The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The document summarizes research examining potential angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activators from plant extracts that could be used to treat hypotension. It finds that zebrafish eyes have the highest ACE activity. Of the plant extracts tested, Lantana camara showed the highest ACE activation. GC-MS analysis of the L. camara extract identified 21 compounds, with cis-9-Octadecenal, Squalene and Hexadecanoic acid the most abundant. Docking studies showed Stigmast-5-en-3-ol, oleat had the strongest binding affinity for ACE, indicating it may be a potent ACE activator and solution for hypotension.
Preparation and Antimicrobial Studies of Oxadiazine Containing Heterocyclic C...ijtsrd
The triazole derivative say 2 3 methylthio 5 phenyl 4H 1,2,4 triazol 4 yl acetohydrazide 1 was prepared. Various Schiff bases 3a e of 1 were prepared by reacting with various benzaldehyde derivatives 2a e . All the 3a e compounds condensed with benzoyl isothiocyanate 4 to afford N 2 aryl 6 phenyl 4 thioxo 2H 1,3,5 oxadiazin 3 4H yl 2 3 methylthio 5 phenyl 4H 1,2,4 triazol 4 yl acetamide derivatives 5a e . All the synthesized compounds characterized spectroscopically and tested for antimicrobial activity. Reeta Tripathi | Diwa Mishra | Arun Singh "Preparation and Antimicrobial Studies of Oxadiazine Containing Heterocyclic Compounds" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25349.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/25349/preparation-and-antimicrobial-studies-of-oxadiazine-containing-heterocyclic-compounds/reeta-tripathi
Development and validation of hplc method for determination of theophylline a...IJSIT Editor
A stable, simple, rapid, precise, accurate HPLC method for analysis of Theophyllinee and 1-Methyl
Uric Acid was developed and validated as per ICH guidelines without need of any internal standard.
Separation was carried out using X’terra RP18 (250*4.6) mm, 5µ column with potassium dihydrogen
orthophosphate buffer (pH 3): acetonitrile (30:70 v/v) as mobile phase with flow rate 1 mL min-1. The
parameters studied were retention time, linearity and range, accuracy, precision. The proposed method can
be used for determination of Theophylline and 1-Methyl Uric Acid from Human plasma.
Simple Synthesis of Some Novel Polyfunctionally Derivatives of 2H-Coumarin-2-...IOSRJAC
Compound (2) was prepared from the reaction of ethyl-2-oxo-2H-coumarin-3-carboxylate (1) with ethylcyanoacetate in ethanol containing a catalytic amount of piperidine as catalyst. Compound (2) is the key intermediate for the synthesis of several series of new compounds such as ((pyrimidine, tetrazine, piperidine, oxazepine)-2H-coumarin-2-one derivatives by reaction with selected reagents such as urea, cyanoacetamide, cyanoacetohydrazide, orthoaminophenol and 5-aminotriazole.
VALIDATED LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY/TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY METHOD FOR DETERMINA...Manik Ghosh
A simple, highly sensitive and rapid LC-MS/MS method has been developed and validated for the quantification of metolazone in rat plasma using irbesartan as internal standard (IS). After simple protein precipitation extraction by acetonitrile, the analyte and IS were extracted from 50 μL plasma sample on an Agilent Poroshell 120, EC- C18 (50 mm × 4.6 mm, i.d., 2.7 μm) column using 5μL injection volume with a total run time of 2 min. Acidified methanol/water mixture was used as a mobile phase. The parent/product ion transitions for metolazone (m/z 366.1/258.9) and IS (m/z 429.2/207.0) were monitored on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, operating in the multiple reaction monitoring and positive ion mode. The method was found to be linear in the range of 0.05 – 200 metolazone. The method was validated with respect to selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, recovery and stability according to accepted regulatory guidelines. The described method was successfully applied to preclinical pharmacokinetic studies of analytes after an oral administration of metolazone (1 mg/kg) in rats.
Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial evaluation of novel diethyl (2-...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
IRJET - Factorial Optimization and Peri-Kinetics of Pharmaceutical Effluent C...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimization and kinetics of coag-flocculation of pharmaceutical industry effluent using Pleurotus tuberregium sclerotium tuber. Key findings include:
1) The optimal coag-flocculation conditions for maximum TDSS removal were determined to be pH 13, coagulant dosage of 0.3g/l, and settling time of 40 minutes, achieving 98.68% removal efficiency.
2) Kinetic models were developed and applied to experimental data to determine aggregation rate constant (K) and coagulation period (τ1/2), with maximum values of 2.491E-04 l/g.min and 7E-02 min respectively.
3
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The document summarizes research examining potential angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activators from plant extracts that could be used to treat hypotension. It finds that zebrafish eyes have the highest ACE activity. Of the plant extracts tested, Lantana camara showed the highest ACE activation. GC-MS analysis of the L. camara extract identified 21 compounds, with cis-9-Octadecenal, Squalene and Hexadecanoic acid the most abundant. Docking studies showed Stigmast-5-en-3-ol, oleat had the strongest binding affinity for ACE, indicating it may be a potent ACE activator and solution for hypotension.
Preparation and Antimicrobial Studies of Oxadiazine Containing Heterocyclic C...ijtsrd
The triazole derivative say 2 3 methylthio 5 phenyl 4H 1,2,4 triazol 4 yl acetohydrazide 1 was prepared. Various Schiff bases 3a e of 1 were prepared by reacting with various benzaldehyde derivatives 2a e . All the 3a e compounds condensed with benzoyl isothiocyanate 4 to afford N 2 aryl 6 phenyl 4 thioxo 2H 1,3,5 oxadiazin 3 4H yl 2 3 methylthio 5 phenyl 4H 1,2,4 triazol 4 yl acetamide derivatives 5a e . All the synthesized compounds characterized spectroscopically and tested for antimicrobial activity. Reeta Tripathi | Diwa Mishra | Arun Singh "Preparation and Antimicrobial Studies of Oxadiazine Containing Heterocyclic Compounds" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25349.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/25349/preparation-and-antimicrobial-studies-of-oxadiazine-containing-heterocyclic-compounds/reeta-tripathi
Development and validation of hplc method for determination of theophylline a...IJSIT Editor
A stable, simple, rapid, precise, accurate HPLC method for analysis of Theophyllinee and 1-Methyl
Uric Acid was developed and validated as per ICH guidelines without need of any internal standard.
Separation was carried out using X’terra RP18 (250*4.6) mm, 5µ column with potassium dihydrogen
orthophosphate buffer (pH 3): acetonitrile (30:70 v/v) as mobile phase with flow rate 1 mL min-1. The
parameters studied were retention time, linearity and range, accuracy, precision. The proposed method can
be used for determination of Theophylline and 1-Methyl Uric Acid from Human plasma.
Simple Synthesis of Some Novel Polyfunctionally Derivatives of 2H-Coumarin-2-...IOSRJAC
Compound (2) was prepared from the reaction of ethyl-2-oxo-2H-coumarin-3-carboxylate (1) with ethylcyanoacetate in ethanol containing a catalytic amount of piperidine as catalyst. Compound (2) is the key intermediate for the synthesis of several series of new compounds such as ((pyrimidine, tetrazine, piperidine, oxazepine)-2H-coumarin-2-one derivatives by reaction with selected reagents such as urea, cyanoacetamide, cyanoacetohydrazide, orthoaminophenol and 5-aminotriazole.
VALIDATED LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY/TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY METHOD FOR DETERMINA...Manik Ghosh
A simple, highly sensitive and rapid LC-MS/MS method has been developed and validated for the quantification of metolazone in rat plasma using irbesartan as internal standard (IS). After simple protein precipitation extraction by acetonitrile, the analyte and IS were extracted from 50 μL plasma sample on an Agilent Poroshell 120, EC- C18 (50 mm × 4.6 mm, i.d., 2.7 μm) column using 5μL injection volume with a total run time of 2 min. Acidified methanol/water mixture was used as a mobile phase. The parent/product ion transitions for metolazone (m/z 366.1/258.9) and IS (m/z 429.2/207.0) were monitored on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, operating in the multiple reaction monitoring and positive ion mode. The method was found to be linear in the range of 0.05 – 200 metolazone. The method was validated with respect to selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, recovery and stability according to accepted regulatory guidelines. The described method was successfully applied to preclinical pharmacokinetic studies of analytes after an oral administration of metolazone (1 mg/kg) in rats.
Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial evaluation of novel diethyl (2-...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
IRJET - Factorial Optimization and Peri-Kinetics of Pharmaceutical Effluent C...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimization and kinetics of coag-flocculation of pharmaceutical industry effluent using Pleurotus tuberregium sclerotium tuber. Key findings include:
1) The optimal coag-flocculation conditions for maximum TDSS removal were determined to be pH 13, coagulant dosage of 0.3g/l, and settling time of 40 minutes, achieving 98.68% removal efficiency.
2) Kinetic models were developed and applied to experimental data to determine aggregation rate constant (K) and coagulation period (τ1/2), with maximum values of 2.491E-04 l/g.min and 7E-02 min respectively.
3
This document summarizes a study on modeling the anaerobic biodegradation of fruit, vegetable, and cooked oil waste. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the cumulative biogas production from digesting mixtures of these substrates. Four kinetic models (exponential, Cone, Fitzhugh, and Gompertz) were used to analyze degradation performance and estimate the rate constant (k). Statistical analysis found the models fit the observed data well. A dynamic model was also developed and provided a good interpretation of the experimental process. The results showed k values were similar for vegetable and fruit digestion but different for digestion with oil.
Feasibility study of mtbe physical adsorption from polluted water on gac, pac...eSAT Journals
Abstract MTBE or Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether is an organic compound, which is used to increase the gasoline Octane Number. At the beginning of 80’s, by discovering the undesirable effects of tetra ethyl lead usage in fuel, MTBE started to be used worldwide. But gradually the undesirable effects of MTBE on environment had been revealed. There are many technologies for MTBE removal from polluted water. Adsorption is the most conventional and economical technology. In this research, some experiments have been done for studying the adsorption of MTBE on different solid adsorbent in batch process. In these experiments a fixed amount of adsorbents including Granular Activated Carbon (GAC), Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) and the Husk Rice Carbon (HRC) have been put in different one litter covered vessels containing water polluted with known initial MTBE concentration and stirring them. By measuring MTBE concentration in the vessel at different times the effect of different operating parameters such as temperature and pH have been studied on adsorption and optimum condition have been determined. The batch experimental results have been used to calculate the constant parameters of Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherm equations for these systems. Keywords: MTBE, Adsorption, Activated Carbon, Husk Rice Carbon
Feasibility study of mtbe physical adsorption from polluted water on gac, pac...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
There is high demand for oxysterol quantitation due to their correlation with neurodegenerative diseases. The ratios of various oxysterols in biological fluids are used by researchers to study disease states. This application presents a fast, sensitive LC-MS/MS method using the LCMS-8060, with detection quantitation limits determined using multiple reaction monitoring mode for each analyte.
LC-MS Profiling of methanolic extract of Pueraria tuberosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) ...AI Publications
LC-MS profiling has been developed for the characterization of chemical constituents present in the methanolic extract of Pueraria tuberosa tubers. As a result, 61 compounds were detected using m/z value. Swietenine, Vigabatrin, Barbituric acid, Rhoifolin, Cetrimonium bromide, Octanoic acid, Caprylic acid and 4Z-Decenedioic acid were some of the important phytoconstituents with interesting biological activities. Among the peaks in the chromatogram, 7 unknown compounds were also identified.
Study on Fructooligosaccharide (Fos) Production By Enzyme Pectinex Ultra Sp-l...IJAEMSJORNAL
Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) is a new alternative sweetener with its characteristics such as low energy and safety for people with diabetes. Pectinex Ultra SP-L which has fructosyltransferase, catalyzes the reaction to produce short chain fructooligosaccharides. The research was conducted to enhance the high FOS content in process of FOS production by immobilized enzyme. Results achieved by Empirical planning Design Expert 7.0 - central composite method (CCD) identified at optimum conditions for process of immobilized enzyme with alginate 3.3 (%), ratio of enzyme: alginate was 0.79 (w/w), CaCl2 3.75 (%). Efficiency of loading protein reached 73.32 (%). Reaction conditions: 60 (oC), shaking velocity 90 (rpm), the initial sucrose concentrations of 50 (%), pH 5.75. When produced in 20 (h), the reaction obtained the highest level of FOS with column reaction system. The FOS for producted by immobilized enzyme achieved 47.87 (%), of which 1-kestose obtained 37.06 (%), the remaining was 10.81 (%) including nystose and fructofuranosylnystose. Efficiency of producing FOS by using immobilized enzyme compared to the free enzyme was high up to 89.49 (%).
This experiment explored how enzyme reaction rates are affected by concentrations of the enzyme, substrates, and inhibitors. It studied the kinetics of β-gal to determine Vmax and Km parameters, and found that His-tagged β-Gal had slightly higher activity than untagged β-Gal. It also showed that TPA is a non-competitive inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, reducing both Vmax and Km.
To Study The Viscometric Measurement Of Substituted-2-Diphenylbutanamide And ...IOSR Journals
Recently in this laboratory the viscometric measurement of 4-[4-(4-chlorophenyl]-4-hydroxy piperidin-1-yl]-N, N-dimethyl-2, 2-diphenylbutanamide[CPHDD] and (2S, 6R)-7-chloro -2, 4, 6-trimethoxy-6'-methyl-3H, 4'H-spiro[1-benzofuran 2, 1’-] cychohex-2-ene]-3,4'-dione[CTMBCD] were carried out at different percentage compositions of solvent to investigate the solute-solvent interactions of drugs with solvent and the effect of dilution of the solvent. The effects of various substituents were also investigated. The results obtained during this investigation gave detail information about pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these drugs.
This document describes a method for analyzing 375 organic contaminants including pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fruits and vegetables using gas chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Samples were extracted with ethyl acetate and cleaned up using dispersive solid phase extraction. The method was validated and achieved limits of quantification below 10 μg/L for most compounds. Recoveries from 70-110% and precision below 20% indicated the method was satisfactory. A semi-quantitative approach was also developed utilizing calibration curves, and provided accurate quantification of incurred samples within ±10% of direct quantification values.
Expression and Purification of His-tag β-galactosidase Enzyme from E.coliSurayya Sana
Protein expression and purification were used to study β-galactosidase. β-gal activity increased over time after inducing expression, reaching a maximum at 2 hours. Purification using affinity chromatography captured β-gal in elute fractions as expected. Activity assays on fractions found the highest specific activity and fold purification in elute 2, indicating it contained the purest β-gal. SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting confirmed β-gal was most abundant in lysate and elute fractions, supporting a successful expression and purification.
Current sample preparation techniques for PFAS analysis are laborious and not easily automated. In this study, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was evaluated as an alternative sample preparation technique for the extraction of eighteen PFAS compounds from fish tissue, as a preconcentration step prior to their analysis by LC-MS/MS.
This document summarizes the isolation and identification of compounds from the aerial parts of Bougainvillea glabra. Five known flavonoids (vitexin, isovitexin, chrysoeriol, apigenin, and luteolin) were isolated from the methanolic extract. A new flavone, luteolin-7-O-[2''-O-(5'''-O-feruloyl)-β-D-apiofuranosyl]-β-D-glucopyranoside, was also isolated and identified based on spectroscopic analysis including UV, NMR, and mass spectrometry. The document discusses the isolation process, spectral data analysis, and identification of each compound
This document describes the synthesis and anticonvulsant evaluation of a series of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole derivatives. A total of 10 derivatives (1A-1J) were synthesized using a Mannich reaction between 2-mercaptobenzimidazole and compounds containing a secondary amine. The structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized using analytical techniques such as melting point, TLC, IR, 1H NMR, and elemental analysis. The anticonvulsant activity of the derivatives was evaluated using a maximal electrical shock induced convulsion method in mice. Most of the synthesized compounds showed significant anticonvulsant activity compared to the control group.
The document describes Emerald Feng's work on physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. It discusses how PBPK models are used to quantify absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of chemicals for health risk assessments. It notes that PBPK models vary in complexity from 2-compartment to several compartments. Key parameters like organ flows and compartment partitioning are influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Molecular descriptors derived from chemical properties are important for PBPK modeling and predicting absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. The document also discusses related topics like quantitative structure-activity relationship modeling and converting PBPK models to a mobile application format.
This document summarizes the development and validation of a sensitive LC-MS/MS method for quantifying acamprosate (ACM) levels in human plasma. Key points:
- ACM is a drug used to treat alcohol dependence. Previous methods for quantifying ACM required complex extraction/derivatization steps.
- A rapid LC-MS/MS method was developed involving a simple protein precipitation extraction. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a C18 column with mobile phase of ammonium acetate and acetonitrile.
- Validation showed the method was linear, accurate, precise and sensitive down to 7 ng/mL. Matrix effects were eliminated using an orthogonal spray ionization source.
This document describes a study that used up-front collision-induced dissociation (CID) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry to directly quantify PEGylated compounds in dog plasma. The traditional method was indirect and involved extensive sample preparation, while the new up-front CID method provided direct measurement with minimal preparation. The up-front CID method fragmented PEGylated compounds in the mass spectrometer to measure unPEGylated fragments, allowing for accurate quantification that was at least six times faster than the traditional approach. Results demonstrated the new method had high accuracy and precision down to a lower limit of quantification of 2 μg/mL over a wide calibration range.
Stability studies of simvastatin and fenofibrate and degradants identificatio...Mehar Raghavendra YEGGINA
1. A stability indicating RP-HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous quantification of simvastatin and fenofibrate.
2. The method used a C18 column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile and ammonium acetate buffer at pH 4.3 to achieve separation of the drugs from their degradation products.
3. The drugs were subjected to stress conditions and the degraded products were identified using LC-MS to prove the stability indicating capability of the developed method.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
- 2-Aminio-5-substituted -1, 3, 4-thiadiazoles
(I) on reaction with formalin in ethanol solvent yielded 2,
2, 2-(1, 3, 5- triazinone- 1, 3, 5-tri-yl)- tris (5-substituted 1,
3, 4-thiadiazoles) (II) in moderate to excellent yields
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document summarizes a study on modeling the anaerobic biodegradation of fruit, vegetable, and cooked oil waste. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the cumulative biogas production from digesting mixtures of these substrates. Four kinetic models (exponential, Cone, Fitzhugh, and Gompertz) were used to analyze degradation performance and estimate the rate constant (k). Statistical analysis found the models fit the observed data well. A dynamic model was also developed and provided a good interpretation of the experimental process. The results showed k values were similar for vegetable and fruit digestion but different for digestion with oil.
Feasibility study of mtbe physical adsorption from polluted water on gac, pac...eSAT Journals
Abstract MTBE or Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether is an organic compound, which is used to increase the gasoline Octane Number. At the beginning of 80’s, by discovering the undesirable effects of tetra ethyl lead usage in fuel, MTBE started to be used worldwide. But gradually the undesirable effects of MTBE on environment had been revealed. There are many technologies for MTBE removal from polluted water. Adsorption is the most conventional and economical technology. In this research, some experiments have been done for studying the adsorption of MTBE on different solid adsorbent in batch process. In these experiments a fixed amount of adsorbents including Granular Activated Carbon (GAC), Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) and the Husk Rice Carbon (HRC) have been put in different one litter covered vessels containing water polluted with known initial MTBE concentration and stirring them. By measuring MTBE concentration in the vessel at different times the effect of different operating parameters such as temperature and pH have been studied on adsorption and optimum condition have been determined. The batch experimental results have been used to calculate the constant parameters of Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherm equations for these systems. Keywords: MTBE, Adsorption, Activated Carbon, Husk Rice Carbon
Feasibility study of mtbe physical adsorption from polluted water on gac, pac...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
There is high demand for oxysterol quantitation due to their correlation with neurodegenerative diseases. The ratios of various oxysterols in biological fluids are used by researchers to study disease states. This application presents a fast, sensitive LC-MS/MS method using the LCMS-8060, with detection quantitation limits determined using multiple reaction monitoring mode for each analyte.
LC-MS Profiling of methanolic extract of Pueraria tuberosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) ...AI Publications
LC-MS profiling has been developed for the characterization of chemical constituents present in the methanolic extract of Pueraria tuberosa tubers. As a result, 61 compounds were detected using m/z value. Swietenine, Vigabatrin, Barbituric acid, Rhoifolin, Cetrimonium bromide, Octanoic acid, Caprylic acid and 4Z-Decenedioic acid were some of the important phytoconstituents with interesting biological activities. Among the peaks in the chromatogram, 7 unknown compounds were also identified.
Study on Fructooligosaccharide (Fos) Production By Enzyme Pectinex Ultra Sp-l...IJAEMSJORNAL
Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) is a new alternative sweetener with its characteristics such as low energy and safety for people with diabetes. Pectinex Ultra SP-L which has fructosyltransferase, catalyzes the reaction to produce short chain fructooligosaccharides. The research was conducted to enhance the high FOS content in process of FOS production by immobilized enzyme. Results achieved by Empirical planning Design Expert 7.0 - central composite method (CCD) identified at optimum conditions for process of immobilized enzyme with alginate 3.3 (%), ratio of enzyme: alginate was 0.79 (w/w), CaCl2 3.75 (%). Efficiency of loading protein reached 73.32 (%). Reaction conditions: 60 (oC), shaking velocity 90 (rpm), the initial sucrose concentrations of 50 (%), pH 5.75. When produced in 20 (h), the reaction obtained the highest level of FOS with column reaction system. The FOS for producted by immobilized enzyme achieved 47.87 (%), of which 1-kestose obtained 37.06 (%), the remaining was 10.81 (%) including nystose and fructofuranosylnystose. Efficiency of producing FOS by using immobilized enzyme compared to the free enzyme was high up to 89.49 (%).
This experiment explored how enzyme reaction rates are affected by concentrations of the enzyme, substrates, and inhibitors. It studied the kinetics of β-gal to determine Vmax and Km parameters, and found that His-tagged β-Gal had slightly higher activity than untagged β-Gal. It also showed that TPA is a non-competitive inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, reducing both Vmax and Km.
To Study The Viscometric Measurement Of Substituted-2-Diphenylbutanamide And ...IOSR Journals
Recently in this laboratory the viscometric measurement of 4-[4-(4-chlorophenyl]-4-hydroxy piperidin-1-yl]-N, N-dimethyl-2, 2-diphenylbutanamide[CPHDD] and (2S, 6R)-7-chloro -2, 4, 6-trimethoxy-6'-methyl-3H, 4'H-spiro[1-benzofuran 2, 1’-] cychohex-2-ene]-3,4'-dione[CTMBCD] were carried out at different percentage compositions of solvent to investigate the solute-solvent interactions of drugs with solvent and the effect of dilution of the solvent. The effects of various substituents were also investigated. The results obtained during this investigation gave detail information about pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these drugs.
This document describes a method for analyzing 375 organic contaminants including pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fruits and vegetables using gas chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Samples were extracted with ethyl acetate and cleaned up using dispersive solid phase extraction. The method was validated and achieved limits of quantification below 10 μg/L for most compounds. Recoveries from 70-110% and precision below 20% indicated the method was satisfactory. A semi-quantitative approach was also developed utilizing calibration curves, and provided accurate quantification of incurred samples within ±10% of direct quantification values.
Expression and Purification of His-tag β-galactosidase Enzyme from E.coliSurayya Sana
Protein expression and purification were used to study β-galactosidase. β-gal activity increased over time after inducing expression, reaching a maximum at 2 hours. Purification using affinity chromatography captured β-gal in elute fractions as expected. Activity assays on fractions found the highest specific activity and fold purification in elute 2, indicating it contained the purest β-gal. SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting confirmed β-gal was most abundant in lysate and elute fractions, supporting a successful expression and purification.
Current sample preparation techniques for PFAS analysis are laborious and not easily automated. In this study, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was evaluated as an alternative sample preparation technique for the extraction of eighteen PFAS compounds from fish tissue, as a preconcentration step prior to their analysis by LC-MS/MS.
This document summarizes the isolation and identification of compounds from the aerial parts of Bougainvillea glabra. Five known flavonoids (vitexin, isovitexin, chrysoeriol, apigenin, and luteolin) were isolated from the methanolic extract. A new flavone, luteolin-7-O-[2''-O-(5'''-O-feruloyl)-β-D-apiofuranosyl]-β-D-glucopyranoside, was also isolated and identified based on spectroscopic analysis including UV, NMR, and mass spectrometry. The document discusses the isolation process, spectral data analysis, and identification of each compound
This document describes the synthesis and anticonvulsant evaluation of a series of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole derivatives. A total of 10 derivatives (1A-1J) were synthesized using a Mannich reaction between 2-mercaptobenzimidazole and compounds containing a secondary amine. The structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized using analytical techniques such as melting point, TLC, IR, 1H NMR, and elemental analysis. The anticonvulsant activity of the derivatives was evaluated using a maximal electrical shock induced convulsion method in mice. Most of the synthesized compounds showed significant anticonvulsant activity compared to the control group.
The document describes Emerald Feng's work on physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. It discusses how PBPK models are used to quantify absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of chemicals for health risk assessments. It notes that PBPK models vary in complexity from 2-compartment to several compartments. Key parameters like organ flows and compartment partitioning are influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Molecular descriptors derived from chemical properties are important for PBPK modeling and predicting absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. The document also discusses related topics like quantitative structure-activity relationship modeling and converting PBPK models to a mobile application format.
This document summarizes the development and validation of a sensitive LC-MS/MS method for quantifying acamprosate (ACM) levels in human plasma. Key points:
- ACM is a drug used to treat alcohol dependence. Previous methods for quantifying ACM required complex extraction/derivatization steps.
- A rapid LC-MS/MS method was developed involving a simple protein precipitation extraction. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a C18 column with mobile phase of ammonium acetate and acetonitrile.
- Validation showed the method was linear, accurate, precise and sensitive down to 7 ng/mL. Matrix effects were eliminated using an orthogonal spray ionization source.
This document describes a study that used up-front collision-induced dissociation (CID) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry to directly quantify PEGylated compounds in dog plasma. The traditional method was indirect and involved extensive sample preparation, while the new up-front CID method provided direct measurement with minimal preparation. The up-front CID method fragmented PEGylated compounds in the mass spectrometer to measure unPEGylated fragments, allowing for accurate quantification that was at least six times faster than the traditional approach. Results demonstrated the new method had high accuracy and precision down to a lower limit of quantification of 2 μg/mL over a wide calibration range.
Stability studies of simvastatin and fenofibrate and degradants identificatio...Mehar Raghavendra YEGGINA
1. A stability indicating RP-HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous quantification of simvastatin and fenofibrate.
2. The method used a C18 column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile and ammonium acetate buffer at pH 4.3 to achieve separation of the drugs from their degradation products.
3. The drugs were subjected to stress conditions and the degraded products were identified using LC-MS to prove the stability indicating capability of the developed method.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
- 2-Aminio-5-substituted -1, 3, 4-thiadiazoles
(I) on reaction with formalin in ethanol solvent yielded 2,
2, 2-(1, 3, 5- triazinone- 1, 3, 5-tri-yl)- tris (5-substituted 1,
3, 4-thiadiazoles) (II) in moderate to excellent yields
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes a study that used leaf epidermal analysis to identify 10 sterile species of the genus Strychnos collected from the Oban Forest in Nigeria. The researchers examined 36 morphological and anatomical characters of the leaf epidermis. Principal component analysis revealed that epidermal cell number, length, width, trichome number, stomata number and indices were the major distinguishing features. Cluster analysis grouped the species into 3 clusters corresponding to sections within the Strychnos genus. Leaf epidermal analysis proved useful for identifying these sterile species and delimiting populations, which has implications for their use in herbal medicine and conservation efforts.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes an operating strategy for a grid-connected hybrid power system consisting of a photovoltaic array and proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The strategy determines the control mode (unit power control or feeder flow control) and reference power values. In unit power control mode, the reference power is set such that the PV array operates at maximum power and the fuel cell operates within its high efficiency band. The reference power is increased incrementally as PV output increases beyond certain thresholds to maintain these constraints. The strategy aims to improve system performance and stability while minimizing the number of control mode changes.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes a research paper on the impacts of information technology in a cashless economy in Nigeria. It presents findings from a study that examined people's use of different direct debit devices like ATMs, POS, mobile banking, and online banking. The study found that ATMs were used the most while POS was used the least. Usage varied by gender, occupation, and age group, but overall people were embracing cashless payment options. The document recommends continued awareness campaigns, adequate infrastructure, affordable fees, economic growth, and fair competition to sustain Nigeria's cashless banking policy.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes a research paper that reviews techniques for optimal design and placement of pilot symbols for channel estimation in OFDM systems operating under rapidly time-varying channels. It discusses how particle swarm optimization, the Cramér–Rao Bound, and Bayesian Cramér–Rao Bound techniques are commonly used to optimize pilot sequence design to improve channel estimation performance and reduce intercarrier interference. Grouping pilot tones into clusters rather than evenly spacing each pilot tone can provide better channel estimation against doubly selective channels. The optimal clustered pilot sequence is derived using maximum likelihood estimation and is independent of signal-to-noise ratio or Doppler rate.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes a research study on the effects of blanching water temperature and soaking time on the quality attributes of yam flour. Fresh yam tubers were blanched at temperatures of 40, 50, and 60°C and soaked for 12, 24, and 48 hours. The yam flour was then analyzed for physical and proximate qualities. Results showed that blanching temperature and soaking time significantly affected moisture content, protein, carbohydrates, bulk density, swelling capacity, foaming capacity, and water absorption capacity. The best combination for quality was 40°C blanching temperature and 12 hours soaking time.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes meteorological data from Port Harcourt, Nigeria from 2001-2010. Some key findings:
- Port Harcourt has a rainy season from 9-10 months per year and average annual rainfall of over 185mm.
- Maximum annual evaporation was 148mm and average annual evaporation was 102mm.
- The area has shallow aquifers from 15-30m depth that are highly rechargeable by rainfall.
- Despite available water resources, there is currently insufficient potable water supply to meet demand.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document discusses the influence of welding conditions on the mechanical properties of welded joints of 9% nickel steel used for liquefied natural gas (LNG) tanks. Specifically, it examines the effect of heat input between 1.4-2 Kj/mm and controlling interpass temperature below 80°C on the tensile strength and toughness of the welded joints. The study found that these welding parameters improved the strength and reduced the probability of brittle fracture in the welded joints of thin 9% nickel steel specimens. Controlling heat input and temperature during welding is important for maintaining the desired microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded joints.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Application of Validated High-performance Liquid Chromatography Method for De...BRNSS Publication Hub
A novel and simple reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method has been established for the determination of saxagliptin and metformin HCl Saxagliptin and metformin HCl is used to control Type 2 diabetes. The proposed work was performed on Young Lin (S.K) isocratic System UV Detector. Saxagliptin and metformin HCl is used to control Type 2 diabetes. The proposed work was performed on Young Lin (S.K) isocratic System UV Detector C18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm). A mixture of potassium phosphate, mobile phase in this method with flow rate of 0.7 mL/min (UV detection at 203 nm) and the method was validated as per the ICH guidelines. Forced degradation studies were performed by exposing the drug saxagliptin and metformin HCl to acidic, alkaline, oxidation, and thermal stress degradations. The proposed reversed-phase-high-performance liquid chromatography method was found to be robust and specific, and this method is suitable for the assay of pharmaceutical dosage forms as well as kinetic studies.
Optimization of cultural conditions for lactic acid production by lactobacill...eSAT Journals
Abstract The effects on the lactic acid (LA) production by thermophile Lactobacillus bulgaricus ATTC 11842 on whey as a basal medium of seven factors namely, temperature °C, pH, Lactose g/l, Yeast extract g/l, corn steep liquor (CSL) g/l, K2HPO4 g/l, and salts g/l (MnSO4, MgSO4 and FeSO4) were investigated, through the statistical analysis of the results by Plackett and Burmann experimental design. pH was found to have the high significant effect on lactic acid production. By response surface methodology (RSM) design the optimal value of pH and concentrations in the medium of yeast extract, K2HPO4 and salts were then investigated, it should be 5.5 of pH, 2.73 g/l of K2HPO4, 1.59 g/l of yeast extract and 0.0326 g/l, 0.1304 g/l, 0.01304 g/l of MgSO4, MnSO4 and FeSO4 respectively. The results obtained with the optimal results were 20.9592 g/l. of lactic acid and the corresponding yields was 0.5665% (ratio between the amount of lactic acid produced and the initial concentration of lactose). Index Terms: Lactic acid, experimental design, Plackett and Burmann, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, whey
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF SPECTROSCOPIC AND CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR D...Dipak Reddy
A simple, precise & accurate UV spectroscopy & HPLC method was developed & validated as per ICH guideline.
In UV spectroscopy 0.1HCL used as diluent & in HPLC Methanol :ortho phosphoric acid (40:60%v/v) used.
Thus based on validation data it is concluded that present method is economical, less time consuming, precise , accurate for estimation of Pioglitazone in bulk drug & formulations.
This method can be used to determine the purity of the drug available from various sources by detecting the related impurities.
This document summarizes research optimizing zeaxanthin production using immobilized Flavobacterium sp. cells in a fluidized bed bioreactor. The researchers conducted experiments to determine the best conditions for zeaxanthin production, including culture medium composition and bioreactor parameters. An orthogonal experimental design was used to evaluate factors like aeration, pH, pellet size, and carbon-nitrogen ratio. Maximum zeaxanthin production of 3.16 g/L was achieved under optimal conditions, approximately 10 times greater than previous reports. Dimensionless numbers were also correlated to describe process behavior and enable scale-up.
Validated High-performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Degradation Study...BRNSS Publication Hub
A novel and basic reversed-phase liquid chromatographic strategy has been set up for the determination
of ursodeoxycholic corrosive and silymarin and studies its degradation pattern in pharmaceutical
dosage forms. Ursodeoxycholic acid and silymarin are used to control Type 2 diabetes. The proposed
work was performed on Young Lin (S.K) isocratic System UV Detector C18 column (150 mm ×
4.6 mm). A mixture of potassium phosphate, mobile phase in this method with a flow rate of 0.7 mL/
min (UV detection at 203 nm) and the method was validated as per the ICH guidelines. Forced
degradation studies were performed by exposing the drug ursodeoxycholic acid and silymarin to
acidic, alkaline, oxidation, and thermal stress degradations. The proposed reversed-phase-highperformance
liquid chromatography technique was observed to be powerful and particular, and
this strategy is reasonable for the measure of pharmaceutical dose frames and in addition kinetic
examinations.
Influence of carbon sources on α amylase production by brevibacillus sp. unde...eSAT Journals
Abstract Numerous marine microorganisms secrete enzymes which can provide new insights and understanding of enzymes. Marine microorganisms have been attracting more attention as source for novel enzymes. Secondary screening is strictly essential in any systematic screening programme which helps in detection of useful bacteria in fermentation processes. Secondary screening also provides information pertaining to the effect of different components of the medium. This is valuable in designing the medium that may be attractive as far as economic consideration is concerned. Natural carbon source, Saccharum officinarum (5%) produced maximum α-amylase while Triticum vulgare (4%) produced very low α-amylase. Synthetic carbon source when supplemented with maltose (1%) and sucrose (4%) regulated higher production of amylase. Starch (2%), dextrose (3%) and galactose (4%) exhibited average effect on production whereas lactose (3%) and mannitol (3%) decreased production. The α-amylase was found to have many applications in the field of starch processing, textile industry, improving shelf life of bread, ethanol production, sewage treatment and effluent treatment. Keywords: Brevibacillus borostelensis R1, Saccharum officinarum, Triticum vulgare, maltose, sucrose
Influence of carbon sources on α amylase production by brevibacillus sp. unde...eSAT Publishing House
1. The document examines the influence of various natural and synthetic carbon sources on the production of α-amylase by Brevibacillus sp. under submerged fermentation.
2. Secondary screening showed that the natural carbon source Saccharum officinarum (sugar cane) at 5% produced the maximum α-amylase activity, while the synthetic carbon sources maltose at 1% and sucrose at 4% also enhanced amylase production.
3. Other carbon sources like starch, dextrose, and galactose had an average effect on amylase production, while lactose and mannitol decreased enzyme production.
The document summarizes a study that analyzed two samples of Glycine max Linn (soybean) seeds. Phytochemical analysis found various constituents including proteins, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. Protein content was highest in the methanolic extract of sample 2. Thin layer chromatography identified several compounds in the extracts. Extracts showed antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, with the highest activity in the methanolic extract of sprouted sample 1.
Phytochemical analysis, protein content & antimicrobial activities of sel...eSAT Journals
Abstract Two seed samples of Glycine max Linn. (S1, S2) were purchased from two retail stores of local market. Non-sprouted and sprouted seed powder were extracted separately with methanol (100%, 50%) by cold maceration to obtain methanolic and hydroalcoholic extract of Glycine max Sample 1 was designated as MES1 and HES1 and sample 2 as MES2 and HES2 respectively. Phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of various phytoconstituents viz. phytosterols, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, fixed oils and fats etc. Thin layer chromatography study on extracts revealed the presence of a number of compounds. The protein content of these samples were studied. The protein content of samples MES1, HES1, MES2 and HES2 with respect to BSA was found to be 90.6 2μg/ml, 82μg/ml, 94.5μg/ml and 79.1μg/ml respectively. The highest among these were found to be in MES2. Sprouting enhanced the protein content of the two samples. The samples have shown antimicrobial activity at selected concentration and microbial strains (26mm) for gram negative bacteria (27mm) for gram positive bacteria. Keywords: Glycine max Linn, phytochemical constituents, TLC, antimicrobial activity, protein, methanolic extract, hydroalcoholic extract.
Determination of Propionates and Propionic Acid in Bread Samples Using High P...theijes
In the present study, a HPLC method for determination of the preservative propionates in 7 groups of industrial bread samples is described. The separation the propionates were performed on the C18- column and Na2SO4 (8.0 mM) + H2SO4 (1.0 mM): acetonitrile (90:10, v/v %) as mobile phase. The detector wavelength was set at 210 nm. Separation of the propionates was achieved in less than 8 min. The samples first were milled and then extracted with 0.1 mol L-1 NaOH solution under ultrasonic irradiation. After centrifuge, supernatant clear solution was filtered using 0.45 µm Nylon syringe filter and 25 µL of solution was injected to HPLC loop. Analytical characteristics of the method such as limit of detection (LOD= 5 mg L-1 ), recovery percentage (>91%) and reproducibility (RSD=3.5 %) were evaluated. A plot of peak area (y) versus concentration of propionate (x, mg Kg-1 ) was linear over 10-1000 mg Kg-1 . The calibration graph can be described by the equation y = 301.64x + 9963 (r2= 0.991). The levels of propionates in bread samples ranged from 3683-4752 mg Kg-1. The results stated that High performance liquid chromatography is a simple and rapid method for the determination of propionates in bakery products.
This application note describes the methodology and use of the Shimadzu ICPMS-2030 ICP mass spectrometer for the analysis of trace elements in drinking and fresh waters following the EPA 200.8 method. This method is also used for analysis of wastewater. Here, we demonstrate the stability and sensitivity of the ICPMS-2030 for EPA 200.8 analyses.
Design of Pulsatile Tablets of Pantoprazole Sodium: Factorial Design ApproachReshma Fathima .K
This document describes a study that developed and optimized a pulsatile drug delivery system containing pantoprazole sodium using a 32 full factorial design approach. Six core tablets were initially prepared and evaluated. Amounts of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and sodium starch glycolate (SSG) were selected as independent variables in the factorial design to study their effects on tablet properties. The optimized core formulation (f3) was then coated with Eudragit S to produce pulsatile tablets. In vitro dissolution studies showed the coated tablets remained intact in acid media and released drug after reaching the intestine, indicating successful development of a pulsatile delivery system for pantoprazole sodium.
The Calculation of Optimal Osmotic Dehydration Process Parameters for Mushroo...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The Firefly Algorithm (FA) is employed to determine the optimal parameter settings in a case study of the osmotic dehydration process of mushrooms. In the case, the functional form of the dehydration model is established through a response surface technique and the resulting mathematical programming is formulated as a non-linear goal programming model. For optimization purposes, a computationally efficient, FA-driven method is used and the resulting optimal process parameters are shown to be superior to those from previous approaches.
Bioethanol production from lignocellulosic, whey, and starch.pptxAsmamawTesfaw1
This document summarizes the results of research optimizing ethanol production from various yeast strains isolated in Ethiopia. Three promising yeast isolates - Saccharomyces cerevisiae ETP53, Pichia fermentans ETP22, and Kluyveromyces marxianus ETP87 - were identified as producing ethanol levels similar to commercial bakers' yeast. Response surface methodology was used to optimize ethanol production from each strain by varying temperature, pH, time, and glucose concentration. Statistical models showed these factors significantly affected ethanol yield. Temperature was the most influential variable for all three strains. The isolates show potential for bioethanol production from various feedstocks in Ethiopia.
This document describes optimization of nutrient components for tacrolimus production by Streptomyces tsukubaensis using statistical experimental designs. Plackett-Burman design identified dextrine white, cotton seed meal, and polyethylene glycol as significant factors affecting tacrolimus yield. Central composite design further optimized these components, determining optimal levels of 173.94 g/L dextrine white, 19.83 g/L cotton seed meal, and 24.72 g/L polyethylene glycol, achieving a maximum tacrolimus yield of 1.08 mg/g. Validation experiments confirmed the adequacy of the statistical model.
The Application of Statistical Design of Experiments for Mathematical Modelin...realjimcarey
A full factorial statistical design was used to mathematically model the process for growing the E. coli cell line (BL21(DE3)/ pET17b::gfpuv. The experimental factors of mixing (RPM), temperature, glucose concentration, and tryptic soy broth concentration were included in the shaker flask study. Optical density measurements were used as the means of quantifying cell growth. During the exponential growth phase, the process showed a statistically significant dependence upon mixing, temperature, and tryptic soy broth concentration. The interaction between mixing and temperature was also found to have a statistically significant effect upon the exponential growth rate. Interestingly, the glucose concentration did not exhibit a statistically significant effect upon this growth phase. Optical density measurements taken at seven individual time points throughout the experiment were also used to model the system during different growth phases. It was interesting to note that mixing initially exhibited a negative effect upon growth rate, but as the growth rate accelerated, it had a positive effect. In the early growth phase, tryptic soy broth concentration had the largest positive effect, while temperature dominated most phases of cell growth. As expected, higher temperatures favored higher growth rates. From these data, mathematical models were constructed that may be used to predict the growth rate within the experimental bounds explored in this study.
Skybuffer AI: Advanced Conversational and Generative AI Solution on SAP Busin...Tatiana Kojar
Skybuffer AI, built on the robust SAP Business Technology Platform (SAP BTP), is the latest and most advanced version of our AI development, reaffirming our commitment to delivering top-tier AI solutions. Skybuffer AI harnesses all the innovative capabilities of the SAP BTP in the AI domain, from Conversational AI to cutting-edge Generative AI and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). It also helps SAP customers safeguard their investments into SAP Conversational AI and ensure a seamless, one-click transition to SAP Business AI.
With Skybuffer AI, various AI models can be integrated into a single communication channel such as Microsoft Teams. This integration empowers business users with insights drawn from SAP backend systems, enterprise documents, and the expansive knowledge of Generative AI. And the best part of it is that it is all managed through our intuitive no-code Action Server interface, requiring no extensive coding knowledge and making the advanced AI accessible to more users.
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
A Comprehensive Guide to DeFi Development Services in 2024Intelisync
DeFi represents a paradigm shift in the financial industry. Instead of relying on traditional, centralized institutions like banks, DeFi leverages blockchain technology to create a decentralized network of financial services. This means that financial transactions can occur directly between parties, without intermediaries, using smart contracts on platforms like Ethereum.
In 2024, we are witnessing an explosion of new DeFi projects and protocols, each pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in finance.
In summary, DeFi in 2024 is not just a trend; it’s a revolution that democratizes finance, enhances security and transparency, and fosters continuous innovation. As we proceed through this presentation, we'll explore the various components and services of DeFi in detail, shedding light on how they are transforming the financial landscape.
At Intelisync, we specialize in providing comprehensive DeFi development services tailored to meet the unique needs of our clients. From smart contract development to dApp creation and security audits, we ensure that your DeFi project is built with innovation, security, and scalability in mind. Trust Intelisync to guide you through the intricate landscape of decentralized finance and unlock the full potential of blockchain technology.
Ready to take your DeFi project to the next level? Partner with Intelisync for expert DeFi development services today!
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
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4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
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5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
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6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
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7. What is Prometheus?
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8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
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The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
||Volume||2 ||Issue|| 9||Pages|| 01-07||2013||
ISSN(e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN(p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 1
Application of Response Surface Methodology in Fermentation
Process variables Optimization for the Production of
L -Glutamic acid by Immobilized cells of
Corynebacterium glutamicum
1
Dr.R.Srinu Venkat Rao, 2
Dr.Ch.A.I.Raju, 3
Dr.A.V.N.Swamy
1
Principal, Sreenivasa College of Engineering& Technology, Kurnool-518218, A.P., INDIA.
2
Associate Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, AU College of Engineering,
Visakhapatnam-530003, A.P., INDIA.
3
Professor, Depatment of Chemical Engineering, JNTUA College of Engineering,
Anantapur-515002, A.P., INDIA
---------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT--------------------------------------------------------
Response Surface methodology (RSM) was employed to study the effects of the four fermentation process
variables namely pH, temperature, Glucose concentration and agitation rate for the production of L-Glutamic
acid by immobilization cells of Corynabacterium glutamicumATCC13032.Among eight variables four
significantly effecting parameters studied by using Central Composite Design (CCD).The predicted optimal sets
of conditions for the maximum percentage yield of Glutamic acid were as follows pH-5.8855,Temperature -
29.860
C,Glucose Concentration -100.91g/L and Agitation rate -160.48 rpm. The determination coefficient (R2
)
was 0.99988, which ensures adequate credibility of this model. By scaling up fermentation from flask to
bioreactor, we obtained promising results.
KEYWORDS: L-Glutamic acid, Immobilized cells, Central composite design (CCD), Sodium alginate,
Fermentation and Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 16, January, 2013 Date of Acceptance: 30, September 2013
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
Amino acids are the basic biomolecules of proteins which are the most important macromolecules for
the functions of human biochemical systems (Rubina .N et.al 2008) .L-Glutamic acid is one of the Non-essential
amino acids which is having wide spectrum of commercial use as flavor enhancer, food additives and infusion
compounds (Amin .G et.al, 1993).Physical conditions such as temperature ,pH, agitation rate or shaking speed,
inoculums size and fermentation time plays an important role in the fermentation process(Rubina.N.et.al 2008).
Response surface methodology is mainly based on statistical technique and it has been successfully used to
optimize and model biochemical and biotechnological processes (Balusu.et.al, 2005, Zhang.j.et.al, 2007 and
Bernal.C.et.al, 2006 Shih IL et.al, 2006), The application of the response surface methodology in fermentation
process led to the improvement of yield of L-glutamic acid.
In this experiment, statistical optimization of physical conditions was investigated for the production of
L-Glutamic acid by immobilized cells of Corynebacterium glutamicum by using response surface methodology
(RSM).Significant factors were optimized with central composite design .CCD is an efficient method to
calculate the significance of the various conditions, interactions between fermentation parameters and optimal
level for each parameter (Rubin .N et.al, 2008). Central composite design (CCD) is one of the response surface
methodologies (Chakravarthi et.al, 2002) to obtain the maximum percentage yield of L-Glutamic acid.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The organism employed throughout in this experimentation was Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC
13032 obtained from Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh (India) .The culture was maintained on the
agar slants of PASB medium containing composition (g/L) of peptone- 5,Agar -20, Sodium chloride-5 and
Beef extract-3.The pH of the medium adjusted to 7 and incubated at 370
C for 24 hours
2. Application of Response Surface Methodology in…
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A Completely grown slant of 24 hours old Corynebacterium glutamicum and were scrapped off and
suspended in 0.01 M citrate buffer (pH-7.0). The cell suspension was shaken thoroughly to break up the cell
aggregates. The cell count was determined by plating each mL of the cell suspension, on solid agar medium.
The cell counts were adjusted in the range of 10-5
to 10-9
cells per mL. The cells were grown for 24 h at 30°C in
250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing 50 mL of inoculation medium on a rotary shaker at 160 rpm. The cells
were separated from the inoculation medium by centrifugation and washed thoroughly with 0.01 M citrate
buffer (pH 7.0)
Fermentations conditions were maintained at Temperature - 30°C, pH-6.0, Agitation rate -160rpm,
Glucose concentration-100g/L, Aeration rate -1.0 vvm Biotin Concentration -1.0g/L and Fermentation time –
96 hours. Among these parameters only significant parameters has been taken out for the optimization of the
production L-Glutamic acid.
Preparation of Sodium Alginate Beads
The cell suspension was gradually added to the ether sterilized sodium alginate (3%w/v) and mixed
thoroughly with sterile glass rod. The mixture was extruded as drops into a solution ofCaCl2 (0.5 M). Bead size
was controlled by gauge number of the hypodermic needle used during extrusion. The beads were cured in the
same solution at room temperature for an hour and stored in a freshly prepared 0.1 M CaCl2 solution at 4°C.
Analytical Methods
Estimation of reducing sugars was done by DNS method (Miller G.L, 1959). Thin layer
chromatography (Silica gel G, solvent mixture: n-butanol: glacial acetic acid: water in a ratio 4:1:1 v/v) was
used for the qualitative estimation of L-glutamic acid (Miller G.L, 1959) and it was determined quantitatively
using a ninhydrin color reaction (Spies J.R, 1957).
III. RESULTS AND DICISCUSSIONS
Optimization for immobilized cells using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
In the present study, the levels of four process independent variables (pH, Temperature, Agitation rate
and glucose concentration) are analyzed using Central Composite Design (CCD) for % yield of Glutamic acid
using immobilized cells are shown in table -3.1
Table 3.1: Levels of different process variables in coded and un-coded form for
% yield of Glutamic acid using immobilized cells
The parameters that have greater influence over the response are to be identified so as to find the
optimum condition for the production of glutamic acid. For optimization, the regression equation is obtained by
using STATISTICA Software 6.0 version. The percentage yield of glutamic acid (Y) is function of pH (X1),
Temperature (X2), Agitation rate (X3) and Glucose concentration (X4). The multiple regression analysis of the
experimental data has yield the following equation:
Y = –6.42604 + 0.70325 X1 + 0.22663 X2 + 0.00335 X3 + 0.02127 X4 – 0.05929 X1
2
–0.00380 X2
2
– 0.00001
X3
2
– 0.00010 X4
2
+ 0.00000 X1X2 + 0.00001 X1X3 – 0.00006 X1X4 – 0.00000 X2X3 + 0.00001 X2X4 – 0.00000
X3X4 ----- (3.1)
Table-3.2 represents the results obtained in CCD. The response obtained in the form of analysis of
variance (ANOVA) from regression eq.3.1 is put together in table–3.3. Fischer‟s „F-statistics‟ value is defined
as MSmodel/MSerror, where MS is mean square. Fischer‟s „F-statistics‟ value, having a low probability „p‟ value,
indicates high significance.
Variable Name
Range and levels
-2 -1 0 1 2
X1 pH 5 5.5 6 6.5 7
X2 Temperature, o
C 26 28 30 32 34
X3 Agitation rate, rpm 80 120 160 200 240
X4 Glucose concentration, g/L 80 90 100 110 120
4. Application of Response Surface Methodology in…
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Table 3.4: Estimated regression coefficients for % yield of Glutamic acid
Terms Regression
coefficient
Standard error of
the coefficient
t-value P-value
Mean/Interc. -6.42604 0.033923 -189.430 0.000000
(1)pH (L) 0.70325 0.004774 147.323 0.000000
pH (Q) -0.05929 0.000280 -211.677 0.000000
(2)Tempertaure, o
C (L) 0.22663 0.001285 176.372 0.000000
Tempertaure, o
C (Q) -0.00380 0.000018 -217.211 0.000000
(3)Agitation Rate, rpm
(L)
0.00335 0.000052 64.860 0.000000
Agitation Rate, rpm (Q) -0.00001 0.000000 -236.311 0.000000
(4)Glucose
Concentration, g/L (L)
0.02127 0.000228 93.255 0.000000
Glucose Concentration,
g/L( Q)
-0.00010 0.000001 -148.843 0.000000
1L by 2L 0.00000 0.000092 0.000 1.000000a
1L by 3L 0.00001 0.000005 1.636 0.122639a
1L by 4L -0.00006 0.000018 -3.272 0.005145
2L by 3L -0.00000 0.000001 -0.818 0.426154a
2L by 4L 0.00001 0.000005 1.363 0.192885a
3L by 4L -0.00000 0.000000 -1.909 0.075624
a
insignificant (P ≥ 0.05)
The ANOVA of the regression model is sufficiently great, as proven from the Fisher‟s F-test (Fmodel =
1.07130669) and has a very low probability value (Pmodel > F=0.000000). Besides, the computed F-value [F0.05
(14.15) = MSmodel/MSerror = 1.07130669] is almost near when compared to F-value (F0.05 (14.15) tabulars = 2.42) at 5%
level, suggesting that the treatment differences are sufficiently great. Student‟s t-test can implicate regression
coefficient of the parameter. It is noted from table-3.4 that more significant corresponding coefficient term can
be possessed by having high „t‟ value and low „P‟ value. By analyzing „t‟ and „p‟ values from table-5.7, X1, X2,
X3, X4, X1
2
, X2
2
, X3
2
, X4
2
, X3X4 and X1X4, have high importance to explain the individual and interaction effects of
independent variables on biosorption of cobalt to anticipate the response. Rest of the terms (X1X2, X1X3 ,X2X3,
X2X4)are undistinguished in eq.3.1 and are not needed to explain production of glutamic acid. The model is
reduced to the following form by excluding undistinguished terms in eq.3.1.
Y = –6.42604 + 0.70325 X1 + 0.22663 X2 + 0.00335 X3 + 0.02127 X4 – 0.05929 X1
2
–0.00380 X2
2
– 0.00001
X3
2
– 0.00010 X4
2
– 0.00006 X1X4 – 0.00000 X3X4 ------- (3.2)
A positive sign of the coefficient represents an interactive effect i.e., response (% yield of glutamic
acid) steps up with increase in effect, whereas a negative sign implies an incompatible effect that means
response lowers with an increase in effect. Measure of the model‟s variability to the responses indicated is
presented by correlation coefficient (R2
). As R2
––> 1, model is inviolable and the response is estimated better.
In our study, R2
= 0.99988 suggests that 0.012 % of the total variations are not adequately explained by the
model. Statistical relevance of the ratio of mean due to regression and mean square due to residual error is
tested with the help of ANOVA. F-values implicate that % yield of glutamic acid can be sufficiently explained
by the model equation. If „P’ value is lower than 0.05, the model is considered to be statistically significant at
the 95 % confidence level. All the linear and square terms of all variables (P < 0.05) are in good agreement
(table 3.4) in comparison to the interaction terms X1X2 = 1.00000, X1X3 = 0.122639, X2X3 = 0.426154 and X2X4
= 0.192885.
Interpretation of residual graphs:
Normal probability plot (NPP) is a graphical technique used for analyzing whether or not a data set is
normally distributed to greater extent. The difference between the observed and predicted values from the
regression is termed as residual. Fig. 3.1 exhibits normal probability plot for the present data. It is evident that
the experimental data are reasonably aligned implying normal distribution.
5. Application of Response Surface Methodology in…
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Fig. 3.1 Normal probability plot for % yield of glutamic acid
Interaction effects of variables
Three-dimensional view of response surface contour plots [Fig. 3.2 (a) to 3.2 (f)] exhibit % yield of
glutamic acid using immobilized cells for different combinations of dependent variables. All the plots are
delineated as a function of two factors at a time, imposing other factors fixed at zero level. It is evident from
response surface contour plots that the % yield of glutamic acid is minimal at low and high levels of the
variables. This behavior conforms that there is a presence of optimum for the input variables in order to
maximize % yield. The role played by all the variables is so vital in % yield of glutamic acid and seen clearly
from the plots. The predicted optimal sets of conditions for maximum % yield of glutamic acid are:
pH = 5.8895
Temperature = 29.8626 o
C
Agitation rate = 160.4807 rpm
Glucose Concentration = 100.9101 g/L
% Yield of glutamic acid = 0.3706795
The experimental optimum values are compared in table-3.5. The experimental values are in close agreement
with those from CCD.
Table 3.5: Comparison between optimum values from Experimentation and CCD
Variable Experimental CCD
pH 6 5.8895
Temperature, o
C 30 29.8626
Agitation rate, rpm 160 160.4807
Glucose Concentration, g/L 100 100.9101
% Yield of glutamic acid 0.3513 0.3706795
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Fig. 3.2 (a) Surface contour plot for the effects of pH and temperature on % yield of glutamic acid
Fig. 3.2 (b) Surface contour plot for the effects of pH and agitation rate on % yield of glutamic acid
Fig. 3.2 (c) Surface contour plot for the effects of pH and glucose concentration on % yield of
glutamicacid
Fig. 3.2(d) Surface contour plot for the effects of temperature and agitation
rate on % yield of glutamic acid
7. Application of Response Surface Methodology in…
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Fig. 3.2 (e) Surface contour plot for the effects of temperature and glucose concentration on % yield of
glutamic acid
Fig. 3.2 (f) Surface contour plot for the effects of agitation rate and glucose concentration on % yield of
glutamic acid
IV. CONCLUSIONS
RSM was performed to optimize the fermentation parameters for the L-Glutamic acid production by
immobilized cells of Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032. A significant quadratic polynomial obtained
by the central composite design (CCD) was very useful in determining the optimum parameters that have
significant effects on L-Glutamic acid production. Under optimal conditions, the percentage of L-Glutamic acid
produced was 0.3706 .Results of this study clearly indicate that optimization by CCD approach is an effective
way of optimizing the L-Glutamic acid production
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