The open road
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This is a report on the documentary film "The Open Road- 1951 Highway Construction". The report documents the development of highway engineering along with the growth of the steel industry. The documentary is made by Bethlehem Steel Company, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fgKznlqwhY
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Running Head BRIDGE DESIGN1BRIDGE DESIGN31.docx
Running Head: BRIDGE DESIGN 1
BRIDGE DESIGN 31
Title:
Student Name:
Institution:
Course:
Date:
BRIDGE DESIGN FOR THE MOTOR WAY BELOW
8m
Embankment
A
Motorway
16m
10m
Central Reservation
Motorway
16m
Grass Verge
Existing Factory Units
Footway
A
Carriagewaym
Existing Factory Units
Fixed Factory Entrance
Fixed Factory Entrance
3m
2m
3m
2m
10mm
Existing Highway to Proposed Bridge
Existing Development
Proposed Development
Existing Development
Existing Retaining Wall – 500mm thick rc construction indicated by old record drawings
Central Reservation
10m
10m
Section A-A
2m footway
1.2m high parapets
10m carriageway
Bridge Deck Section
Figure 1
Bridge design
Most suitable bridge forms
· Beam bridge
· Arch bridge
The beam bridge: Beam and slab with ladder decks
This form of bridges comprises of slab which sits on top of steel I-beams. This form is mostly used for mid span highway bridge which is where our required bridge falls in.
Slab in this system is supported on tow main girders with a spacing of about 3.5m and it lies longitudinally between the girders as per the below diagram.
Figure 1
The bridge will use plate girders giving us a scope to vary the flange and web sizes to fit and suit the bridge load carrying capabilities. In the design process, ability of the bridge to carry the maximum load expected and the loading at the various stages of construction will guide on the proportion of girders that is their depth, width of tension and compression flanges and web thickness.
The girders are erected firmly on the ground and have stud connectors welded on the top flange to provide composite action between the slab and girder. The number of studs and spacing vary depending on expected level of shear flow between steel girder and concrete slab.
The girders rest on bearings fastened to the bottom flange. The girders are stiffened to carry the bearing loads at these points. Some cases apply bracing between the girders at support to carry lateral forces and provide torsional restraint.
Bridge description
· The bridge will have a span of 50m.
· The bridge will be raised to a height of 10m on both sides to be in level with the existing highway. The girders will have constant height.
· The bridge cross section will have the reinforced concrete slab sitting on top of two main abutment substructures and an extra substructure which will be on the central reservation. The main substructure will be located at the embarkment of the road.
Construction sequence
Abutment substructure construction
Girder construction
The bridge will consist of two main girder I beams. The girders will be of the same height. To make the I-beam, steel plates will be used. The steel plate is cut into the required sizes for the bottom flange and top flange and for the web. The cut pieces are then fillet welded into the I-section. This is done either by machine manual assembling in jig or through improved pressing machine .
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Composite Construction Method for Engineering and Architecture
Composite Construction Method for Engineering and Architecture
Similar to The open road
RBE MP.docx
This document provides details about the construction and maintenance of bridges. It discusses the various elements of bridge design, including basic forms, common materials, and methods of construction. Specifically, it outlines the construction processes for different bridge types, such as beam bridges, cable-stayed bridges, and suspension bridges. It emphasizes the importance of periodic maintenance to ensure bridges remain in good condition and last as long as intended during their design lifetime.
Running Head BRIDGE DESIGN1BRIDGE DESIGN31.docx
Running Head: BRIDGE DESIGN 1
BRIDGE DESIGN 31
Title:
Student Name:
Institution:
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Date:
BRIDGE DESIGN FOR THE MOTOR WAY BELOW
8m
Embankment
A
Motorway
16m
10m
Central Reservation
Motorway
16m
Grass Verge
Existing Factory Units
Footway
A
Carriagewaym
Existing Factory Units
Fixed Factory Entrance
Fixed Factory Entrance
3m
2m
3m
2m
10mm
Existing Highway to Proposed Bridge
Existing Development
Proposed Development
Existing Development
Existing Retaining Wall – 500mm thick rc construction indicated by old record drawings
Central Reservation
10m
10m
Section A-A
2m footway
1.2m high parapets
10m carriageway
Bridge Deck Section
Figure 1
Bridge design
Most suitable bridge forms
· Beam bridge
· Arch bridge
The beam bridge: Beam and slab with ladder decks
This form of bridges comprises of slab which sits on top of steel I-beams. This form is mostly used for mid span highway bridge which is where our required bridge falls in.
Slab in this system is supported on tow main girders with a spacing of about 3.5m and it lies longitudinally between the girders as per the below diagram.
Figure 1
The bridge will use plate girders giving us a scope to vary the flange and web sizes to fit and suit the bridge load carrying capabilities. In the design process, ability of the bridge to carry the maximum load expected and the loading at the various stages of construction will guide on the proportion of girders that is their depth, width of tension and compression flanges and web thickness.
The girders are erected firmly on the ground and have stud connectors welded on the top flange to provide composite action between the slab and girder. The number of studs and spacing vary depending on expected level of shear flow between steel girder and concrete slab.
The girders rest on bearings fastened to the bottom flange. The girders are stiffened to carry the bearing loads at these points. Some cases apply bracing between the girders at support to carry lateral forces and provide torsional restraint.
Bridge description
· The bridge will have a span of 50m.
· The bridge will be raised to a height of 10m on both sides to be in level with the existing highway. The girders will have constant height.
· The bridge cross section will have the reinforced concrete slab sitting on top of two main abutment substructures and an extra substructure which will be on the central reservation. The main substructure will be located at the embarkment of the road.
Construction sequence
Abutment substructure construction
Girder construction
The bridge will consist of two main girder I beams. The girders will be of the same height. To make the I-beam, steel plates will be used. The steel plate is cut into the required sizes for the bottom flange and top flange and for the web. The cut pieces are then fillet welded into the I-section. This is done either by machine manual assembling in jig or through improved pressing machine .
Prestressed construction
This document discusses prestressed concrete, which uses tensioned steel cables or bars to put concrete members into compression and increase their strength. It describes three main methods: pre-tensioned concrete where the steel is tensioned before the concrete is cast; bonded post-tensioned concrete where steel is tensioned after casting to compress the concrete; and unbonded post-tensioned concrete where greased steel is used to allow individual adjustment. Applications include buildings, bridges, nuclear reactors and earthquake resistant structures. Advantages are lower costs, thinner members, and increased spans.
Lecture 3-Composites construction (1).pptx
This document discusses composite construction techniques, specifically composite metal decking with concrete and concrete-cambering composites. It describes how composite metal decking works with concrete fill to create a stiff, lightweight floor system. Methods for installing metal decking, shear connectors, and concrete are outlined. Cambering steel beams is discussed as a method to compensate for beam deflection under wet concrete loads. Quality control procedures for shear connector installation and verifying proper camber are also summarized.
ANALYSIS OF PRE-STRESSED BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
The document provides information about the analysis of a pre-stressed bridge construction project. It discusses what a bridge is, classifications of bridges, materials used, and components involved in bridge construction. It also describes the Danyang–Kunshan Grand Bridge in China, the world's longest rail-road bridge. The document outlines the process of post-tensioning bridges and provides field data from the construction of a bridge across Chhokra nalla on the Saddu-Urkura Road.
stress ribbon bridge.pptx
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on stress ribbon bridges. It defines a stress ribbon bridge as a tension structure similar to a simple suspension bridge, where the suspension cables are embedded in the deck which follows a catenary arc between supports. This provides stiffness to prevent excessive swaying. Such bridges use pre-tensioned concrete reinforced by steel cables. The document outlines the history and theory behind stress ribbon bridges, describes their construction process, and provides examples of existing stress ribbon bridges along with their advantages and disadvantages.
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
The document provides information on methods of prestressing in concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. It discusses:
- Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before the concrete is cast around them.
- Post-tensioning involves stressing steel tendons after the concrete has cured using jacks, then grouting the voids.
- Both methods put the concrete in compression and increase its strength and durability compared to conventional reinforced concrete.
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
The document provides information on methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. It discusses:
- Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before the concrete is cast around them.
- Post-tensioning involves stressing steel tendons after the concrete has cured using jacks, then grouting the voids.
- Both methods put the concrete in compression and increase its strength and durability compared to conventional reinforced concrete.
Prestressed concrete
This document discusses methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before concrete is poured around them. Post-tensioning involves stressing steel tendons inserted into voids in cured concrete using jacks. Both methods put the concrete in compression and improve its tensile strength. Common applications include building floors/roofs, bridges, and parking structures.
Long Span Structures
This document discusses long span structures, which are buildings with unobstructed column-free spaces greater than 15-20 meters used for stadiums, arenas, and pools. Steel is commonly used due to its ability to span large distances. Prestressed concrete is also used, which involves pre-tensioning or post-tensioning tendons to put concrete into compression and improve its strength. Pre-tensioning tensions tendons before pouring concrete, while post-tensioning does so afterwards. Segmental and composite construction are also discussed as methods to achieve long spans.
Prestressed concrete
This document discusses different methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before placing concrete around them, while post-tensioning involves stressing tendons after the concrete has cured using hydraulic jacks. Post-tensioning allows for longer spans, thinner slabs, and more architectural freedom compared to conventional reinforced concrete or pretensioned concrete. Common applications of post-tensioning include parking structures, bridges, and building floors and roofs.
Experimental investigation on effect of shear connector in light weight concrete
This study experimentally investigates the effect of shear connectors in lightweight concrete composites. Lightweight concrete was produced using quarry dust and glass fibers as partial replacements for normal fine aggregates. Composite beams were produced using cold formed steel sections and lightweight concrete. Different arrangements of stud shear connectors were tested in both normal and lightweight concrete. The results showed that increasing the glass fiber content improved the compressive strength and bond strength between the steel and concrete. The failure modes and strengths of the composite beams were compared. It was found that lightweight concrete composites with higher glass fiber content performed comparably to normal concrete composites.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON EFFECT OF SHEAR CONNECTOR IN LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE
Composite construction is well established for some decades as a construction method. The light steel gives two advantages which are cheaper and lighter. One of the important parameters which affects the ultimate strength of the composite section is the bond at the interface of the steel
and the concrete which relies on the shear forces existing between the steel section and the concrete core where mechanical connectors are provided. Based on the literature survey, Stud connectors are to be used in this experimental work, because of its excellent load carrying capacity and better
ductility.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RCC AND COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
A COMPOSITE STRUCTURE AND A RCC STRUCTURE ARE CONSIDERED FOR COMPARATIVE STUDY OF G+9 STORY COMMERCIAL BUILDING WHICH IS SITUATED IN HYDERABAD, INDIA EARTHQUAKE ZONE 2 AND FOR EARTHQUAKE LOADING. A THREE DIMENSIONAL MODELLING AND ANALYSIS OF BOTH THE STRUCTURES ARE CARRIED OUT WITH THE HELP OF ETABS SOFTWARE. THE ABOVE STUDY DEALS WITH THE COMPARISON OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS OF RCC STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITE STRUCTURE UNDER THE EFFECT OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC LOADS. THE ANALYSIS AND BEHAVIOR OF THE COMPOSITE STRUCTURE AS WELL AS THE RCC STRUCTURE ARE EXAMINED. THE COMPOSITE STRUCTURE PROVED TO BE MORE ECONOMICAL AND RELIABLE THAN COMPARED TO A RCC STRUCTURE DESIGNED FOR SIMILAR AND LOADING CONDITIONS.
Construction Of A Viaduct/Bridge: An Overview
This document is a submission by Sourav Goswami describing his 7-day internship project focused on the construction of a metro rail bridge. The project was conducted under Rail Vikas Nigam Limited and Gammon India Limited. Sourav thanks the project guides and staff who provided guidance and knowledge about bridge construction activities including piling, pile caps, piers, bearings and segments.
compositestructure31-38.pdf
This document discusses steel-concrete composite construction. It describes shear connectors, which provide composite action between steel beams and concrete slabs. There are three main types of shear connectors: rigid connectors made of steel bars or angles that resist shear through bearing pressure; flexible stud connectors that bend and fail through yielding; and bond-type connectors that rely on bond and anchoring. The document discusses the design of shear connectors according to Indian codes IRC 22-1986 and IS 11384-1985, providing methods to calculate the design strength of shear connectors.
Deh Cho Bridge
The document discusses the design and construction challenges of the Deh Cho Bridge in the Northwest Territories of Canada. Some key points:
- The bridge crosses the Mackenzie River and connects Yellowknife to Highway 1, replacing a ferry. Its remote northern location and extreme winter conditions of -40°C posed challenges.
- An innovative extradosed bridge design was used with a 1045m continuous superstructure and expansion joints only at the abutments.
- Construction methods like incremental launching and extensive prefabrication were employed to minimize field work during the short construction season.
- Rigorous shop trial assembly and quality control processes were required given the remote site and need to minimize repairs.
Detail introduction of metal building kits
The metal building kits are the building in which the load-bearing structure made of building steel. The main structure is usually composed of beams, columns, truss and other members made of section steel and steel plate. Purlins, bracing, and tie-beam made of C-shaped steel, round steel, angle steel, constitute the secondary structure. They are together with the enclosed structure, such as the roof, floor, and wall, which form a complete building.
Steel Bridge Dr.Metwally
This document provides an introduction to steel bridges, including:
1) It describes the historical development of bridges from early stone and wooden structures to modern bridges made of materials like steel, concrete, and composites.
2) It outlines the typical components of bridges, including the substructure (piers, abutments, foundations) and superstructure (deck, floor beams, main girders, bracing).
3) It discusses common ways of classifying bridges based on materials of construction, usage, position, structural forms, and span lengths. Examples of classifications include roadway bridges, railway bridges, and movable bridges like bascule and lift bridges.
Ch1 Introduction (Steel Bridges تصميم الكباري المعدنية & Prof. Dr. Metwally A...
This document provides an introduction to steel bridges, including:
1. It discusses the history and evolution of bridge engineering and the key components of bridge structures.
2. It describes different classifications of bridges according to materials, usage, position, and structural forms. The structural forms include beam bridges, frame bridges, arch bridges, cable-stayed bridges, and suspension bridges.
3. It provides examples of different types of bridges and explains the basic structural systems used in bridges, including simply supported, cantilever, and continuous beams as well as rigid frames.
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The open road
- 1. A Report on the film “The Open Road- 1951 Highway Construction” The modern highway owes its existence due to the successful marriage between the construction and steel industry. Steel obtained from the hearth is rolled to the desired sections at temperatures 20°F~100°F. Various important components like the scratch template, keyway and centre-joint tie hook combination, dowel bars etc. along with various specialized machineries used in the construction of pavements are all the products of the steel industry. In the early days, concrete pavements were constructed by laying the concrete directly on the subgrade. But when the vehicular traffic increased, these pavements couldn’t sustain the increased loads. Hence, the new pavements were reinforced with steel to efficiently increase the durability of the roads. Bridges, which are a part of the highway system adopted steel for longer span and increased capacity. Pavement construction is a continuous and highly organised assembly line operation. It starts from the preparation of the subgrade by cutting, filling and compaction. It is followed by laying steel reinforcements between the steel forms- laid between the lanes and concreting by the heavy concrete mixers. Otherwise, steel wire mesh may also be used. The concrete is roughly levelled by the spreaders before a steel wire mesh is laid which is then followed by the next course of concrete and levelled properly. The wire mesh firmly interlocks the concrete layers. This is known as the Strike off Method of Paving. Continuous laying of concrete leads to cracking. Therefore, joints are provided between the concrete sections in which dowel bars are embedded. Dowel bars are structural members which bear a part of the load. Fibre filters embedded in the dowel system allows contraction and expansion. This helps to prevent temperature cracks in the concrete. Dowels also prevent pumping action by holding two slabs together. Once the concreting is completed, Floaters smoothens the surface by oscillating action. The final touch is given by the hand craftsman who removes any visible wrinkle on the road. Finally, curing is done with the help of burlaps. When the pavement dries, joints are cut. Safety beam guardrail, steel guard posts or cable guardrails are installed at the sides to ensure safety of the travellers. Thus, Steel has been an integral part in the construction of modern highways. Debankur Baruah CIB13025 6th semester Tezpur University