg/ha at Bagerhat sadar respectively. No supplementary feed were fed to shrimp, in where culture dependent on natural foods. The highest shrimp production was found in Fakirhat upazila (667±307.05 kg/ha) and the lowest production was in Rampaul upazilla (497±268.97 kg/ha). Sudden change of pH , low dissolved o2 levels, salinity variations, nutritional deficiency and other environmental changes causes yellow head viral disease (YHD), white spot syndrome viral (WSSV), vibriosis, fusarium and protozoan were recorded during the experimental period.
Fisheries and aquatic resources are economically, ecologically, culturally and aesthetically important to the nation. From the global perspectives, the main issues facing by the international fishing community generally are over fishing, overcapacity, by-catch management as well as environmental degradation. The combined effect of these factors that have made 60-70% of the major world fisheries resources are in urgent need of management action to restrict the increase in fishing capacity and to rehabilitate damaged resources (FAO,1991). In Bangladesh, fisheries is one of the major subsectors of agriculture, which play a dominant role in nutrition, employment, earning foreign currency and other areas of economy. Many of our open waterbody are polluted with various pollutants and harmful chemicals. Water Resources Planning Organization (WARPO) has prepared the National Water Management Plan (NWMP) for Bangladesh in December 2001. The goal of the NWMP is to implement the National Water Policy (NWPo) and contribute to national economic development through rational management of open water resources, in a way that protects the natural environment and improves the quality of life for the people of Bangladesh. Open water fisheries are major aquatic common property resources in Bangladesh covering over four million hectares. Around ten percent of the population of 120 million depend for their livelihoods on fisheries.
Constraints and prospects of fish farming in Lalmonirhat districtAbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to know the constraints and prospects of fish farming in Lalmonirhat district of Bangladesh. The data were collected from 100 fish farmers through questionnaire interview for a period of four months from July 2014 to October 2014. Most of the ponds were perennial (72%) with an average size of 0.41 ha and a depth of 1.69 m. All the fish farmers practiced mostly carp polyculture system using different aquaculture inputs like fertilizer, feed, seed, and chemicals. They were usually found to collect fish seed from neighboring districts, mainly Bogra and Mymensingh. The main constrains were availability of quality seed, lack of scientific and technical knowledge, lack of manpower, outbreak of fish diseases, lack of credit facilities, high price of various inputs, low fish price, theft of fish and poisoning the pond water. Though there were many constraints, the fish production from aquaculture sector was increasing gradually in the study area. The total fish production from aquaculture in 2014 was projected 10,663 MT, while the fish production in 2010 was only 7600.4 MT in Lalmonirhat district. If the constraints could be solved, fish production in the study area would possibly be increased tremendously.
Socio-economic condition of fish farmers of Jhikargachha upazila in Jessore d...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to assess the livelihood status of fish farmers and socioeconomic condition in the Jhikargachha upazila, Jessore, Bangladesh. Data were collected from 50 fish farmers for a period of six months from June 2016 to November 2016. The study indicated that 38% of the farmers were in age structure of 50-60 years, 44 farmers (88%) were Muslims and others Hindu (12%). About 82% farmers had a primary occupation of agriculture and others were involved in business (8%), service (4%) and politics (4%). It was found that, 66% farmers had joint family and others lived in separated family (34%). Majority (44 farmers) respondents had concrete house and rest of (6 farmers) had semi-concrete house. Almost (44%) farmers used concrete toilet and rest of farmers used semi-concrete (56%). All the respondents used to drink tube well water for drinking and other household works. Out of 50 fish farmers, 4% had no education (illiterate), 36% had primary education, 42% secondary level (Up to X), 10% S.S.C., 4% H.S.C. and 4% bachelor level of education. In the study area, 32% of the farmers had ponds of 34-66 dec, 28% had pond of 15-33 dec, 14% had ponds of up to 100 dec, 22% had ponds of 101-330 dec and 4% had ponds of 330-above dec. It was found that, 62% farmers had training on fish farming and rest 38% farmers had no training on fish farming. Among 50 farmers 64% farmers were found used to invest their own credit and rest 36% farmers took loan from bank, NGO, money lender and broker agency. Most of the farmers were interested to stock rui, catla and mrigal and other species. In the study area, cow dung was used by 50 (100%) of farmers, 47 farmers used urea, 40 farmers used TSP and 34 farmers used MoP. It was found that, 40% farmers produced fish between 1001 kg – 2000 kg/year and 17 (34%) farmers produced 3001 kg-above/year. The highest income was 3,30,75,000Tk/Year and the lowest income from a pond was 20000 Tk/Year. In the study area, every farmer had at least one mobile phone. Almost 96% farmers were used to go MBBS doctor and only 4% to homeopathic treatment.
Aquaculture Revolution in Bangladesh.pdfSadia Nabilah
Bangladesh has one of the largest and most active deltas, nourished by the Padma, Meghna, and Jamuna rivers. This increases the potential for fresh and brackish water capture and culture fisheries. Aquaculture is the fastest-growing enterprise in Bangladesh since the 1980s.
Aquaculture production is unevenly dispersed geographically with Asian countries contributing nearly 90% of global production; where, China is the largest producer in 2018, followed by India, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Bangladesh, respectively (FAO, 2020). According to FAO report The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018, Bangladesh ranked 5th in world aquaculture production. The aquaculture industry has worked out towards creating new possibilities and yet has to face some future challenges due to unwise practices and knowledge gaps.
Employment opportunities in the sector are a boon as well – official statistics show that the fisheries and aquaculture sectors (directly and indirectly) support more than 18 million people. The aquaculture sector has a high potential for the perspective on the economic development of the country.
As with any livestock industry in Bangladesh, there are a number of challenges that can impact the viability of aquaculture initiatives in future. Aquaculture can be no riskier than, say, poultry farming. We have to figure out what these challenges are and how both external and internal challenges can be managed through good project design.
Socio-economic conditions of the fish farmers in Jessore, BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted the fish farmers in some selected area at sadar upazila in Jessore under the district of Jessore from September to December 2013. A total of 100 fishermen were selected by stratified random sampling method and interviewed. The average me mbers of single family were 5-6 people per household. Single families were much more (62 %) than joint families. Most of the fish far mers were Muslims 92% and few of them were Hindus 8%Most of them had the secondary educational background and some of them with different levels of higher education. It was found that the number of school going children was 2-3 per house. Full katcha (17 %) houses were few, while the semi-pucca (40%) and pucca (43%) houses were more abundant. Regarding health and sanitation, 31% fishermen reported to suffer fro m gastric and 17% suffered from fever. Most of the interviewees were found to take credit facilities from different sources for the subsistence of their family and their venture. The 98% were found to have their tube-wells, others using Governmental tube-well, or those belonging to schools or neighbors However, they need more institutional, organizational, and technical and credit support for their better socioeconomic and sustainable livelihood.
This document summarizes a study on using water resources in West Bengal, India for sustainable freshwater fish farming (pisciculture) to generate income. It discusses how pisciculture can utilize unused water bodies while maintaining ecological balance. The study focuses on the districts of Burdwan and Birbhum, examining their water resources, existing fish production, and potential for increased production and income through pisciculture. The objective is to develop a plan for sustainable water management and poverty reduction through fish farming.
Socio economic status of fry collectors at Sundarban regionAbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted on the livelihood approach of fry collectors at Shyamnagar upazila under Satkhira district. The objective of the study was to assess the present livelihood status, to identify the socio-economic condition and problem associated with the alternative livelihood approach of fry collectors. The survey was conducted on three unions of Shyamnagar upazila adjacent to Sundarban as study area. In the study area average family size was 5 persons per family. The maximum age level was 20-30 years old. Among the fry collectors 66% was male and 34% was female. Among them 62% was Muslim and 38% was Hindu. About 78% of total fry collectors are landless in the study area. Literacy was 31% of them where female literacy was 28% and male literacy was 72% and most of them can sign only. Most of the collectors about 63% lived in mud walled with golpata shed house. About 73% families have two earner and 68% have single family. Peak season of fry collection was March to May. For collecting fry they use push net, set bag net mainly. They collect fry in the early morning and in early evening for about 6-8 hours. Men collect 150-200 pieces of fry per day in peak season and 40-60 pieces of fry by women. Price varies from 800-3500 Tk. per thousand golda fry. Price is higher in the month on March-May. About 52% collectors engaged in fishing during off season as alternative income source. Their preferable alternative income source are sustainable agriculture, fry nursing, poultry farming, planned fish cultivation, cattle and goat rearing etc. The main problem of converting of fry collection to other profession was lack of other training of other works, lack of capital, poor infrastructure.facilities, absence of industrialization, lack of land, government and NGO level work is very limited.
Aquaculture facilities used by farmers in Barangay Day-asan, Surigao City, Ph...Open Access Research Paper
The purpose of the study was to determine the aquaculture facilities used by the fish farmers in Barangay Day-asan, Surigao City, Philippines, and its effect to the fish farm production. This study utilized a survey questionnaire administered to aquaculture operators in the study area. The respondents were randomly selected, and data were collected through personal interviews and ocular inspections of the facilities. The collected data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results showed that aquaculture farming in the study area was predominantly carried out by males. A significant proportion of older individuals above 50 years old remained active in the industry. The majority of the respondents were married, indicating that fish farming was often pursued as a livelihood activity within families. Practical experience and traditional methods played a significant role in fish farming practices, as many respondents had lower levels of formal education. Most of the fish farmers were full-time and engaged in intensive aquaculture, particularly in lobster culture. The farmers’ choice of fish species was not significantly influenced by their years of farming experience, but their management options were significantly affected by their experience. The type of culture facility used did not significantly impact fish farm production, suggesting that similar production levels could be achieved with different facility choices.
Bio-economic analysis of ESBN fishery of Kumira, the coastal area of Chittago...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present investigation was conducted from May to December 2005 at Kumira, the representative area of Chittagong coast for bio-socioeconomic analysis of ESBN fishery. In catch composition of Kumira, it was observed that finfish occupied 77.03 %, shrimp 19.82 % and crab 3.15 % and the average catch per boat per day were found 16.6 kg in Kumira. The highest total catch per boat per day (50 kg) was found in October at Kumira. The lowest catch was found (2 kg) in August at Kumira. The average total catch per landing center per month was found 14805 kg at Kumira. The average catch per fishermen per day was found 3.39 kg at Kumira and the average cost per boat per month was about 7,813 Tk in the study area. Average sale per month was found over 18,713 Tk in Kumira. During the month July and August most of the fishermen were engaged in Hilsa fishing with the Hilsa gill net resulting the total catch was with ESBN lowest in those months.
This document discusses the role of aquaculture in rural development. It notes that aquaculture can contribute to food security, poverty alleviation, and rural development by providing nutritious food, generating income and employment, and improving access to resources. Aquaculture production ranges from extensive to intensive systems and makes use of different environments from inland ponds to coastal areas. While intensive aquaculture has risks, extensive and semi-intensive systems can benefit rural poor through activities like fish farming integrated with rice crops or mud crab and seaweed farming. Overall, aquaculture supports rural development by addressing malnutrition, creating jobs, recycling waste, developing infrastructure, and increasing household incomes and standards of living.
Aquaculture is an important sector for Bangladesh's economy and food production, accounting for 5% of GDP and 6% of exports. However, many existing aquaculture practices are unsustainable, as they have led to environmental degradation like destruction of mangroves and wetlands for pond construction, soil acidification, and salinization of land and water. They have also negatively impacted livelihoods by reducing access to resources for local communities. Truly sustainable aquaculture requires practices that do not significantly disrupt ecosystems, are economically viable, and contribute to social well-being. Improving feed sources, closed containment systems, native species selection, and community inclusion can help make aquaculture more environmentally friendly and equitable.
Analysis of technical and financial efficiency of intensive white leg shrimp ...AI Publications
The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the technical and financial effectiveness of the current intensive culture of white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in Tien Giang province, Vietnam. A survey was conducted from December 2021 to April 2022 to collect data from shrimp farms in the Go Cong Tay district, which is a planned area of this province for brackish shrimp farming. The results showed that, in terms of technique, most farmers have a lot of experience and a high level of application of science and technology. The average size of the culture pond (0.26 ha pond–1), stocking density (78.83 ind. m–2), survival rate (85.28%), FCR (0.26), and harvested shrimp size (58 ind. kg–1) were similar to other Mekong Delta provinces. There were significant differences in the incomplete water sedimentation and treatment ponds and the major use of groundwater for shrimp farming. In terms of finance, the mean yield was 12,345.97 kg ha–1 crop–1 and was higher than other provinces in the Mekong Delta. However, the mean profit and the total profitability were 17,575 USD ha–1 crop–1 and 0.38, respectively, which was lower than the previous year in the Tien Giang province because of the high input costs. The results of this study show the necessary requirements for the sustainable development of the model of intensive shrimp farming in Tien Giang Province, including (1) the complete rebuilding of the system of farming, water sedimentation, and treatment ponds; (2) the efficient solution for using the surface water; and (3) the support of local authorities, aiming to help farmers reduce input costs and increase profits.
Willingness of marine artisanal fishermen to integrate aquaculture in enterpr...Alexander Decker
- The document examines the willingness of marine artisanal fishermen in Ghana to adopt aquaculture.
- A survey of 150 fishermen found that 62% were willing to integrate aquaculture into their livelihoods.
- A logistic regression model revealed that fishermen who lacked savings, had difficulty accessing credit, did not belong to a fishermen's association, and were new to marine fishing were more likely to be open to adopting aquaculture.
Economics of fish production in paddy fields in BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
This study was conducted to assess profitability of fish production in paddy fields in the village of Kunia and Chandora, under Gacha union in Gazipur sadar upazila in Gazipur district. Primary data were collected from 15 fish farmers for the study during the period from June to November, 2016. Production performance of three stocking package were compared. CFP-1 package contained Thai sarpunti (24700/ha) + Tilapia (6175/ha); CFP-2 comprised of Thai sarpunti (24700/ha) + Common carp (6175/ha); while CFP-3 was represented by Thai sarpunti (24700/ha) + (Tilapia (6175/ha) + Common carp (6175/ha). Both tabular and functional analyses were used to achieve the objectives of the study. Fish productions in paddy fields are profitable business. The total cost of fish production under three selected stocking plans such as CFP-1, CFP-2 and CFP-3 were estimated to be Tk. 73085, Tk. 83459 and Tk. 86928 per ha, respectively. The corresponding total gross return (Tk./ha) were Tk. 209777, Tk. 274170 and Tk. 262721, respectively. The benefit cost ratio (BCR) was estimated to be 2.87, 3.28 and 3.02 for package-1, package-2 and package-3, respectively. Returns over per taka investment (NR/Tk.) were found to be 1.32, 1.69 and 1.42 for the above fish culture packages. Cobb-Douglas production function analysis indicated the positive contribution of fish fingerlings, fertilizer, fish feed and lime on the total income and farm productivity, while human labor and bank interest rate decreased the farm income. The values of R2 were 0.775, 0.739 and 0.812 for CFP-1, CFP-2 and CFP-3, respectively. About 77.5 percent, 73.9 percent and 81.2 percent of variation in yield and gross return of fish production in paddy fields could be explained by the multiple regression equations. Fish production in paddy fields are economically profitable, viable and environment friendly. The farmers may undertake fish culture in paddy fields if suitable paddy fields are available.
11.willingness of marine artisanal fishermen to integrate aquaculture in ente...Alexander Decker
- The document discusses a study that assessed marine artisanal fishermen in Ghana's willingness to adopt aquaculture.
- A survey of 150 fishermen found that 62% were willing to integrate aquaculture into their livelihoods.
- A logistic regression model revealed that fishermen who lacked savings, had difficulty accessing credit, did not belong to a fisherman's association, and were new to marine fishing were more likely to be open to adopting aquaculture.
Socio-economic status of fish retailers in Jashore sadar, BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted to determine the fish retailer's livelihood and socioeconomic status in three markets of Jashore for a period of six months from February to August, 2016. The average net profit of fish retailers was found higher in Boro bazaar (Tk.350) followed by Palbari bazaar (Tk.325), Chuadanga Bus Stand bazaar (TK.275). The average age groups of 20-65 years were found among the markets. The study shows that 53% fish retailers had nuclear family and 47% had joint family. Most of the housing conditions were kacha (69%) and Muslim fish retailers were predominant in all markets. Among the total 45 traders interviewed, 42% were illiterate, 31% have primary level education, 24% have secondary level education and none of them had bachelor level of education. It was found that fish retailers of Boro bazaar and Palbari bazaar sold an average of 35 kg fish daily, compared with Chuadanga Bus Stand bazaar 15 kg per day. The daily supply of fish in Boro bazaar can be estimated at 1.6 MT (25 retailers' × 65 kg) while 0.3 MT (15 retailers × 20 kg) and 0.45 MT (15 retailers × 30 kg) in C.B Bazar and Palbari bazaar respectively. Improvement in basic infrastructure such as, clean water supply, sanitation facilities, adequate drainage and ice facilities are recommended by the present study.
Evolution of fisheries sector in BangladeshMD. ZANE ALAM
Bangladesh is a densely populated country of 147 570 km2 with a population of 160
million people. It is fortunate in having an extensive water resource in the form of ponds,
natural depressions (haors and beels ), lakes, canals, rivers and estuaries covering an area
of 47,03,658 ha .
The present per capita annual fish consumption in Bangladesh stands at about 14 kg/year
against a recommended minimum requirement of 18 kg/year; hence, there is still need to
improve fish consumption in the country.
Fisheries in Bangladesh are diverse, there are about 795 native species of fish and shrimp
in the fresh and marine waters of Bangladesh and 12 exotic species that have been
introduced. In addition, there are 10 species of pearl bearing bivalves, 12 species of
edible tortoise and turtle, 15 species of crab and 3 species of lobster.
Status of polyculture Pangasius hypophthalmus with carps in Jhikargacha Upazi...AbdullaAlAsif1
This document summarizes a study on the status of polyculture of Pangasius hypophthalmus (Thai pangus) with carps in Jhikargacha Upazila, Jessore District, Bangladesh from July to December 2012. The study found that farmers stocked an average of 7,377 individuals per hectare, comprising 93.1% P. hypophthalmus seeds and 6.9% other carp species. Average fish production was 6,672.84 kg/ha. Farmers applied fertilizers, lime, and supplementary feeds daily. They sold all fish to markets in Chuadanga, Dhaka, and Jessore districts. On average, polyculture of
Aquaculture is an important sector for economic development and rural jobs in many countries. In Indonesia, aquaculture production increased from 994,962 tons in 2000 to 1.4 million tons in 2004. However, the rapid expansion has also raised concerns about environmental sustainability and food safety. Sustainable aquaculture in Indonesia requires improved management of seed quality, growing systems, fish health, environmental impacts, product quality, and marketing to address these issues.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Fish to finance: unraveling the economic threads of Bangladesh’s Blue EconomyAbdullaAlAsif1
Bangladesh, with its extensive river network, vast coastlines, and rich maritime heritage, stands at the crossroads of a transformative Blue Economy. This comprehensive review explores the rich tapestry of Bangladesh's maritime journey. Commencing with a historical lens, it traces the nation's roots in fisheries, showcasing its transformation into a diversified and dynamic Blue Economy. The significance of this transition unfolds across the review, underscoring the sector's contributions to GDP, employment, and food security, while candidly addressing challenges such as overfishing and environmental impact. This work not only chronicles historical milestones but distills valuable lessons from both successes and setbacks, offering a nuanced understanding of the economic resilience embedded in Bangladesh's fisheries sector. Beyond a historical retrospective, the review navigates through the contemporary landscape, emphasizing diversification beyond fisheries. It illuminates economic opportunities in maritime trade, explores non-fish marine resources, and delves into the transformative role of aquaculture. The policy framework governing Bangladesh's Blue Economy comes into focus, dissecting government strategies, legal landscapes, and international collaborations. The review also champions environmental sustainability, highlighting the impact of Blue Economy activities on marine ecosystems and advocating for conservation measures, thus positioning Bangladesh as a steward of its rich maritime heritage. Financial mechanisms and investments emerge as pivotal elements, shaping the trajectory of Blue Economy projects, as evidenced by case studies that weave success stories and lessons learned into the narrative. Concluding with a forward-looking perspective, the study identifies emerging trends, growth opportunities, and strategies to tackle challenges, offering a comprehensive roadmap for sustainable development. In weaving together economic vibrancy, environmental stewardship, and future aspirations, this review illuminates Bangladesh's maritime odyssey as a beacon for the global Blue Economy community.
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Fisheries and aquatic resources are economically, ecologically, culturally and aesthetically important to the nation. From the global perspectives, the main issues facing by the international fishing community generally are over fishing, overcapacity, by-catch management as well as environmental degradation. The combined effect of these factors that have made 60-70% of the major world fisheries resources are in urgent need of management action to restrict the increase in fishing capacity and to rehabilitate damaged resources (FAO,1991). In Bangladesh, fisheries is one of the major subsectors of agriculture, which play a dominant role in nutrition, employment, earning foreign currency and other areas of economy. Many of our open waterbody are polluted with various pollutants and harmful chemicals. Water Resources Planning Organization (WARPO) has prepared the National Water Management Plan (NWMP) for Bangladesh in December 2001. The goal of the NWMP is to implement the National Water Policy (NWPo) and contribute to national economic development through rational management of open water resources, in a way that protects the natural environment and improves the quality of life for the people of Bangladesh. Open water fisheries are major aquatic common property resources in Bangladesh covering over four million hectares. Around ten percent of the population of 120 million depend for their livelihoods on fisheries.
Constraints and prospects of fish farming in Lalmonirhat districtAbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to know the constraints and prospects of fish farming in Lalmonirhat district of Bangladesh. The data were collected from 100 fish farmers through questionnaire interview for a period of four months from July 2014 to October 2014. Most of the ponds were perennial (72%) with an average size of 0.41 ha and a depth of 1.69 m. All the fish farmers practiced mostly carp polyculture system using different aquaculture inputs like fertilizer, feed, seed, and chemicals. They were usually found to collect fish seed from neighboring districts, mainly Bogra and Mymensingh. The main constrains were availability of quality seed, lack of scientific and technical knowledge, lack of manpower, outbreak of fish diseases, lack of credit facilities, high price of various inputs, low fish price, theft of fish and poisoning the pond water. Though there were many constraints, the fish production from aquaculture sector was increasing gradually in the study area. The total fish production from aquaculture in 2014 was projected 10,663 MT, while the fish production in 2010 was only 7600.4 MT in Lalmonirhat district. If the constraints could be solved, fish production in the study area would possibly be increased tremendously.
Socio-economic condition of fish farmers of Jhikargachha upazila in Jessore d...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to assess the livelihood status of fish farmers and socioeconomic condition in the Jhikargachha upazila, Jessore, Bangladesh. Data were collected from 50 fish farmers for a period of six months from June 2016 to November 2016. The study indicated that 38% of the farmers were in age structure of 50-60 years, 44 farmers (88%) were Muslims and others Hindu (12%). About 82% farmers had a primary occupation of agriculture and others were involved in business (8%), service (4%) and politics (4%). It was found that, 66% farmers had joint family and others lived in separated family (34%). Majority (44 farmers) respondents had concrete house and rest of (6 farmers) had semi-concrete house. Almost (44%) farmers used concrete toilet and rest of farmers used semi-concrete (56%). All the respondents used to drink tube well water for drinking and other household works. Out of 50 fish farmers, 4% had no education (illiterate), 36% had primary education, 42% secondary level (Up to X), 10% S.S.C., 4% H.S.C. and 4% bachelor level of education. In the study area, 32% of the farmers had ponds of 34-66 dec, 28% had pond of 15-33 dec, 14% had ponds of up to 100 dec, 22% had ponds of 101-330 dec and 4% had ponds of 330-above dec. It was found that, 62% farmers had training on fish farming and rest 38% farmers had no training on fish farming. Among 50 farmers 64% farmers were found used to invest their own credit and rest 36% farmers took loan from bank, NGO, money lender and broker agency. Most of the farmers were interested to stock rui, catla and mrigal and other species. In the study area, cow dung was used by 50 (100%) of farmers, 47 farmers used urea, 40 farmers used TSP and 34 farmers used MoP. It was found that, 40% farmers produced fish between 1001 kg – 2000 kg/year and 17 (34%) farmers produced 3001 kg-above/year. The highest income was 3,30,75,000Tk/Year and the lowest income from a pond was 20000 Tk/Year. In the study area, every farmer had at least one mobile phone. Almost 96% farmers were used to go MBBS doctor and only 4% to homeopathic treatment.
Aquaculture Revolution in Bangladesh.pdfSadia Nabilah
Bangladesh has one of the largest and most active deltas, nourished by the Padma, Meghna, and Jamuna rivers. This increases the potential for fresh and brackish water capture and culture fisheries. Aquaculture is the fastest-growing enterprise in Bangladesh since the 1980s.
Aquaculture production is unevenly dispersed geographically with Asian countries contributing nearly 90% of global production; where, China is the largest producer in 2018, followed by India, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Bangladesh, respectively (FAO, 2020). According to FAO report The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018, Bangladesh ranked 5th in world aquaculture production. The aquaculture industry has worked out towards creating new possibilities and yet has to face some future challenges due to unwise practices and knowledge gaps.
Employment opportunities in the sector are a boon as well – official statistics show that the fisheries and aquaculture sectors (directly and indirectly) support more than 18 million people. The aquaculture sector has a high potential for the perspective on the economic development of the country.
As with any livestock industry in Bangladesh, there are a number of challenges that can impact the viability of aquaculture initiatives in future. Aquaculture can be no riskier than, say, poultry farming. We have to figure out what these challenges are and how both external and internal challenges can be managed through good project design.
Socio-economic conditions of the fish farmers in Jessore, BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted the fish farmers in some selected area at sadar upazila in Jessore under the district of Jessore from September to December 2013. A total of 100 fishermen were selected by stratified random sampling method and interviewed. The average me mbers of single family were 5-6 people per household. Single families were much more (62 %) than joint families. Most of the fish far mers were Muslims 92% and few of them were Hindus 8%Most of them had the secondary educational background and some of them with different levels of higher education. It was found that the number of school going children was 2-3 per house. Full katcha (17 %) houses were few, while the semi-pucca (40%) and pucca (43%) houses were more abundant. Regarding health and sanitation, 31% fishermen reported to suffer fro m gastric and 17% suffered from fever. Most of the interviewees were found to take credit facilities from different sources for the subsistence of their family and their venture. The 98% were found to have their tube-wells, others using Governmental tube-well, or those belonging to schools or neighbors However, they need more institutional, organizational, and technical and credit support for their better socioeconomic and sustainable livelihood.
This document summarizes a study on using water resources in West Bengal, India for sustainable freshwater fish farming (pisciculture) to generate income. It discusses how pisciculture can utilize unused water bodies while maintaining ecological balance. The study focuses on the districts of Burdwan and Birbhum, examining their water resources, existing fish production, and potential for increased production and income through pisciculture. The objective is to develop a plan for sustainable water management and poverty reduction through fish farming.
Socio economic status of fry collectors at Sundarban regionAbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted on the livelihood approach of fry collectors at Shyamnagar upazila under Satkhira district. The objective of the study was to assess the present livelihood status, to identify the socio-economic condition and problem associated with the alternative livelihood approach of fry collectors. The survey was conducted on three unions of Shyamnagar upazila adjacent to Sundarban as study area. In the study area average family size was 5 persons per family. The maximum age level was 20-30 years old. Among the fry collectors 66% was male and 34% was female. Among them 62% was Muslim and 38% was Hindu. About 78% of total fry collectors are landless in the study area. Literacy was 31% of them where female literacy was 28% and male literacy was 72% and most of them can sign only. Most of the collectors about 63% lived in mud walled with golpata shed house. About 73% families have two earner and 68% have single family. Peak season of fry collection was March to May. For collecting fry they use push net, set bag net mainly. They collect fry in the early morning and in early evening for about 6-8 hours. Men collect 150-200 pieces of fry per day in peak season and 40-60 pieces of fry by women. Price varies from 800-3500 Tk. per thousand golda fry. Price is higher in the month on March-May. About 52% collectors engaged in fishing during off season as alternative income source. Their preferable alternative income source are sustainable agriculture, fry nursing, poultry farming, planned fish cultivation, cattle and goat rearing etc. The main problem of converting of fry collection to other profession was lack of other training of other works, lack of capital, poor infrastructure.facilities, absence of industrialization, lack of land, government and NGO level work is very limited.
Aquaculture facilities used by farmers in Barangay Day-asan, Surigao City, Ph...Open Access Research Paper
The purpose of the study was to determine the aquaculture facilities used by the fish farmers in Barangay Day-asan, Surigao City, Philippines, and its effect to the fish farm production. This study utilized a survey questionnaire administered to aquaculture operators in the study area. The respondents were randomly selected, and data were collected through personal interviews and ocular inspections of the facilities. The collected data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results showed that aquaculture farming in the study area was predominantly carried out by males. A significant proportion of older individuals above 50 years old remained active in the industry. The majority of the respondents were married, indicating that fish farming was often pursued as a livelihood activity within families. Practical experience and traditional methods played a significant role in fish farming practices, as many respondents had lower levels of formal education. Most of the fish farmers were full-time and engaged in intensive aquaculture, particularly in lobster culture. The farmers’ choice of fish species was not significantly influenced by their years of farming experience, but their management options were significantly affected by their experience. The type of culture facility used did not significantly impact fish farm production, suggesting that similar production levels could be achieved with different facility choices.
Bio-economic analysis of ESBN fishery of Kumira, the coastal area of Chittago...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present investigation was conducted from May to December 2005 at Kumira, the representative area of Chittagong coast for bio-socioeconomic analysis of ESBN fishery. In catch composition of Kumira, it was observed that finfish occupied 77.03 %, shrimp 19.82 % and crab 3.15 % and the average catch per boat per day were found 16.6 kg in Kumira. The highest total catch per boat per day (50 kg) was found in October at Kumira. The lowest catch was found (2 kg) in August at Kumira. The average total catch per landing center per month was found 14805 kg at Kumira. The average catch per fishermen per day was found 3.39 kg at Kumira and the average cost per boat per month was about 7,813 Tk in the study area. Average sale per month was found over 18,713 Tk in Kumira. During the month July and August most of the fishermen were engaged in Hilsa fishing with the Hilsa gill net resulting the total catch was with ESBN lowest in those months.
This document discusses the role of aquaculture in rural development. It notes that aquaculture can contribute to food security, poverty alleviation, and rural development by providing nutritious food, generating income and employment, and improving access to resources. Aquaculture production ranges from extensive to intensive systems and makes use of different environments from inland ponds to coastal areas. While intensive aquaculture has risks, extensive and semi-intensive systems can benefit rural poor through activities like fish farming integrated with rice crops or mud crab and seaweed farming. Overall, aquaculture supports rural development by addressing malnutrition, creating jobs, recycling waste, developing infrastructure, and increasing household incomes and standards of living.
Aquaculture is an important sector for Bangladesh's economy and food production, accounting for 5% of GDP and 6% of exports. However, many existing aquaculture practices are unsustainable, as they have led to environmental degradation like destruction of mangroves and wetlands for pond construction, soil acidification, and salinization of land and water. They have also negatively impacted livelihoods by reducing access to resources for local communities. Truly sustainable aquaculture requires practices that do not significantly disrupt ecosystems, are economically viable, and contribute to social well-being. Improving feed sources, closed containment systems, native species selection, and community inclusion can help make aquaculture more environmentally friendly and equitable.
Analysis of technical and financial efficiency of intensive white leg shrimp ...AI Publications
The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the technical and financial effectiveness of the current intensive culture of white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in Tien Giang province, Vietnam. A survey was conducted from December 2021 to April 2022 to collect data from shrimp farms in the Go Cong Tay district, which is a planned area of this province for brackish shrimp farming. The results showed that, in terms of technique, most farmers have a lot of experience and a high level of application of science and technology. The average size of the culture pond (0.26 ha pond–1), stocking density (78.83 ind. m–2), survival rate (85.28%), FCR (0.26), and harvested shrimp size (58 ind. kg–1) were similar to other Mekong Delta provinces. There were significant differences in the incomplete water sedimentation and treatment ponds and the major use of groundwater for shrimp farming. In terms of finance, the mean yield was 12,345.97 kg ha–1 crop–1 and was higher than other provinces in the Mekong Delta. However, the mean profit and the total profitability were 17,575 USD ha–1 crop–1 and 0.38, respectively, which was lower than the previous year in the Tien Giang province because of the high input costs. The results of this study show the necessary requirements for the sustainable development of the model of intensive shrimp farming in Tien Giang Province, including (1) the complete rebuilding of the system of farming, water sedimentation, and treatment ponds; (2) the efficient solution for using the surface water; and (3) the support of local authorities, aiming to help farmers reduce input costs and increase profits.
Willingness of marine artisanal fishermen to integrate aquaculture in enterpr...Alexander Decker
- The document examines the willingness of marine artisanal fishermen in Ghana to adopt aquaculture.
- A survey of 150 fishermen found that 62% were willing to integrate aquaculture into their livelihoods.
- A logistic regression model revealed that fishermen who lacked savings, had difficulty accessing credit, did not belong to a fishermen's association, and were new to marine fishing were more likely to be open to adopting aquaculture.
Economics of fish production in paddy fields in BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
This study was conducted to assess profitability of fish production in paddy fields in the village of Kunia and Chandora, under Gacha union in Gazipur sadar upazila in Gazipur district. Primary data were collected from 15 fish farmers for the study during the period from June to November, 2016. Production performance of three stocking package were compared. CFP-1 package contained Thai sarpunti (24700/ha) + Tilapia (6175/ha); CFP-2 comprised of Thai sarpunti (24700/ha) + Common carp (6175/ha); while CFP-3 was represented by Thai sarpunti (24700/ha) + (Tilapia (6175/ha) + Common carp (6175/ha). Both tabular and functional analyses were used to achieve the objectives of the study. Fish productions in paddy fields are profitable business. The total cost of fish production under three selected stocking plans such as CFP-1, CFP-2 and CFP-3 were estimated to be Tk. 73085, Tk. 83459 and Tk. 86928 per ha, respectively. The corresponding total gross return (Tk./ha) were Tk. 209777, Tk. 274170 and Tk. 262721, respectively. The benefit cost ratio (BCR) was estimated to be 2.87, 3.28 and 3.02 for package-1, package-2 and package-3, respectively. Returns over per taka investment (NR/Tk.) were found to be 1.32, 1.69 and 1.42 for the above fish culture packages. Cobb-Douglas production function analysis indicated the positive contribution of fish fingerlings, fertilizer, fish feed and lime on the total income and farm productivity, while human labor and bank interest rate decreased the farm income. The values of R2 were 0.775, 0.739 and 0.812 for CFP-1, CFP-2 and CFP-3, respectively. About 77.5 percent, 73.9 percent and 81.2 percent of variation in yield and gross return of fish production in paddy fields could be explained by the multiple regression equations. Fish production in paddy fields are economically profitable, viable and environment friendly. The farmers may undertake fish culture in paddy fields if suitable paddy fields are available.
11.willingness of marine artisanal fishermen to integrate aquaculture in ente...Alexander Decker
- The document discusses a study that assessed marine artisanal fishermen in Ghana's willingness to adopt aquaculture.
- A survey of 150 fishermen found that 62% were willing to integrate aquaculture into their livelihoods.
- A logistic regression model revealed that fishermen who lacked savings, had difficulty accessing credit, did not belong to a fisherman's association, and were new to marine fishing were more likely to be open to adopting aquaculture.
Socio-economic status of fish retailers in Jashore sadar, BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted to determine the fish retailer's livelihood and socioeconomic status in three markets of Jashore for a period of six months from February to August, 2016. The average net profit of fish retailers was found higher in Boro bazaar (Tk.350) followed by Palbari bazaar (Tk.325), Chuadanga Bus Stand bazaar (TK.275). The average age groups of 20-65 years were found among the markets. The study shows that 53% fish retailers had nuclear family and 47% had joint family. Most of the housing conditions were kacha (69%) and Muslim fish retailers were predominant in all markets. Among the total 45 traders interviewed, 42% were illiterate, 31% have primary level education, 24% have secondary level education and none of them had bachelor level of education. It was found that fish retailers of Boro bazaar and Palbari bazaar sold an average of 35 kg fish daily, compared with Chuadanga Bus Stand bazaar 15 kg per day. The daily supply of fish in Boro bazaar can be estimated at 1.6 MT (25 retailers' × 65 kg) while 0.3 MT (15 retailers × 20 kg) and 0.45 MT (15 retailers × 30 kg) in C.B Bazar and Palbari bazaar respectively. Improvement in basic infrastructure such as, clean water supply, sanitation facilities, adequate drainage and ice facilities are recommended by the present study.
Evolution of fisheries sector in BangladeshMD. ZANE ALAM
Bangladesh is a densely populated country of 147 570 km2 with a population of 160
million people. It is fortunate in having an extensive water resource in the form of ponds,
natural depressions (haors and beels ), lakes, canals, rivers and estuaries covering an area
of 47,03,658 ha .
The present per capita annual fish consumption in Bangladesh stands at about 14 kg/year
against a recommended minimum requirement of 18 kg/year; hence, there is still need to
improve fish consumption in the country.
Fisheries in Bangladesh are diverse, there are about 795 native species of fish and shrimp
in the fresh and marine waters of Bangladesh and 12 exotic species that have been
introduced. In addition, there are 10 species of pearl bearing bivalves, 12 species of
edible tortoise and turtle, 15 species of crab and 3 species of lobster.
Status of polyculture Pangasius hypophthalmus with carps in Jhikargacha Upazi...AbdullaAlAsif1
This document summarizes a study on the status of polyculture of Pangasius hypophthalmus (Thai pangus) with carps in Jhikargacha Upazila, Jessore District, Bangladesh from July to December 2012. The study found that farmers stocked an average of 7,377 individuals per hectare, comprising 93.1% P. hypophthalmus seeds and 6.9% other carp species. Average fish production was 6,672.84 kg/ha. Farmers applied fertilizers, lime, and supplementary feeds daily. They sold all fish to markets in Chuadanga, Dhaka, and Jessore districts. On average, polyculture of
Aquaculture is an important sector for economic development and rural jobs in many countries. In Indonesia, aquaculture production increased from 994,962 tons in 2000 to 1.4 million tons in 2004. However, the rapid expansion has also raised concerns about environmental sustainability and food safety. Sustainable aquaculture in Indonesia requires improved management of seed quality, growing systems, fish health, environmental impacts, product quality, and marketing to address these issues.
Similar to Attitude of farmers towards Pangas farming for their livelihood improvement (20)
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Fish to finance: unraveling the economic threads of Bangladesh’s Blue EconomyAbdullaAlAsif1
Bangladesh, with its extensive river network, vast coastlines, and rich maritime heritage, stands at the crossroads of a transformative Blue Economy. This comprehensive review explores the rich tapestry of Bangladesh's maritime journey. Commencing with a historical lens, it traces the nation's roots in fisheries, showcasing its transformation into a diversified and dynamic Blue Economy. The significance of this transition unfolds across the review, underscoring the sector's contributions to GDP, employment, and food security, while candidly addressing challenges such as overfishing and environmental impact. This work not only chronicles historical milestones but distills valuable lessons from both successes and setbacks, offering a nuanced understanding of the economic resilience embedded in Bangladesh's fisheries sector. Beyond a historical retrospective, the review navigates through the contemporary landscape, emphasizing diversification beyond fisheries. It illuminates economic opportunities in maritime trade, explores non-fish marine resources, and delves into the transformative role of aquaculture. The policy framework governing Bangladesh's Blue Economy comes into focus, dissecting government strategies, legal landscapes, and international collaborations. The review also champions environmental sustainability, highlighting the impact of Blue Economy activities on marine ecosystems and advocating for conservation measures, thus positioning Bangladesh as a steward of its rich maritime heritage. Financial mechanisms and investments emerge as pivotal elements, shaping the trajectory of Blue Economy projects, as evidenced by case studies that weave success stories and lessons learned into the narrative. Concluding with a forward-looking perspective, the study identifies emerging trends, growth opportunities, and strategies to tackle challenges, offering a comprehensive roadmap for sustainable development. In weaving together economic vibrancy, environmental stewardship, and future aspirations, this review illuminates Bangladesh's maritime odyssey as a beacon for the global Blue Economy community.
Successful hybridization between Clarias microstomus♂ and Clarias gariepinus♀AbdullaAlAsif1
Hybridization is a significant approach to breeding that enables the creation of new varieties that enhance genetic diversity. Through fish inter-species hybridization, it is possible to produce hybrids that can be utilized in aquaculture and stocking programs to enhance growth rate, transfer desirable traits between species, and combine the favourable attributes of two parents into a single progeny. The present study revealed the successful hybridization between Clarias microstomus (Ng, 2001) ♂ and Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) ♀ for the first time in the aquaculture industry. C. microstomus is a species of Clariid catfish endemic to the island of Borneo and C. gariepinus is an introduced species widely aquacultured throughout the southeast Asian region. The embryonic development of the hybrid offspring is described with the hatching percentage of 58.63% and the early survival rate for the first 72 hours for the larvae of 85.76%. The hybrids showed no signs of deformities and developed normally. The findings of the study provide a new high yield variety of catfish for farmers and aquaculture industry for increasing production and profit margin.
Freshwater gastropod diversity in the selected lotic environment, Betong, Sar...AbdullaAlAsif1
Freshwater Gastropoda can be considered as the biological indicator in ecosystems such as rivers, streams, lakes, and ponds. The objectives of this study are to identify freshwater gastropod species, diversity, and distribution along Sungai Penebak, Sungai Nanga Tiga, and Sungai Kabo in the Betong division. The study was conducted on 10 November 2020. A 50 m transect was laid on the riverbank of all three stations. The existing specimens were counted and collected from each sampling point and stored were taken to the laboratory for species identification. The diversity index and morphological study of freshwater gastropods were performed. Five species of freshwater gastropods belonging to four families were discovered. The five species of freshwater gastropods consisted of Sulcospira pageli, which shows great abundance, followed by Clea nigricans, Brotia costula, Pila ampullacea, and Vittina pennata. The diversity indices of collected Gastropoda species from the different stations, for instance, Shannon Weiner diversity index (H’), Pielou’s evenness index (J’), and Margalef’s richness index were assessed; where station 3 showed higher diversity of Gastropoda compared to other two stations. The information presented in this paper might be helpful for ecological wealth studies and considered as the baseline data for the stream ecosystem in Sarawak, Malaysia.
Macrofaunal diversity on the surface sediment of mangrove habitat adjacent to...AbdullaAlAsif1
Macrofaunal diversity and composition are essential to understanding the ecosystem structures and functions of mangroves in any dynamic estuarine coast. To understand the temporal distribution of macrofaunal community structures and diversity on the surface sediment in the intertidal mangrove forest next to the seagrass beds, this study was conducted at Punang-Sari-River estuary, Lawas, Sarawak (Malaysian Borneo), South China Sea. Sampling was done during post-monsoon, intermediate-September, premonsoon, and monsoon from July 2019 to February 2020. The mean macrofauna abundance was higher pre-monsoon, while Gastropoda Optediceros breviculum (L. Pfeiffer, 1855) was the most abundant (RA = 0.704). Important species index (ISI = 70.36) and percentage of contribution (64.97%) were also higher of this species than any other records from the site. The ANOSIM (Analysis of Similarity), Jaccard index and SIMPER (Similarity Percentage Analysis) analysis suggested that the highest species abundance similarity was observed between pre-monsoon and monsoon, while the highest dissimilarity was observed between intermediate-September and pre-monsoon (74.67%). Seasonal PCA, nMDS, and cluster analysis revealed that pre-monsoon and monsoon were comparable in species and individual abundance. The dominance (0.85) was found significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in intermediate-September, while Simpson (0.734), Shannon (1.56) and Evenness indices (0.528) were found higher in monsoon, followed by the higher Margalef richness indices (3.21) in post-monsoon. It was observed that the seasonal ecological parameters were found to be significantly (P<0.05) different, including the temperature, salinity, rainfall, pore water nitrogenous compounds (NO2, NO3 and NH3-N), phosphorus compound (PO4) and micro minerals. The Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) results suggested that ecological factors influenced several species. Considering the few studies on mangrove macrofauna in Malaysian Borneo, further research on their trophic structures and food web interactions is very important to disclose their overall characteristics and ecosystem functions.
Population characteristics of the Japanese threadfin bream Nemipterus japonic...AbdullaAlAsif1
The document summarizes a study on the population characteristics of the Japanese threadfin bream (Nemipterus japonicus) off the coast of Bintulu, Sarawak, South China Sea. Samples were collected from April 2013 to March 2014 and analyzed using FiSAT II software. Key findings include: the asymptotic length was 26.78 cm, growth coefficient was 0.85 per year, total mortality was 2.97 per year, fishing mortality was 1.34 per year, and exploitation rate was 0.45, indicating sustainable fishing. Recruitment was stable year-round with one peak. The study contributes to knowledge of the population dynamics and sustainable management of fishing resources in Sarawak.
Proximate and mineral composition of the long-spined Sea Urchin (Diadema seto...AbdullaAlAsif1
Gonad of sea urchin is considered as food delicacy in many parts of the world due to high nutrition and mineral contents. Several species of sea urchins are available in Malaysia and reported from different habitat, including seagrass beds, coastal breakwater, coral reefs and other ecologically important habitats. The current study was undertaken to evaluate the proximate and mineral composition of long spined sea urchin (Diadema setosum) roe collected from breakwater of Terengganu, Malaysia in October 2019, November 2019 and January 2020. The samples were analysed for proximate including protein, lipid, moisture, and ash content of sea urchin roe. The macro, micro minerals and heavy metals were also evaluated including Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu, Co, Se, Mg, Ni, Pb, Al, and Cd. The result suggested that, long spined sea urchin (Diadema setosum) roe can be considered as good sources of food due to high percentage of protein (ranged between 36.21±0.44 and 50.14±4.63). The presence of heavy metal such as Ni, Pb, and Cd suggesting the breakwater environments were not good enough and the possible sources of heavy metals contamination in sea water environment must be stopped and eradicated. This study provides important information with regard to the proximate and mineral values of D. setosum, as well as the need for a better management of its habitat before D. setosum can be widely promoted as delicacy in this region.
Trends in seagrass research and conservation in Malaysian watersAbdullaAlAsif1
The seagrass ecosystems found in the marine and coastal areas, with substantial economic and ecological services and span all over the globe excluding the Antarctic region. The Coral Triangle and Southeast Asia are recognized as a worldwide hotspot of seagrass species and habitats, encompassing 10-21 species of seagrass in every nation , although the study, understanding, and quantity of publications on seagrass ecosystems are rather limited in the region, including Malaysia. Malaysia contains 18 seagrass species from three families, which occupy 16.8 km 2 of coastal area, where the study and discovery of seagrass species and meadows began in 1904 with the report of Beccari. All of the published papers reviewed reported on Malaysian seagrass-related research, which was divided into nine topic groups: biology and distribution, carbon sequestration, fauna, remote sensing, impact and pollution genetic study, restoration , microbiological investigation, and others. The extensive study of the seagrass ecosystem began in 1993, and we have identified 183 published papers from Scopus, 141 publications from Web of Science, and 42 from Google Scholar. However, the average trend of the number of publications from 1993 to 1999 was 0.71 ± 0.36, while from 2000 to 2022 was 7.70 ± 1.16 followed by the average trend of the yearly number of publications was 6.78 ± 1.08. The highest number of publications was found on faunal categories (43.17%), followed by biology and distribution (21.85%). The number of articles that were published on Malaysian seagrass meadows each year has been discovered to be rising, which indicates that the trends in seagrass study and publishing were progressively garnering the attention of researchers, academics, and the government. However, to better understand the sustainable ecology and ecosystem services provided by seagrass habitats, an emphasis on certain research niches, such as the genetic study of flora and fauna in seagrass meadows, microbial ecology, and restoration as well as conservation of seagrass species might be helpful.
First record of saucer scallop Ylistrum balloti (Bernardi, 1861) from equator...AbdullaAlAsif1
Ylistrum balloti is one of the Pectinidae species distributed within the Indo-Pacific region. Recently, 15 live specimens of Y. balloti were recorded from the continental shelf of Sarawak, Malaysia. The main morphological characteristics were displayed on the outer valve, these being a brown-red colour and a clear concentric pattern of thin brown lines. The prominent internal ribbing numbers on both valves also helped species identification. The preliminary report of Y. balloti revealed that the species is present in Sarawak waters and can be further explored in the future.
Culture and production of Lucilia sericata Meigen (1826) larvae for rearing s...AbdullaAlAsif1
The fly larvae (Lucilia sericata) are being used as an alternative protein source in any kind of animal feed as it reduces the cost of preparation of feed. This current study focused on the physico-chemical and proximate properties of raw poultry waste, while this study also revealed the production process of fly larvae and the proximate composition of it. The poultry waste was collected from Suvro poultry farm, Sutiakhali, Mymensingh, then the physic-chemical properties of the raw poultry waste were determined using different procedures. Three treatments were considered for production of fly larvae, T 1 (3 kg), T 2 (6 kg) and T 3 (9 kg) in a 15 kg capacity tray with three replications. After production, the proximate composition were also measured of fly larvae. Physico-chemical properties such as, color, odor, texture, temperature, pH, total solids (TSS+TDS), chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, available N, available P, and fiber in raw poultry waste were determined and presented. Proximate composition such as, moisture, total N, total P, available N, total Ca, ash and crude fiber were found in significant amount in the poultry waste. It was found that T 3 (1350±68g) produced highest volume of live maggot compared to the other treatments, but T 2 (17.50±1.10%) produced highest percentage volume. The proximate compositions of fly larvae were assessed and found 56.60±0.25% protein value in it, suggesting that fly larvae could be the protein replacer in fish feed. The result of this study revealed cheap protein source in aquaculture production, such as production and rearing of stinging catfish Heteropneustes fossilis, and the findings might be helpful for cost reduction in aquaculture operation.
Replacement of fish meal by Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826) live larvae and p...AbdullaAlAsif1
Reduction of aquaculture operations and production cost is key to the success and profitability of this enterprise, while protein needs, especially the cost of fish meal, are cery expensive. The current study was conducted to investigate the post-larval production performance of Heteropneustes fossilis using Lucilia sericata maggot as a fish meal replacer in two ways, namely, live larvae and powder form. A 28 days growth trial was performed where five isonitrogenous diets for Heteropneustes fossilis post-larvae were experimented using live maggots and maggot meal, respectively. The proximate composition of each formulated diet, growth parameters of fish post-larvae, such as, weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, apparent protein utilization, survival rate and the food conversion ratio were examined. After the experiment, the carcass composition of the experimental fishes were evaluated. The best final weight (1.61 g), weight gain (1.418 g), percentage of weight gain (739±1.18%), specific growth rate (2.63), protein efficiency ratio (2.29), apparent protein utilization (85%), survival rate (90%) and lower food conversion ratio (2.06) were observed in fish fed with 75% maggot meal as a substitute of fish meal. This study will help the aquaculture industry, especially the catfish culture in identifying an alternate source of protein and lowering the cost of aquaculture operation.
The molecular approach reveals the relationship among Venus clams (Meretrix s...AbdullaAlAsif1
Molecular study is important to detect variations and similarities among species from the same genus, in case if they do not encompass any morphological or physiological differences. The study was conducted to differentiate among species of Meretrix spp. (Meretrix lyrata, M. meretrix, and M. lusoria) obtained from two locations in Malaysia through the phylogenetic tree. The adductor muscle tissues were used to extract DNA and to perform other procedures; the samples were subjected to analyses using PCR and gel electrophoresis. The multiple sequence comparison was conducted by MUSCLE and the phylogenetic relationships were established using Maximum Likelihood (ML) statistical methods with MEGA 6.0 statistical software. M. lyrata samples showed 99% similarity to the three accessions sequence, where M. lyrata indicated 87% similarities, and M. meretrix showed not more than 89% similarities from the deposited sequence. The nucleotide base composition sequences consisted of the mean of Thiamine (T) 37.9%, Cytosine (C) 15.4%, Adenine (A) 27.4%, and Guanine (G) 19.4%. Maximum Likelihood (ML) analysis was conducted using the Tamura 3-parameter model to establish five major clades on Meretrix spp. and two out-groups clades significantly different from the Meretrix spp. These major clades were closely related to each other at the 50% evidence of bootstrap, which grouped as genus Meretrix. The present study on Meretrix spp. from the Sarawak locality was able to differentiate COI sequences between M. lyrata, M. meretrix, and M. lusoria. M. lusoria was close related to M. meretrix with strong bootstrap supporting evidence at 96% scoring. Moreover, M. lyrata was inferred as the ancestor to M. meretrix, and M. lusoria from Sarawak, Malaysia.
Disappearance or overlooked or untouched? - A brief history of aquatic gastro...AbdullaAlAsif1
The aquatic gastropods (marine and freshwater) in Malaysian Borneo (MYB) have an ancient history of 255 years, while the first record was observed in 1767 by the pioneer Carl Linnaeus. Over time, many European, native taxonomists and conservationists have worked on the diverse group of gastropods in the Malaysian part of Borneo (states of Sabah and Sarawak). No previous work has been conducted to assess the historical status of this particular class of Mollusca. The study objective was to reveal the types of aquatic gastropods and the number of published research and expeditions conducted in MYB. The bibliometric analysis found 145 research publications mentioning the names of the region and reporting at least one gastropod species from this geographic region. Over the history of 255 years, a total of 559 gastropod species were reported by different research groups. Between 1767 and 1900, a total of 150 gastropod species were reported, followed by 79 species from 1900 to 2000 and 330 species from 2001 to 2022. The Grubbs test (p<0.05) identified outlier years for the reporting of gastropod species from MYB with 54 new species each in 2011 and 2020 and 39 species in 2001. Over the history of aquatic gastropod research in MYB, the taxonomists making the greatest contribution were Han Raven and his colleagues from Naturalis who reported 111 new species from the region, followed by Nur Leena Wong from Universiti Putra Malaysia (54 new species). The results suggested that reporting of new species from MYB is increasing, which may reflect the many unexplored sites and suggests the existence of as yet unrecorded species in this ecoregion. In this regard further expeditions and research should improve estimates of the true number of aquatic gastropod species in this area. These results can help the regional governments in making a regional biodiversity database as well as in taking decisions regarding aquatic gastropod research and management.
A ray of hope in the darkness: What we have learned from Yangtze giant soft-s...AbdullaAlAsif1
The Swinhoe's softshell turtle, Rafetus swinhoei (Gray, 1873),) is one of the world's largest freshwater turtles, and possibly the most endangered turtle species on the planet (Stanford et al., 2018). It has an overall length of over 100 cm and a width of up to 70 cm, and it can easily weigh up to 70–100 kg, maximum weight was recorded at 169 kg (Solimine, 2013; Trong, 2018). Despite its enormous size and unusual look, this species is incredibly secretive and only comes to the surface to breathe, preferring to remain submerged deep down. For this species, there is very little ecological information, and the remaining distribution is unclear. This could explain why it's so difficult to positively identify and confirm occurrences of this species in the wild (Trong, 2018). If we look back to the history and biogeography of this species, it can be found that the existential records were documented in the historical literature of the Chinese and Vietnamese dynasties. This species was once thought to only live along the Red River in China and Vietnam, as well as the lower Yangtze River floodplain in China, but its current population size is estimated to be just one wild individual of undetermined sex and a solitary captivity male in Suzhou Zoo, China. Although recent thorough searches in Yunnan, China, and Vietnam failed to confirm the presence of more wild specimens, some sightings were reported until around a decade ago (Stanford et al., 2018), giving hope that more individuals may yet exist in Vietnam.
Snapper shrimp is a symbiotic organism usually hidden under the rocks, sponges and pen shells in the seagrass and coral habitats. The relationship study within snapper shrimp and pen shell was conducted from Merambong shoal, one of the biggest seagrass beds in peninsular Malaysia. A total of 40 individual pen shells were collected randomly and four species of pen shells were identified. 40 Anchistus custoides were found inhabiting symbiotically in the mantle cavity of the pen shell as solitary males and females and heterosexual pairs. Pen shell, Pinna bicolour and Atrina vexillum recorded the highest average SH 217.79±53.15 mm, SV 2.62±1.36 dm3 and SH 164.10-224.78 mm with the SV 1.18±0.43 dm3, respectively compared to the other species. The size of Anchistus custoides ranged from 15.00 to 20.00 mm in length and it was determined to be female due to the presence of eggs in the pleopods. The length of the cephalothorax and its length were highly related (rs=0.563, p≤0.01, N=40) and found wider in females. A little difference in size between the left and right chela in males of identical length was noticed, although the left chela is much bigger than the right. The significant relationship (rs=0.450, p≤0.01, N=40) between the pen shell length and shrimp (male-female) length revealed that the size of the shell is important to be hosted the snapper shrimp in the shell cavity.
Diversity of fisheries in Sarawak, Northwest Borneo: Present status and conse...AbdullaAlAsif1
Information on fisheries resources in East Malaysia is scarce and poorly known. The current review aims to compile a checklist of fisheries resources in the Northwest Borneo (Sarawak, Malaysia) from available published literature, address the resources' present status, and suggest future monitoring needs for selected critical species. The study also aims to determine several Sarawak land-use issues that are in flux and responsible for habitat degradation. Five hundred sixty-four species belonging to 123 families and 32 orders were recorded from Sarawak waters. Freshwater fish species comprised 48.0% of the total, followed by a marine (36.6%), marine-euryhaline (12.9%), and brackish water (2.5%) species. Of this, Cyprinidae was the most dominant group accounting for the greatest number of species (82 species), followed by Balitoridae (34 species), Bagridae (21 species) and Penaeidae (21 species). Therefore, available fisheries resources should be managed carefully as 48 species (9.0%) are currently vulnerable to extinction. Furthermore, the presence of 20 alien species in Sarawak water bodies also requires attention from the authorities due to the potential disruption of aquatic ecological balance. Changing land use issues in Sarawak such as forest degradation, agricultural expansion, peatland deforestation and conversion, logging, destruction of mangrove forests, and construction of hydroelectric power dams and flood mitigation channels pose significant challenges to fishery management in Sarawak. Our study documents the priority of fishery monitoring and conservation in Sarawak water bodies to ensure sustainable management of fisheries resources.
Availability and potentiality of small indigenous species of fish throughout ...AbdullaAlAsif1
This study was conducted with aiming to know the present status of small indigenous fish species (SIS) in Oxbow Lakes/baors and rivers as well as the availability of SIS of fish and their potentiality in the study area. Regular data were collected from some important fish landing center cum markets, Oxbow Lakes and rivers of the study area. The availability of small indigenous species (SIS) of fish declined to a great extent over the years and many of them are rare or endangered due to death of rivers and baors were brought under aquaculture. Besides these, Many of SIS of fish were being increasingly used as trash fish for fish feed purpose. As an over populated country, demand of SIS of fish is increasing day by day. After 1990s almost all Oxbow Lakes have been gradually trying to bring under aquaculture through local community or Department of Fisheries. The most significant message of this study is that, some vulnerable and endangered SIS of fish are locally abundant both in fish landing center, baors and rivers. So they must be conserved for their bioavailability and nutrition throughout the country that would be most intelligent efforts in favor of global ichthyo-biodiversity conservation.
Socio-economic condition of fish fry and fingerling traders in greater Jessor...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to assess the livelihood status of fish fry and fingerling traders and socioeconomic condition in the greater Jessore, Bangladesh from April 2013 to September 2013. Data were collected through the use of well-structured questionnaire from the selected area. 73% of traders have single family but only 27% have joint family. 45% fish fry and fingerling traders family has four members. 20% family has five members, 14% family has six members, 12% family has three members 9%family has seven to eight members respectively. 92% traders has own bank account but only 7% traders uses their bank account when they trade fry and fingerling. 87% traders have secondary business like rickshaw business, fruit business, cloth business, fish trading etc. Among 300 fish fry and fingerling traders the sanitation facilities are present 100%. It was found that 69% and 31% of fish farmers used semi-pucca and pucca toilet respectively. Among 300 fish fry and fingerling traders 78% of traders have own house but only 22% of trader live in rental house or place. 46% of traders have institutional education that range from primary to higher education and other 54% of traders have no experience in education. In case of illness 58% of traders and trader's family goes to government hospital, 24% uses private clinic, 15% traders are uses local village doctor and another 3% does not get any treatment or not require no treatment. 93% traders have television, 5% house consist radio and another 2% house no instrument for entertainment. Only 10% trader wants their son and grandson engages with this fish fry and fingerling trading profession. The average monthly income of traders in the peak season is 18000 taka and off-peak season the income is less than 7000 taka per month.
Marketing of fish and fishery products in Dinajpur and livelihoods of the fis...AbdullaAlAsif1
Marketing of fish and fishery products in Dinajpur and livelihoods of the fish retailers were studied during the period from January to May, 2013. A total of 60 fish retailers were interviewed for obtaining pertinent data. A survey questionnaire was developed, pre-tested and finally used for collection of data. The collected data were tabulated using conventional statistical tools. The result showed that the livelihoods of a large number of people are associated with fish and fishery products distribution and marketing in six different markets. Three types of marketing channel were found to be operated in the selected markets. The shorter marketing chain which included the fish farmers, retailers and consumers was found to be more beneficial to the fish producers. Fish traders in village markets generally operate a capital of around TK. 8,000-10,000 and traders in town markets a capital of around TK. 10,000-20,000 per day. It was found that most of the fish traders used their own money. Price of fish depends on market structure, species, and freshness, supply demand of fish and size of fishes. There are seasonal variation in prices with the highest in summer (March to May), and lowest in pre-winter: (September to November) during the fish harvesting season. Different types of dried and salted fish were sold in the markets. Traders have broadly improved their food consumption facilities, standard of living, and purchasing power as an economic sector. However, the unhygienic conditions of the marketplace, lack of ice facilities, poor infrastructure, inadequate storage and poor transportation facilities were reported to be the major constraints hindering the marketing system in the surveyed areas. It is therefore necessary to provision of governmental, institutional and banking assistance for improvement of the marketing system.
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Attitude of farmers towards Pangas farming for their livelihood improvement
1. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2017, 2 (1), 106-119
Asian-Australasian Journal of
Bioscience and Biotechnology
ISSN 2414-1283 (Print) 2414-6293 (Online)
www.ebupress.com/journal/aajbb
Article
Attitude of farmers towards Pangas farming for their livelihood improvement
Md. Abu Razeim1*
, Md. Golam Farouque1
, Md. Asaduzzaman Sarker1
, Abdulla-Al-Asif2
and Meraz Ahmed2
1
Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University,
Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
2
Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202,
Bangladesh
*Corresponding author: Md. Abu Razeim, Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Faculty of
Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh. Mobile: +8801719245437; E-
mail: maburajim@gmail.com
Received: 07 April 2017/Accepted: 23 April 2017/ Published: 30 April 2017
Abstract: The present study was conducted in the selected Malotipur village of Muktagachha upazila under
Mymensingh district during 13 to 28 April, 2014. The sample size of the study was 90 fish farmers (43 percent
of population) and it was drown from a population of 209 using simple random sampling technique. Eight (8)
selected characteristics of farmers viz.: age, level of education, family size, farm size, annual income, credit
received, training experience and cosmopoliteness were considered as the independent variables, while the
attitude of the farmers towards Pangas farming was the dependent variable of the study. The focus variable i.e.
attitude of farmers towards Pangas farming was measured with a 5 point likert scale such as „strongly agree‟,
„agree‟, „undecided‟, „disagree‟ and „strongly disagree‟ in Pangas farming and the corresponding scores were 5,
4, 3, 2 and 1 respectively. The findings indicated that the majority (50 percent) of the Pangas farmers had
moderately favorable attitude towards Pangas farming compared to 31.1 percent having highly favorable and
only 18.9 percent had slightly favorable attitude. The finding on problem faced by the farmers related to Pangas
farming revealed that about two-third (65.6 percent) of the farmers had high problem followed by 20 percent
low problems. Among eight selected characteristics of Pangas farmers five characteristics such as age, level of
education; annual income, training experience and cosmopoliteness had significant positive relationships with
their attitude towards Pangas farming. On the other hand, the other two characteristics of pangas farmers such as
family size and farm size had positive but no significant relationships with their attitude towards Pangas
farming.
Keywords: Pangas farming; fisheries scenario; attitude; livelihood; economic condition
1. Introduction
Aquaculture is one type of agricultural activity, which can be called a “water-based farming system”.
Bangladesh is uniquely endowed with diverse, rich aquaculture and fisheries resources. Most of the country is
made up of floodplain, and while the alluvial soil provides good arable land, large areas are at risk because of
frequent floods and cyclones, which take lives and destroy crops, livestock and property. The over dependence
on land and acute scarcity of land in the country are the main causes of poverty in the rural areas. A low
estimate of 20 percent of the rural poor is in chronic poverty. They suffer from persistent food insecurity, own
no land and assets are often uneducated and may also suffer serious illnesses or disabilities (Faruque, 2013).
Another 29 percent of the rural population is considered as moderately poor. Though they own a small plot of
land and some livestock and generally have enough to eat their diets lack nutritional values (BBS, 2011).Forty
five percent (45 percent) population in Bangladesh are below poverty line (BBS, 2011). Aquaculture for poverty
reduction and food security is developing fast, but not always in ways promoted by many development agencies.
2. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2017, 2 (1) 107
Rather than being a means to secure nutritional gains and income directly for the poorest smallholder farmers, it
is increasingly a means to increase domestic fish supply to low-income consumers, develop opportunities for
employment and support local economic multipliers and to generate revenue from trade (Belton et al., 2011).
This mix of small-scale and larger-scale aquaculture parallels developments in agriculture, where calls for
support to smallholders co-exist with support for commercialization of agriculture to accelerate its role in
promoting macroeconomic growth (Wiggins et al., 2010). The total annual fish production in Bangladesh was
estimated to be3.06 million tons in 2010-11, of which 1.46 million tons (48 percent) were obtained from inland
aquaculture, 1.05 million tons (34 percent) from inland capture fisheries and 0.55 million tons (18 percent) from
marine fisheries (DoF, 2012). Within a decade, fish production has increased from 1.78 million tons in 2000-01
to 3.06 million tons in 2010-11. Overall, fisheries sector plays an important role in the economy of Bangladesh,
providing food, nutrition, incomes, livelihoods and export earnings (Dey et al., 2010; Jahan et al., 2010; Belton
et al., 2011). Mymensingh is ranked first among districts of pond fish production in Bangladesh, producing
218,952 tons per annum and contributes 18 percent of total pond production in Bangladesh (DoF, 2012). Small-
scale aquaculture is expanding rapidly in the Mymensingh area where a large number of farmers are involved.
There are 0.14 million farmers involved in aquaculture with an area of 28,889 ha in 2010 which compares
60,000 farmers with 15,421 ha of culture area in 1980. A total of 145,428 fish ponds were estimated in 2010
with an average pond size of 0.20 ha. Pond size was larger in the past, averaging 0.25 ha more than three
decades ago. The average annual fish yield was estimated at 7.58 tons/ha in 2010, compares with 3.27 tons/ha in
1980. Total annual fish production has increased from 50,427 tons in 1980 to 218,952 tons in 2010 (DoF, 2012).
Pangas has been emerging as an economically very important species to South-East Asian countries.
Commercial farming of Pangas, introduced from Thailand started about in 1998 and expanded rapidly after
2000 in Mymensingh district. In Mymensingh region, Pangas farming has been established rapidly. While
Mymensingh remains the lead producing area, its farming was also expanded to other parts of the country
particularly in Bogra, Jessore, Noakhali and Dhaka. Over the last 15 years, Pangas farming evolved a shape of
commercial enterprise. Pangas is presently being cultured in about 30,000 ha area of water body and a large
number of people are associated with this enterprise (Islam, 2009). Pangas is particularly important for their fast
growth, lucrative size, good taste, high market demand and can be stocked at a much higher density in ponds
compared to other culturable species. Islam (2009) reported that Pangas is one of the most suitable fish for
rearing in ponds and cages. Pangas farming is very important to fulfill nutritional requirement and to generate
livelihood opportunities of poor people. They are improving their social and economic condition through Pangas
farming. Pangas farming is profitable but lack of sufficient fund, high price of input, lack of marketing facilities,
lack of scientific and technical knowledge, less availability of fish seed, high cost of feed, water shortage in dry
season and socio-economic constrains (Robbani, 2002; Akter, 2001). The main objectives of the present study
was to determine the attitude of farmers towards Pangas farming for their livelihood improvement; to estimate
and describe some selected characteristics of Pangas farmers. The characteristics are age, level of education,
family size, farm size, annual income, credit received, training experience and cosmopoliteness; toexplore the
relationships between the selected characteristics of Pangas farmers and their attitude towards Pangas farming
for their livelihood improvement and to determine the problems faced by the farmers in Pangas farming.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study area and period
The study was conducted at Kumargata union of Muktagachha upazila under Mymensingh district. One union
namely Kumarghata was selected purposively as a study location. There were 11 villages in Kumarghata union
and out of these villages; Malotipur village was purposively selected for the study (Figure 1). There were 209
fish farmers in the study area who were considered as the population of the study. From the total population, 90
fish farmers (43% of population) were selected randomly as sample of the study following simple random
sampling technique.
3. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2017, 2 (1) 108
Figure 1. A map of Mymensingh district and Muktagachha upazila showing the study area (Kumarghata
union).
2.2.Rationale for the research site
This village was purposively selected because the fact that Pangas farming of this area was higher than other
areas of Muktagacha upazila. The selection was made on the basis of suggestions made by Upazila Fisheries
Officer (UFO) of Muktagacha upazila. Pangas has long been traditional practiced by fish farmers in Muktachha
upazila. Currently most of farmers (60 percent) are involved in Pangas farming; while only 40 percent of
farmers are practiced in others fish farming. About 40 percent of farmers are involved in extensive farming,
while 35 percent and 25 percent practice improved extensive and semi-intensive farming, respectively.
Muktagachha is one of the most important places for Pangas farming in Bangladesh. Pangas is the most
dominant species in Mymensingh, accounting for 54% of the total aquaculture production. Traditionally Indian
major carps, such as Catla, Mrigel and Rohu have long been cultured in the study area, accounting for 26
percent of the total aquaculture production. Exotic Carps, such as Common carp, Grass carp and Silver carp
have also been cultured those contribute 8 percent to aquaculture production. Climbing perch and Tilapia has
recently been cultured in Muktagachha upazila and account for 6 percent and 3 percent of the total aquaculture
production, respectively (Table 1).
Table 1. Percentage of fish species cultured in Muktagachha.
Species of Fish Share of Cultivation (%)
Pangas 60.00
Carps (rui, katla, mrigel, silver carp) 35.00
Thai Koi 2.00
Tilapia (GIFT and monosex) 1.50
Shrimp 0.20
Puti (Rajputi and Shorputi) 0.50
Others 0.80
Total 100.00
Source: Upazila Fisheries Office (official data, 2014), Muktagachha; Mymensingh.
2.3.Basic features of the study areas
A) Physical features: The selected area is situated under Muktagachha upazila. The distance of Muktagachha
upazila is 21 kilometres from Mymensingh district town. The study area is well connected with the
4. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2017, 2 (1) 109
Mymensingh town with an asphalted road. Bus, CNG, auto rickshaw, bicycle and motorcycle are the main
transports of these unions. The houses of the study area are mostly made of tin, bamboo and straw but some tin
shed brick houses also found in these unions. Majority of the houses have no sanitary latrines and most of the
people are indifferent to use sanitary latrines. Almost in every house, there is at least one pond that is used for
fish culture.
B) Fisheries scenario: Aquaculture is the main issue for the livelihood of the villagers. In agricultural activities
farmer grows different types of crops like rice, wheat, jute, mastered, spices and various types of vegetables.
The total cultivated land 3000 acres. In case of aquaculture activities the fish farmer mainly commercially
culture Carp, Tilapia, Shing, Magur and Pangas. The total area of water body is 20,193 acres (Table 2).
Table 2. Numbers of farmers and their average farm size of the major Pangas producing upazila
in Mymensingh district.
Upazila Number of farms Mean farm size (ha) Total farm area (ha)
Muktagacha 2480 1.50 3720
Trishal 1720 1720 2580
Bhaluka 1300 6.00 7800
Total 5500 N/A 14 100
Source: Upazila Fisheries Office (official data, 2013), Muktagachha; Mymensingh.
C) Socio-economic condition: The village society is mainly stratified into four social classes, namely rich,
middle class, poor and very poor. Among the social institutions, there is only one primary school in study area
(Table 3).There is one separate samitee. The major social problems are solved by the chairman and members of
the union parishad. Sometimes people go to the court to solve their major social conflicts. Minor social
problems of the villages are mainly solved by the local elites (e.g. village heads, educated people and school
teachers). The non-agricultural income sources of the villagers are mainly business, day labouring and rickshaw
polling. The socio-economic condition of this union is very well.
Table 3. Major features of the study areas.
Area 1.284 Sq Km
Total Population
Male 1107
Total: 2243
Female 1136
Total Households 439
Total Fish Farmer 209
Total Pond 584
Literacy Rate 35.34%
Primary School 1
Madrasa 3
Total Water bodies 201.93 hec.
D) Interventing agencies: Some development activities are being done by the GOs and NGOs like World
Vision, Proshikha, BRAC, Grameen Bank, ASA etc. These organizations provide training and credit facility to
the poor people so, that they can improve their livelihoods.
2.4. Sampling design
Updated lists of all the fish farmers were collected from the Upazila Fisheries Officer (UFO) in Muktagachha
upazila. The farmers who practiced Pangas farming on that study area were the population for this study.
However, data were collected from a sample rather than the whole population. The total populations were 209,
out of which 43 percent population were selected as sample by using a table of random numbers. Ninety (90)
Pangas fish farmers were randomly selected.
2.5. Methods and Procedures of Data Collection
2.5.1. The survey
In the survey, two trained enumerators along with the researcher himself collected data from 90 Pangas fish
farmers through personal interviewing. The researcher first established rapport with the respondents and clearly
5. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2017, 2 (1) 110
explained the objectives of the study using local language as far as possible. As a result, the respondents
furnished proper response to the questions without any hesitation. The questions were clarified whenever any
respondent had difficulties in understanding. Excellent cooperation was received from the respondents and other
people of the study area. No serious difficulty was faced by the researcher in collecting data. The survey was
conducted in April, 2014.
2.6. Measurement of the variables
2.6.1. Independent variables
The independent variables of the study were age, level of education, family size, farm size, annual income,
credit received, training experience and cosmopoliteness. Procedures for measuring independent variables have
been discussed as follows:
2.6.1.1. Age
The age of a respondent was measured in terms of actual years from her birth to the time of interview on the
basis of Pangas farmer‟s statement. A score of one (1) was assigned for each year of his age.
2.6.1.2. Level of education
The level of education of a respondent was measured by the level of education completed as indicated by his
response to item no. 2 of the interview schedule. A score of one (1) was assigned for each level of education
completed. If a respondent did not know how to read and write, his level of education score was considered as
zero (0), 1 for class one, 2 for class two and so on.
2.6.1.3. Family size
The household size of a respondent was measured in terms of actual number of members in his family including
himself, his wife, children, brothers, sisters, parents and the person who jointly live and eat together during
interviewing.
2.6.1.4. Farm size
Farm size of a respondent was measured as the size of his farm (including Pangas farming and other crops) on
which he continued his farm practices during the period of study. Each respondent was asked to mention the
homestead area, the land under his own cultivation, land given to others on borga, land taken from other on
borga, land taken from others on lease system and others land (for poultry rearing).
The following formula was used in measuring the farm size:
Farm size (FS) = F1 + F2 +1
/2(F3 + F4) + F5+ F6
Where,
F1 = land under homestead
F2 = own land under own cultivation
F3 = land given to others on borga
F4 = land taken from others on borga
F5 = land taken from others on lease/mortgage and F6 = others land.
2.6.1.5. Annual income
Income from fish culture of a respondent was measured in Taka on the basis of his/her response in terms of the
last one year‟s income only from fish culture. Income from fish culture of a respondent was expressed in Tk. A
score of one was given for each Taka 1,000 to compute the annual income scores of the respondents.
2.6.1.6. Credit received
Credit received of a respondent was measured in terms of amount of money received by him as loan from
different sources. It was expressed in Taka. A score of one (1) was given for each thousands of Taka.
2.6.1.7. Training experience
Training experience was determined by total number of days of training received by the Pangas farmers from
any organization in their entire lifetime. If a respondent took 3 days training on Pangas farming from GOs,
NGOs or any other organization then his training experience score was 3 and so on.
6. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2017, 2 (1) 111
2.6.1.8. Cosmopoliteness
It referred to the degree to which an individual is orientated to the places external to his social system.
Cosmopoliteness was score was computed on the basis of extent of visit of a respondent in seven selected places
for the purpose of fish culture. The extent of the social mobility was determined with a five point rating scale 3
for frequently, 2 for occasionally, 1 for rarely and 0 for not at all. Total score of a respondent was measured by
summing of all individual score. The score could range from 0 to 21, where 0 indicated no cosmopoliteness and
18 indicated maximum cosmopoliteness.
2.6.2. Dependent variable
Attitude of farmers towards Pangas farming for their livelihood improvement was the dependent variable. This
variable was operationalized through a 5 point Likert Scale. Twenty five (25) statements on various aspects of
Pangas cultivation were asked to the farmers. The positive and negative statements were arranged randomly in
the schedule in order to achieve the real picture of attitude of the farmers. They were asked to indicate for each
of the statements, whether they 'strongly agree', 'agree', 'undecided', 'disagree', 'strongly disagree' with a
corresponding score of 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 for the positive items and vice versa for the negative items. The attitude
score of a farmer was computed by summing the scores for his responses to all the items. Hence, scores of a
farmer could range from 25 to 125; 25 indicate highly unfavorable attitude and highly favorable 125 favorable
attitudes towards Pangas farming. For clearer understanding of the statements used to measure farmers‟ attitude,
the statements were placed in ranked order based on their respective means.
2.7. Measurement techniques of problem faced by the pangas farmers
Pangas farmers‟ problems on Pangas farming was measured by developing 12 problematic statements. Scores
were assigned for 3, 2, 1, 0 according to the extent of problem faced i.e. high, medium, low and not at all,
respectively. An overall problem faced score was computed for each respondent by adding problem
conformation scores in all 12 statements.Thus, possible score may vary from 0 to 36, while zero indicated no
problem and 36 indicated the highest level of problem. Problem faced index will be computed using the
following formula:
PFI = (Ph×3) + (Pm×2) + (P1×1) + (Pn×0)
Where,
Ph = Percentage of respondents with “high problem”
Pm = Percentage of respondents with “medium problem”
P1 = Percentage of respondents with “low problem”
Pn = Percentage of respondents with “not at all problem”
2.8. Data processing and analysis procedure
Qualitative data were converted into quantitative forms by means of suitable scoring technique whenever
necessary. The analysis was performed by using statistical treatment with SPSS (Statistical Package for Social
Sciences) computer package. To explore the relationship among the variables concerned, Pearson's Product
Moment Correlation Coefficient (r) was computed. Five percent (5%) level of probability was employed in
order to accept or reject the null hypotheses.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Selected characteristics of the Pangas farmers
3.1.1. Age
The age of the Pangas farmers ranged from 25 to 57 years, the average being 43.84 and standard deviation of
7.86. Based on their age, the Pangas farmers were classified into three categories viz. young, middle and old
aged as shown in Table 4. Approximately more than half proportion of the farmers (61.1 percent) was middle-
aged, compared to 18.9 percent of them being young and 20 percent being old. The findings, thus, indicate that a
large proportion (81.1 percent) of the Pangas farmers were middle to old aged. Middle and old aged farmers
might have valuable opinions in Pangas farming practices. The extension agents can make use of these views
and opinions in designing their extension activities. Young people are generally receptive to new ideas and
things. They would have a favorable attitude. Ahmed (2013), Ahmed (2010), Sharmin (2008), Parvez (2007)
and Ahmed (2006) found almost similar distribution of respondent in different age categories in their respective
studies.
7. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2017, 2 (1) 112
Table 4. Salient features of the selected characteristics of the Pangas farmers (N = 90).
Characteristics Measuring
unit
Range Categories Respondent Mean SD
Observed
(possible)
Number Percent
Age Actual years 27-57
(Unknown)
Young ( 18- 35) 17 18.9 43.84 7.86
Middle age (36-50) 55 61.1
Old (above 50) 18 20
Level of education Formal
education
0-16
(Unknown)
Illiterate (0) 21 23.3 5.42 3.97
Primary (1-5) 35 38.9
Secondary (6-10) 23 25.6
Above secondary (above 10) 11 12.2
Family size No. of
family
members
3-10
(Unknown)
Small (up to 4) 6 6.7 6.26 1.45
Medium (5-8) 78 86.7
Large (above 8) 6 6.7
Farm size Hectares 0.20-6.06
(Unknown)
Small (0.20-1.0) 39 43.3 1.35 1.01
Medium (1.01-3.0) 45 50.0
Large (above 3.0 ) 6 6.7
Annual income „000‟TK 96-1000
(Unknown)
Low (up to 150) 16 17.8 2.43 160.01
Medium (151-500) 69 76.7
High (above 500) 5 5.6
Credit received „000‟TK 0-210
(Unknown)
No credit received (0) 40 44.4 46.77 58.95
Low (up to 70) 19 21.1
Medium (71-140) 22 24.4
High (above 140) 9 10.0
No training experience (0) 56 62.2
Training experience Days 0-10
(unknown)
Low (up to 4) training
experience
12 13.3
Medium training experience
(5-8)
17 18.9 2.14 3.42
High (above 8) training
experience
5 5.6
No cosmopoliteness (0) 29 32.2
Cosmopoliteness Score 0-6 Low (up to 6) 61 67.8 2.33 2.01
(0-21) Medium (7-12) 0 0
High (above 12) 0 0
3.1.2. Level of education
The level of education of the Pangas farmers ranged from 0 to 16 with an average being 5.42 and standard
deviation of 3.97. Based on the level of education score the respondents were classified into four categories viz.
illiterate, primary, secondary and above secondary. Table 4 shows that a large proportion of the Pangas farmers
(38.9 percent) were primary compared to 25.6 percent having secondary education, 23.3 percent having
secondary education and 12.2 percent having above higher secondary education. The literacy rate of the country
is 67 percent (BBS, 2013). Thus, the findings indicate that in the area the literacy rate seems to be lower than
that of national average.
3.1.3. Family size
Family size of the respondents ranged from 3-10, with an average of 6.26 and standard deviation of 1.45. On the
basis of their household size, the Pangas farmers were classified into three categories as small, medium and
large. Table 4 shows the distribution of the Pangas farmers according to their family size. Data contained in
8. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2017, 2 (1) 113
Table 4 show that majority of the Pangas farmers (86.7 percent) had medium sized household where, 6.7 percent
had both small and large household. Hossain (2010) and Burhan (2009) found average family size 5.50 to 6.92,
respectively which were almost similar to this study.
3.1.4. Farm size
The farm size of the Pangas farmers varied from 0.20 to 6.06 hectares. The average farm size was 1.35 hectare
with a standard deviation of 1.01. Based on the farm size, the Pangas farmers were divided into three categories
viz. small, medium and large. The distribution of the Pangas farmers has been shown in Table 4. Data indicate
that the highest proportion of the respondents (50 percent) fell in medium farm size category compared to 43.3
percent and 6.7 percent of them small and large farm size, respectively. The average farm size of the
respondents was 1.35 hectares which is higher than national average (0.81 ha). This might indicate that the
situations of the Pangas farmers regarding farm size in the study area are better than a typical farming
community of Bangladesh. Similar findings were reported by Ahmed (2010).
3.1.5. Annual income
Annual income of the Pangas farmers ranged from Tk. 96 to 1000 thousand, the average being 2.43 and
standard deviation 160.01. Based on their income score, the Pangas farmers were classified into three
categories: low income, medium income and high income categories. The distribution of the Pangas farmers
according to their family income is shown in Table 4. Data indicate that about three fourth of the respondents
(76.7 percent) had medium income where, 17.8 percent and 5.6 percent of them had annual income of low and
high category, respectively.
3.1.6. Credit received
Credit received scores of the Pangas farmers ranged from 0 to 210 TK, the average being 46.77 and standard
deviation 58.95. Based on their credit received scores, the Pangas farmers were classified into four categories:
no credit receiver, low credit receiver, medium credit receiver and high credit receiver. The distribution of the
Pangas farmers according to their credit availability is shown in Table 4.The highest proportion of the Pangas
farmers (44.4 percent) did not receive any credit, while 21.1 percent of them were low credit receiver, 18.9
percent and 15.6 percent of the farmers were medium and high credit receivers, respectively. Similar findings
were reported by Ahmed (2013).
3.1.7. Training experience
Training experience of the respondents ranged from 0 to 10 days with average of 2.14 and standard deviation
3.42. On the basis of training experience, respondents were classified into four categories as no training
experience, low training experience, medium training experience and high training experience respectively. The
distribution of the respondents according to their training experience is shown in Table 4. Data indicate that the
majority proportion of the respondents (62.2 percent) had no training, while 18.9 percent had medium
training experience, 13.3 percent had low training experience and 5.6 percent had high training experience.
Data indicates that majority of the respondents did not participate in any training program because respondents
do not get proper opportunity to receive training. Similar findings were reported by Ahmed (2006) and Ahmed
(2010).
3.1.8. Cosmopoliteness
Cosmopoliteness scores of the respondents ranged from 0 to 6. The average and standard deviation was 2.33 and
2.01, respectively. On the basis of cosmopoliteness scores, the respondents were classified into four categories:
no cosmopolite, low cosmopolite, medium cosmopolite and high cosmopoliteness. The distribution of the
respondents according to their cosmopoliteness is shown in Table 4. Data presented in Table 4 indicate that the
majority of the respondents (67.8 percent) were low cosmopolite compared to 32.2 percent were no
cosmopolite. The value indicates that thefish farmers of the study area contain low to medium social mobility.
3.2. Attitude of the farmers towards Pangas farming
Farmer‟s attitude towards Pangas farming was the main focus of the study. Attitude scores of the Pangas
farmers varied from 76 to 108 against the possible range from 25 to 125, with an average of 93.95 and standard
deviation 10.72. Based on the observed attitude scores, the respondents were classified into three categories as
shown in Table 5. The findings indicates that overwhelming majority of the Pangas farmers (50 percent) had
moderately favorable attitude towards Pangas farming compared to only 31.1 percent having highly favorable
9. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2017, 2 (1) 114
and only 18.9 percent had slightly favorable attitude.
Table 5. Distribution of the Pangas farmers according to their attitude towards Pangas farming.
Categories
Pangas Farmers (N=90)
Mean SD
Number Percent
Slightly favorable attitude ( 76-90) 17 18.9
93.95 10.72
Moderately favorable attitude (91-105) 25 50.0
Highly favorable attitude (above 105) 58 31.1
Total 90 100
3.3. Relationship between selected characteristics of Pangas farmers and their attitude towards Pangas
farming
The purpose of this section is to explore the relationships between each of the selected characteristics of the
farmers and their attitude towards Pangas farming. The relationship between the selected characteristics of the
farmers and their attitude towards Pangas farming is presented in Table 6. Pearson's Product Moment
Correlation Co-efficient 'r' was used to test the null hypotheses concerning relationships between any two
variables. A null hypothesis was rejected when the observed r value was equal or greater than the table value of
r at 0.05 levels of probability. Out of eight variables, the relationships of four variables with farmers‟ attitude
were significant and positive and three were non-significant.
3.3.1. Age and attitude
The relationship between age of the Pangas farmers and their attitude towards Pangas farming for their
livelihood improvement was measured by testing the null hypothesis, i.e. "there is no relationship between age
of the Pangas farmers and their attitude towards Pangas farming".
Table 6. Result of correlation analysis between selected characteristics of Pangas farmers and their
attitude towards Pangas farming.
Dependent variable Characteristics of farmers Correlation of coefficient 'r'
value with 88 d.f.
Attitude of farmers towards
Pangas farming
Age 0.800**
Level of education 0.234*
Family size 0.207NS
Farm size 0. 017NS
Annual income 0.266*
Credit received -.044NS
Training experience 0.338**
Cosmopoliteness 0.376**
NS = Not significant
* = Significant at 0.05 level of probability (2 tailed)
** = Significant at 0.01 level of probability (2 tailed)
The calculated value of r (0.800**) was greater than the table value of r (0.270) with 88 degrees of freedom at
0.01 level of probability (Table 6). Based on the above findings, the null hypothesis was rejected and it was
concluded that age of the Pangas farmers had significant and positive relationship with their attitude towards
Pangas farming. So, age of the Pangas farmers had influence to form favorable attitude towards Pangas farming.
Ahmed (2006) and Ahmed (2013) also observed similar relationship in their respective studies.
3.3.2. Level of education and attitude
The relationship between level of education of the farmers and their attitude towards Pangas farming was
measured by testing the null hypothesis, i.e. "there is no relationship between years of schooling of the Pangas
farmers and their attitude towards Pangas farming".
The calculated value of r (0.234*) was greater than the table value of r (0.195) with 88 degrees of freedom at
0.05 level of probability (Table 6). Based on the above findings, the null hypothesis was rejected and it was
10. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2017, 2 (1) 115
concluded that education of the Pangas farmers had significant and positive relationship with their attitude
towards Pangas farming. Rahman (2010) found that level of education of the respondents had significant
relationship with their aquaculture practices and which was in positive direction. The findings had consistency
with Habib (2000), Faruque (2007) and Jakir (2010) as well.
3.3.3. Family size and attitude
Using the null hypothesis, i.e. "there is no relationship between family size of the Pangas farmers and their
attitude towards Pangas farming". The relationship between family size of the Pangas farmers and their attitude
towards Pangas farming was tested. The calculated value of r (0.207NS
) was smaller than the table value r
(0.207) with 88 degrees of freedom at 0.05 levels of probability (Table 6). So the concerned null hypothesis
could not be rejected and it was concluded that the family size of the members had no significant relationship
with their attitude towards Pangas farming. Rahman (2010) also found that there was no significant relationship
between household size and attitude of fish farmers. The findings had consistency with Roy (2003), Pal (2009)
and Biswas (2009).
3.3.4. Farm size and attitude
The relationship between farm size of the Pangas farmers and their attitude towards Pangas farming was studied
by testing the concerned null hypothesis, i.e. "there is no relationship between farm size of the Pangas farmers
and their attitude towards Pangas farming". The calculated value of r (0.017NS
) was smaller than the table value
r (0.195) with 88 degrees of freedom at 0.05 levels of probability (Table 6). So the concerned null hypothesis
could be rejected and it was concluded that the farm size of the farmers had no significant relationship with their
attitude towards Pangas farming. These findings clearly indicate that there was a negative trend between farm
size of the Pangas farmers and their attitude towards Pangas farming. Noor (1995), Ahmed (2006) and Ahmed
(2013) also found similar results in their respective studies.
3.3.5. Annual income and attitude
The relationship between annual income of the Pangas farmers and their attitude towards Pangas farming was
examined by testing the concerned null hypothesis, i.e. "there is no relationship between annual income of the
Pangas farmers and their attitude towards Pangas farming". Calculated value of r (0.266*) was being significant
at 0.05 level of probability (Table 6). So, the null hypothesis rejected. It was, therefore, concluded that annual
income of the Pangas farmers had significant relationship with their attitude towards Pangas farming. These
findings clearly indicate that there was a positive ad significant trend between annual income of the Pangas
farmers and their attitude towards Pangas farming. Faruque (2007), Burhan (2009) and Arefin (2011) also found
similar results in their respective studies.
3.3.6. Credit received and attitude
The relationship between credit received of the Pangas farmers and their attitude towards Pangas farming was
studied by testing the null hypothesis, i.e. "there is no relationship between credit availability of the Pangas
farmers and their attitude towards Pangas farming".
The calculated value of r (-0.044NS
) was smaller than table value r (0.195) with 88 degrees of freedom at 0.05
level (Table 6). So, the null hypothesis could not be rejected and it was concluded that credit availability of
Pangas farmers had no relationship with their attitude towards Pangas farming. This means that credit
availability did not influence the Pangas farmers in forming attitude towards Pangas farming. Khan (2005) also
found similar results in his respective study.
3.3.7. Training experience and attitude
The null hypothesis, i.e. "there is no relationship between training experience of the Pangas farmers and their
attitude towards Pangas farming" was used to measure the relationship between training experience of the
Pangas farmers and their attitude towards Pangas farming. The calculated value of r (0.338**) was greater than
the table value r (0.270) with 88 degrees of freedom at 0.01 level (Table 6). Thus, the null hypothesis was
rejected. It was therefore, suggested that training experience of the Pangas farmers had a positive and significant
relationship with their attitude towards Pangas farming. This means that the farmers‟ attitude towards Pangas
farming was influenced by training experience. Training experience helps the farmers to adopt improved
practices and technologies in Pangas fanning. Rahman (2010) and Arefin (2011) also observed similar results in
their respective studies.
11. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2017, 2 (1) 116
3.3.8. Cosmopoliteness and attitude
The relationship between cosmopoliteness of the Pangas farmers and their attitude towards Pangas farming was
studied by testing the concerned null hypothesis, i.e. "there is no relationship between cosmopoliteness of the
Pangas farmers and their attitude towards Pangas farming". The calculated value of r (0.376**) was higher than
the table value r (0.270) at 0.01 level (Table 6). So, the null hypothesis was rejected and it was concluded that
cosmopoliteness of the Pangas farmers had relationship with their attitude towards Pangas farming. This means
that cosmopoliteness influence the Pangas farmers in developing favorable attitude towards Pangas farming.
These findings clearly indicate that there was a positive trend between cosmopoliteness of the Pangas farmers
and their attitude towards Pangas farming. Haque (2002), Sadat (2002), Afrad (2002), Ali (2002), Haque (2003),
Sarker (2001) and Jakir (2010) also found the similar findings in their respective studies.
3.4. Problems faced by the Farmers in Pangas Farming
Pangas farmers were faced different type of problem. The pangas farmers were asked to mention the extent of
problems they faced in pangas farming. Pangas farmer‟s mentioned the frequency that at which extent they face
these 12 selected problems, which are presented in Table 7.
Table 7. Rank order of the items related to problems faced by the Pangas farmers.
SL. No. Problems
Respondents (N=90) PFI
Rank
order
H (%) M (%) L (%) N (%)
1. Lack of investment for Pangas farming 61 30 2 7 245 6
2. Production cost high compared to low profit 54 36 6 4 240 7
3. Pangas seeds are available in local market 56 30 11 4 239 8
4. Unavailability of good quality fish feed 90 3 7 0 283 2
5. Disease problem of Pangas 41 43 16 0 225 9
6. Lack of training facilities about Pangas farming 72 22 2 4 262 5
7.
Lack of technology for the management practices
of Pangas
29 60 9 2 216 10
8. Low market price of Pangas 93 6 1 0 292 1
9. Lack of quality Pangas seed 81 14 5 0 276 3
10. Lack of marketing facilities 74 21 4 1 268 4
11. Lack of security of fish farm 0 5 19 76 29 11
12. Social or political pressure 0 0 2 98 2 12
H = High; M = Moderate; L= Low; N = Not at all and PFI = Problem Faced Index.
Pangas farmers faced different types of problem in culture period. Twelve problems are showing on Table 7,
which is identified by the Pangas farmers, that problems are faced in culture period. “Low market price of
Pangas” is the number one problem faced by the Pangas farmers. Government is not taking necessary steps to
control the market price of Pangas. That‟s why the price of Pangas is decreasing day by day and this mentioned
problem become more complex to the Pangas farmers. The second largest problem is unavailability of good
quality fish feed. At present there are many feed company in Bangladesh but majority of them are not producing
good quality fish feed. Third priority is unavailability of shop retailer. Now a days, lots of feed shop are
available in upazila level markets or large markets but these shops are not available in small or village level
markets. Because of that farmers‟ have to move to the large upazila level markets which is very much costly for
the fish farmers. Haque (2010) also found similar problem. Third problem is “lack of quality Pangas seed”.
Most of the hatchery owner is not maintained breeding law. So, good quality of seed is not produced in
hatchery. Honest hatchery owner are needed to solve this problem. The last two ranked problem was “lack of
security of fish farm” and “social or political pressure” which may be removed by the help of local
administration and Nursery Owners‟ Association.
3.5. Overall problems faced by the Pangas farmers
In spite of greater potentiality of Pangas farming in Bangladesh, the farmers are not free from problems in
Pangas farming. They usually face various problems on Pangas farming. Overall problems faced by the Pangas
farmers ranged from 0 to 36 with a mean of 28.40 and standard deviation 7.54 (Table 8). On the basis of their
score, the respondents were divided into three categories such as low, medium and high.
12. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2017, 2 (1) 117
Table 8. Frequency distribution of farmers based on the problem they faced.
Extents of problems
Respondents
Mean
Std
deviation
Frequency Percent
Low (up to 12) 13 14.4
28.40 7.54
Medium (13 to 25) 18 20.0
High (26 to 36) 59 65.6
The data shows that about two-third percent of the respondents had high problem on Pangas farming compared
to 20 percent and 14.4 percent of them having medium and low problem, respectively. This indicates that the
desired level of Pangas farming will not be occurred if the different problems faced by the farmers are not
mitigated by any means. Similar findings were found karmakar (2004). Faruque (2013) found majority of the
farmers (91.43 percent) faced medium problem regarding Thai koi farming. Rahman (2011) observed that four-
fifth of the respondents (83.64 percent) faced low problem in culturing small indigenous fish species.
4. Conclusions
The findings of the study revealed that the significant proportion (50.0 percent) of Pangas farmers had
moderately favorable attitude towards Pangas farming. If new technologies and practices of Pangas farming are
disseminated to the farmers, they can contribute to attain target of annual fish production especially in Pangas
production. By increasing Pangas production, annual target of fish demand can be fulfilled. The situations like
low market price of Pangas, inadequacy of quality Pangas seed‟s were very common as opined by the Pangas
farmers in the study area. This leads to the conclusion that so long the farmers would continue to their farming
in above situation, it will be difficult from them to get the desired output from Pangas farming. Most of the
farmers (about 65.6 percent) in the study area faced high problem in Pangas farming and about 20 percent of the
farmers had medium problem in Pangas farming. It may be concluded that without solving of these problems,
higher fish production may be difficult in Muktagachha upazila under Mymensingh district. Correlation
analyses showed that age, level of education, annual income, training experience about Pangus farming and
cosmopoliteness of the respondents showed significant and positive relationship with the attitude of farmers
towards Pangas farming. Therefore, it can be concluded that these characteristics of the farmers playimportant
role on Pangus farming. Family size, farm size and credit received of the farmers no significant relationship
with their attitude towards Pangas farming; these variables seem to have no major influence in forming attitude
of the farmers.
Conflict of interest
None to declare.
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