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The pre historic era
- 1. THE PRE- HISTORIC ERA INTRODUCTION History divided intothree parts, availability of written records CLASSIFICATION ON WRITTEN RECORDS NOTABLE TREND Pre Historic Proto Historic Historic No Written Records Written Records- not of that culture but other culture have records of that culture Written Records exist
- 2. 2 CLASSIFICATION- USE OF SUBSTANCES Divided intovarious phases depending in what theearly man usedtofulfil its daily requirement. Nomadic Life Sedentary Living Civilization Pre Historic Era Stonage MetalAge
- 3. 3 STONAGE Now let us try tounderstandeach phasein detail THE PALEOLITHIC AGE- OLD STONE AGE Palaeolithic Age Mesolithic Age Neolithic Age
- 4. 4 Palaeolithic Age covers 99% (2 Million years agoto 12000 B.C) of Human History and is further sub-divided Developed during plasticine period- ICEAGE. Weatherconditions not suitable for development and man had no idea of agriculture. Thus, they were hunters and gatherers. –Narmada Valley, skilled hunters and gatherers. Herding and Rearing were known toPalaeolithic period REASONS FOR LEADING A NOMADIC LIFE Seasonal Nature of watersources and fruits Hunting foranimals brought them from one place to another Lower Palaeolithic Age Middle Paleolithic Age Lower Palaeolithic Age Animals and caught fish Edible parts of plants
- 5. 5 SOME IMPORTANT PALAEOLITHIC SITES IN INDIA PAELEOLITHIC SITE DISCOVERY EVIDENCE BHIMBETKA, MP Rock- cut natural caves. Paintings on the cave. World Heritage Site Living of man and existence of art in the Palaeolithic Age. Man, animals andgeometrical shape VINDHYA RANGE Natural Rock -cut caves KURNOOL, AP Ash Early man knew the use of fire HUNGSKI, KA Lime- Stone tools Early man used limestone tools MIRZAPUR, UP Bones of animals Domestication PATNE, MH Ostrich egg shell- Beads, designs engraved Ostriches in India in the Palaeolithic period MAP WORK
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- 7. 7 MESOLITHIC AGE- MIDDLE STONE AGE 12,000 B.C. TO 10,000 B.C. Majorclimatic change tookplace in theMesolithic period. AGRICULTURE Wheat and Barley, Kirtharand Sulaiman hills 10,000 B.C. to8,000 B.C. Rice cultivation-North of VindhyaRange, Garo Hills in Meghalaya Humidity Increased Development of Grass Population of Grass eating animals increased Development of Agriculture began Deer, Antelope, etc
- 8. 8 INDUSTRIES Development of industries of crude stonetools Stone on Stone flaking- One stoneusedas hammer theother is the core, from which the extraparts are chipped of togive it a proper flavour StoneFlaking Technique Stoneon Stone Pressure Flaking
- 9. 9 PressureFlaking- The core on afirm support, a boneis hard substancelike a bone placed in between, then thetool is madeby applying pressure on the otherstone
- 10. 10 Factory sites-The stonetools weremade in this area Factory cum Habitation Site- Thedefective tools and extrastonechips were discarded in these areas and people also lived here formany days Development of crude pots. Microliths- Development of small tools (as compared totheones in the Palaeolithic tools) NEOLITHIC AGE Clothes- Cotton andWool Polished Stone Megalithic Burial- Burial of thedead in onebig rock. Brahmagiri - Megalithic Site Types ofSites FactorySite Factory-cum habitation site
- 11. 11 HOUSES MudBrick Houses Neolithic Site Evidence Buzahom, Kashmir Pit Houses Mehrgarh, Kashmir Square Houses Pottery for storing grains This phase is also called thestone – copper transition phase because theuseof copper though was started, theuseof stonetools was not given up. THE METAL AGE Copper Age Bronze Age Iron Age Beginning of the Harappan Civilization End of Vedic Era Iron Mentioned in the Vedas
- 12. 12 COPPER AGE Travelled to obtain metal- Connection of Chalcolithic Cultures Semi- Arid regions. Semi-Arid Soil contains copper Pottery – Black and Grey; inverted firing APPENDIX ESTIMATING AGE OF FOSSIL Radio- Carbon Dating – Estimating theage by calculating the amount of loss of theorganic material Dendrochronology- Estimating theage of plants-counting the totalnumberof annual rings CULTURAL HERITAGE SITE- DECLARATION CRITERIA (BHOMBETKA) Masterpiece- Human Creativity Uniquetestimony(evidence)-Cultural Tradition or Civilization Outstanding exampleof architecture, landscape, technology- significant in human history Tangible with ideas, beliefs and artisticwork of universal significance Outstanding example-traditional human settlement, represents human interaction with nature. Especially if vulnerable totheirreversible change Exhibits important exchange of ideas over a period of time.
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