This document provides an introduction to the Epistle to the Hebrews, including information about its authorship, intended readership, date of writing, style, themes, and outline. The key points are: 1) The authorship is uncertain but suggested authors include Paul, Barnabas, and others. The intended readership was likely Jewish Christians in Italy who were in danger of abandoning Christianity and reverting to Judaism. 2) The letter was written around 64-68 AD based on references to Timothy and lack of mention of the destroyed Jerusalem temple. 3) The writing displays great literary skill and argues for the superiority of Christianity and Christ over Judaism through examples from the Old Testament.

1. THE EPISTLE TO THE HEBREWS

2. INTRODUCTION
THE LETTER TO THE HEBREWS
AUTHOR: Uncertain DATE: 64-68
Authorship Many suggestions have been made for the author of
this anonymous book – Paul, Barnabas, Apollos, Silas, Aquila and
Priscilla, and Clement of Rome. There are both resemblances and
dissimilarities to the theology and style of Paul, but Paul frequently
appeals to his own apostolic authority in his letters, while this writer
appeals to others who were eyewitnesses of Jesus’ ministry (2:3). It
is safest to say, as did the theologian Origen in the third century, that
only God knows who wrote Hebrews.
Readership Three questions are involved in determining the
readership of this letter. (1) What was the racial background of these
readers? Although some have held that they were Gentiles, all
evidence points to their Jewish background – the title of the book, “to
the Hebrews,” the references to the prophets and angels ministering
to Israel, and the citations concerning the Levitical worship. (2)
Where did they live? Palestine or Italy have been the answers most
often given. The preference seems to be Italy, for these readers were
no poor (and the saints in Palestine were, 6:10; 10:34; Rom 15:26);
the Septuagint is used exclusively for quotations from the Old
Testament (one would not expect this if the readers were
Palestinian); and “those from Italy greet you” (13:24) sounds as
though Italians outside of Italy are sending greetings back home. (3)
What was their spiritual condition? Most were believers (3:1), though,
as in every church group, there were doubtless some who merely
professed Christianity. The author calls this letter a “word of
exhortation” (13:22) necessitated by the fact that some were in
danger of abandoning their faith in Christ and reverting to Judaism.
The readers were being persecuted, though not to the point of being
martyrs (10:32-34; 12:4), and in the face of this, some were running
the risk of becoming apostate. The letter is a stirring apologetic for
the superiority of Christ and Christianity over Judaism in Terms of
priesthood and sacrifice.
Date Various dates have been suggested for the writing of
Hebrews, from the 60s to the 90s. However, its use in the book of 1
Clement, which was written in 95, requires a date some time before
that. The lack in the book of any reference to the destruction of the
Temple in Jerusalem as the divine proof that the Old Testament
sacrificial system was finished argues strongly for a date before 70.

3. In addition, the mention of Timothy’s recent release (13:23), if it was
in connection with his ministry to Paul in Rome, requires a date in the
late 60s.
Style The author displays outstanding literary and rhetorical skill.
His style is a model of Hellenistic prose. Both the author and his
readers are very familiar with the Old Testament in the Greek
translation (the Septuagint). There are twenty-nine direct quotations
from the Old Testament plus fifty-three clear allusions to various
other passages. These are used to demonstrate both the finality of
the Christian revelation and its superiority to the old covenant.
Contents The theme of the book is the superiority of Christ and
thus of Christianity. The words “better,” “perfect,” and “heavenly”
appear frequently. The outline shows how the theme is developed by
proving that Christ is superior both in His person and His priesthood.
Favorite passages include 2:3 (so great a salvation), 4:12 (the living
Word of God), 4:16 (the throne of grace), 7:25 (the intercession of
Christ), 11:1 (the description of faith), 11:4-40 (the heroes of faith,
12:1-2 (the Christian race), and 13:20-21 (a great benediction).
Theme “The supremacy of Christ over OT antecedent figures and
other intermediaries Key Verses: 12:1–2 “(J. Brian Tucker)

4. OUTLINE OF HEBREWS
THE SUPERIORITY OF CHRIST
I. The Superiority of the Person of Christ,
1:1-4:16
A. God’s Supreme Revelation: Christ Is Superior
to the Prophets, 1:1-4
1. God has Spoken to Us through His Son
B. Christ Is Superior to the Angels, 1:5-2:18
1. In His divine person
1.1 The Son Exalted Above Angels (NKJV), 1:5-14
2. In His saving proclamation
2.1 Warning: Do not Neglect Salvation (NKJV), 2:1-4
3. In His delivering purpose, 2:5-18
3.1 The Son made lower than angels, 5-9 (NKJV)
3.2 Bringing Many Sons to glory, 10-18 (NKJV)
a. Jesus Became One of Us to Help Us, 11-18 (GW)
C. Christ Is Superior to Moses, 3:1-6
D. Christ Is the Supreme Object of Faith, 3:7-4:16
1. The catastrophe of unbelief, 3:7-19 Warning against
unbelief, 7-19 (HCSB)
1.1 Be faithful, 7-15 (NKJV)
1.2 Failure of the wilderness wanderers, 16-19 (NKJV)

5. The Believer’s Rest
2. The Promise of Rest
2.1 A Rest of the People of God, 4:1-10 (NKJV) (esv)
3. The cure for unbelief, 4:11-16
3.1 The Word discovers our condition, 11-13 (NKJV)
3.2 Our Compassionate High Priest, 14-16 (NKJV)
II. The Superiority of the Priesthood of
Christ, 5:1-10:39
The Perfect High Priest
A. Christ Is Superior in His Qualifications, 5:1-10
1. The Messiah, a High Priest: A Priest Forever (NKJV)
(HCSB)
B. Parenthetical Warning: Don’t Degenerate from
Christ, 5:11-6:20
1. Warning against apostasy, 5:11 – 6:12 (ESV)
1.1 The Problem of Immaturity: You Need someone to teach
you, 5:11-14 (GW) (HCSB)
a. Re-crucifying Jesus, 11-14 (MSG)
1.2 Warning against regression, 6:1-12 (HCSB)
1.3 God gave His Word: Inheriting the Promise, 13-20 (MSG)
a. God Will Not Forget You 6:9-20 (GW)
C. Christ Is Superior in the Order of His
Priesthood, 7:1-8:13

6. 1. The King of Righteousness (NKJV): The Priestly
Order of Melchizedek, 7:1-10 (ESV)
2. Jesus Compared to Melchizedek, 7:11-28 (ESV)
2.1 Need for a New Priesthood, 11-19 (NKJV)
2.2 Greatness of the New Priest, 20-28 (NKJV)
A New Plan with Israel, 8:1-13
(MSG)
3. Jesus, High Priest of a Better Covenant: He ís
Mediator of a New and Better Covenant (LEB), 8:1-13
(ESV)
3.1 Therefore, “Jesus’ Priestly Work is Superior to other Priests’
Work”, 1-13 (GW)
a. The New Priestly Service (NKJV): A better ministry, 1-6
(NASB)
b. A New Covenant, 8:7-13 (NASB)
Christ Offered a Superior Sacrifice,
9:1-28
(GW)
D. Christ Is Superior to His Priestly Ministry, 9:1-
10:18
1. The Earthly Ministry of the Old Covenant 1-10:
Worship in the earthly tabernacle (LEB) (NIV)
1.1 The Earthly Sanctuary, 9:1-5 (NKJV)
1.2 Limitations of the Earthly Service, 9:6-10 (NKJV)
2. The Heavenly Ministry of the New Covenant: Christ’s
Priesthood - The Blood of Christ, 9:11-28 (NIV) (LEB)
2.1 The Heavenly Sanctuary, 9:11-15 (NKJV)
2.2 The Mediator’s Death Necessary, 9:16-22 (NKJV)

7. 2.3 Greatness of Christ’s sacrifice: Christ offered a superior
sacrifice, 9:23-28 (NKJV) (GW)
The Sacrifice of Jesus, 10:1-18
(MSG)
2.4 Christ’s Sacrifice once for All, 10:1-18
2.4.1 Animal sacrifices insufficient, 10:1-4 (NKJV)
2.4.2 Christ’s death fulfills God’s will: , 10:5-10 (NKJV)
2.4.3 Christ’s death perfects the sanctified, 10:11-18 (NKJV)
E. The Full assurance of faith: A Call to Persevere
in Faith, 10:19-39 (NIV)(ESV)
1. A New and Living Way, 19-29 (NASB)
1.1 We can enter the most Holy Place because of Christ’s
Superior work (GW)
a. Hold fast your confession (NKJV)
b. Encourage each other (GW)
2. Christ or Judgment, 26-39 (NASB)
2.1 The just live by faith, 26-39 (NKJV)
III. The Superiority of the Power of
Christ, 11:1-13:19
Faith Directed People’s Lives, 11:1-40
(GW)
A. The Power of Faith in Christ: Examples of
Faith in Action, 11:1-40 (LEB)
1. The description of Faith, 11:1-3

8. 2. Great Examples of Faith, 11:4-40 (NLT)
2.1 Faith at the dawn of history, 4-7 (NKJV)
2.2 Faithful Abraham, 8-12 (NKJV)
2.3 The heavenly hope, 13-16 (NKJV)
2.4 The faith of the patriarchs, 17-22 (NKJV)
2.5 The faith of Moses, 23-29 (NKJV)
2.6 By Faith they overcame, 30-40 (NKJV)
Faith Directs Our Lives, 12:1-29
(GW)
B. The Power of Hope in Christ, 12:1-29
1. The Example of Jesus’ Suffering, 1-11 (LEB)
1.1 The Debatable things of Life: The Call to Endurance
(HCSB)
a. Jesus, founder and perfect of our faith, 1-2 (NKJV) (ESV)
1.2 The Discipline of life: Fatherly discipline, 3-11 (HCSB)
2. A Serious Warning against refusing God, 12-29
(LEB)
2.1 The Direction of life: A exhortation to peace and purity,
12-17

9. AN UNSHAKABLE KINGDOM, 12:18-29
(MSG)
2.2 The Drive of Life, 12:18-24
2.2.1 The Glorious Company
a. Contrast of Sinai and Zion, 18-24: The mountain of fear
and the mountain of joy (NIV), 18-24 (NKJV)
2.3 The Duty of Life, 12:25-29
2.3.1 Hear the heavenly voice, 25-29 (NKJV)
Jesus Doesn’t Change, 13:1-25
(MSG)
C. The Power of the Love of Christ, 13:1-19
1. In Relation to Social Duties, 13:1-6
2. In Relation to Spiritual Duties, 13:7-19
2.1 Prayer Requested, 18,19

10. IV. Concluding Benedictions - Final
Exhortations, 13:20-25
A. Benediction, Final Exhortation, Farewell, 20-25
(NKJV)
Source: The RYRIE Study Bible – New International Version by Charles
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Bible Commentary
Hebrews
01. Hebrews 1 02. Hebrews 2 03. Hebrews 3 04. Hebrews 4
05. Hebrews 5 06. Hebrews 6 07. Hebrews 7 08. Hebrews 8
09. Hebrews 9 10. Hebrews 10 11. Hebrews 11 12. Hebrews 12
13. Hebrews 13

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