A detailed description of the bones of the face, their articulations and special features they posses. Also mentioned are structures that run through these bones like nerves, and muscular attachments.
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Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
2. Outline
■ Overview
■ Development of the orofacial skeleton
■ Maxillae
■ Zygomatic bones
■ The Orbit
■ Nasal bones
■ Lacrimal bones
■ Palatine bones
■ Inferior nasal conchae
■ Vomer
■ Mandible
■ References
3. Overview
■ The skull contains 22 bones.The cranium has 8 bones.
■ The skeleton of the face consists of 14 bones.
■ These are the unpaired mandible and vomer, and the paired
maxillae, zygomatic bones, nasal bones, lacrimal bones, palatine
bones, and inferior nasal conchae.
■ These bones, together with certain cranial bones (frontal bone and
portions of the ethmoid and temporal bones), form the face.
■ Facial bones give shape and individuality to the face.
■ They also support the teeth and provide attachments for various
muscles that move the jaw and cause facial expressions.
5. Development of the orofacial skeleton
■ The formation of the skull begins during the fourth week of embryonic
development and continues well beyond the birth of the baby.
■ Three aspects of the embryonic skull are involved in this process: the
chondrocranium, the neurocranium, and the viscerocranium.
■ The chondrocranium undergoes endochondral ossification to form the bones
supporting the brain.
■ The neurocranium develops through membranous ossification to form the bones
covering the brain and facial region.
■ The viscerocranium (splanchnocranium) develops from the embryonic visceral
arches to form the mandible, auditory ossicles, the hyoid bone, and specific
processes of the skull.
7. The maxillae
■ The paired maxillary bones, or maxillae form the upper jaw and the central part of the face.
■ They are considered the keystone bones of the face because they articulate with all other facial
bones except the mandible.
■ The maxillae have an alveolar margin that contains teeth in alveoli.
■ The palatine processes project medially from the alveolar margins to form the anterior region of
the hard palate, or bony roof of the mouth.
■ The frontal processes extend superiorly to reach the frontal bone, forming part of the lateral
aspect of the bridge of the nose.
■ The maxillae articulate laterally with the zygomatic bones at the zygomatic processes and
medially with with the nasal bones.
■ The maxillae contain the maxillary sinuses, which are the largest of the paranasal air sinuses,
extend from the orbit down to the roots of the upper teeth.
■ The maxilla, along with several other bones, forms the borders of the inferior orbital fissure in
the floor of the orbit.
■ The infraorbital nerve proceeds anteriorly to enter the face through the infraorbital foramen.
9. The zygomatic bones
■ The paired zygomatic bones are commonly called the
cheekbones (zygoma=cheekbone).
■ They are irregularly shaped.
■ Articulations of the zygomatic bones include:
– The zygomatic process of a temporal bone posteriorly
– The zygomatic process of the frontal bone superiorly
– The zygomatic process of the maxilla anteriorly
■ The zygomatic bones form the prominences of the cheeks
■ They also form part of the margin of each orbit.
12. The nasal bones
■ There are 2 nasal bones
■ They rectangular in shape
■ The 2 nasal bones join medially to form the bridge of the nose.
■ Articulations include
Medially – the contralateral nasal bone.
Laterally – the maxillae.
Superiorly – the frontal bone.
Posteriorly – the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone.
Inferiorly – the cartilages that form most of the skeleton of the
external nose.
14. The lacrimal bones
■ Lacrima = tear
■ The delicate, fingernail-shaped lacrimal bones are located in the medial
orbital walls.
■ They articulate with the:
– Frontal bone superiorly,
– The ethmoid bone posteriorly,
– The maxilla anteriorly.
■ Each lacrimal bone contains a deep groove that contributes to a lacrimal
fossa.
■ This fossa contains a lacrimal sac that gathers tears, allowing the fluid
to drain from the eye surface into the nasal cavity.
16. The palatine bones
■ The paired palatine bones lie posterior to the maxillae.
■ They are L-shaped bones.
■ They articulate with each other at their inferior horizontal plates.
■ They complete the posterior part of the hard palate.
■ The perpendicular plates form the posterior part of the lateral walls of the
nasal cavity and also form a small part of the orbits.
■ At the posterior angle of the hard palate is the large greater palatine
foramen that provides passage for the greater palatine nerve and
descending palatine vessels.
■ Two or more smaller lesser palatine foramina are positioned posterior to
the greater palatine foramen.
■ Branches of the lesser palatine nerve pass through these openings.
18. The inferior nasal conchae
■ The paired inferior nasal conchae are thin, curved bones in
the nasal cavity.
■ They projecting medially from the lateral walls of the nasal
cavity, and lie inferior to the middle nasal conchae of the
ethmoid bone.
■ They are the largest of the three pairs of conchae.
20. The vomer
■ Vomer means plowshare.
■ The slender, plow-shaped vomer lies in the nasal cavity,
where it forms the inferior part of the nasal septum.
■ Along with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, it
supports the layer of septal cartilage that forms most of the
anterior and inferior parts of the nasal septum.
22. The mandible
■ The U-shaped mandible is the largest, strongest bone in the
face.
■ It has a horizontal body that forms the inferior jawline, and two
upright rami, and a base, or lower border.
■ Each ramus meets the body posteriorly at a mandibular angle.
■ At the superior margin of each ramus are two processes.
■ The anterior coronoid process is a flat, triangular projection.The
temporalis muscle inserts here.
■ The posterior process enlarges superiorly to form the
mandibular condyle. It articulates with the temporal bone to
form the temporomandibular joint.
23. The mandible cont’d
■ The coronoid and condylar processes are separated by the mandibular
notch.
■ Its superior border is the alveolar margin which contains the teeth.
■ Anteriorly, the fusion between the two halves of the mandible is called
the mental protuberance.
■ On the medial surface of each ramus is a mandibular foramen through
which the inferior alveolar nerve enters the mandibular body and
supplies the roots of the lower teeth.
■ In front of the foramen is a projection of bone, called the lingula, for the
attachment of the sphenomandibular ligament.
■ The mental foramen, which opens on the anterolateral side of the
mandibular body, transmits blood vessels and nerves to the lower lip
and the skin of the chin.
24. The mandible cont’d
■ The genial tubercles are located on the medial surface of the body
of the mandible in the median plane.These give origin to the
genioglossus muscles above and the geniohyoid muscles below.
■ The digastric fossa lies below the genial tubercles.The anterior
bellies of the digastric muscles attach there.
■ The mylohyoid line can be seen as an oblique ridge that runs
backward and laterally from the area of the genial tubercles to an
area below and behind the third molar tooth.
■ The submandibular fossa lies below the posterior part of the
mylohyoid line.
■ The sublingual fossa lies above the anterior part of the mylohyoid
line.
28. References
■ Van De Graaff: Human Anatomy, Sixth Edition
■ Marieb: Human Anatomy, Sixth Edition
■ Snell:ClinicalAnatomy By Regions, Ninth Edition
Editor's Notes
The maxillary nerve (a branch of cranial nerve V) and its continuation, the infraorbital nerve exit the inferior orbital fissure. The infraorbital nerve proceeds anteriorly to enter the face through the infraorbital foramen. It provides sensory innervation to the skin and mucous membranes around the middle of the face.
Inferior orbital fissure: permits maxillary branch of cranial nerve V, the zygomatic nerve, and blood vessels to pass.
The inferior dental block targets the inferior alveolar before it enters the mandibular foramen.
Dentists inject anesthetics into this foramen before working on the lower teeth.