The Portuguese Empire was one of the longest-lived colonial empires, spanning from the 15th century to the 20th century. Portugal explored coastal regions of Africa and established the first global trade routes to India and Brazil during this period. Key events included Vasco da Gama reaching India in 1498 and the Portuguese discovery of Brazil in 1500. At its peak, Portugal's colonial possessions included territories in Africa, South America, Asia, and Oceania. However, the empire declined after Spain united with Portugal in 1581, drawing Portugal into Spain's conflicts with other European powers.