This paper discusses Ted Hughes' animal poems and the relationship between humans and animals portrayed. It analyzes this relationship from three aspects: humans wanting to acquire animal power, animals reflecting human qualities, and the enlightenment humans can gain from animals. The analysis finds that Hughes uses animals to reveal deeper philosophical thoughts about human nature, and that humans can benefit by embracing both their human and animal qualities in harmony with nature.
Ted Hughes' conception of nature is marked by a recognition of violence and aggression that reflects the mood of his era. He highlights the darker, violent aspects of nature unlike Wordsworth. Hughes' poetry depicts different forms of violence through animal imagery - poems like Pike show the brutality and ferocity in nature as pike fish kill their own kind. Bayonet Charge depicts the gory, violent realities of war in contrast to the typical glorification of war. Hughes uses birds and fish to symbolize complex issues of power, authority, and violence in countries like England. His portrayal of the macabre in nature reflects the post-war depression and alienation of his time.
Ted Hughes' conception of nature is marked by a recognition of violence and aggression that corresponds with the post-war era. Hughes' poetry highlights man's fragmented nature due to his alienation from the natural world. Hughes focuses on animals, their energies, and the darker violent side of nature. His poems use animals as metaphors to reflect the conflict between violence and tenderness in human society. Poems like "The Thought Fox" and "Pike" illustrate Hughes' view of the inherent violence in nature and competition for survival.
Ted Hughes' conception of nature is marked by a recognition of violence and aggression that reflects the post-war era. Growing up in rugged Yorkshire, Hughes was influenced by the untamed nature and hard lives of the people there. His poems depict predatory animals like hawks and pikes to represent the cruel aspects of nature. This reflects the view that modern man has become alienated from nature due to wars, technology, and a loss of faith in God. Unlike Wordsworth, Hughes portrayed nature in a very negative way to show how people had lost their belief in nature and were left in a state of darkness, loneliness, and existential despair.
No poet has observed animals more accurately than Ted Hughes has done. His depiction of the animals observed is remarkable, vivid, startling, and truthful. He relates that animal to other creatures and also to human experiences and human concepts; represents the typical stresses and contradiction of human nature and also of the Nature.
Ted Hughes was obsessed with pike fishing as a teenager. His 1959 poem "Pike" describes pike in three sections - their habitat, keeping three pike in an aquarium where two are eaten, and recalling a deep pond with immense, ancient pike. The poem evokes the pike's predatory power and the poet's own sense of a sinister presence rising from the pond's legendary depths.
Existentialism Restraints and Societal Demarcation: A Real Paradigm in Bhaban...paperpublications3
Abstract: Indian writers were exposed to literature in the English language only during the nineteenth century when they were under the British regime. The Indian novelists of the pre-independence and post-independence periods attempted writing novels on new subjects. They dealt especially with three major themes- the Indian National Movement for freedom, their faith in Indian life and the problems of adjustment, which a westernized Indian encounters in India. The character of Indian novel is bound to vary from language to language and is bound to be conditioned by the regional linguistic and cultural peculiarities and characteristic of the writer and his environment.
Humanisim in dorris lessing’s novels an overviewAhmed Badran
This document provides an overview of humanism in the novels of Doris Lessing. It discusses how:
1) Lessing's novels are deeply committed to humanist values and portraying the struggles of oppressed groups in society. Her novels focus on themes of social responsibility and standing with the unfortunate.
2) Lessing's five-novel series Children of Violence follows the development of the character Martha Quest amid the tensions between English, Afrikaners, and black South Africans. It examines the relationship between individual conscience and collective conflicts.
3) Throughout her work, Lessing aims to promote justice, equality, and harmony between all people. She believes literature should enlighten humanity and rebuild optimism
The document discusses the key aspects of naturalism in literature. It describes how naturalist authors aim to objectively represent reality and details of life without preconceived ideas about form or content. However, naturalist works also suggest a humanistic value in characters or their fates that affirms the significance of individuals and their lives. This creates a tension between representing new scientific truths about determinism and finding meaning in human experience. The document also mentions how Charles Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection was accepted by the 1870s and influenced naturalist authors to emphasize what should and should not be believed about human nature and rights.
Ted Hughes' conception of nature is marked by a recognition of violence and aggression that reflects the mood of his era. He highlights the darker, violent aspects of nature unlike Wordsworth. Hughes' poetry depicts different forms of violence through animal imagery - poems like Pike show the brutality and ferocity in nature as pike fish kill their own kind. Bayonet Charge depicts the gory, violent realities of war in contrast to the typical glorification of war. Hughes uses birds and fish to symbolize complex issues of power, authority, and violence in countries like England. His portrayal of the macabre in nature reflects the post-war depression and alienation of his time.
Ted Hughes' conception of nature is marked by a recognition of violence and aggression that corresponds with the post-war era. Hughes' poetry highlights man's fragmented nature due to his alienation from the natural world. Hughes focuses on animals, their energies, and the darker violent side of nature. His poems use animals as metaphors to reflect the conflict between violence and tenderness in human society. Poems like "The Thought Fox" and "Pike" illustrate Hughes' view of the inherent violence in nature and competition for survival.
Ted Hughes' conception of nature is marked by a recognition of violence and aggression that reflects the post-war era. Growing up in rugged Yorkshire, Hughes was influenced by the untamed nature and hard lives of the people there. His poems depict predatory animals like hawks and pikes to represent the cruel aspects of nature. This reflects the view that modern man has become alienated from nature due to wars, technology, and a loss of faith in God. Unlike Wordsworth, Hughes portrayed nature in a very negative way to show how people had lost their belief in nature and were left in a state of darkness, loneliness, and existential despair.
No poet has observed animals more accurately than Ted Hughes has done. His depiction of the animals observed is remarkable, vivid, startling, and truthful. He relates that animal to other creatures and also to human experiences and human concepts; represents the typical stresses and contradiction of human nature and also of the Nature.
Ted Hughes was obsessed with pike fishing as a teenager. His 1959 poem "Pike" describes pike in three sections - their habitat, keeping three pike in an aquarium where two are eaten, and recalling a deep pond with immense, ancient pike. The poem evokes the pike's predatory power and the poet's own sense of a sinister presence rising from the pond's legendary depths.
Existentialism Restraints and Societal Demarcation: A Real Paradigm in Bhaban...paperpublications3
Abstract: Indian writers were exposed to literature in the English language only during the nineteenth century when they were under the British regime. The Indian novelists of the pre-independence and post-independence periods attempted writing novels on new subjects. They dealt especially with three major themes- the Indian National Movement for freedom, their faith in Indian life and the problems of adjustment, which a westernized Indian encounters in India. The character of Indian novel is bound to vary from language to language and is bound to be conditioned by the regional linguistic and cultural peculiarities and characteristic of the writer and his environment.
Humanisim in dorris lessing’s novels an overviewAhmed Badran
This document provides an overview of humanism in the novels of Doris Lessing. It discusses how:
1) Lessing's novels are deeply committed to humanist values and portraying the struggles of oppressed groups in society. Her novels focus on themes of social responsibility and standing with the unfortunate.
2) Lessing's five-novel series Children of Violence follows the development of the character Martha Quest amid the tensions between English, Afrikaners, and black South Africans. It examines the relationship between individual conscience and collective conflicts.
3) Throughout her work, Lessing aims to promote justice, equality, and harmony between all people. She believes literature should enlighten humanity and rebuild optimism
The document discusses the key aspects of naturalism in literature. It describes how naturalist authors aim to objectively represent reality and details of life without preconceived ideas about form or content. However, naturalist works also suggest a humanistic value in characters or their fates that affirms the significance of individuals and their lives. This creates a tension between representing new scientific truths about determinism and finding meaning in human experience. The document also mentions how Charles Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection was accepted by the 1870s and influenced naturalist authors to emphasize what should and should not be believed about human nature and rights.
Nature Oriented Verse: An Ecopoetic Critical Review of Romantic Poetry
Sabrina Abdulkadhom Abdulridha Jelal,
Al-Zahraa University for Women, Iraq
The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
9-10 October 2021 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
I describe naturalism in literature, art and the whole movement of naturalism. I also compare naturalism to other movements, and I hope you find my information helpful to you! I will also be talking about Emile Zola, and Benjamin Franklin Norris Jr: they are two of the leading naturalist authors.
Transcendentalism had a major impact on American literature in the 1800s. Writers like Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Walt Whitman were influential transcendentalist figures who believed that literature should promote ideas of self-identity, social justice, and the natural world. Their works inspired other writers of the time period like Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and Frederick Douglass. Transcendentalist ideals emphasized spirituality, individualism, and the inherent goodness of people. These concepts still influence literature today.
This document provides historical context on realism and naturalism as literary movements before summarizing Charles Darwin's life and work, specifically his 1859 book On the Origin of Species. The book introduced Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, arguing that species evolve over generations through a process of inherited variations and natural selection. It was highly controversial at the time for contradicting religious beliefs but became the unifying theory of life sciences, explaining the diversity and adaptation of living things.
Naturalism and Realism are literary movements that depict realistic characters and scenarios. This document analyzes and compares the short stories "To Build a Fire" by Jack London and "The Five Boons of Life" by Mark Twain. Both stories deal with man struggling against nature and seeking happiness, yet they differ in how they portray characters, death, and social conflicts. The man in "To Build a Fire" dies from the harsh environment due to his own carelessness, while death represents peace in "The Five Boons of Life". However, they both show that humans and animals are inherently selfish and seek their own benefit.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This document provides an overview of ecocriticism in Indian English literature. It defines ecocriticism as the study of the relationship between literature and the environment. It discusses how ecocritics examine representations of nature in works and their environmental themes. Several Indian English writers are analyzed in detail, including Raja Rao, R.K. Narayan, Anita Desai, Arundhati Roy, Amitav Ghosh, and poets like Toru Dutt and A.K. Ramanujan. Their depictions of nature, environmental issues, and human relationships with the land are discussed. The document also references several critical sources on ecocriticism in outlining its focus in Indian English literature.
The Sov’reign Shrine of Veiled Melancholy- The Shadow of Consumption on La Be...QUESTJOURNAL
This document summarizes a research paper about John Keats' poem "La Belle Dame Sans Merci" and how it reflects his struggle with tuberculosis. It provides historical context about tuberculosis in the early 19th century, when it was a major epidemic in Europe and seen as linked to creativity. It describes how Keats' life was affected by tuberculosis, with his mother and brother dying from it. Keats himself showed early symptoms of the disease in 1820. The paper analyzes how La Belle Dame Sans Merci can be seen as a representation of tuberculosis and Keats' preoccupation with mortality. It explores how themes of death and the briefness of life were central to Romantic poetry and sensibilities.
This document provides a summary and analysis of themes in Jean Rhys' novels Voyage in the Dark and Wide Sargasso Sea. Both novels follow young women from the West Indies struggling to survive in patriarchal societies. While Voyage in the Dark is set in 1920s London and Wide Sargasso Sea is set in the 19th century Caribbean, both novels explore themes of female loneliness, despair, and oppression under patriarchal systems. Neither novel follows a traditional bildungsroman structure, as the protagonists are unable to develop or find their place in society due to their marginalized positions. The analysis draws connections to Jack Halberstam's concept of "shadow feminism" to understand how Rhys
Naturalism developed as an extension of Realism in the late 19th century, influenced by scientific theories of the time. Naturalist writers portrayed humans as products of their environment and heredity, subject to forces outside their control. Major themes included humanity's smallness in an indifferent universe and the influence of factors like genetics and socioeconomic conditions on people's lives and ability to make choices. Works often portrayed the harsh realities of life for the working class and sought to expose cruelty in economic and social systems.
This document provides information about a paper submitted by a student named Dabhi Vipul. The paper's topic is "Postcolonialism and Eco Criticism with Reference to Amitav Ghosh ‘s The Hungry Tide". It includes definitions and background information on postcolonialism and eco-criticism. It also summarizes some key aspects of Ghosh's novel in relation to these literary theories, such as its portrayal of the Sundarbans region and connection of local/global issues.
Contribution of amitav ghosh in sustainable development of Eco-criticism : a ...Haleshvvhals
Trough this ppt I tried to explain the importance of environment in human life. The question of existence human life and freedom. Through the literature we can create an awareness about the environment. For this Amitav Ghosh is the best example.
Chapter 1 - language techniques in Animal Farm - George OrwellLeonie Krieger
Here are examples of persuasive techniques in Old Major's speech:
1. Rule of three: "we are born, we are given just so much food as will keep the breath in our bodies, and those of us who are capable of it are forced to work to the last atom of our strength"
2. Rhetorical question: "But is this simply part of the order of nature? Is it because this land of ours is so poor that it cannot afford a decent life to those who dwell upon it?"
3. Emotive language: "No animal in England knows the meaning of happiness or leisure after he is a year old. No animal in England is free. The life of an animal is misery and slavery
The document provides information about New Criticism, a literary theory approach. New Criticism focuses solely on analyzing the text itself without considering external contexts like the author or time period. It looks at how formal elements like imagery, structure, and language work together to create a unified theme or meaning. Key concepts in New Criticism include paradox, irony, ambiguity, and tension, which add complexity to a text. The document also gives examples of each concept and how New Critics would analyze literature using this intrinsic approach.
Ecocriticism examines the relationship between humanity and nature in literary works. It emerged in the late 1970s amid growing environmental concerns. Ecocriticism analyzes how texts represent or relate to the natural world and evaluates their positive or negative environmental messages. It takes an interdisciplinary approach, drawing on fields like sociology, ecology, and politics. Major figures established ecocriticism academically in the United States and United Kingdom in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Ecocriticism remains an important lens for addressing the global environmental crisis through literary analysis.
Northope Frye’s five spheres.Frye's archetypal criticism focuses with more contemporary literature, Beckett’s waiting for godot is to considered tragic comedy a play with elements of tragedy and satire Frye associated with genres are pitted each other.
Ted Hughes' poem "Hawk Roosting" is told from the perspective of a hawk that sees itself as the most powerful and superior creature in the natural world. The hawk believes everything exists solely for its own benefit and killing. Hughes uses vivid imagery and attributing human traits like arrogance and cruelty to portray the hawk. He also compares the hawk's behavior to that of an authoritarian dictator to represent the single-minded and self-indulgent nature of power. The unique structure and tone of the poem further emphasize the hawk's astonishing self-confidence and aggression from its dominant roosting position atop the woods.
Human Nature Essay
Duality Of Human Nature
Human Nature Essay
Human Nature Relationship
Humans Nature
Human Nature Essay
Human Nature: Good or Evil? Essay
Human Nature Essay
Human Nature Essay
Human Nature Essay
Human Nature Of Humanity
Nature And Human Essay
Animal Geographies Zooësis and the Space of Modern DramaU.docxjustine1simpson78276
Animal Geographies: Zooësis and the Space of Modern Drama
Una Chaudhuri
Modern Drama, Volume 46, Number 4, Winter 2003, pp. 646-662 (Article)
Published by University of Toronto Press
DOI: 10.1353/mdr.2003.0022
For additional information about this article
Access provided by Univ of Arkansas @ Little Rock (10 Mar 2014 10:58 GMT)
http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/mdr/summary/v046/46.4.chaudhuri.html
http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/mdr/summary/v046/46.4.chaudhuri.html
Animal Geographies: Zooesis and the
Space of Modern Drama
UNA CHAUDHURI
All sit~s of enforced marginalisalioll - ghettos, shanty towns, prisons, madhouses, COIl-
eentration camps - have something in common with zoos. But i( ;s both too easy and
too evasive to use the zoo as a symbol. The zoo is a demonstration of the relations
between man and animals; nothing else .
Berger 24
When we go to th e zoo, we take with us all our worries and joys, our heroes and vil-
lains, and we dole them out to the various species, casting each one ill th e role best
equippedfor it on the basis of a ccidental human resemblances.
Morris and Morri s 172
Confined wilhin this catch-all concept, f .. } within this strict enclosure of this definite
article ("the Animal" and not "a nimals"), as in a virgin forest, a zoo, a hunting or
fishing ground, a paddock or an ahattoir, a space of domestication, are all th e li ving
things that mall does not recognize as his fellows. his neighhors, or his Brothers
Dcrrida. "The Animal Thai Therefore I Am" 402; emphasis in original
The burgeoning field of animal studies offers a new perspective on that ove r-
lap of cultural and performance space that we call mimesi s. In proposing the
neologism "zooes is" for this new perspective, I hope to invoke, as a founda-
tion for my exploration of animal discourses in modern drama, the path-break-
ing work of Cary Wolfe, whose tenn "zoontologies" suggests just how much
is at stake for literature and the humanities in the "the question of the animaL"
Noting the central role played by the figure of the animal and the category of
animality in all those "seminal reroutings of contemporary theory away from
the constitutive figure of the human " (Wolfe, Introduction xi) in the works of
Jacques Derrida, Julia Kristeva, Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari , Jacques
Lacan , Georges Bataille, Renee Girard, bell hooks, Michael Tau ss ig , and
M odem Drama , 46:4 (Winter 2003) 646
Animal Geographies
Donna Haraway, Wolfe also points out that work in contemporary sciences,
especially cognitive ethnology and field eco logy , has decisively undermined
" the old saws of anthropocentricism (language, tool use, the inheritance of
c ultural behaviors)" (x i). These phil osophical and sc ientific deve lopments that
bring the animal into view in new ways have also enabled new analyses of the
many contexts in whi ch anim ali ty has been depl oyed rhetorically to oppres.
Ted Hughes interests in dreams and his recourse to occult symbolism are lined...TALHAKHAN938790
Ted Hughes is the greatest British writer of the second half of twentieth century
In accordance with Eliot’s dictum that every new great writer added to the tradition, changes the tradition
“His imagination”, as said by Keith Sagar,” which draws on his unconscious, on the racial unconscious, on his sixth sense and perhaps innumerable further senses speaks through him.”
Animal images are the central focus for Hughes‟s important mythic presentation
Metamorphosis as an image of indestructibility of life
The god-animal as symbol for creative and destructive forces in nature.
Sexuality is such a creative force
Dr. Jekyll plus his demonic double, Mr Hyde, who becomes, microscopically, a representative of the physical, sexual, “animal” side of man
This image of a snake as a phallic symbol was also given by Freud in his The Interpretation of Dreams where Freud says “Many of the beasts which are used as genital symbols in mythology and folklore play the same part in dream: example. Fishes, snails, cats, mice and above all those most important symbols of the male organ-snakes.”
Nature Oriented Verse: An Ecopoetic Critical Review of Romantic Poetry
Sabrina Abdulkadhom Abdulridha Jelal,
Al-Zahraa University for Women, Iraq
The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
9-10 October 2021 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
I describe naturalism in literature, art and the whole movement of naturalism. I also compare naturalism to other movements, and I hope you find my information helpful to you! I will also be talking about Emile Zola, and Benjamin Franklin Norris Jr: they are two of the leading naturalist authors.
Transcendentalism had a major impact on American literature in the 1800s. Writers like Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Walt Whitman were influential transcendentalist figures who believed that literature should promote ideas of self-identity, social justice, and the natural world. Their works inspired other writers of the time period like Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and Frederick Douglass. Transcendentalist ideals emphasized spirituality, individualism, and the inherent goodness of people. These concepts still influence literature today.
This document provides historical context on realism and naturalism as literary movements before summarizing Charles Darwin's life and work, specifically his 1859 book On the Origin of Species. The book introduced Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, arguing that species evolve over generations through a process of inherited variations and natural selection. It was highly controversial at the time for contradicting religious beliefs but became the unifying theory of life sciences, explaining the diversity and adaptation of living things.
Naturalism and Realism are literary movements that depict realistic characters and scenarios. This document analyzes and compares the short stories "To Build a Fire" by Jack London and "The Five Boons of Life" by Mark Twain. Both stories deal with man struggling against nature and seeking happiness, yet they differ in how they portray characters, death, and social conflicts. The man in "To Build a Fire" dies from the harsh environment due to his own carelessness, while death represents peace in "The Five Boons of Life". However, they both show that humans and animals are inherently selfish and seek their own benefit.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This document provides an overview of ecocriticism in Indian English literature. It defines ecocriticism as the study of the relationship between literature and the environment. It discusses how ecocritics examine representations of nature in works and their environmental themes. Several Indian English writers are analyzed in detail, including Raja Rao, R.K. Narayan, Anita Desai, Arundhati Roy, Amitav Ghosh, and poets like Toru Dutt and A.K. Ramanujan. Their depictions of nature, environmental issues, and human relationships with the land are discussed. The document also references several critical sources on ecocriticism in outlining its focus in Indian English literature.
The Sov’reign Shrine of Veiled Melancholy- The Shadow of Consumption on La Be...QUESTJOURNAL
This document summarizes a research paper about John Keats' poem "La Belle Dame Sans Merci" and how it reflects his struggle with tuberculosis. It provides historical context about tuberculosis in the early 19th century, when it was a major epidemic in Europe and seen as linked to creativity. It describes how Keats' life was affected by tuberculosis, with his mother and brother dying from it. Keats himself showed early symptoms of the disease in 1820. The paper analyzes how La Belle Dame Sans Merci can be seen as a representation of tuberculosis and Keats' preoccupation with mortality. It explores how themes of death and the briefness of life were central to Romantic poetry and sensibilities.
This document provides a summary and analysis of themes in Jean Rhys' novels Voyage in the Dark and Wide Sargasso Sea. Both novels follow young women from the West Indies struggling to survive in patriarchal societies. While Voyage in the Dark is set in 1920s London and Wide Sargasso Sea is set in the 19th century Caribbean, both novels explore themes of female loneliness, despair, and oppression under patriarchal systems. Neither novel follows a traditional bildungsroman structure, as the protagonists are unable to develop or find their place in society due to their marginalized positions. The analysis draws connections to Jack Halberstam's concept of "shadow feminism" to understand how Rhys
Naturalism developed as an extension of Realism in the late 19th century, influenced by scientific theories of the time. Naturalist writers portrayed humans as products of their environment and heredity, subject to forces outside their control. Major themes included humanity's smallness in an indifferent universe and the influence of factors like genetics and socioeconomic conditions on people's lives and ability to make choices. Works often portrayed the harsh realities of life for the working class and sought to expose cruelty in economic and social systems.
This document provides information about a paper submitted by a student named Dabhi Vipul. The paper's topic is "Postcolonialism and Eco Criticism with Reference to Amitav Ghosh ‘s The Hungry Tide". It includes definitions and background information on postcolonialism and eco-criticism. It also summarizes some key aspects of Ghosh's novel in relation to these literary theories, such as its portrayal of the Sundarbans region and connection of local/global issues.
Contribution of amitav ghosh in sustainable development of Eco-criticism : a ...Haleshvvhals
Trough this ppt I tried to explain the importance of environment in human life. The question of existence human life and freedom. Through the literature we can create an awareness about the environment. For this Amitav Ghosh is the best example.
Chapter 1 - language techniques in Animal Farm - George OrwellLeonie Krieger
Here are examples of persuasive techniques in Old Major's speech:
1. Rule of three: "we are born, we are given just so much food as will keep the breath in our bodies, and those of us who are capable of it are forced to work to the last atom of our strength"
2. Rhetorical question: "But is this simply part of the order of nature? Is it because this land of ours is so poor that it cannot afford a decent life to those who dwell upon it?"
3. Emotive language: "No animal in England knows the meaning of happiness or leisure after he is a year old. No animal in England is free. The life of an animal is misery and slavery
The document provides information about New Criticism, a literary theory approach. New Criticism focuses solely on analyzing the text itself without considering external contexts like the author or time period. It looks at how formal elements like imagery, structure, and language work together to create a unified theme or meaning. Key concepts in New Criticism include paradox, irony, ambiguity, and tension, which add complexity to a text. The document also gives examples of each concept and how New Critics would analyze literature using this intrinsic approach.
Ecocriticism examines the relationship between humanity and nature in literary works. It emerged in the late 1970s amid growing environmental concerns. Ecocriticism analyzes how texts represent or relate to the natural world and evaluates their positive or negative environmental messages. It takes an interdisciplinary approach, drawing on fields like sociology, ecology, and politics. Major figures established ecocriticism academically in the United States and United Kingdom in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Ecocriticism remains an important lens for addressing the global environmental crisis through literary analysis.
Northope Frye’s five spheres.Frye's archetypal criticism focuses with more contemporary literature, Beckett’s waiting for godot is to considered tragic comedy a play with elements of tragedy and satire Frye associated with genres are pitted each other.
Ted Hughes' poem "Hawk Roosting" is told from the perspective of a hawk that sees itself as the most powerful and superior creature in the natural world. The hawk believes everything exists solely for its own benefit and killing. Hughes uses vivid imagery and attributing human traits like arrogance and cruelty to portray the hawk. He also compares the hawk's behavior to that of an authoritarian dictator to represent the single-minded and self-indulgent nature of power. The unique structure and tone of the poem further emphasize the hawk's astonishing self-confidence and aggression from its dominant roosting position atop the woods.
Human Nature Essay
Duality Of Human Nature
Human Nature Essay
Human Nature Relationship
Humans Nature
Human Nature Essay
Human Nature: Good or Evil? Essay
Human Nature Essay
Human Nature Essay
Human Nature Essay
Human Nature Of Humanity
Nature And Human Essay
Animal Geographies Zooësis and the Space of Modern DramaU.docxjustine1simpson78276
Animal Geographies: Zooësis and the Space of Modern Drama
Una Chaudhuri
Modern Drama, Volume 46, Number 4, Winter 2003, pp. 646-662 (Article)
Published by University of Toronto Press
DOI: 10.1353/mdr.2003.0022
For additional information about this article
Access provided by Univ of Arkansas @ Little Rock (10 Mar 2014 10:58 GMT)
http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/mdr/summary/v046/46.4.chaudhuri.html
http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/mdr/summary/v046/46.4.chaudhuri.html
Animal Geographies: Zooesis and the
Space of Modern Drama
UNA CHAUDHURI
All sit~s of enforced marginalisalioll - ghettos, shanty towns, prisons, madhouses, COIl-
eentration camps - have something in common with zoos. But i( ;s both too easy and
too evasive to use the zoo as a symbol. The zoo is a demonstration of the relations
between man and animals; nothing else .
Berger 24
When we go to th e zoo, we take with us all our worries and joys, our heroes and vil-
lains, and we dole them out to the various species, casting each one ill th e role best
equippedfor it on the basis of a ccidental human resemblances.
Morris and Morri s 172
Confined wilhin this catch-all concept, f .. } within this strict enclosure of this definite
article ("the Animal" and not "a nimals"), as in a virgin forest, a zoo, a hunting or
fishing ground, a paddock or an ahattoir, a space of domestication, are all th e li ving
things that mall does not recognize as his fellows. his neighhors, or his Brothers
Dcrrida. "The Animal Thai Therefore I Am" 402; emphasis in original
The burgeoning field of animal studies offers a new perspective on that ove r-
lap of cultural and performance space that we call mimesi s. In proposing the
neologism "zooes is" for this new perspective, I hope to invoke, as a founda-
tion for my exploration of animal discourses in modern drama, the path-break-
ing work of Cary Wolfe, whose tenn "zoontologies" suggests just how much
is at stake for literature and the humanities in the "the question of the animaL"
Noting the central role played by the figure of the animal and the category of
animality in all those "seminal reroutings of contemporary theory away from
the constitutive figure of the human " (Wolfe, Introduction xi) in the works of
Jacques Derrida, Julia Kristeva, Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari , Jacques
Lacan , Georges Bataille, Renee Girard, bell hooks, Michael Tau ss ig , and
M odem Drama , 46:4 (Winter 2003) 646
Animal Geographies
Donna Haraway, Wolfe also points out that work in contemporary sciences,
especially cognitive ethnology and field eco logy , has decisively undermined
" the old saws of anthropocentricism (language, tool use, the inheritance of
c ultural behaviors)" (x i). These phil osophical and sc ientific deve lopments that
bring the animal into view in new ways have also enabled new analyses of the
many contexts in whi ch anim ali ty has been depl oyed rhetorically to oppres.
Ted Hughes interests in dreams and his recourse to occult symbolism are lined...TALHAKHAN938790
Ted Hughes is the greatest British writer of the second half of twentieth century
In accordance with Eliot’s dictum that every new great writer added to the tradition, changes the tradition
“His imagination”, as said by Keith Sagar,” which draws on his unconscious, on the racial unconscious, on his sixth sense and perhaps innumerable further senses speaks through him.”
Animal images are the central focus for Hughes‟s important mythic presentation
Metamorphosis as an image of indestructibility of life
The god-animal as symbol for creative and destructive forces in nature.
Sexuality is such a creative force
Dr. Jekyll plus his demonic double, Mr Hyde, who becomes, microscopically, a representative of the physical, sexual, “animal” side of man
This image of a snake as a phallic symbol was also given by Freud in his The Interpretation of Dreams where Freud says “Many of the beasts which are used as genital symbols in mythology and folklore play the same part in dream: example. Fishes, snails, cats, mice and above all those most important symbols of the male organ-snakes.”
Naturalism was a 19th century movement that believed nature and the physical world are all that exist, rejecting spirituality and the supernatural. It emphasized investigating nature through science and viewed humanity as simply part of the natural world, influenced primarily by heredity and environment. Naturalist works often depicted harsh realities like poverty, disease, and violence in a detached, objective manner and believed fate was predetermined, showing nature's indifference to human struggles.
The document discusses differing theories on human nature, with John Locke arguing that human nature is a blank slate shaped entirely by experience, while Edward Wilson believes innate genes and evolutionary biology also influence human nature. While acknowledging the role of experience, the author argues Wilson's position is more reasonable as scientific research has found evidence of innate traits being passed down from parents to children, and personal experience shows their own and sister's differing personalities correlate with traits from their mother and father respectively.
Mythological criticism analyzes texts through recurring myths and archetypes. It combines anthropology, psychology, history, and religion. Key figures who developed this theory include James Frazer, Carl Jung, and Northrop Frye. A Doll's House by Henrik Ibsen can be interpreted through this lens. Situational myths in the play include light vs. darkness. Nora's tarantella dance symbolizes her inner turmoil. Character archetypes include the trickster (Helmer), the initiate (Nora), and the loyal sidekick (Mrs. Linde).
This document contrasts myths and legends, providing examples of Native American creation stories and figures involved in documenting them, compared to stories about European explorers. It summarizes the Iroquois creation story involving a woman who fell from the sky and twin brothers who fought for control of the universe. It also briefly outlines the Pima creation story of Juhwertamahkai creating everything four times and Noo-ee the buzzard being the first person.
Tracking the depictions of animals in children's literature through history reveals not only what authors think about animals, but also what they think about the human experience and of childhood itself. As the word "animal" can be used both to mark the similarities and the differences between beasts and men, it makes sense then that animals depicted in children's literature may do the same. Animals in children's literature may be wholly animalistic, they may act as symbols, they may traipse around in human clothes and perform human actions, or they may also represent racial and other differences. Similarly, child characters may be so feral they act as animals or desire to be one. Considering such depictions of animals (and animalistic children) in children's literature provides the opportunity for thinking about how children understand and negotiate their identities in the world.
This document provides information about the Romantic movement and Gothic genre, both of which influenced Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. It discusses key aspects of Romanticism, including emphasis on imagination over reason, intuition, idealism, inspiration, and individualism. Gothic literature is described as focusing on the grotesque and supernatural. The document also summarizes some common Gothic motifs like the Doppelgänger and mad scientist, and relates Jungian concepts like the shadow archetype to themes in Frankenstein. Overall, the document outlines literary contexts and devices relevant to analyzing Frankenstein.
Representation of the Non-Human World in Cormac McCarthy’s The RoadIJMSIRJOURNAL
The human bonding with the environment is significant and has been represented in literary
writings from days immemorial. Cormac McCarthy is an American writer, whose major works are centered on
Appalachian environment. His tenth novel is a dystopian fiction that urges man‟s careless outlook towards the environment. Set in a futuristic environment, the novel portrays a barbaric and barren land devoid of the animal world. This paper presents the significance of the non-human world as portrayed in The Road.
The document summarizes information about the Celts who lived in Britain and Ireland during the Iron Age. It describes how archaeologists have learned about Celtic culture from accidental discoveries like a body found with food still in its stomach. The Celts lived in roundhouses and hillfort settlements for protection. They farmed, traded goods, and the men trained as warriors, using weapons like swords, spears, and chariots. Celtic religion involved belief in gods and the otherworld, and druids held important religious and social roles. The coming of the Romans would drastically change Celtic life on the islands.
William Blake (1757-1827) was an English artist, poet and printmaker. His poem "The Clod and the Pebble" contrasts the perspectives of a clod of clay and a pebble on the brook on the nature of love. The clod believes that love seeks to help others rather than itself, while the pebble views love as selfishly seeking its own pleasure through controlling others. Blake presents both views symmetrically without indicating a preference, showing that love can be understood in different, even contrary ways.
The Anglo-Saxons were groups of farmer-warriors from Germany who invaded Britain over a thousand years ago, consisting of the Angle, Saxon, and Jute tribes. They lived in wooden houses clustered in villages near rivers, protected by wooden fences. They grew crops like cabbage and onions and hunted wild boar and deer, eating their meat with bread and drinking beer. They were also very superstitious, believing in charms and potions for protection from evil spirits. After the Anglo-Saxons, the Normans led by William the Conqueror invaded England and defeated the Anglo-Saxons in the Battle of Hastings in 1066.
The Anglo-Saxons were farmers who lived in villages with thatched roof houses in Anglo-Saxon England. They drank beer and ate a mix of vegetables and meat like deer and wild boar. They believed in lucky charms and superstitions to protect themselves from evil spirits. The names of the days of the week come from both celestial bodies and Germanic gods. The Vikings came to Britain after the Anglo-Saxons.
The Anglo-Saxons were tribes from Germany and Denmark who settled in Britain after the Romans left in the 5th century AD. They lived in villages with long halls and slept on rushes. As farmers, they ate vegetables, meat and drank milk or mead. Society was divided into classes with thanes at the top, followed by free churls and slave thralls. They believed in Norse gods and supernatural creatures. The names of the days of the week come from Latin and Norse gods. The Normans eventually conquered the Anglo-Saxons in 1066 after the Battle of Hastings, ending their rule in Britain.
The Venetian Carnival began in 1162 to celebrate a victory over Ulrico and first featured masquerade masks in 1268. It was outlawed in the 1930s by the Italian government but revived in the 1980s by Venetian locals. The Carnival takes place in the two weeks before Ash Wednesday and features masked balls and celebrations of dancing before the Christian season of Lent. Common masks worn include the Bauta, Moretta, and Volto-Larva.
The Venetian Carnival began in 1162 to celebrate a victory over Ulrico and first featured masquerade masks in 1268. It was outlawed in the 1930s but revived in the 1980s. Today, the Carnival starts two weeks before Ash Wednesday and ends on Shrove Tuesday, featuring elaborate masks like the Bauta, Moretta, and Volto-Larva that hide wearers' identities.
La autobiografía narra las experiencias repetidas de la persona al caer en un agujero en la acera a lo largo de cinco capítulos. En el primer capítulo, la persona se cae en el agujero y tarda en salir sin asumir responsabilidad. En el segundo capítulo, la persona se vuelve a caer en el mismo agujero y repite que no es su culpa. En el tercer capítulo, aunque ve el agujero, vuelve a caer pero reconoce que es su hábito y culpa. En el cuarto capítulo, logra esqu
The rubric evaluates student essays on literary analysis based on criteria of knowledge of content, understanding of texts and context, recognition of language and structure, and personal response. The student received a grade of C, indicating they showed understanding of texts but need to make more references and explore meanings beyond the surface, recognize literary devices' effects, and analyze how writers write.
The document discusses Argentine Independence Day, which is celebrated on July 9th. It summarizes that the Congress of Tucumán declared independence from Spain on this date in 1816. The Congress was established with 33 delegates representing various provinces, but some provinces did not send delegates. The president of the Congress at the time was Francisco Narciso de Laprida from San Juan Province.
The document summarizes the Declaration of Independence that was signed in San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina on July 9, 1816. It was signed by 29 deputies who aimed to declare independence from Spain and establish a new political system and constitution for the country. The declaration was influenced by Enlightenment ideas and revolutions in both North America and Europe. It established Argentina as a sovereign nation and is still commemorated annually over 200 years later.
This document provides information about Paper 1 of an exam, which involves a critical commentary question. Candidates must write a 1 hour 30 minute response to one of two critical commentary questions about either a poem or prose extract. The questions test knowledge of content, understanding of themes and characters, understanding of the writer's intentions and language use, and personal response. Candidates are advised to spend 20 minutes planning their response before writing. The exam also includes questions on poetry, prose, and a Shakespeare play.
This three-sentence summary provides an overview of the key elements and themes in Nathaniel Hawthorne's short story "Dr. Heidegger's Experiment":
The story describes an experiment conducted by Dr. Heidegger where he has four elderly guests drink water from a mysterious vase in an attempt to regain their youth; the vase and its water represent symbolic allegorical elements and the story explores themes of the supernatural, foreshadowing, and high emotional feelings in an attempt to impart a moral lesson to the reader.
Written near a port on a dark evening charlotte smithPato_Ch
Charlotte Smith was an English Romantic poet known for her sonnets and Gothic novels. This poem describes a dark, foggy night near the sea. The speaker hears only the crashing waves and a distant ship's bell marking the hour. All is shadowy except for the surf's luminous line on the sand. The faint ship lights resemble "wandering fairy fires" that mislead travelers, just as reason provides an uncertain light through life's "darkling way."
Thomas Hardy's poem "A Wife In London" depicts a wife waiting alone in London for her husband to return from war. The title suggests her loneliness without her husband. The fog represents the wife's sadness and stress as she receives only a letter from her husband, not his physical return. The letter provides a glimmer of hope as the husband writes of hoping to reunite, but ultimately the poem reveals the tragedy and absurdity of war by implying the husband may have died in conflict.
The poem describes a woman returning home after many years away. As she approaches the front door, she is afraid to open it for fear of seeing a stranger or ghostly version of herself. She hesitates at the door with trembling hands, too scared to enter. Ultimately, she flees the house in a state of anxiety, unable to face what may be inside representing her inner self.
The pains of sleep by samuel taylor coleridge (bianca, juana and sol)Pato_Ch
The poem describes a speaker's painful nights spent alone in bed, unable to sleep due to nightmares. Over the past two nights, the speaker has been awakened screaming from fiendish dreams filled with terrible images representing mankind's capacity for horror. By the third night, after again waking from these dreams, the speaker weeps like a child, overcome with strange sufferings. While the dreams seem fitting punishment for those deeply stained by sin, the speaker asks why these pains must fall upon him.
The document provides information about Ray Bradbury's short story "There Will Come Soft Rains". It begins with background context on the story, noting it was written in 1950 just years after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The document then examines elements of the story, including quotes and discussing how the theme of man vs. nature is explored. It provides discussion questions and an essay prompt analyzing how Bradbury creates a sense of unease in the story.
The document provides information about the post-apocalyptic/dystopian genre and discusses Ray Bradbury's short story "There Will Come Soft Rains". It includes discussion questions about the conventions of the genre. Historical context is provided about the time period when the story was written. The document examines themes of man vs. nature in the story and how the author creates a sense of unease. Students are prompted to analyze quotes from the story and relate it back to the genre.
Your portfolio contains all required items and provides evidence of progress in understanding literature and different texts. The writing demonstrates careful reflective practice through clear topics, precise language, well-organized thoughts for the reader, and proofreading for grammar, punctuation, and spelling. Reflections include descriptions of experiences and intellectual and emotional responses, evidence of questioning prior perceptions, and connections to other topics and plans for future action.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Man and animals
1. Canadian Social Science Vol.3 No.1 February 2007
95
The Relationship between Man and Animal in Ted
Hughes’ Poems
RELATIONS ENTRE L’HOMME ET LES ANIMAUX DANS LES
POEMES DE TED HUGHES
Li Yudi1
Abstract: This paper discusses the significance of Ted Hughes’s animal poems, and find out the
relationship between human and animals. It analyses from three aspects: man expects to acquire
animal power, animals reflects man and enlightenment from animals. Through the analysis, both
the content and the consideration on human in Ted Hughes’ poems could be better understood.
Key words: Ted Hughes, animal poems, human and animals
Résumé: Cet essai étudie la signification des poème d’animal de Ted Hughes et explore les
relations entre l’homme et les animaux. L’analyse s’effectue sous trois angles ci-dessous : l’homme
veut acquérir la force des animaux, les animaux reflètent l’homme ainsi que l’homme s’inspire des
animaux. A travers cette analyse, la signification et la considération sur l’homme des poèmes de
Ted Hughes pourraient mieux comprises.
Mots-Clés: Ted Hughes, poèmes d’animal, homme et animaux
1
Central China Normal University, China.
*Received 11 August 2006 ; accepted 26 November 2006
1. INTRODUCTION
Ted Hughes, who obtained the fame of Poet Laureate in
1984, totally had 8 major collections that represented a
great variety of forms and subjects during his life.
Among them, it’s the series of animal images that
established his fame of “animal poet” or “nature poet”.
His special subject matters and bold style made his
poems quite different from other contemporary poets.
Had been living near the wide moorland and spending a
great time on fishing and hunting, he had been attracted
by beauty and power of nature since his childhood.
However, his feelings towards animals were more than
pure appreciation. As a perspective and thoughtful poet,
he not only vividly portrayed an animal world in his
poems, but also revealed his philosophical thoughts.
Between human beings and animals, there are several
complex and profound relationships. Apparently,
Hughes was inspecting animals in the wild nature, but
by deeper analysis of the relationship between animals
and human beings, we can find that actually he was
expressing his mystical beliefs on human beings
through those animals.
2. MAN AND ANIMAL
2.1 Man expects to acquire animal power
In 1957, Ted Hughes published his first poem collection
The Hawk in the Rain, by which he established his
statue as a modern poet in England, and in which his
fascination to animal’s beauty and power was fully
expressed. In Poetry Today: A Critical Guide to British
Poetry Thwaite wrote that this is a work “concentrates
on physical vividness of a mimetic turbulent world of
predatory animals and primitive violence.”(56) And in
this world, human beings are so weak and helpless that
they are in awe of the animals as well as deeply admire
them.
One of his representative poem entitled “The Hawk
in the Rain” opens with the description of “I” walking
across a ploughed field in the rain:
“I drown in the drumming ploughland, I drag up
Heel after heel from the swallowing of the earth’s
mouth,
From clay that clutches my each step to the ankle
With the habit of the dogged grave,… ”
A man is stepping forward in a ploughland while
struggling with the rain and the clay that try to swallow
2. Li Yudi/Canadian Social Science Vol.3 No.1 2007 95-98
96
him like “dogged grave”. Words like “drag up”,
“clutches”, “each step” and “habit” indicate that for man,
in such a cruel circumstance, it is not just a walk across
a ploughland, but a lifelong journey. And soon there is
another stanza makes the contrasting situation of the
hawk:
“…but the hawk
Effortlessly at height hangs his still eye.”
The hawk revolves in the high sky, coolly looking at
man’s desperate struggle against the force of nature. The
image of the hawk is like an ambassador of the nature,
and under his masterful command, man’s struggle is
doomed and weightless.
In his second collection Lupercal(1960), his
presentation of the animal world is franker and crueler.
In “Hawk Roosting”, the poet plunged into the hawk’s
head, and recorded its monologue that is imbued with
confidence and arrogance.
“There is no sophistry in my body”, and as a hawk,
“My manners are just tearing off heads”, because “I
hold Creation in my foot”. By far the power of the hawk
has extended to be able to master the whole creation,
while contrast to it, this power can never be acquired by
human beings.
Like the hawk, Hughes tends to choose animals least
likely to be befriended by man as his subject matter,
such as jaguar, pike, and crow. “It is their rich,
instinctual life of feeling and action that most fascinates
the poet. His most frequent response to the life of nature
seems to be a mixture of awe and fear.”(King, 117) The
freedom, energy and power of these animals can easily
arouse man’s admiration. In front of animals, man is
too timid. How many miseries both from physical and
spiritual must have been reduced if man is as strong as
animals to endure the cruelty in this merciless modern
world! In another word, by means of the impressive
description and contrasts, Hughes cried out man’s inner
voice in their heart that they are eager to be powerful,
just like these animals.
2.2 Animals reflects man
Ted Hughes was often be criticized by some of the
criticisms for his apparently deliberate bloody
adjectives and trudging phrases that could remind
readers as the characters of dictators or Fascists. Indeed,
animals in his poems are brutal, primitive, and
completely different from human life; however, in the
wild nature, “Survival of the fittest” has been
universally acknowledged as the rule of living. As far as
this is concerned, neither the hawk’s tearing off heads
nor does the pike’s killing his companions seem
reasonable.
In fact, Hughes’ view has always been wider than
the simple labeling of him as “violent poet”. His
apparently concerns with violence is not admiration, but
an exploration of the battle of man’s response towards
life. It includes two levels. On the one hand, during the
process of hundreds of thousands years of evolution,
man became civilized, intellectual and rational, and in
the society they are constrained by a series of laws and
social norms. Having been bounded since they were
born; their instinct and primordial side as animals
finally have to be broke out in a violent way. This is
vividly expressed in Hughes’ animal poems. In “The
Pike”:
“Killers from the egg: the malevolent aged grin.
Three we kept behind glass,
…
Suddenly there were two.
Finally one”.
Pike is a kind of predatory fish that is greedy and
brutal, and when they are hungry, they would attack
each other until there is only one, the strongest, left. On
the other hand, though this “jungle law” also suits for
human society, it is always displayed in some other
forms, which are different as animals that can directly
“tearing off heads”. Pike’s world is a microcosm of the
human society that is full of extreme individualism and
brutality. Under the control of these qualities, man will
be extremely conceited and exclude outsiders by every
conceivable means. Those who have higher social
statues or stronger power can always obtain more
priority and enjoy more of life by stepping on the back
of the weaker. During this process, the stronger grows
stronger, and the weaker become feebler and finally
died. Therefore, it is not fair for human beings to say
that animals are brutal or primitive, and such characters
of animals are the exactly reflections of the violent side
of human beings.
Beside the violent side of man, in Hughes’ fourth
collection Crow(1970), he portrayed the image of the
crow, which embodied the inner experience of modern
man who, being spiritually hollowed and lacking
religious belief, faced a meaningless existence of
themselves in a rapidly industrializing world.
Undoubtedly, the crow is a new hero. It reproduced and
re-explained the religious myth, power and civilization
from its peculiar viewpoint and manner. In “Crow's
First Lesson”:
“God tried to teach Crow how to talk.
“Love,”said God. “Say, Love.”
Crow gaped, and the white shark crashed into the sea
And went rolling downwards, discovering its own
depth.
“A final try,” said God. “Now, Love.”
Crow convulsed, gaped, retched and
Man's bodiless prodigious head
Bulbed out onto the earth, with swiveling eyes,
Jabbering protest
3. Li Yudi/Canadian Social Science Vol.3 No.1 2007 95-98
97
As a result of the developing of the science and
industrial, the traditional center status of the religion has
lost. The authority of God is challenged and shaken by
the crow. According to Anthony Thwaite, “Crow has
two characters——Crow himself and the God. Crow is
resilient, resourceful, evasive, built to survive every
kind of disaster( — — these are his irreducible
characters). God is sometimes his partner, sometimes
his adversary or rival, often a passive presence.”(60)
Possibly man is the combination of the two. In such an
embarrass world, the Crow is the only language
remaining and his songs sing of modern man’s feeling
of alienation and disillusion from those deep power both
within themselves and the outer world.
2.3 Enlightenment from animals
If the image of animal in Hughes’ poems is a mirror that
clearly reflected modern man’s inner turbulence, then
we can say it is more than an ordinary mirror, and it is a
magic one that can bring inspiration to human and
broadcast Hughes’ profound concerns about modern
man’s way of living.
In “Poetry in the Making”, Ted Hughes declared his
beliefs on his poems creation that poems were animals,
and what he concerned was not hunting for them, nor
writing poems for them, but finding out the energy on
them, which he was lacking of. In other words, Hughes
tried to call for a balance between human’s social
consciousness and their primordial side, which was
dying gradually during the process of civilization and
industrialization. He did not arouse man’s
consciousness by setting a stereotype of living force or a
didactic instruction, but by delicately creating
representative philosophical animal figures.
One of his famous mythical figures——crow, which
appears in one poem after another, comes to stand for
various different aspects of human experience: it is ugly,
unpredictable, but wisdom, strong-minded and
optimistic; it is the symbol of new human spirit——
self-conscious, confident and irresistible; and in this
merciless and pointless world, it is the only one that can
survive all kinds of disasters. By contrast, modern men
who are dominated by rational objective intellect have
obviously degenerated into sterility and nihilism at the
expense of the life of the emotions and imagination. In
“Examination at the Womb Door”, crow is
cross-examined:
“Who owns those scrawny little feet? Death
Who owns this bristly scorched-looking face?
Death
Who owns these still-working lungs? Death
…
Who is the stronger than death? Me, evidently”
To all the questions except the last one, crow gives
the same answer “death”, while finally, he declared with
the least hesitation that he is the strongest of all, even
than death. When man of late 20th
century has lost their
faith, it is the crow that “flies over the abyss of our
unbelief and incomprehension”. (King, 138) Beneath
the feeling of despair there was still an active voice of
unyielding energy and survival——the voice of the
crow. Through perceiving of this bold crow, Hughes set
a model to modern man that they can only break through
to a new wholeness of themselves by learning from the
experience of the crow.
Similar to “Crow”, in “The Jaguar”, when men
crowded in the front of the jaguar’s cage, with
admiration in their eyes, they see from the jaguar a kind
of wildness, freedom and primitive instincts that they
never have. As a result, the jaguar became the symbol of
releasing of the natural character of human beings.
Another figure is the skylark. Appeared as a fierce
creature that carries strength, fortitude and indomitable
spirit in Hughes’ poems, the skylark becomes another
symbol of a fight to endure in a hostile universe.
“But just before they plunge into the earth
They flare and glide off low over grass, then up
To land on a wall-top, crest up
Weightless,
Paid-up,
Alert,
Conscience perfect.”
This is an accurately observed picture of a skylark’s
behavior. Its flight seems a battle to overcome gravity
and escape its natural habitat. The skylark doesn’t
submit to “life center”, but follows its inner nature at
whatever cost of pain. So “conscience” is “perfect”. “It
is an image of man whose experience of life’s agonies
bludgeons him into believing there is no meaning in life
but who yet resists and rises again and again simply to
express his existence even when there is no guarantee
that existence is purposeful.” (King, 128)
2.4 Human and animals live in harmony
An important book entitled The Silent Spring was
published in 1962, which is a masterpiece on science of
human and environment. Influenced by this book, Ted
Hughes reconsidered the role of both man and animals,
and realized that man would better respect and preserve
the nature rather than fight against it. Consequently, in
his late collections, such as Season Songs(1985)and
River (1983), his view of nature and animals became
wider, and his style changed to be softer and
pastoral-like. The relationship between human and
animals is no longer contrasting to each other, but
turned to be very harmonious and friendly. In “That
Morning”,
“Two gold bears came down and swam like men
4. Li Yudi/Canadian Social Science Vol.3 No.1 2007 95-98
98
Beside us. And dived like children”
Animals are not presented as cruel and non-humane,
while human beings are not only portrayed is in a
passive statue. On the contrary, they are living in the
same picture, enjoying the same happiness each as a
chain of the nature.
3. CONCLUSION
It is undoubted that Ted Hughes is a gifted poet who has
rich imagination and originality of expression. The
animal world in his works leaves with reader a sense of
primitive impulse, which deeply affected both our
emotions and ration. His works help modern man
recognize their own identity as both human and animals,
though they might be reluctant to acknowledge their
deepest, instinctual side as animals is gradually losing.
His increasingly deep concerns about the relationship
between human and animals also enlighten human
beings’ living way in this world that they should
combine both human nature and animal nature to be
wholeness. Human and animals can genially live
together to establish a peaceful, new world, since
human beings are also animals somehow.
REFERENCES
King,P. R. Nine Contemporary Poets: a Critical Introduction [M]. Methuen, 1997.
Thwaite, Anthony. Poetry Today: A Critical Guide to British Poetry 1960-1984[M]. Longman, 1985.
Li Chengjian. ‘On Ted Hughes’“Hawk in the Rain” and “Lupercal” [J]’. Foreign Literature Studies, 2000, Volume 1
LiZeng, Liu Guoqing. ‘Obsessive Nature Complex—A Study of Ted Hughes’Outlook on Nature and His Nature Poems
[J]’. Journal of Northeast Normal University, 2004, Volume 2
Wu Di. Guide Reading on World Famous Peotry [M]. Hangzhou: ZhejiangUniversityPress, 2004.
Wu Bianyuan. History of 20th
Century Foreign Literature[M]. Vol. 4. Nanjing: Yilin Press, 2004.
Wu Zhongcheng. Spirit and Method of Modern Poetry [M]. Beijing: EastPress, 1999.
Zhang Boxiang. A Course Book of English Literature[M]. Wuhan: Wuhan Univerisity Press,2005.
THE AUTHOR
Li Yudi, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, P. R. of China.
E-mail: passby_lyd@hotmail.com