This document provides an overview of head and neck anatomy, focusing on the mandible, temporomandibular joint, and facial nerve. It describes the structures and features of the mandible, such as its horseshoe shape with rami and body. It also outlines the anatomy of the temporomandibular joint, including the articular surfaces, disc, capsule, and movements. Additionally, it details the branches and innervation of the facial nerve as it courses through the parotid gland.

1. HEAD AND NECK
ANATOMY
Dr. Hadi Munib
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Resident

2. Mandible
■ The largest and strongest bone of the face. Articulates with the skull at the temporomandibular joint.
■ Horseshoe-shaped body and a pair of rami meeting on each side at the angle of the mandible.
■ The body of the mandible, on its external surface, has a faint ridge indicating the line of fusion of
the two halves during development at the symphysis menti.
■ The mental foramen; it transmits the terminal branches of the inferior alveolar nerve and vessels.
■ On the medial surface of the body, the mental spines; these give origin to the genioglossus muscles
above and the geniohyoid muscles below
■ The mylohyoid line; an oblique ridge that runs backward and laterally from the area of the mental
spines to an area below and behind the third molar tooth.
■ The submandibular fossa, for the superficial part of the submandibular salivary gland, lies below the
posterior part of the mylohyoid line.
■ The sublingual fossa, for the sublingual gland, lies above the anterior part of the mylohyoid line

3. Mandible
■ The upper border of the body of the mandible is called the alveolar part; it contains 16 sockets
for the roots of the teeth
■ The ramus of the mandible is vertically placed and has an anterior coronoid process and a
posterior condyloid process, separated by the mandibular notch
■ The lower border of the body of the mandible is called the base.
■ The digastric fossa is a small, roughened depression on the base, on either side of the
symphysis menti. It is in these fossae that the anterior bellies of the digastric muscles are
attached.

6. Temporomandibular Joint
■ Condylar Surface and Glenoid Fossa
■ The articular surfaces are covered with fibrocartilage.
■ The temporomandibular joint is synovial.
■ The articular disc divides the joint into upper and lower cavities .
■ The capsule surrounds the joint and is attached above to the articular tubercle and the margins of
the mandibular fossa and below to the neck of the mandible.
■ The lateral temporomandibular ligament strengthens the lateral aspect of the capsule, and its
fibers run downward and backward from the tubercle on the root of the zygoma to the lateral
surface of the neck of the mandible.
■ Protection of External Auditory Meatus
■ The sphenomandibular ligament lies on the medial side of the joint attached above to the spine of
the sphenoid bone and below to the lingula of the mandibular foramen. It represents the remains of
the first pharyngeal arch in this region.

7. TMJ
■ The articular disc divides the joint into upper and lower cavities. It is an oval plate of fibrocartilage that
is attached to the capsule. It is also attached in front to the tendon of the lateral pterygoid muscle and
by fibrous bands to the head of the mandible.
■ These bands ensure that the disc moves forward and backward with the head of the mandible during
protraction and retraction of the mandible.
■ The upper surface of the disc is concavoconvex from before backward to fit the shape of the articular
tubercle and the mandibular fossa; the lower surface is concave to fit the head of the mandible.
■ Synovial Membrane; This lines the capsule in the upper and lower cavities of the joint.
■ Nerve Supply; Auriculotemporal and masseteric branches of the mandibular nerve
■ Movements; Depression, Elevation, Protrusion, Retrusion and Rotation
■ Depression of the mandible is brought about by contraction of the digastrics, the geniohyoids, and the
mylohyoids; the lateral pterygoids

8. TMJ
■ Important Relations of theTemporomandibular Joint
■ Anteriorly: The mandibular notch and the masseteric nerve and artery
■ Posteriorly: The tympanic plate of the external auditory meatus and the glenoid
process of the parotid gland
■ Laterally: The parotid gland, fascia, and skin
■ Medially: The maxillary artery and vein and the auriculotemporalnerve

9. Mandibular Movements
■ Elevation of the mandible is brought about by contraction of the temporalis, the masseter, and
the medial pterygoids.
■ Protrusion; contraction of the lateral pterygoid muscles of both sides, assisted by both medial
pterygoids.
■ Retraction is brought about by contraction of the posterior fibers of the temporalis

11. Lymph Drainage

12. Venous Supply

13. VII

14. Facial Nerve
■ Runs forward within the substance of the parotid salivary gland
■ The temporal branch emerges from the upper border of the gland and supplies the anterior and
superior auricular muscles, the frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis, the orbicularis oculi, and the
corrugator supercilii.
■ The zygomatic branch emerges from the anterior border of the gland and supplies the orbicularis
oculi.
■ The buccal branch emerges from the anterior border of the gland below the parotid duct and supplies
the buccinator muscle and the muscles of the upper lip and nostril.
■ The mandibular branch emerges from the anterior border of the gland and supplies the muscles of
the lower lip.
■ The cervical branch emerges from the lower border of the gland and passes forward in the neck below
the mandible to supply the platysma muscle; it may cross the lower margin of the body of the
mandible to supply the depressor anguli oris muscle.

15. Buccal and Mandibular branchVII
■ Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
■ Levator labii superioris
■ Zygomaticus minor
■ Zygomaticus major
■ Levator anguli oris (deep to the zygomatic muscles)
■ Risorius
■ Depressor anguli oris
■ Depressor labii inferioris
■ Mentalis

19. References

20. THANKYOU