Stephen Crane was an American novelist, poet, and short story writer in the late 19th century. Some of his most famous works include Maggie: A Girl of the Streets, The Red Badge of Courage, and The Open Boat. These works were heavily influenced by his experiences witnessing poverty and hardship after the Civil War. Crane was also stranded at sea for 30 hours after his ship sank, and he and three others navigated to shore in a small boat, with one man drowning. This traumatic experience inspired his short story The Open Boat.

1. The Open Boat
By Stephen Crane

2. Stephen crane
● Stephen Townly Crane, was born on November 1st of 1871, Newark. He was
the last of 14 children. He got married to Helen Peck Crane. He went to
collage in Pennsylvania and New York, but he did not graduate. He was an
American novelist, poet and short-story writer. His most popular works were:
● Maggie’s Girls of the Streets
● The red badge
● The open boat.
These were heavily influenced by the post-civil war era in the state and the
downtrodden poverty and quality of life that he was impressed in.

3. Interesting fact:
Crane was stranded at sea for thirty hours when his ship, the SS Commodore, sank
after hitting a sandbar. He and three men were forced to navigate their way to shore
in a small boat. One of the men drowned after the boat overturned. Traumatized by
the event, Crane tried to write about it in a newspaper and then in a short story.

4. Determinism
Determinism, in philosophy, theory that all events, including moral choices, are
completely determined by previously existing causes. Determinism is usually
understood to preclude free will because it entails that humans cannot act
otherwise than they do. The theory holds that the universe is completely rational
because complete knowledge of any given situation assures that unerring
knowledge of its future is also possible.
Unerring: accurate or always right

5. “Idea that every event is necessitated by antecedent events and
conditions together with the laws of nature.”
Determinism is a theory that every event is fully destined by a
previous cause. It implies that there are no coincidences and that
everything happens for a reason. You may also understand that
determinism implies structure and order whilst coincidences imply
disorder.

6. Nature in Literature/Connection between nature and
Man
Many authors use poetry as a way to enlighten readers about the significance of nature
in their lives. Nature can be found in many poems to help the humanity to realize what
we are doing with our habitat.
Ancient and middle man felt part of nature. He found his sense in complementary with
the other r living being of nature and with nature itself.
Now a days humans are destroying nature, we are exploiting all natural resources
Like Elizabeth said, the humans are the only living organism that weren’t created for a
reason.
Humans have been surviving to wildlife in the most extreme environments on Earth.

7. What is the meaning of “ Fate “
Fate is an agency of power that orders and presitermines a future course of
events, this according to the modern usage. ILL-fated is unlucky and
unsuccessful, often resulting in death. Auggie, the main character of the book and
movie “Wonder” fair was determined by his gene deformity,this means his fate
was made and determined by his deformity. This proves that fate is determined by
something or someone. Also another example of faith occurred in the book “the
kites are flying” said’s fate was to live in between that war of palestine and israel
and this war was the cause of said’s fate

8. Symbols of:
- Sea gull: Popular culture, tatoo symbols, it is a representation of freedom ,
independence and unique character.
- Water: It means life, fertility and purity.
- Waves: Represent the sudden obstacles life throws to our way.
- Foam: It means our need to rid ourselves of impurities and have a spiritual or
emotional cleansing.
- Storm: Foreshadowing. Tramatic fuent which units people torn asunder. It
can force changes in the direction of the path that one is going.
- White: Associated with light, goodness, innocence, purity and virginity. It is a
colour of perfection, safety, purity and cleanliness, and successful begining.