Clays are formed through the weathering of silica-rich rocks like granite. They require reaction time, igneous rocks, geological factors, transportation and weathering agents. There are two types of clays based on origin - residual clays form near the parent rock through chemical weathering, while sedimentary clays form farther away through sedimentary processes. The formation of clay minerals occurs primarily through three mechanisms: inheritance from the parent rock, neoformation through precipitation from solution, and transformation through chemical reactions like ion exchange. The environment of clay formation includes weathering zones, sedimentary environments, and diagenetic-hydrothermal zones.
What and Why of Mineral Fillers;Factors Typically Considered in Filler Minerals; Role of Fillers; Mineral used as Filler; Calcium Carbonate; Clay; Talc; Pyrophyllite; Wollastonite; Gypsum; Perlite; Vermiculite; Barite
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
The name Spinifex refer to a spiky grass in Australian.
What and Why of Mineral Fillers;Factors Typically Considered in Filler Minerals; Role of Fillers; Mineral used as Filler; Calcium Carbonate; Clay; Talc; Pyrophyllite; Wollastonite; Gypsum; Perlite; Vermiculite; Barite
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
The name Spinifex refer to a spiky grass in Australian.
Name: Probably used in the mineralogical sense by 1706 and originally "smicka" and from the Latin micare - to flash or glisten in allusion to the material's appearance. Isinglass predates the use of mica as a mineral term and known from at least 1535, but isinglass also referred to the matter from the sturgeon fish that also had pearly flakes from the scales.
Mica is widely distributed and occurs in igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary regimes. Mica group represents 34 phyllosilicate minerals that exhibits a layered or platy structure. Commercially important mica minerals are muscovite (potash or white mica) and phlogopite (magnesium or amber mica). Granitic pegmatites are the source of muscovite sheet, while phlogopite is found in areas of metamorphosed sedimentary rocks into which pegmatite rich granite rocks have been intruded. It possesses highly perfect basal cleavage due to which it can easily and accurately split into very thin sheets or films of any specified thickness. It has a unique combination of elasticity, toughness, flexibility and transparency. It possesses resistance to heat and sudden change in temperature and high dielectric strength. It is chemically inert, stable and does not absorb water.
Minerals are formed by changes in chemical energy in systems which contain one fluid or vapor phase. In nature, minerals are formed by crystallisation or precipitation from concentrated solutions. These solutions are called as ore-bearing fluids. Ore-bearing fluids are characterised by high concentration of certain metallic or other elements.
Fluids are the most effective agents for the transport of material in the mantle and the Earth's crust.
A presentation on Hydrothermal wall rock alteration with case studies on geophysical applications.
References : https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/16VSZMPMASMNVB47JdBUa_7udBk1qvK2U?usp=sharing
SOME OF THE MOST COMMON TEXTURES AND INTERGROWTHS OF IGNEOUS ROCKS, WHICH YOU SHOULD KNOW AS A PETROLOGIST.
ALSO, YOU WILL FIND PICTURES OF THE DESCRIBED CONTENT BOTH PETRO SECTION ALONG WITH THIN SECTION.
Classification of sedimentary Rocks
************************************
Sedimentary rocks are formed by the accumulation of sediments. There are three basic types of sedimentary rocks.
1.Clastic
2.Chemical
3.Organic
for more notes/ppt please visit vinoychakmalibrary.blogspot.in
Name: Probably used in the mineralogical sense by 1706 and originally "smicka" and from the Latin micare - to flash or glisten in allusion to the material's appearance. Isinglass predates the use of mica as a mineral term and known from at least 1535, but isinglass also referred to the matter from the sturgeon fish that also had pearly flakes from the scales.
Mica is widely distributed and occurs in igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary regimes. Mica group represents 34 phyllosilicate minerals that exhibits a layered or platy structure. Commercially important mica minerals are muscovite (potash or white mica) and phlogopite (magnesium or amber mica). Granitic pegmatites are the source of muscovite sheet, while phlogopite is found in areas of metamorphosed sedimentary rocks into which pegmatite rich granite rocks have been intruded. It possesses highly perfect basal cleavage due to which it can easily and accurately split into very thin sheets or films of any specified thickness. It has a unique combination of elasticity, toughness, flexibility and transparency. It possesses resistance to heat and sudden change in temperature and high dielectric strength. It is chemically inert, stable and does not absorb water.
Minerals are formed by changes in chemical energy in systems which contain one fluid or vapor phase. In nature, minerals are formed by crystallisation or precipitation from concentrated solutions. These solutions are called as ore-bearing fluids. Ore-bearing fluids are characterised by high concentration of certain metallic or other elements.
Fluids are the most effective agents for the transport of material in the mantle and the Earth's crust.
A presentation on Hydrothermal wall rock alteration with case studies on geophysical applications.
References : https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/16VSZMPMASMNVB47JdBUa_7udBk1qvK2U?usp=sharing
SOME OF THE MOST COMMON TEXTURES AND INTERGROWTHS OF IGNEOUS ROCKS, WHICH YOU SHOULD KNOW AS A PETROLOGIST.
ALSO, YOU WILL FIND PICTURES OF THE DESCRIBED CONTENT BOTH PETRO SECTION ALONG WITH THIN SECTION.
Classification of sedimentary Rocks
************************************
Sedimentary rocks are formed by the accumulation of sediments. There are three basic types of sedimentary rocks.
1.Clastic
2.Chemical
3.Organic
for more notes/ppt please visit vinoychakmalibrary.blogspot.in
This is a ppt which will give a detailed information about the major type of rocks, their characteristics and classification also. It is a comprehensive display of all that is wanted about rocks. Should help students from school and college and also aspirants for Civil Service examinations.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
1. But why clay-
It is important to know where we are coming from ,
since the course of study in MNA/IMACS centers on
clay and clay minerals basically
2. How are clays formed
Clays are formed from weathering of silica rich rocks
e.g Granite
Processes of Formation-
-Weathering of the silica rich rock
-bedrock weathering
-transporting of the weathered rocks
-Sedimentary processes
-Incorporation of Carbonates
3. Requirements
- ReactionTime
- Igneous Rocks (Intrusive Igneous Rocks)
-Geological Factor
-Agents of Transportation
Agents of Weathering
-Alteration of Chemical composition
-Pressure
-Temperature
4. Types of Clays –Based on Origin
1-Residual Clays-not far from parent rock
2-Sedimentary Clays -far from parent material
Residual Clay (primary clays)–Non plastic,white,e.g
kaolin
Sedimentary Clay (secondary clays)-
Plastic,grey,darker,smaller paricles and uniform e.g
ball clay,fire clay
5. Residual clays are formed basically
by surface weathering
This gives clays in 3 ways
-chemical decomposition of rocks
-solution of rocks(limestone)containing clayey
impurities which are insoluble
-disintergration and solution of shales
But the most common process of clay formation is the
decompostion of feldspar
14. Neoformation
Secondary precipitates of calcite , sulphates , Fe
Affirmation of permafrost
Structural and mineralogical changes are irreversible
and affect present soils
Understanding of quartenary environment-needs
assessment of possible frozen ground
15. Transformation
Possesion of inherited structure
Chemical reactions-ions exchanged and modification
of cations (layer transformation)
1)ion exchange between losely bound ion and those of
environments
2)layer transformation –modification of arrangement
of octahedral, tetrahedral and interlayer cations
Dominance in diagenetic-hydrothermal environments
16. The best mechanism
Layer transformation
Result of this type of reaction are better preserved in
geological records
17. Environment of formation
1)Weathering zone
Upper zone of the earth crust –T and P varies
Short reaction time
2)Sedimentary environment-long reaction
time(sedimentation,subsidence)
-near or below sea level
Sediment-water interface
-low temperature
Pressure (1 kb )
21. Detrital-reflection of character of source material,
inheritance of basic clay mineral lattice
Diagenesis-adsorption of cation and its modification
22. Application of XRD in Detrital vs
Diagenesis controversy
-Collection of thousands of samples
-to illustrate the variety of clay under similar
environmental conditions
-variety of environments in which same clay minerals
occur
23. XRD OF ORGANIC AND PYRITE RICH
SHALES
-No particular clay mineral is restricted to a particular
environments
-dominance of kaolinite in fluviate environment
-illite ,monmorillionite abundance,frequency,sole clay
mineral in all environments
-chlorite not a dominant mineral
-non marine shales are seldom,if ever monomineralic
24.
25.
26.
27.
28. interpretation
-clay minerals do not originate from depositional
environments
-they are detrital in origin
-though they are altered(degraded) in fluviate and
subaerial environments
But little evidence of alteration in major basin of
deposition to show that it is a major factor in defining
the ultimate mineralogic character of clay
29. TYPES OF CLAYS BASED ON
GROUPS
-KAOLINITE
-MONTMORILLIONITE
-SMECTITE
-ILLITE
-CHLORITE
30. BASED ON GENERAL
COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES
-KAOLIN-consist mainly of kaolinite
-BENTONITE-majorly monmorillionite,hardens when
mixed with water
-BALL CLAY-kaolinite, mica
-FIRE CLAY-kaolinite, feoxide,magnesia,alkalines,can
resist high temp
-COMMON CLAY-no resistance to heat, has
impurities than fire clay
-ARMENIAN BOLE-attapulgite
31. Bibliography
Clay mineral formation and transformation in rocks
and soils by D.D EBERL , US Geological survey
A discussion on the origin of clay minerals in
sedimentary rocks by Charles .E Weaver, Shell Oil
Co,Houston,Texas
Identification of Clay minerals by Xray Diffraction
Analysis by George W Brindley
The origin of clay minerals in soilsand weathered
rocks, www.springer.com
Clay types, geologic origins by ARTS 186 Directory
32. NOW THAT WE KNOW WHERE WE ARE COMING
FROM , WE CAN IDENTIFY WHERE WE ARE
GOING TO
33. THANKS FOR LISTENING
MERCI POUR VOTRE ATTENTION