The Peritoneal
Cavity
Part I: Abdominal Sonography
Abdomen and Superficial Structures
Objectives
Identify the potential spaces of the peritoneum and the
organs and/or ligaments that divide them on diagram.
Identify
Identify the potential spaces of the peritoneum on
sonogram.
Identify
State the organs located in the peritoneum.State
Explain the role greater omentum and mesentery play in
limiting the extent of pathology.
Explain
Recognize the sonographic appearance of benign and
malignant changes seen in the peritoneum.
Recognize
Analyze sonographic images of the peritoneum for
pathology.
Analyze
THE PERITONEUM
The Peritoneum is
the serous
membrane lining the
walls of the
abdominal cavity. It
covers the
abdominal viscera.
• The peritoneum that
covers the
abdominal organs
is known as the
visceral
peritoneum.
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https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwj0u-yHjbHTAhXC7SYKHaDWCncQjRwIBw&url=https://www.slideshare.net/VischaMarvidiantika/23-peritoneum&psig=AFQjCNGbFIGVxjEL18_Xt51SusKpth5meg&ust=1492711166307051
The peritoneum that
lines the abdominal
cavity is known as
the parietal
peritoneum
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Layers
• The outer layer:
parietal peritoneum
• The inner layer:
visceral peritoneum
Parietal peritoneum
is attached to the
abdominal wall.
Visceral
peritoneum
is wrapped around the
internal organs that
are located inside the
abdominal cavity.
The peritoneum both
supports the
abdominal organs and
serves as a conduit
for their blood and
lymph vessels and
nerves.
Peritoneal cavity
• The peritoneal cavity is a potential space between
the parietal and visceral peritoneum.
• Contains peritoneal fluid having (water, electrolytes,
leukocytes and antibodies)
Peritoneal
cavity
The fluid functions
are:
It acts as a lubricant,
enabling free
movement of the
abdominal viscera.
The antibodies fight
infection.
Peritoneal cavity
Ordinarily, the
peritoneal cavity is
only of capillary
thinness; however, it
is referred to as a
potential space
because excess fluid
can accumulate in the
peritoneal cavity
resulting in the
clinical condition
of ascites.
• The peritoneal cavity form.
The document provides information about the peritoneum:
1. The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and is divided into a parietal layer covering the abdominal wall and a visceral layer adhered to organs.
2. It is composed of an outer fibrous layer and inner mesothelial cells that secrete fluid for lubrication.
3. Folds of peritoneum suspend organs in the abdomen and provide pathways for vessels, nerves and lymphatics.
The document discusses the anatomy and derivatives of the peritoneum. It describes how the peritoneum consists of parietal and visceral layers that form the peritoneal cavity. It also discusses the intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal organs, and how the peritoneum forms mesenteries, omenta, ligaments, folds, recesses and pouches to support the abdominal organs. In conclusion, it restates that the peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and produces fluid to lubricate the abdominal viscera.
This document provides an overview of pancreatic physiology and the pancreatic duct system. It discusses the embryological development of the pancreas and describes how the main pancreatic duct and accessory pancreatic duct normally drain secretions. It also describes pancreas divisum, which occurs in 3-7% of the population, and may increase risk of pancreatitis. The document outlines the histology of the pancreas and its endocrine and exocrine functions, focusing on the mechanisms of bicarbonate, sodium, and water secretion in the pancreatic ducts.
Carcinomatose Peritoneal e outras AnomaliasBrenda Lahlou
1. The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal wall and covers the abdominal organs.
2. It secretes peritoneal fluid which reduces friction between organs and helps fight infection by containing it through adhesions.
3. Ultrasound, CT, and MRI can help identify peritoneal carcinomatosis but have limitations in detecting small tumor deposits. Diagnosis requires direct visualization during laparoscopy or laparotomy.
The document provides information about the peritoneal cavity and its relations in the human body. It defines the peritoneum as the serous sac lining the abdomen and pelvis. It describes how the peritoneum is divided into the parietal peritoneum lining the abdominal wall and visceral peritoneum covering the internal organs. It further subdivides the peritoneal cavity into the greater and lesser sacs, separated by the transverse mesocolon. Various peritoneal folds, ligaments, and mesenteries that connect and support internal organs are also defined. Clinical correlations regarding conditions affecting the peritoneum are mentioned for further reading.
Reteroperitoneal space (Student Scientific Seminar)vivek7781
The document discusses the retroperitoneal space and peritoneum. It defines the retroperitoneal space as organs that are covered by the peritoneum only from the front, such as the kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, parts of the duodenum, pancreas, abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava. It then discusses the layers, folds and functions of the peritoneum, as well as the subdivisions of the peritoneal cavity into the greater and lesser sacs.
The document discusses various congenital anomalies of the pancreas including annular pancreas, pancreas divisum, ectopic pancreatic tissue, horseshoe pancreas, and variations in pancreatic ductal anatomy. It describes the embryological development of the pancreas and defines important anatomical structures such as the pancreatic ducts. Imaging features of different pancreatic anomalies on modalities like CT, MRI, ERCP, and ultrasound are provided.
This document provides an overview of the digestive system in English, including descriptions and diagrams of the main organs like the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. It discusses the order food travels through the digestive system and defines each part using the present simple tense. Vocabulary terms are defined and practice exercises are provided to reinforce comprehension of the key anatomical structures and their functions.
The document provides information about the peritoneum:
1. The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and is divided into a parietal layer covering the abdominal wall and a visceral layer adhered to organs.
2. It is composed of an outer fibrous layer and inner mesothelial cells that secrete fluid for lubrication.
3. Folds of peritoneum suspend organs in the abdomen and provide pathways for vessels, nerves and lymphatics.
The document discusses the anatomy and derivatives of the peritoneum. It describes how the peritoneum consists of parietal and visceral layers that form the peritoneal cavity. It also discusses the intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal organs, and how the peritoneum forms mesenteries, omenta, ligaments, folds, recesses and pouches to support the abdominal organs. In conclusion, it restates that the peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and produces fluid to lubricate the abdominal viscera.
This document provides an overview of pancreatic physiology and the pancreatic duct system. It discusses the embryological development of the pancreas and describes how the main pancreatic duct and accessory pancreatic duct normally drain secretions. It also describes pancreas divisum, which occurs in 3-7% of the population, and may increase risk of pancreatitis. The document outlines the histology of the pancreas and its endocrine and exocrine functions, focusing on the mechanisms of bicarbonate, sodium, and water secretion in the pancreatic ducts.
Carcinomatose Peritoneal e outras AnomaliasBrenda Lahlou
1. The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal wall and covers the abdominal organs.
2. It secretes peritoneal fluid which reduces friction between organs and helps fight infection by containing it through adhesions.
3. Ultrasound, CT, and MRI can help identify peritoneal carcinomatosis but have limitations in detecting small tumor deposits. Diagnosis requires direct visualization during laparoscopy or laparotomy.
The document provides information about the peritoneal cavity and its relations in the human body. It defines the peritoneum as the serous sac lining the abdomen and pelvis. It describes how the peritoneum is divided into the parietal peritoneum lining the abdominal wall and visceral peritoneum covering the internal organs. It further subdivides the peritoneal cavity into the greater and lesser sacs, separated by the transverse mesocolon. Various peritoneal folds, ligaments, and mesenteries that connect and support internal organs are also defined. Clinical correlations regarding conditions affecting the peritoneum are mentioned for further reading.
Reteroperitoneal space (Student Scientific Seminar)vivek7781
The document discusses the retroperitoneal space and peritoneum. It defines the retroperitoneal space as organs that are covered by the peritoneum only from the front, such as the kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, parts of the duodenum, pancreas, abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava. It then discusses the layers, folds and functions of the peritoneum, as well as the subdivisions of the peritoneal cavity into the greater and lesser sacs.
The document discusses various congenital anomalies of the pancreas including annular pancreas, pancreas divisum, ectopic pancreatic tissue, horseshoe pancreas, and variations in pancreatic ductal anatomy. It describes the embryological development of the pancreas and defines important anatomical structures such as the pancreatic ducts. Imaging features of different pancreatic anomalies on modalities like CT, MRI, ERCP, and ultrasound are provided.
This document provides an overview of the digestive system in English, including descriptions and diagrams of the main organs like the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. It discusses the order food travels through the digestive system and defines each part using the present simple tense. Vocabulary terms are defined and practice exercises are provided to reinforce comprehension of the key anatomical structures and their functions.
Presentation1.pptx imaging of the peritoneum and mesentry.Abdellah Nazeer
The document provides an overview of peritoneal anatomy and imaging of peritoneal lesions. It describes the layers of the peritoneum and defines anatomical structures like the mesentery and omentum. Common pathologies seen in imaging are summarized, including cystic lesions like pseudomyxoma peritonei and lymphangiomas. Solid lesions such as peritoneal metastases, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and mesothelioma are also reviewed. Imaging features of various peritoneal diseases are presented along with illustrations to aid diagnosis.
The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities. It consists of mesothelial cells and connective tissue. The peritoneum forms two layers - the parietal layer lines the cavity walls and the visceral layer covers the abdominal organs. Between these layers is the potential space called the peritoneal cavity, which contains a small amount of serous fluid. The peritoneum gives rise to folds and ligaments that support the abdominal organs. It divides the abdominal cavity into the greater and lesser sacs which communicate through the epiploic foramen.
The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and organs. It is divided into a parietal layer lining the abdominal wall and a visceral layer lining the organs. Histologically it consists of an outer fibrous layer and inner mesothelial cell layer. Folds of peritoneum called mesenteries suspend and support organs in the abdomen. The greater omentum hangs from the stomach like an apron and protects the abdominal cavity. The lesser omentum connects the stomach and duodenum to the liver. The mesentery supports the small intestine and contains blood vessels and lymphatics. Mesocolons and mesorectums similarly support sections of the large intestine.
Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder usually caused by a blocked drainage duct from a gallstone. It can be acute with sudden severe pain or chronic with recurring swelling. Diagnosis involves blood tests, ultrasound, CT or MRI to detect gallstones and inflammation. Treatment options include antibiotics, drainage tubes, or removing the gallbladder through surgery.
The document summarizes the anatomy and embryology of the peritoneum. It is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal wall and covers abdominal organs. It consists of two layers - the parietal peritoneum lining the abdominal wall and visceral peritoneum covering organs. Between these layers is a thin film of serous fluid. The peritoneum divides the abdominal cavity into compartments using ligaments, mesentery and omentum. Key spaces include the lesser and greater sac, supramesocolic and inframesocolic spaces, and pelvic spaces. The document describes the embryological development and contents of various peritoneal reflections and ligaments.
The peritoneum is a large serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. It is divided into a parietal layer that lines the abdominal wall and a visceral layer that lines the abdominal organs. Folds of peritoneum suspend the organs in the cavity. Histologically, it is composed of an outer fibrous layer and inner mesothelial cell layer. The parietal peritoneum is derived from somatic mesoderm and can be easily stripped, while the visceral peritoneum is derived from splanchnic mesoderm and cannot be stripped. Folds of peritoneum such as the mesentery, mesocolon, and omentum provide pathways for vessels and nerves and help suspend
The digestive system breaks down food and produces waste. It begins with the mouth, where digestion starts. Food then travels to the stomach for further breakdown by gastric acid. The small intestine, liver, gallbladder and large intestine also aid digestion before waste is produced and expelled by the large intestine. The esophagus connects the mouth to the stomach to transport food through the system.
Dr. Shaurya Agarwal presented on the peritoneal cavity. Key points included:
1. The peritoneal cavity is lined by the serous membrane called the peritoneum and is divided into compartments by peritoneal reflections.
2. Cross-sectional imaging such as CT is useful for evaluating the peritoneal spaces and reflections. MRI also provides good visualization.
3. There are many potential spaces within the peritoneal cavity where fluid, abscesses or metastases can accumulate based on anatomical boundaries.
4. A variety of cystic lesions can involve the peritoneal cavity including mucinous carcinomatosis, pseudomyxoma peritonei, cystic mesothelioma, mesent
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the urinary bladder. It describes the urinary bladder as a muscular reservoir located in the pelvis that stores urine. It details the bladder's location, size, shape, capacity, external features and internal structure. It also discusses the arterial supply, venous drainage and nerve supply of the urinary bladder. The document is intended to provide clinicians with important anatomical information about the urinary bladder and its clinical relevance.
Embryology of pancreas and Imaging of pancreatitissrikanth reddy
1) The pancreas develops from two buds, the dorsal and ventral buds, which arise from the duodenum and fuse during development.
2) CT is the preferred imaging modality for evaluating acute pancreatitis to confirm the diagnosis, assess severity and complications such as necrosis, pseudocysts and fluid collections.
3) Acute pancreatitis is classified on CT imaging as interstitial edematous pancreatitis or necrotizing pancreatitis depending on the presence of pancreatic or peripancreatic necrosis. CT also guides management by identifying complications.
This document provides information about the urinary and digestive systems and their organs located in the abdomen. It describes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra that make up the urinary system and their functions in filtering blood and excreting urine. It also outlines the parts of the digestive system including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and associated organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. It details the roles and internal and external features of these organs in ingestion, digestion, absorption and excretion of waste.
The document summarizes normal retroperitoneal and abdominal wall anatomy. It describes the three compartments of the retroperitoneum - the anterior pararenal space, perirenal space, and posterior pararenal space. It also discusses the potential intraperitoneal spaces, including the supramesocolic space (divided into right and left spaces), inframesocolic space, and pelvic spaces. Key organs in the retroperitoneum like the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, and parts of the colon and duodenum are also described.
Your peritoneum is a membrane that lines the inside of your abdomen and pelvis (parietal layer). It also covers many of your organs inside (visceral layer). The space in between these layers is called your peritoneal cavity.
The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion. Digestion involves the breakdown of food into smaller and smaller components, until they can be absorbed and assimilated into the body. -wikipedia
The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal along which the food passes after eating to where the residual wastes are eliminated from the body, together with the liver and the pancreas. The digestive system is responsible for the ingestion of food, its breakdown into its constituent nutrients and their absorption into the blood stream, and the elimination of wastes from that process.
The document describes the anatomy of the abdomen and pelvis. It details the boundaries and contents of the abdominal cavity, including the liver, stomach, intestines, and other organs. It also describes how the peritoneum lines the abdominal wall and covers the abdominal organs. The peritoneum forms folds that connect the organs to each other and to the abdominal wall.
The document discusses the anatomy and sonographic appearance of the pancreas. It describes the pancreas' location and relationships to nearby structures like blood vessels. The normal sonographic features include homogeneous echotexture and absence of duct dilation. Common pathologies like pancreatic cancer and pancreatitis are also summarized, noting how they can appear on ultrasound with features like duct obstruction or diffuse swelling. Ultrasound is established as a useful initial imaging method for evaluating the pancreas.
The foregut gives rise to the esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder and bile ducts, pancreas, and upper duodenum. The esophagus develops from the foregut just caudal to the lung buds. Errors in formation of septa can lead to tracheoesophageal fistulas or esophageal atresia. The stomach develops through rotation such that the left side moves ventrally and the right dorsally. Differential growth forms the greater and lesser curvatures. The pyloric sphincter separates the stomach and duodenum; errors can cause pyloric stenosis. The liver and pancreas arise from the foregut endoderm induced by nearby mesoderm.
The digestive system breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and removes waste. It begins with chewing in the mouth, then food travels to the stomach and small intestine where it is further broken down and nutrients are absorbed. Waste then moves to the large intestine, rectum and is excreted from the body. The liver and other organs help break down food and filter toxins from the bloodstream.
The preferences of a consumer are represented by the utility functio.docxgabrielaj9
The preferences of a consumer are represented by the utility function
U = X + 2(Y)1/2
a) In the initial situation, the prices of the commodities and the income of the
consumer are
P
X = 5 , PY = 1 and I = 150
Determine the optimal consumption vector (X*
, Y*
) and compute the
maximum utility (U*
) of the consumer.
b) Assume the government implements a commodity tax (t). In this situation,
we have
P
X = 5 + t , PY = 1 and I = 150
and
t = 5
i. Determine the optimal consumption vector, the maximum utility of the
consumer, and (iii) the government revenue from the tax.
ii. Given the new prices induced by the commodity tax, determine the
additional income the consumer would need to reach the same level of
utility (U*) as in the initial situation. How does this additional income
compare to the government revenue from the tax? Explain.
.
The primary written assignment in this course will be a PersuasiveA.docxgabrielaj9
The primary written assignment in this course will be a Persuasive/Argumentative Paper on a topic that demonstrates how Politics/Politicians influence/manipulate or coerce our understanding of Science. The topics are not to be summaries or re-iterations of material from our textbooks or materials utilized in class, but rather original topics that are controversial in nature and allow the student to persuade the reader to consider their point of view.
Topics from any field of science may be assigned by the instructor or chosen by the student at the instructor’s discretion. The paper must demonstrate the ability to apply scientific method principles and processes including an understanding of the science, impact of the science through application and demonstration in our daily life and consequences of political interpretation of the science. It is critical that the student develop these skills and knowledge to understand and interpret scientific information and the impact of science on their lives, the environment and society, so that the student is prepared for the 21
st
century.
The paper will be 2000-3000 words (5-10 pages) in length, double-spaced, 12 point Times New Roman font, and using APA format. You will take a side on an issue and write a paper that attempts to persuade the reader to accept your point of view on the topic.
The papers must be submitted to “Turnitin” by Mar. 19 (Noon) and to “LIVETEXT.COM” on or by Mar. 19, 2015. The papers will be graded based on a rubric that will be posted in iTunesU The hard copy will be due on the date indicated (Mar. 19), no electronic submissions will be accepted on the due date unless previously discussed with the instructor. Papers received late or not submitted to “LIVETEXT” or “TURNITIN” will have credit deducted based on the date received.
.
More Related Content
Similar to The Peritoneal CavityPart I Abdominal SonographyAbd.docx
Presentation1.pptx imaging of the peritoneum and mesentry.Abdellah Nazeer
The document provides an overview of peritoneal anatomy and imaging of peritoneal lesions. It describes the layers of the peritoneum and defines anatomical structures like the mesentery and omentum. Common pathologies seen in imaging are summarized, including cystic lesions like pseudomyxoma peritonei and lymphangiomas. Solid lesions such as peritoneal metastases, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and mesothelioma are also reviewed. Imaging features of various peritoneal diseases are presented along with illustrations to aid diagnosis.
The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities. It consists of mesothelial cells and connective tissue. The peritoneum forms two layers - the parietal layer lines the cavity walls and the visceral layer covers the abdominal organs. Between these layers is the potential space called the peritoneal cavity, which contains a small amount of serous fluid. The peritoneum gives rise to folds and ligaments that support the abdominal organs. It divides the abdominal cavity into the greater and lesser sacs which communicate through the epiploic foramen.
The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and organs. It is divided into a parietal layer lining the abdominal wall and a visceral layer lining the organs. Histologically it consists of an outer fibrous layer and inner mesothelial cell layer. Folds of peritoneum called mesenteries suspend and support organs in the abdomen. The greater omentum hangs from the stomach like an apron and protects the abdominal cavity. The lesser omentum connects the stomach and duodenum to the liver. The mesentery supports the small intestine and contains blood vessels and lymphatics. Mesocolons and mesorectums similarly support sections of the large intestine.
Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder usually caused by a blocked drainage duct from a gallstone. It can be acute with sudden severe pain or chronic with recurring swelling. Diagnosis involves blood tests, ultrasound, CT or MRI to detect gallstones and inflammation. Treatment options include antibiotics, drainage tubes, or removing the gallbladder through surgery.
The document summarizes the anatomy and embryology of the peritoneum. It is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal wall and covers abdominal organs. It consists of two layers - the parietal peritoneum lining the abdominal wall and visceral peritoneum covering organs. Between these layers is a thin film of serous fluid. The peritoneum divides the abdominal cavity into compartments using ligaments, mesentery and omentum. Key spaces include the lesser and greater sac, supramesocolic and inframesocolic spaces, and pelvic spaces. The document describes the embryological development and contents of various peritoneal reflections and ligaments.
The peritoneum is a large serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. It is divided into a parietal layer that lines the abdominal wall and a visceral layer that lines the abdominal organs. Folds of peritoneum suspend the organs in the cavity. Histologically, it is composed of an outer fibrous layer and inner mesothelial cell layer. The parietal peritoneum is derived from somatic mesoderm and can be easily stripped, while the visceral peritoneum is derived from splanchnic mesoderm and cannot be stripped. Folds of peritoneum such as the mesentery, mesocolon, and omentum provide pathways for vessels and nerves and help suspend
The digestive system breaks down food and produces waste. It begins with the mouth, where digestion starts. Food then travels to the stomach for further breakdown by gastric acid. The small intestine, liver, gallbladder and large intestine also aid digestion before waste is produced and expelled by the large intestine. The esophagus connects the mouth to the stomach to transport food through the system.
Dr. Shaurya Agarwal presented on the peritoneal cavity. Key points included:
1. The peritoneal cavity is lined by the serous membrane called the peritoneum and is divided into compartments by peritoneal reflections.
2. Cross-sectional imaging such as CT is useful for evaluating the peritoneal spaces and reflections. MRI also provides good visualization.
3. There are many potential spaces within the peritoneal cavity where fluid, abscesses or metastases can accumulate based on anatomical boundaries.
4. A variety of cystic lesions can involve the peritoneal cavity including mucinous carcinomatosis, pseudomyxoma peritonei, cystic mesothelioma, mesent
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the urinary bladder. It describes the urinary bladder as a muscular reservoir located in the pelvis that stores urine. It details the bladder's location, size, shape, capacity, external features and internal structure. It also discusses the arterial supply, venous drainage and nerve supply of the urinary bladder. The document is intended to provide clinicians with important anatomical information about the urinary bladder and its clinical relevance.
Embryology of pancreas and Imaging of pancreatitissrikanth reddy
1) The pancreas develops from two buds, the dorsal and ventral buds, which arise from the duodenum and fuse during development.
2) CT is the preferred imaging modality for evaluating acute pancreatitis to confirm the diagnosis, assess severity and complications such as necrosis, pseudocysts and fluid collections.
3) Acute pancreatitis is classified on CT imaging as interstitial edematous pancreatitis or necrotizing pancreatitis depending on the presence of pancreatic or peripancreatic necrosis. CT also guides management by identifying complications.
This document provides information about the urinary and digestive systems and their organs located in the abdomen. It describes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra that make up the urinary system and their functions in filtering blood and excreting urine. It also outlines the parts of the digestive system including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and associated organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. It details the roles and internal and external features of these organs in ingestion, digestion, absorption and excretion of waste.
The document summarizes normal retroperitoneal and abdominal wall anatomy. It describes the three compartments of the retroperitoneum - the anterior pararenal space, perirenal space, and posterior pararenal space. It also discusses the potential intraperitoneal spaces, including the supramesocolic space (divided into right and left spaces), inframesocolic space, and pelvic spaces. Key organs in the retroperitoneum like the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, and parts of the colon and duodenum are also described.
Your peritoneum is a membrane that lines the inside of your abdomen and pelvis (parietal layer). It also covers many of your organs inside (visceral layer). The space in between these layers is called your peritoneal cavity.
The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion. Digestion involves the breakdown of food into smaller and smaller components, until they can be absorbed and assimilated into the body. -wikipedia
The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal along which the food passes after eating to where the residual wastes are eliminated from the body, together with the liver and the pancreas. The digestive system is responsible for the ingestion of food, its breakdown into its constituent nutrients and their absorption into the blood stream, and the elimination of wastes from that process.
The document describes the anatomy of the abdomen and pelvis. It details the boundaries and contents of the abdominal cavity, including the liver, stomach, intestines, and other organs. It also describes how the peritoneum lines the abdominal wall and covers the abdominal organs. The peritoneum forms folds that connect the organs to each other and to the abdominal wall.
The document discusses the anatomy and sonographic appearance of the pancreas. It describes the pancreas' location and relationships to nearby structures like blood vessels. The normal sonographic features include homogeneous echotexture and absence of duct dilation. Common pathologies like pancreatic cancer and pancreatitis are also summarized, noting how they can appear on ultrasound with features like duct obstruction or diffuse swelling. Ultrasound is established as a useful initial imaging method for evaluating the pancreas.
The foregut gives rise to the esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder and bile ducts, pancreas, and upper duodenum. The esophagus develops from the foregut just caudal to the lung buds. Errors in formation of septa can lead to tracheoesophageal fistulas or esophageal atresia. The stomach develops through rotation such that the left side moves ventrally and the right dorsally. Differential growth forms the greater and lesser curvatures. The pyloric sphincter separates the stomach and duodenum; errors can cause pyloric stenosis. The liver and pancreas arise from the foregut endoderm induced by nearby mesoderm.
The digestive system breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and removes waste. It begins with chewing in the mouth, then food travels to the stomach and small intestine where it is further broken down and nutrients are absorbed. Waste then moves to the large intestine, rectum and is excreted from the body. The liver and other organs help break down food and filter toxins from the bloodstream.
Similar to The Peritoneal CavityPart I Abdominal SonographyAbd.docx (20)
The preferences of a consumer are represented by the utility functio.docxgabrielaj9
The preferences of a consumer are represented by the utility function
U = X + 2(Y)1/2
a) In the initial situation, the prices of the commodities and the income of the
consumer are
P
X = 5 , PY = 1 and I = 150
Determine the optimal consumption vector (X*
, Y*
) and compute the
maximum utility (U*
) of the consumer.
b) Assume the government implements a commodity tax (t). In this situation,
we have
P
X = 5 + t , PY = 1 and I = 150
and
t = 5
i. Determine the optimal consumption vector, the maximum utility of the
consumer, and (iii) the government revenue from the tax.
ii. Given the new prices induced by the commodity tax, determine the
additional income the consumer would need to reach the same level of
utility (U*) as in the initial situation. How does this additional income
compare to the government revenue from the tax? Explain.
.
The primary written assignment in this course will be a PersuasiveA.docxgabrielaj9
The primary written assignment in this course will be a Persuasive/Argumentative Paper on a topic that demonstrates how Politics/Politicians influence/manipulate or coerce our understanding of Science. The topics are not to be summaries or re-iterations of material from our textbooks or materials utilized in class, but rather original topics that are controversial in nature and allow the student to persuade the reader to consider their point of view.
Topics from any field of science may be assigned by the instructor or chosen by the student at the instructor’s discretion. The paper must demonstrate the ability to apply scientific method principles and processes including an understanding of the science, impact of the science through application and demonstration in our daily life and consequences of political interpretation of the science. It is critical that the student develop these skills and knowledge to understand and interpret scientific information and the impact of science on their lives, the environment and society, so that the student is prepared for the 21
st
century.
The paper will be 2000-3000 words (5-10 pages) in length, double-spaced, 12 point Times New Roman font, and using APA format. You will take a side on an issue and write a paper that attempts to persuade the reader to accept your point of view on the topic.
The papers must be submitted to “Turnitin” by Mar. 19 (Noon) and to “LIVETEXT.COM” on or by Mar. 19, 2015. The papers will be graded based on a rubric that will be posted in iTunesU The hard copy will be due on the date indicated (Mar. 19), no electronic submissions will be accepted on the due date unless previously discussed with the instructor. Papers received late or not submitted to “LIVETEXT” or “TURNITIN” will have credit deducted based on the date received.
.
The Prime National Properties Group is a member of the Educational.docxgabrielaj9
The Prime National Properties Group is a member of the Educational Facilities Association, an association of the professionals involved in the planning, design, and construction of educational facilities across the United States.
Mission
The principal objectives and purposes of the association are as follows:
· To establish a means of exchanging ideas.
· To stabilize written communication between educational facilities.
· To stimulate professional growth.
· To promote research of new construction, new material, and new equipment to be used in educational facilities.
· To promote creativeness in planning and constructing educational facilities.
· To encourage the exchange of ideas between educators and facility planners in achieving a quality educational facility.
History
The Educational Facilities Association was started in the early 1950's as a cooperative effort between a small group of educational facility managers and owners. The intent was to provide a forum for the exchange of ideas and promote cooperation between educational facilities. The association has evolved from its humble beginnings.
Conferences
Conferences, which were held once a year, focus on topics of interest to educational facility managers and owners. Early meetings were attended by approximately 50 people. In recent years summer conferences have been attended by over 1000 people. In 2003, the Educational Facilities Association expanded its activities with new programs:
Winter Conference
The Winter Conference highlights the excellent design capabilities of our Associate Members. It is held over a three day period in a southern state.
Summer Conference
The Summer Conference encourages qualified persons to choose a career of educational facilities management. It is a weeklong conference held in various locations throughout the nation.
Educational Facilities Association Presidents
We have been lucky to have great leaders in the role of President. Following is a list of past presidents.
· 1955-1969 Rae Gerhard
· 1970-1974 Alejandra Balentine
· 1975- 1978 Fernando Lopez
· 1979-1985Jamie Perrotti
· 1986-1999 Heidi Herrmann
· 2000-2006 Penny Rudder
· 2006-2007 Greta Myers
· 2007-Present Chandler Gaines
PropertiesPropertyAddressCityStateZIPSelling PriceAmberTechnical Training789 W. Main St.AlbuquerqueNM87110$ 604,500Allen Surgical Center106 E. 1500 N.RugbyND58368$ 53,999,000All American Service Industry Fulfillment1401 Mother Lode Cir.Port HuronMI48060$ 751,500Archer Square Shopping Mall4980 Hwy. 14 ESt. LouisMO63122$ 6,390,000Ardenna Wood Medical Center306 W. Central Ave.ArlingtonTX76012$ 68,433,000Arroh Surgical Hospital42 W. 35th Ave.UlyssesKS67880$ 55,500,000Arroun Grande Rehabilitation Hospital500 NW CheyenneSalemNH03079$ 75,520,000Astin Office
Solution
s Warehouse2211 SE 16 St.Battle CreekMI49017$ 6,230,000Austin & Ball Warehouse712 E. 108th Ave.PatersonNJ07514$ 9,189,500Ballyhoo Office Building4161 N. 1500 W.Green BayWI54305$ 5,675,000Barton, Oaks.
The primary objective of this assignment is to ensure that students .docxgabrielaj9
The primary objective of this assignment is to ensure that students learn the concepts of networking and
data communications. This includes topology concepts and related technologies that are inter-woven
together in an intricate manner. The manner and methods of data transmission, internetworking concepts
as well as protocols used in data communications.
TASK LIST
The assignment consists of three tasks, which require students to carry out research, write a report on
their findings as well as analyse the techniques used in data communication.
Task 2 - IPv4
The network layer protocol in the TCP/IP protocol suite is currently IPv4 (Internet Protocol, version 4).
IPv4 provides the host-to-host communication between systems in the Internet. Although IPv4 is well
designed, data communication has evolved since the inception of IPv4 in the 1970s. IPv4 has some
deficiencies that make it unsuitable for the fast-growing Internet.
To overcome these deficiencies, IPv6 (Internet Protocol, version 6), also known as IPng (Internetworking
Protocol, next generation) was proposed and is now a standard.
***Write a report on IPv4. Your report should include:
- An introduction to IPv4
- Description of IPv4 with a diagram of the IPv4 architecture.
- Disadvantages and issues of IPv4 that led to the development of IPv6.
Your report should consist of a minimum of 750 words.
If the word count exceeds 10% of the stated word limit, 10% of the total marks of the paper will be deducted from the total marks obtained.
Task 3 - Data encryption Techniques
Data encryption is one of the main techniques used in network security. Data encryption can be
classified into 2 types Asymmetric Encryption and Symmetric Encryption. With the aid of diagrams,
show how RSA Asymmetric and AES Symmetric encryptions work.
***Your report should include:
- Introduction to Network Security
- Characteristics of RSA and AES encryption.
- Diagram of RSA Asymmetric encryption.
- Diagram of AES Symmetric encryption.
Your report should consist of a minimum of 750 words.
If the word count exceeds 10% of the stated word limit, 10% of the total marks of the paper will be deducted from the total marks obtained.
.
The primary goal of your final assignment is to critically analyze t.docxgabrielaj9
The primary goal of your final assignment is to critically analyze the specific topic you have chosen regarding American national government.
You have been preparing for this final assignment each week by constructing an Annotated Bibliography (Week 2) and a detailed outline of the Final Paper’s main points (Week 3) in which you focused on the following:
Historical and constitutional basis for the American Government’s structure
The system of checks and balances
The various roles (e., public opinion, media, special interest groups, etc.) concerning public policy and elections
The voting system and election process.
In addition, you have read the course text and course readings, reviewed videos, and researched additional material for each week’s assignments and this paper. This week, you will put all of those outlines, readings, reviews, and research together to evaluate policymaking and government program administration into one Final Paper.
As we wrap up our course, reflect on what you have learned about the key structures, systems, roles, and processes that embody our national government. Think about the strengths and weaknesses, advantages and disadvantages, and positive and negative impacts of these aspects of our democracy. Use what you have learned so far to evaluate a specific policy of our national government and recommend ways to enhance what works and repair what is not working well. It is important that your Final Paper utilizes your previous research and assignments, including the feedback that you received from the =Writing Center in Week 4. The assignment should also showcase what you have learned in the course. While your previous assignments will serve as a strong base for this assignment, it is very important that you implement feedback from your instructor and the =Writing Center, as well as further expand on the material. Appropriate transitions and headings are needed to ensure a cohesive Final Paper.
The Final Paper should utilize the
POL201 Final Paper template
and be at least six pages in length (not including title page and references) and based on your previously submitted assignments. It is important to utilize
APA Style Elements (Links to an external site.)
headings for major sections of your paper in order to ensure that the paper is easy to follow.
Scaffold your paper around the following outline:
Title page (see
Introduction to APA (Links to an external site.)
)
Introduction (half page) (see
Introductions & Conclusions (Links to an external site.)
)
Describe the paper’s overall thesis.
Provide an overview of main points.
First Main Point (one to one and a half pages) describes the historical and Constitutional basis of American government’s structure and how this relates to the policy.
Describe the main point.
Support the main point with research.
Second Main Point (one to one and a half pages) explains how the policy is involved within the process of checks and balances.
.
The primary purpose of a crime scene search is to develop associativ.docxgabrielaj9
The primary purpose of a crime scene search is to develop associative evidence that could link a suspect to the scene or a victim and to answer questions crucial to the investigation, such as who perpetrated the crime, how the crime was committed, the circumstances surrounding the commission of the crime, and why the crime was committed. Additionally, police search crime scenes to identify evidence through which a psychological profile of the suspect can be developed, to identify an object(s) that does not logically belong at the crime scene and that could potentially be linked to a suspect, and to identify the suspect’s modus operandi (MO), or motive for committing the crime.
For the purpose of this assignment, you are an investigator on your way to a murder crime scene. Research the following points and write a 5–7-page paper fully explaining each point:
The detective assigned to this murder investigation has never handled a homicide. As she drives you to the scene, you begin to assess the things you already know, and you start to formulate a plan for the crime scene search.
Using the 2 crime scene sketches provided
here
for interior and
here
for exterior, write a proposal for how the crime scene should be searched.
Identify the areas that will be searched and what type evidence you might expect to find in those areas.
Create a set of instructions for all of the department personnel who will be available, and assign them roles.
.
The primary goal of your final assignment is to critically analy.docxgabrielaj9
The primary goal of your final assignment is to critically analyze the specific topic you have chosen regarding American national government.
You have been preparing for this final assignment each week by constructing an Annotated Bibliography (Week 2) and a detailed outline of the Final Paper’s main points (Week 3) in which you focused on the following:
Historical and constitutional basis for the American Government’s structure
The system of checks and balances
The various roles (e., public opinion, media, special interest groups, etc.) concerning public policy and elections
The voting system and election process.
In addition, you have read the course text and course readings, reviewed videos, and researched additional material for each week’s assignments and this paper. This week, you will put all of those outlines, readings, reviews, and research together to evaluate policymaking and government program administration into one Final Paper.
As we wrap up our course, reflect on what you have learned about the key structures, systems, roles, and processes that embody our national government. Think about the strengths and weaknesses, advantages and disadvantages, and positive and negative impacts of these aspects of our democracy. Use what you have learned so far to evaluate a specific policy of our national government and recommend ways to enhance what works and repair what is not working well. It is important that your Final Paper utilizes your previous research and assignments, including the feedback that you received from the Ashford Writing Center in Week 4. The assignment should also showcase what you have learned in the course. While your previous assignments will serve as a strong base for this assignment, it is very important that you implement feedback from your instructor and the Ashford Writing Center, as well as further expand on the material. Appropriate transitions and headings are needed to ensure a cohesive Final Paper.
The Final Paper should utilize the
POL201 Final Paper template
and be at least six pages in length (not including title page and references) and based on your previously submitted assignments. It is important to utilize
APA Style Elements (Links to an external site.)
headings for major sections of your paper in order to ensure that the paper is easy to follow.
Scaffold your paper around the following outline:
Title page (see
Introduction to APA (Links to an external site.)
)
Introduction (half page) (see
Introductions & Conclusions (Links to an external site.)
)
Describe the paper’s overall thesis.
Provide an overview of main points.
First Main Point (one to one and a half pages) describes the historical and Constitutional basis of American government’s structure and how this relates to the policy.
Describe the main point.
Support the main point with research.
Second Main Point (one to one and a half pages) explains how the policy is involved wi.
The primary purpose of the Concept Paper is to obtain instructor.docxgabrielaj9
The primary purpose of the Concept Paper is to obtain instructor feedback to ensure that you are on track with the completion of your feasibility study. The complete instructions for the feasibility study can be found in Week Six of the online course.
The Concept Paper is a draft version of your Final Paper with the initial list of relevant scholarly sources. In this draft, be certain to include and (at least) briefly address the content of the headings listed in the Final Paper instructions for Week Six.
You must include a preliminary Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis for your chosen project. For further assistance, please view the
Feasibility Study Template (Links to an external site.)
video and view the online article
“Community Assessment,” (Links to an external site.)
both of which include specific information on elements of the SWOT analysis required for your final paper.
Remember, your concept paper is a draft, NOT the final product. Submit your Concept Paper with the required headings to your instructor by the end of this week. Be sure to review the article, “Assessing the Feasibility, Performance of Geriatric Clinics,” for further information as you complete your assignment. Be certain to include your list of references with your draft.
Writing the Feasibility Study Concept Paper
The Paper:
· Must be a minimum of three double-spaced pages in length, excluding title and reference pages, and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
· Must include a title page with the following:
o Title of paper
o Student’s name
o Course name and number
o Instructor’s name
o Date submitted
· Must begin with an introductory paragraph that has a succinct thesis statement.
· Must address the topic of the paper with critical thought.
· Must include the listed headings in the Week Six feasibility study instructions with the content required under each.
· Must end with a conclusion that reaffirms your thesis.
· Must list at least six scholarly sources that were published within the last five years, including a minimum of three peer-reviewed sources from the Ashford University Library.
· Must document all sources in APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
· Must include a separate reference page that is formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Final Paper
Building on the work you completed in Weeks Two and Four, you will complete a feasibility study based on a pre-approved health care project of your choice. Using the feasibility study outlined in the Daniels and Dickson (1990) article as a model, and including a minimum of six other scholarly sources, create a 12- to 15-page feasibility study that includes the following headings and supporting information:
Evaluating Feasibility
The concept of a feasibility study is central to viability, the “worth to the effort” ratio, and return on investment (ROI). What needs.
The primary goal of the vulnerability assessment and remediation is .docxgabrielaj9
The primary goal of the vulnerability assessment and remediation is to identify specific, documented vulnerabilities and remediate them in a timely fashion. Discuss in a physical security perspective how to accomplish this goal, including using documented vulnerability assessment procedure to collect intelligence about the environment and other involved vectors.
Text Book:
Fennelly, Lawrence, J. Effective Physical Security, 4th Edition. Butterworth-Heinemann, Elsevier, 2012 ISBN 978-0-12-415892-4
.
The presidents qualities have had an important impact on how each o.docxgabrielaj9
The president's qualities have had an important impact on how each one has approached the duties of president. Research one president of your choosing and write a 2-3 page profile.
Your profile should be organized as follows:
Introduction with thesis stating what president you have chosen and what you plan to say about him, in a nutshell.
Highlights of the president's term in office.
Strengths of the president.
Weaknesses or failures of the president.
President's outstanding accomplishment (in your opinion, based on research.)
Conclusion
I chose John F Kenndy as the president to research. This should be in APA format
.
The president of Russia is considered the head of th.docxgabrielaj9
The president of Russia is considered the head of the state and the government, while the prime minister serves as his deputy (the equivalent of a Vice President in the United States of America). They are co-heads of the government, and they both belong to the same political party – United Russia (though Putin ran as an independent in 2018).
The president of Russia has a central role in the government’s political system. The president mainly influences the executive branch’s activities. He also appoints the prime minister and other members of the government, chairs the cabinet’s meetings, and gives orders to his deputy and other members regarding governance. He can also revoke any act or law passed by the government.
Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev (left) with Russian President Vladimir Putin (right)
“Russia needs to radically overhaul its administrative and judicial systems and embrace new technology otherwise economic stagnation could threaten its security, Vladimir Putin’s chief adviser on economic reform has warned.
Alexei Kudrin, the former finance minister, was asked by Mr Putin last year to come up with a new strategy for economic policymaking for the next term, following the president’s planned re-election next year.
Outlining his plans on Friday, Mr Kudrin said: “We have come to face the problem that Russia has fallen behind technologically in the world. That, in my view, is the most serious challenge we face in the coming 10 to 15 years.”
Financial Times, Jan 13, 2017
Alexei Kudrin
Kudrin…
“We will struggle with diminishing defense potential and threats to national sovereignty if we don’t become a technological power. Even military experts say that technological challenges facing Russia are bigger than geopolitical and military ones,” Mr Kudrin said.
“Our entire foreign policy should be subordinated to the task of technological development.”
Russia is popularly known as the world’s second largest natural gas producer and the 3rd largest oil producer. The country has a large number of major oil and gas companies. Most of the top oil companies in Russia have continued to maintain significant downstream and upstream gas and oil operations. This includes retail service stations, exploration and production divisions and petroleum refineries.
This is the largest oil company in Russia. Reports show that the company produced around 1.5 billion barrels of oil in the year 2014. Besides, the company is also ranked as the 3rd largest natural gas company in the world with a production of more than 347 million barrels of oil equivalent.
The company’s market capitalization is around $38.7 billion which automatically makes it the highest valued gas and oil company. Rosneft operates 13 refineries in the country and has shown tremendous interest in around seven refineries based in Eastern and Western Europe. The company maintains exploration and production operation in countries such as Canada, Vietnam, USA, Norway and.
The presidential election of 1912 was the most Progressive in US his.docxgabrielaj9
The presidential election of 1912 was the most Progressive in US history, with the two frontrunners, Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, both espousing Progressive philosophies. Although both Wilson and Roosevelt were Progressive, their attitudes toward Progressivism differed, at least in theory. This paper will provide an opportunity to review the complex nature of Progressivism, and to explore how presidents’ policies while in office often differ from their rhetoric on the campaign trail.
Using the primary sources below,
compare and contrast
the two men’s principles based on their writings, and then, using the textbook and at least one secondary source from the library’s JSTOR or Project MUSE databases,
compare
each presidents’ political principles with his actions while in office—how well did their actions match their rhetoric?
Draw from the material in the
AT LEAST ONE
of the Following sources when writing your paper:
Bull Moose Party. (1912, Aug. 7).
Platform of the Progressive party
. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/tr-progressive/
Roosevelt, T. R. (1910, Aug. 31).
The new nationalism
. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/tr-nationalism/
Wilson, W. (1913, March 4).
First inaugural address
. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/tr-woodrow/
Wilson, W. (1913).
What is progress?
. In
The new freedom: A call for the emancipation of the generous energies of a people
(Chapter II). New York: Doubleday, Page & Company. Retrieved from http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14811/14811-h/14811-h.htm#II The paper must be three to four pages in length and formatted according to APA style. Cite your sources within the text of your paper and on the reference page. For information regarding APA, including samples and tutorials, visit the Ashford Writing Center, located within the Learning Resources tab on the left navigation toolbar
Due by Tuesday Oct 22
.
The prevalence of Opioid use among pregnant Mothers;Please e.docxgabrielaj9
The document discusses the prevalence of opioid use among pregnant mothers and outlines the key components of a research study on this topic, including an introduction, problem statement, purpose statement, research question, role of the researcher, data sources, instrumentation, data analysis, results, and ensuring trustworthiness through credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability. The document aims to summarize the key aspects of conducting research on this important public health issue.
The presentations yesterday and today covered these three important .docxgabrielaj9
The document discusses three important women from the Progressive Era - Ida Wells, Lillian Wald, and Emma Goldman - who were covered in presentations. It asks the reader to research one of these women in more depth, writing 2-3 paragraphs about their overall work or advocacy on a particular issue, such as Wells' role in the NAACP, Wald's nursing advocacy, or Goldman's advocacy for contraception or same-sex relations.
The PresidencyDuring the 19th century, Congress was America’.docxgabrielaj9
The Presidency
During the 19th century, Congress was America’s dominant institution of government, and members of Congress sometimes treated the president with disdain. But that has all changed with the rise of the
imperial presidency
that began in the 20th century and has carried forward into the present. With that realization in mind, please provide a brief answer to each of the following parts of this essay question …
A) Identify
two methods
by which contemporary presidents have increased the administrative capabilities and power of their office ?
B) How has the White House specifically attempted to increase its control over the federal bureaucracy ?
C) How can a president expand their power by
going public
? … (In your answer, identify the most common method of going public today and explain how they use this political tactic)
D) What is the
OMB
and how can this executive agency be utilized to increase the power of the president ?
E) What is a presidential
executive order
?
.
The PresidencyChapter 11CHAPTER 11 THE PRESIDENCYTh.docxgabrielaj9
The Presidency
Chapter 11
CHAPTER 11: THE PRESIDENCY
The Presidency
CHAPTER 11: THE PRESIDENCY
In this chapter you will learn:
See how the Constitution defines the presidency.
Focus on presidential power.
Learn what presidents do.
Reflect on presidential popularity—and greatness.
Consider the personal side of the office.
Tour the Executive Office of the President, and meet the team around a president.
CHAPTER 11: THE PRESIDENCY
Defining the Presidency
Three essential features about the American president:
The president personifies America.
More than any individual, presidents tell us who we are, and what we are becoming.
The president injects new ideas into American politics.
Our discussion of Congress emphasized the institution, the rules of the game; the presidency puts more focus on individuals and ideas.
The president has enormous powers.
That authority raises a fundamental question: Is the president too powerful for a democratic republic? Or is the office too weak to do what Americans demand of it?
CHAPTER 11: THE PRESIDENCY
Defining the Presidency
Defined by Controversy
Should the United States even have a president?
Feared executive power
Selected single president and established simple qualifications
How long should the president serve?
Debated settled on four year terms
1945 Twenty-Second Amendment limited presidents to two terms
How should the United States choose its president?
Electoral College
Round about way of electing president
Still debated: distorts popular vote
CHAPTER 11: THE PRESIDENCY
The President’s Powers
Article 2 of the Constitution defines the presidency:
Says very little about who the president is and what he/she does
The president has three kinds of powers:
expressed in the Constitution
delegated by Congress
inherent in the role of chief executive
In theory, Congress passes laws and the president executes them.
In reality, presidents constantly negotiate the limits of their power—which often expand during crises.
CHAPTER 11: THE PRESIDENCY
Expressed powers: Powers the Constitution explicitly grants to the president.
Delegated powers: Powers that Congress passes on to the president.
Inherent powers: Powers assumed by presidents, often during a crisis, on the basis of the constitutional phrase, “The executive power shall be vested in the president.”
Executive privilege: Power claimed by the president to resist requests for authority by Congress, the courts, or the public. Not mentioned in the Constitution but based on the separation of powers.
Executive agreements: an international agreement made by the president that does not require the approval of the Senate.
Defining the Presidency
The President’s Powers
CHAPTER 11: THE PRESIDENCY
The President’s Powers are Balanced by Congress
CHAPTER 11: THE PRESIDENCY
Is the President Too Powerful?
Imperial Presidency
Constant American theme: president has grown too mighty
Presidents constantly redefine the authority of their office.
The PresentationCongratulations. Your project has been staff.docxgabrielaj9
The Presentation
Congratulations. Your project has been staffed and you are about to meet with the team for the first time. Initial impressions are important and you’ll need visuals for your presentation. Create a slide show (in PowerPoint or similar software) in which you address the following, in this order:
Goals: What the project hopes to accomplish.
Critical Success Factors: Identify at least four different stakeholders; for each, list at least two things that the stakeholder requires in order to deem the project successful.
Acquisition strategy: Should the system be built in house, created by a contractor, purchased off the shelf and customized, or leased as a service? Explain your rationale.
Resources: For in-house development, what people and skills are required and what development life cycle do you recommend? Otherwise, identify three candidate organizations that can deliver the system.
System functions: In a table format, summarize the types of users for the system; the business reason(s) each would use the system; the ways that the system supports each of these needs and how this support differs from the current system.
Connectivity: Provide a diagram that shows how the system will connect to the other information systems and what data flows among them.
Security: List the most serious cybersecurity threats and vulnerabilities of the new system. Suggest strategies to address them.
Mobility: Identify the system’s capabilities for mobile use. Include a title and summary slide.
- Use one slide for each of the preceding eight points.
- Develop a business case to convey the value of the information systems solution to an audience of diverse stakeholders.
.
the president is considering a capital gains tax cut.(a capital gain.docxgabrielaj9
the president is considering a capital gains tax cut.(a capital gains tax is a tax on profits from the sale of investments or properties.)
imagine he asks you to predict revenue changes as a result of the tax cut. what kind of basic information would you need to make such prediction?
.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
The Peritoneal CavityPart I Abdominal SonographyAbd.docx
1. The Peritoneal
Cavity
Part I: Abdominal Sonography
Abdomen and Superficial Structures
Objectives
Identify the potential spaces of the peritoneum and the
organs and/or ligaments that divide them on diagram.
Identify
Identify the potential spaces of the peritoneum on
sonogram.
Identify
State the organs located in the peritoneum.State
Explain the role greater omentum and mesentery play in
limiting the extent of pathology.
Explain
Recognize the sonographic appearance of benign and
malignant changes seen in the peritoneum.
Recognize
2. Analyze sonographic images of the peritoneum for
pathology.
Analyze
THE PERITONEUM
The Peritoneum is
the serous
membrane lining the
walls of the
abdominal cavity. It
covers the
abdominal viscera.
• The peritoneum that
covers the
abdominal organs
is known as the
visceral
peritoneum.
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The peritoneum that
lines the abdominal
cavity is known as
the parietal
peritoneum
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Layers
• The outer layer:
parietal peritoneum
• The inner layer:
visceral peritoneum
4. Parietal peritoneum
is attached to the
abdominal wall.
Visceral
peritoneum
is wrapped around the
internal organs that
are located inside the
abdominal cavity.
The peritoneum both
supports the
abdominal organs and
serves as a conduit
for their blood and
lymph vessels and
nerves.
Peritoneal cavity
• The peritoneal cavity is a potential space between
the parietal and visceral peritoneum.
• Contains peritoneal fluid having (water, electrolytes,
leukocytes and antibodies)
5. Peritoneal
cavity
The fluid functions
are:
It acts as a lubricant,
enabling free
movement of the
abdominal viscera.
The antibodies fight
infection.
Peritoneal cavity
Ordinarily, the
peritoneal cavity is
only of capillary
thinness; however, it
is referred to as a
potential space
because excess fluid
can accumulate in the
peritoneal cavity
resulting in the
clinical condition
of ascites.
• The peritoneal cavity forms a completely
6. closed sac in the male; in the female
there is a communication with the
retroperitoneal cavity through the uterine
tubes, uterus, and vagina.
Subdivisions of the Peritoneal Cavity
The peritoneal cavity
can be divided into
the greater and lesser
peritoneal sacs.
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Subdivisions of
the Peritoneal
Cavity
The greater sac comprises the
majority of the peritoneal cavity.
7. Greater sac
The Greater
Sac
Divided into two
compartments by the
mesentery of the
transverse colon .
• The supracolic
compartment
• The infracolic
compartment
The Greater Sac
The supracolic
compartment lies
above the transverse
mesocolon and
contains the stomach
, liver and spleen.
The Greater Sac
The infracolic
compartment lies below
8. the transverse
mesocolon and contains
the small intestine,
ascending and
descending colon.
The infracolic
compartment is further
divided into left and right
infracolic spaces by the
mesentery of the small
intestine.
The Greater
Sac
The supracolic and infracolic
compartments are connected
by the paracolic gutters
Subdivisions of the
Peritoneal Cavity
The lesser sac (also
known as the omental
bursa) is smaller and
lies posterior to the
stomach and lesser
omentum.
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10. the greater sac
through an
opening in the
omental bursa,
the epiploic
foramen.
Lesser Sac (Omental Bursa)
The epiploic
foramen is
situated
posterior to
the free edge
of the lesser
omentum (the
hepatoduoden
al ligament).
Omental Foramen(epiploic foramen)
OMENTUM
The omentum is made up of two layers of
fatty tissues and both supports and covers
the organs and intestines found in this area
of the body.
11. OMENTUM
There are two parts of the
omentum:
• the greater omentum
• the lesser omentum.
OMENTUM
The omentum is responsible for
storing fat deposits and
connecting the intestines and
stomach to the liver
respectively.
OMENTUM
Hangs in front of the
stomach and
intestine
It is an apron-like flap
of tissue which
hangs from the
underside of the
stomach and aids
circulation in the
abdomen
12. The greater
omentum is given
off from the
greater curvature
of the stomach,
forms a large
sheet that lies
over the
intestines.
Contains blood
vessels, nerves,
and other
structures
between these
layers.
Functions
of the
greater
omentum
The functions of the
greater omentum
are:
• Fat deposition, having
varying amounts
of adipose tissue.
13. • Infection and wound
isolation; It may also
physically limit the
spread of intraperitoneal
infections.
Greater Omentum
Lesser omentum
Also known as the gastrohepatic
omentum or small omentum.
A double layer structure located from
the beginning of the duodenum and
stomach’s lesser curvature to the liver.
Lesser Omentum
The term mesentery is often used to refer to a double
layer of visceral peritoneum
Mesentery
Attaches the
14. small intestine
and much of the
large intestine
to the posterior
abdominal wall.
Mesentery vs
omentum
Mesentery is the support tissue that
the intestine is rooted into, and the
omentum is a fatty blanket that
hangs down in front of all of the
intestines.
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Retroperitoneal Organs and Vascular
Structures
• Retroperitoneal organs and vascular
structures remain posterior to the cavity
and are covered anteriorly with
peritoneum:
15. • Urinary system
• Aorta
• Inferior vena cava
• Colon
• Pancreas
• Uterus
• Bladder.
Potential
spaces of
the
peritoneum
• Left anterior subphrenic space
• Right subphrenic space
• Left posterior suprahepatic space
• Hepatorenal space also known
Morrison pouch or space
• Omental bursa
• Right and left paracolic gutters
• Vesicorectal space
16. • Rectouterine space also known as
posterior cul de sac or pouch of
Douglas or rectovaginal pouch
• Uterovesicle space also known
uterovesicle pouch or anterior cul de
sac
• Space of Retzius also called
prevesicle or retropubis space
Subphrenic
spaces
The subphrenic spaces are
recesses in the greater sac of
the abdominal cavity
between the anterior
diaphragmatic surface of the
liver and diaphragm.
Subphrenic spaces
They are
separated into
left and right
subphrenic
spaces by the
falciform
ligament of the
liver.
18. This peritoneal potential space is
created by the peritoneum,
reflecting from the liver over the
right kidney and right posterior
peritoneal wall.
When the patient is in a supine
position this space is most
gravity-dependent potential space
of the abdominal cavity, collecting
fluid from the supracolic area and
the lesser sac.
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19. Right and Left Paracolic Gutters
Potential spaces found along the
lateral ascending and descending
colon that conducts fluid between
the supracolic compartment of the
abdomen and infracolic
compartment of the inferior
abdomen and pelvis.
Important determining the
extension of disease.
Vesicouterine
pouch
Known as Anterior cul-de-sac.
Located anterior to fundus between
uterus and bladder
49
Rectouterine
pouch
Known as Posterior cul-de-sac or
Pouch of Douglas.
Located posterior to uterine body and
cervix, between uterus and rectum.
20. 50
Rectouterine pouch
When the female is in a supine
position this space is the most
gravity dependent.
Retropubic space
Also known as
Space of Retzius or
prevesicle space.
Located between
bladder and
symphysis pubis
52
Vesicorectal space
Potential space in males
Potential space created by the
peritoneal reflection over the
rectum and posterior bladder wall
21. Pathologies
of the
peritoneal
cavity
• Ascites
• Peritoneal abscess
• Hemoperitoneum
• Hematoma
• Pseudomyxoma peritonei
• Fluid collections (seroma,
Lymphocele, biloma and
urinoma)
• Peritoneal masses
Ascites refers to an
accumulation of excess
fluid in the peritoneal
cavity.
It can occur in
conjunction with
infection and
22. peritonitis, however it is
more commonly caused
by portal
hypertension secondary
to cirrhosis of the liver.
http://teachmeanatomy.info/wp-content/uploads/Ascites.jpg
http://teachmeanatomy.info/wp-content/uploads/Ascites.jpg
Other causes
include:
• malignancies of
the GI tract
• malnutrition
• heart failure
• mechanical
injuries which
result in internal
bleeding.
http://teachmeanatomy.info/wp-content/uploads/Ascites.jpg
24. • Peritonitis
Ascites
Gallbladder thickening is usually
seen with ascites
Ascites
The mechanism that produces
ascites are complex and
incompletely understood.
Two mechanism that produce
ascites are:
• ***Low serum osmotic pressure
(protein loss).
• ***High portal venous pressure.
Ascites
Ascites is commonly found
• Inferior aspect of the Right lobe
of the liver
• Morrison pouch
25. • Pelvic cul de sac
• Paracolic gutter
Ascites
• Ascites can be treated
successfully with ***Transjugular
intrahepatic portal systemic
shunt which lower portal
pressure. This shunt is place
using jugular access and it is
place between the RHV and the
RPV)
Ascites
• Benign ascites is indicated by
freely floating bowel .
• With malignant ascites , the
bowel loop is tethered to the
posterior abdominal wall
surrounded by complex or
loculated fluid collection.
Causes of ascites
include:
26. • An abdominal
injury
• An abdominal
infection
(peritonitis)
• Scarring of the
liver tissue
(cirrhosis)
• Liver failure
• Cancer
Ascites
Loculated
Ascites
Exudative
Ascites
27. Paracentesis
is a procedure to
remove fluid that has
collected in the
abdomen (peritoneal
fluid).
The fluid buildup is
called ascites.
Paracentesis can relieve
abdominal pressure and
pain, improve kidney and
intestinal function and
help patients overcome
difficulty breathing. It may
also be performed to
check for liver cancer or
other types of cancer.
28. For the procedure, the
patient’s belly is cleaned
and a local anesthetic is
administered to numb the
area. A long, thin needle
is then carefully inserted
into the belly. The excess
fluid is extracted through
the hollow needle. In
some cases, doctors use
ultrasound to show
where the fluid is in the
belly.
• Localized fluid collections in the
abdominal wall may due by:
• Seroma
• Abscesses
29. • Hematomas
Fluid Collections
Seroma
A seroma is an
accumulation of fluid in a
tissue or organ that can
occur after surgery, or
sometimes after an injury
such as blunt trauma.
The fluid, called serum,
leaks out of nearby
damaged blood and
lymphatic vessels. Cells
are typically present in the
fluid, which is normally
clear.
30. Seroma
Seromas can occur after a number
of different types of surgeries,
especially those that are extensive
or involve significant tissue
disruption. These include hernia
repairs, significant plastic surgeries
such as breast augmentation or
reconstruction, abdominoplasties
(tummy tucks), and surgeries
performed for breast cancer.
Seroma formation may be
associated with an increased risk of
infection and breakdown of the
surgical site.
Seroma: abdominal wall seroma after
splenectomy
31. Abscess
An abdominal
abscess is a
pocket of infected
fluid and pus
located inside the
belly (abdominal
cavity).
This type of
abscess can be
located near or
inside the liver,
pancreas, kidneys
or other organs.
There can be one
or more abscesses.
Round image with
hypoechoic contents
(A) with thick and irregular
walls
http://www.ultrasoundcases.info/files/Jpg/lbox_3430.jpg
http://www.ultrasoundcases.info/files/Jpg/lbox_3430.jpg
Abscess
There can be one
or more
32. abscesses.
The most reliable
finding in patients
with abscess are:
•**Fever
•**Increased white
blood cell count
Round image with
hypoechoic contents
(A) with thick and irregular
walls
http://www.ultrasoundcases.info/files/Jpg/lbox_3430.jpg
http://www.ultrasoundcases.info/files/Jpg/lbox_3430.jpg
• An abscess may form
in an area of the body
from different causes:
inflammatory bowel
disease (Crohn’s
disease)
• trauma
• surgery
33. • intestinal perforation.
The main symptoms
of an abscess are pain
and fever.
Abscess
Typically an abscess is a complex
mass(solid and cystic) . Debris,
septation and gas can be seen within
the abscess .
• Gas within the abscess typically
produce reverberation ***(come-tail)
artifact.
• Can show acoustic enhancement
depending of the cystic component.
Round image with
hypoechoic contents
(A) with thick and irregular
walls
http://www.ultrasoundcases.info/files/Jpg/lbox_3430.jpg
http://www.ultrasoundcases.info/files/Jpg/lbox_3430.jpg
ABSCESS
34. Peritoneal
Abscess
Culdocentesis involves the
extraction of fluid from
the rectouterine pouch (pouch of
Douglas) through a needle inserted
through the posterior fornix of the
vagina.
It can be used to extract fluid from
the peritoneal cavity or to drain
a pelvic abscess in the rectouterine
pouch.
A Percutaneous
Abscess Drainage is
a procedure
35. performed by a
doctor to remove or
drain a contained
collection of infected
fluid (abscess) from
an area of the body
such as the chest,
abdomen, or pelvis.
During the procedure, a
doctor places a thin
needle into the fluid
collection using x-ray
guidance such as
Computed Tomography
(CT) scanning. Usually, a
drainage tube is left in
place to drain the abscess
36. fluid. On occasion, the
fluid collection may need
to be drained in the
operating room.
Hemoperitoneum
Hemoperitoneum is the presence
of blood within the peritoneal
cavity.
Hemoperitoneum
Etiology
• penetrating or non-penetrating
abdominal trauma (often with
associated organ injury)
• ruptured ectopic pregnancy
• Ovarian cyst rupture
• Aneurysm or pseudo aneurysm
rupture
• neoplasm rupture
• acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis
37. • iatrogenic
• spontaneous bleeding, especially
patients with coagulopathy or on
anticoagulant therapy (uncommon
)
• Uterine rupture
Ultrasound
non-specific appearance of
intra-peritoneal free fluid may
be hypo-, iso- or hyper-echoic
commonly will demonstrated
fluid-fluid levels with mixed
internal echogenicity
Hemoperitoneum
– Female Pelvis
Hematomas
Collection of ***blood which is
usually confined to an organ,
tissue or space.
38. A ***decrease of hematocrit level
indicated the presence of
hematoma
Hematocrit is the ***volume of the
red blood cells found in 100 ml of
blood. Blood spillage outside the
circulatory system will result in
***decreased hematocrit levels.
HEMATOMA
Hematomas
The ultrasound appearance of
hematomas is ****variable and
depends on the age of the
collection.
Pseudomyxoma
Peritonei
This pathology is caused by
****metastasis or rupture of a
mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
of the ovary or mucinous
tumor of the appendix. This is
also referred as ****malignant
ascites.
39. The peritoneal cavity is filled
with ***mucinous material and
gelatinous ascites.
Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
Biloma
Bilomas are extrahepatic
collections of extravasated bile.
They are caused by:
• abdominal trauma
• gallbladder disease
• biliary surgery
Bilomas are predominantly cystic
masses located in the right upper
quadrant.
Biloma
Urinoma
• Is a ***collection of urine which is
40. located outside of the kidney or
bladder.
• Urinomas are most common
caused by renal trauma, renal
surgery or from an obstructing
lesion.
• Most common associated with
***renal transplantation and
posterior urethral valve obstruction
• Sonographically appears ***similar
to a lymphocele.
Lymphocele
Lymphocele is caused by ****leakage
of lymph from a renal allograft or by
surgical disruption of the lymphatic
channels.
Is not common see internal echoes
in lymphocele
Lymphocele is complications of:
• Renal transplantation
• Gynecologic surgery
• Vascular surgery
• Urogenical surgery
41. Peritoneal
Masses
• Mesenteric cyst
• Mesenteric adenopathy
• Peritoneal mesothelioma
• Peritoneal implants and
omental caking
•
Mesenteric Cyst
*The majority originate from the small bowel
mesentery.
*It is benign
*Peritoneal serous secretion present.
Mesenteric Lymphadenopathy
Peritoneal Mesothelioma
*Relative rare primary
malignant tumor of the
peritoneum .
*Associated to asbestos
42. exposure
Peritoneal Implants
*They are associated with peritoneal metastases
Omental Caking
*Thickening of the greater omentum due to malignant
infiltration.
*Indicative of peritoneal metastases also known as peritoneal
carcinomatosis.
*Associated to primary cancers of ovary, stomach or colon.
Peritoneal masses
Endometriosis
Lymphadenopathy
Undescendent testis
Lipoma of the of the Spermatic Cord
and Inguinal Canal inguinal canal
http://www.jultrasoundmed.org/content/25/9/1199/F18.large.jpg
http://www.jultrasoundmed.org/content/25/9/1199/F18.large.jpg
LIPOMA OF THE INGUINAL CANAL
43. References
• Kawamura, D. M., & Lunsford, B.
M. (2012). Diagnostic medical
sonography. Philadelphia: Wolters
Kluwer/Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins.