history ciass-10

1. THE NATIONALIST
MOVEMENT IN
INDO-CHINA
HISTORY
CHAPTER -2

2.  Vietnam or the Socialist Republic
of Vietnam gained its
independence in 1945 but it took
another three decades of fighting
before the Republic of Vietnam.
 Indo-china comprises the modern
three countries – Vietnam, Laos
and Cambodia

4. Colonial Domination and
Resistance
 Vietnam was colonized by the French
Empire.
 French troops landed in Vietnam in 1858
and by 1880s they had established a
firm grip over the northern region.
 After the Franco- Chinese war the
French assumed control of Tonkin and
Anaam, Cambodia and Laos ,in 1887 ,
French Indo-china was formed.

5. Why the French thought that the
colonies are necessary??

SUPPLY OF RAW
MATERIAL
 TO CIVILISE THE
UNCIVILISED PEOPLE

6. HOW THE FRENCH BROUGHT VIETNAM
UNDER THEIR CONTROL?
 IMPROVEMENT OF
AGRICULTURE
 INFRASTRUCTURE
PROJECTS

7. THE DILEMMA OF COLONIAL
EDUCATION
 CIVILISING MISSION
 NEW EDUCATION POLICY
 LIMITATION OF THE NEW POLICY
 MODERNISATION – THE TONKIN
FREE SCHOOL
 RESISTANCE IN SCHOOL- SAIGON
NATIVE GIRLS SCHOOL.

8. CIVILIZING MISSION
COLONIAL FRENCH
 Like other western countries, french also
claim to bring the modern civilization to
the Vietnamese.
 they found educating the western style
and culture will resolve the confusion of
native Vietnamese.
 but french citizens living in Vietnam
opposed the policies. Which might lose
their jobs in vietnam.

9. TALKING MODERN
 Elites in Vietnam were powerful and much
influience by chinese cultural.
 for that purpose, French establish french
school for the Vietnamese.
 But the question is what medium of
instruction should taught in school?
 1. some policy makers stress on french.
 2. while some suggested that Vietnamese
be taught in lower and french in higher.

10. LOOKING MODERN
 The Tonkin free school was started in
1907 to provide a western style
education.
 schoold method to what it means to be
“modern” doesnot only mean the
learning of western culture and
language but also “look modern”

11. RESISTENCE IN SCHOOL
 teachers and students did not thoufghtfully follow
the curriculum.
 Sometimes open resistance and some times
silent.
 Example: story of 1926 in “ Saigon native girls
school”
 also students fought agaist colonial government to
have “white collor jobs”
 in result: educating the vietnamese inspired the
feeling of patriotsm, belief to fight for the benefit of
society.

12. HYGIENE, DISEASE AND
EVERYDAY RESISTANCE
 Plague Strikes Hanoi
 Hanoi – the capital of French Indo-China
after 1887.
 Hanoi –modern and traditional city
 1903 – Hanoi – Bubonic plague
 To check plague the government started
the RAT HUNT

13. Rat Hunt A rat hunt was started in 1902, to hired
Vietnamese workers to capture rats and pay
them according to numbers
 30 may 1902, for instance, 20,000 were
caught but still no end
 The system of bounty payment turned
counter-productive. New way to cheat the
French Govt.
 Poor people to breed more rats
 Scheme was scrapped without any results

14. Nationalist point of view
 It demonstrate to the poor their collective
strength, even the mighty French
government could be brought down to its
knees
 It enlightened a feeling of patriotism and
nationalism among different sections of the
society.
 The rats menace marks the limits of the
French power and contradictions in their
‘civilizing mission’

15. RELIGION AND
ANTI-
COLONIALISTION

16. RELIGION ROLE PLAY DURING
THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT IN
IN VIETANM
 Vietnamese’s religious beliefs – mixtures-
Buddhism, Confucianism and local
practices.
 Spread of Christianity was the main
motive of al Christian missionaries.
 Religion helped both to promote and
repress the colonial rule.

17. SCHOLAR’S REVOLT
 Its was took place in 1868
 It was early movement against French
control and spread of Christianity.
 This revolt was led by officials at the imperial
court, angered by the spread of Catholicism
and French power.
 Catholic missionaries had been active in
winning converts since early 17th
century.
 This uprising took place in Ngu An and Ha
Tien provinces where over a thousand
Catholics were killed

18. HOA HAO
MOVEMENT
 It was a Buddhist religious movement
launched by Huynh Phu So
 It drew on religious ideas popular in anti-
French uprisings of the 19th
century.
 He performed miracles and helped the poor.
He believed in simple living and was against
useless expenditure.
 He was a great social reformer as he oppose
the sale of child brides, gambling and the
use of alcohol and opium

19. Who was Mad
Bonze ?? Huynh Phu So faced a great deal of trouble
when he began to spread his ideas of his
religious because most of his followers
were Vietnamese nationalists
 The colonial government declared him
mad, called him the Mad Bonze.
 They put him in a mental asylum. But the
French doctors declared that he was sane.
 The French authorities exiled Huynh to
Laos. Many of his followers were sent to
concentration camps.

20. THE VISION OF
MODERNISATION
 Most of nationalists had different
opinions regarding modernization
 Some intellectuals felt that Vietnamese
tradition had to be strengthen to resist
the domination of the west, while others
felt that Vietnam had to learn from the
west. Even while opposing foreign
domination.
 Differences in opinion let to a complex
debate.

21. Phan Boi Chau
 Confuciam scholoar-activists
 Important figure in the anti-colonial
resistance
 He formed the Revolutionary Society in
1903, with Prince Cuong De
 Book on ‘the history of the Loss of
Vietnam’
 Support monarchy.

22. Phan Chu Trinh
 He is against monarchy
 Demand for democracy
 Likes French development in Vietnam.

23. Phan Chu Trinh and Phan Boi
Chau

24. Phan Boi Chau and Pha Chu
Trinh
IssueIssue Phan Boi ChauPhan Boi Chau Phan chu TrinhPhan chu Trinh
MonarMonar
chychy
Accepted monarchy &Accepted monarchy &
wanted to use of it.wanted to use of it.
He did not want anyHe did not want any
popular uprisingpopular uprising
against the monarchyagainst the monarchy
Advocated for theAdvocated for the
help of the court tohelp of the court to
resist the Frenchresist the French
to overthrow theto overthrow the
monarchy.monarchy.
Planned to rouse thePlanned to rouse the
people to abolishpeople to abolish
monarchy.monarchy.
Opposed to the ideaOpposed to the idea
of resisting the Frenchof resisting the French
with help of the courtwith help of the court

25. DemocracyDemocracy ProfoundlyProfoundly
influenced byinfluenced by
China, accepted aChina, accepted a
political framepolitical frame
headed byheaded by
monarchy.monarchy.
Desired to establishDesired to establish
a democratica democratic
republic. He wasrepublic. He was
influenced by theinfluenced by the
democratic ideals ofdemocratic ideals of
west.west.
modernisatimodernisati
onon
His priority was toHis priority was to
drive the Frenchdrive the French
out.out.
Wanted the FrenchWanted the French
to set up legal &to set up legal &
educationaleducational
institutions, &institutions, &
develop agriculturedevelop agriculture
and industriesand industries

26. Phan Boi Chau & Phan Chu Trinh
share in common.
 Both were Vietnamese nationalists.
 Both were absolutely anti-colonialists
and worked to free Vietnam from the
French domination.
 Both wanted to modernize Vietnam
 Both were looking at the same end but
they differed on the means to achieve
the same end.

27. Other Ways of Becoming
Modern: Japan and China
 The early Vietnamese nationalists had a
close relationship with Japan and China.
 Both countries served to be a refugee camp
for those who were escaping from the
colonial government

28. “Go East Movement”
 In the first decade of the 20th
century a ‘go east
movement’ became popular.
 In 1907-08 some 300 Vietnamese students
went to Japan to acquire modern education.
 Main objective to drive out the French,
overthrow puppet emperor and re-establish the
Nguyen Dynasty.
 The nationalists increasingly began to look
upon Japan and China for support and ideas.
This came to be known as the ‘go east
movement’.

29. THE COMMUNIST
MOVEMENT AND
VIETNAM
NATIONALISM

30. The Great Depression (1930s)
 In Vietnam, Great Depression led to:
- fall in the prices of rubber and rice
- rising rural indebtedness
- Unemployment
- rural uprising

31. ‘Electrical fuses’ of Vietnam
 The nickname given to the poorest provinces
of Vietnam, such as Nghe An and Ha Tinh
 These provinces had an old radical tradition.
 Whenever the system was under pressure,
these province were the first to blow,
 In wake of the Great Depression, these
province were the first to witness massive
uprising

32. Vietnamese communist
 The great depression and the brutality of
the French against the workers
 Feb -1930, Ho Chi Minh and nationalist
group to establish the Vietnamese
Communist Party, later renamed the
Indo-Chinese Communist Party.
 Inspired by the European communist
parties.

33. The Viet Minh
 In 1940, Japan become an imperial power.
 It occupied some parts of Vietnam to control
South East Asia.
 The Vietnamese nationalists resisted the
Japanese occupation under Ho Chi Minh and
organized people’s army known as Viet Minh.
 In 1941,Ho Chi Minh formed revolutionary
national liberation movement to seek
independence for Vietnam from France as well
as Japanese occupation.

34.  They fought the Japanese occupation and
recaptured the Hanoi in 1945.
 The Democratic Republic was formed and
Ho Chi Minh became chairman.

35. The New Republic of Vietnam
 French troops entered Vietnam and started
fighting Viet Minh.
 With help of the emperor, Bao Dai as their
puppet.
 Soviet Union and China support to Ho Chi
Minh.
 USA and Britain support the France.
 In 1954, the Viet Minh defeated French at
Dien Bien Phu.

36. The Geneva Agreement
 French without any modern weapon.
 It force French govt to negotiations
 July 1954, an international conference was
held at Geneva. The Geneva Agreement,
1954 decided to divided Vietnam into North
and South Vietnam and to hold election all
over Vietnam within two years to unify the
country under single govt.

37.  HO CHI MINH AND A COMMUNIST
GOVERNMENT TOOK power in North.
 BAO DAI REGIME WAS PUT in South,
 LATER OVERTHROWN BY A COUP BY Ngo
Dinh Diem.
 In 1963, Buddhist discontent with Diem's pro-
Catholic discrimination erupted following the
banning of the Buddhist flag
 With Diem unwilling to bend, his brother
orchestrated the Xa Loi Pagoda raids. As a
result, the US' relationship with Diem broke
down and resulted in coup that saw Diem killed.

38.  Diem was followed by a series of military
regimes that often lasted only months before
being toppled by another. With this
instability, the communists began to gain
ground.
 To support South Vietnam's struggle against
the communist insurgency, the US began
increasing its contribution of military
advisers. US forces became embroiled in
combat operations in 1965 and at their peak
they numbered more than 500,000.

39.  North Vietnamese forces attacked most major
targets in southern Vietnam during the 1968
 . The Paris Peace Accords, 1973, formally
recognized the sovereignty of Vietnam "as
recognized by the 1954 Geneva Agreements".
Under the terms of the accords all American
combat troops were withdrawn by March 29,
1973. Limited fighting continued, but all major
fighting ended until the North once again sent
troops to the South during the Spring of 1975,
culminating in the Fall of Saigon on April 30,
1975. South Vietnam briefly became the
Republic of South Vietnam, under military
occupation by North Vietnam, before being
officially integrated with the North under
communist rule as the Socialist Republic of
Vietnam on July 2, 1976.

40. Postwar
 Upon taking control of the bomb-ravaged
country, the Vietnamese communists banned all
other political parties, forced public servants and
military personnel of the Republic of Vietnam
into reeducation camps. The government also
embarked on a mass campaign of
collectivization of farms and factories.
Reconstruction of the war-ravaged country was
slow, and serious humanitarian and economic
problems confronted the communist regime

41.  Millions of people fled the country in crudely-
built boats, creating an international
humanitarian crisis.[14][15] In 1978, the
Vietnamese army invaded Cambodia (sparking
the Cambodian-Vietnamese War) which
removed the Khmer Rouge from power.[16] This
action worsened relations with China, which
launched a brief incursion into northern Vietnam
(the Sino-Vietnamese War) in 1979.[17] This
conflict caused Vietnam to rely even more
heavily on Soviet economic and military aid.

42. THE ENTRY OF THE U.S INTO THE
WAR The US was worried about communists
gaining power in south, finally decided
to intervene in war.
 Even though the US had advanced
tecnology, good medical facilites and
casualties were high. Almost 47,244
died in battle and many of them had
injuried.
 Used a heavy weapon, tanks and also
used a chemical weapon like Napalm,
Agent Orange and phosphorous booms

43. What effect did this involvement have on
life within the US itself??
 Many of them criticize of the government
for getting involved in war. Example :
compulsory service in the armed forces,
specially the black American and on
going university students.
 US media also played major role in both
criticizing and supporting the war.
 Hollywood film like John Wayne’s Green
Berets 1968 and John Ford Coppola’s
Apocalypse now in 1979.

44. The Ho Chi Minh Trail
 The Ho Chi Minh trail was an immense
network of footpaths and roads.
 It was to transport men and materials
from north to south.
 The trail had support bases and hospital
along the way.
 In some parts supplies were transported
in trucks,but mostly they were carried by
porters.

45.  Most of the trail was outside Vietnam,
neighboring Laos and Cambodia, with
branch lines extending into south Vietnam.
 The US regularly bombed this trail but efforts
to destroy failed because they were rebuilt
quickly.

46. ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE
NATIONALIST MOVEMENT
 WOMEN AS WARRIORS
 WOMEN AS REBEL
 WOMEN IN PEACE TIME
 HEROES OF THE PAST TIMES.

47. Role of Women in the national
movement in Vietnam
 The role played by women in the national
movement in Vietnam can be examined under
three ways:-
i) Women as Rebel:-they enjoyed greater
equality than in china, but they had only limited
freedom to determine their role in public life. As
the nationalist movement grew, the status of
women improved. They began to involved
themselves actively in public life and in the
various activities connected with the nationalist
movement.

48. ii) Women as Warriors: many women joined
the resistance movement, and performed
different functions. They were in the regular
army, the militia, etc..
they fought actively in the front and carried
arms.
they helped in nursing the wounded,
constructing underground rooms and tunnels
and fighting the enemy.
iii) Women in Peace Time: at the end of war,
women were no longer represented as warriors.
They began working in agricultural
cooperatives, factories and production units.