The Long Reach of Early Math Skills - Professor Greg Duncan

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Professor Greg Duncan (School of Education, University of California, Irvine)'s presentation on the long-term effects of early math proficiency on student success in secondary and post-secondary education.

Education Technology

$The Long Reach of Early Math Skills Greg J. Duncan School of Education University of California, Irvine$

How important are K-5 math
skills for completed schooling?
How important are school-entry math
skills for school achievement?
How important are adolescent
math skills for labor market
success?

Skills and Behaviors
Achievement Engagement Problem Behaviors
Description: Concrete math
and reading skills
Ability to control
impulses and
focus on tasks
i) Ability to get
along with
others
ii) Sound mental
health
Example test
areas or
question
wording:
Knowing letters
and numbers;
beginning word
sounds, word
problems
Can’t sit still;
can’t concentrate;
score from a
computer test of
impulse control
i) Cheats or tells
lies, bullies, is
disobedient at
school
ii) Is sad, moody

Skill and behavior gaps between high- and low-income
kindergarteners
+106
+53
-27 -30
-100
Kindergarten gap 5th grade gap
Math
achievement
Mental
health
problems
Anti-social
behavior
School
engagement
Source: Early Childhood Longitudinal Study – Kindergarten cohort.

Skill and behavior gaps between high- and low-income
kindergarteners and fifth graders
+106
+53
-27 -30
+121
+59
-42 -31
-100
Kindergarten gap 5th grade gap
Math
achievement
Mental
health
problems
Anti-social
behavior
School
engagement
Source: Early Childhood Longitudinal Study – Kindergarten cohort.

How important are school-entry
math skills for school
achievement?
How important are K-5 math skills
for completed schooling?
How important are adolescent math
skills for labor market success?

Effects of school-entry skills and
behaviors on later achievement
Mental health
Reading
Math
Engagement
Anti-social
0
0 10 20 30 40

Kindergarten teaching – hours/wk
All teachers
Teachers in low-
income schools
Reading 4.9 5.0
Math 3.1 3.1

Kindergarten student mastery vs.
time spent teaching
Mastery by Fall K
Basic Counting
& Shapes
95%
Patterns &
Measurement
62%
Place value &
Currency
25%
Addition &
Subtraction
7%
11,517 students 2,176 teachers

Kindergarten student mastery vs.
time spent teaching
Mastery by Fall K
Mean Days/Month
spent teaching
Basic Counting
& Shapes
95% 12.70
Patterns &
Measurement
62% 7.68
Place value &
Currency
25% 8.61
Addition &
Subtraction
7% 4.38
11,517 students 2,176 teachers

Instruction time and math achievement
-.041
+.065
0
Basic math Advanced math
Mathlearninginkindergarten
All students Low-income students only
Source: Claessens and Engel (under review)
Basic math
instruction time
Advanced math
instruction time

Instruction time and math achievement
-.041
+.065
-.029
+.056
0
Basic math Advanced math
Mathlearninginkindergarten
All students Low-income students only
Source: Claessens and Engel (under review)
Basic math
instruction time
Advanced math
instruction time

Effects of K-5 skills and behaviors on
completed schooling
0
0 10 20 30

Effects of K-5 skills and behaviors on
completed schooling
Anxiety Reading
Anti-social
Attention
Math
0
0 10 20 30

Effects of adolescent skills and behaviors
on earnings
0
0 10 20

Effects of adolescent skills and behaviors
on earnings
Anxiety Reading
Anti-social
Attention Math
0
0 10 20

Why math?
(preliminary)
• Structural story:
• teachers and schools provide extra
opportunities for early math achievers?
• moderate math skills keeps kids out
of special education?

Why math (con’t)?
• Motivational story:
• Math feedback is very concrete?
• Kids who don’t master math don’t
think they are good at math or good at
school?

Summary
• Early math is surprisingly important
• Kindergartent teachers spend much
less time on math than reading
• Early math instruction is geared toward
skills kids already know
• Math is also highly predictive of
completed schooling and earnings

Greg J. Duncan
gduncan@uci.edu
School of Education
University of California, Irvine

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This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade. The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization, population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different 'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the land. The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover. Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface, providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and diverse human activities. Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems 9 Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can occur natural.

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The Long Reach of Early Math Skills - Professor Greg Duncan

1. The Long Reach of Early Math Skills Greg J. Duncan School of Education University of California, Irvine

2. How important are K-5 math skills for completed schooling? How important are school-entry math skills for school achievement? How important are adolescent math skills for labor market success?

3. Skills and Behaviors Achievement Engagement Problem Behaviors Description: Concrete math and reading skills Ability to control impulses and focus on tasks i) Ability to get along with others ii) Sound mental health Example test areas or question wording: Knowing letters and numbers; beginning word sounds, word problems Can’t sit still; can’t concentrate; score from a computer test of impulse control i) Cheats or tells lies, bullies, is disobedient at school ii) Is sad, moody

4. Skill and behavior gaps between high- and low-income kindergarteners +106 +53 -27 -30 -100 Kindergarten gap 5th grade gap Math achievement Mental health problems Anti-social behavior School engagement Source: Early Childhood Longitudinal Study – Kindergarten cohort.

5. Skill and behavior gaps between high- and low-income kindergarteners and fifth graders +106 +53 -27 -30 +121 +59 -42 -31 -100 Kindergarten gap 5th grade gap Math achievement Mental health problems Anti-social behavior School engagement Source: Early Childhood Longitudinal Study – Kindergarten cohort.

6. How important are school-entry math skills for school achievement? How important are K-5 math skills for completed schooling? How important are adolescent math skills for labor market success?

7. Effects of school-entry skills and behaviors on later achievement Mental health Reading Math Engagement Anti-social 0 0 10 20 30 40

8. Effects of school-entry skills and behaviors on later achievement Mental health Reading MathEngagementAnti-social 0 0 10 20 30 40

9. Kindergarten teaching – hours/wk All teachers Teachers in low- income schools Reading 4.9 5.0 Math 3.1 3.1

10. Kindergarten student mastery vs. time spent teaching Mastery by Fall K Basic Counting & Shapes 95% Patterns & Measurement 62% Place value & Currency 25% Addition & Subtraction 7% 11,517 students 2,176 teachers

11. Kindergarten student mastery vs. time spent teaching Mastery by Fall K Mean Days/Month spent teaching Basic Counting & Shapes 95% 12.70 Patterns & Measurement 62% 7.68 Place value & Currency 25% 8.61 Addition & Subtraction 7% 4.38 11,517 students 2,176 teachers

12. Instruction time and math achievement -.041 +.065 0 Basic math Advanced math Mathlearninginkindergarten All students Low-income students only Source: Claessens and Engel (under review) Basic math instruction time Advanced math instruction time

13. Instruction time and math achievement -.041 +.065 -.029 +.056 0 Basic math Advanced math Mathlearninginkindergarten All students Low-income students only Source: Claessens and Engel (under review) Basic math instruction time Advanced math instruction time

14. How important are school-entry math skills for school achievement? How important are K-5 math skills for completed schooling? How important are adolescent math skills for labor market success?

15. Effects of K-5 skills and behaviors on completed schooling 0 0 10 20 30

16. Effects of K-5 skills and behaviors on completed schooling Anxiety Reading Anti-social Attention Math 0 0 10 20 30

17. How important are school-entry math skills for school achievement? How important are K-5 math skills for completed schooling? How important are adolescent math skills for labor market success?

18. Effects of adolescent skills and behaviors on earnings 0 0 10 20

19. Effects of adolescent skills and behaviors on earnings Anxiety Reading Anti-social Attention Math 0 0 10 20

20. Why math? (preliminary) • Structural story: • teachers and schools provide extra opportunities for early math achievers? • moderate math skills keeps kids out of special education?

21. Why math (con’t)? • Motivational story: • Math feedback is very concrete? • Kids who don’t master math don’t think they are good at math or good at school?

22. Summary • Early math is surprisingly important • Kindergartent teachers spend much less time on math than reading • Early math instruction is geared toward skills kids already know • Math is also highly predictive of completed schooling and earnings

23. Greg J. Duncan gduncan@uci.edu School of Education University of California, Irvine

The Long Reach of Early Math Skills - Professor Greg Duncan

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