I talk about the government system of the Republic of Cyprus from executive to legislative and also how it has provisions in its constitution ready for if the country ever reunites with North Cyprus.
I talk about Kiribati's system of government from executive to legislative and how elections work on the small but vast series of islands of this little-known nation.
This document summarizes U.S. arms transfers to Israel from 1949-2018. It details that the U.S. has provided over $31 billion in arms to Israel during the Bush administration through programs like Foreign Military Sales and Direct Commercial Sales. It also notes that these arms have likely been used to kill over 2,000 Palestinian civilians from 2001-2008. The document concludes by calling for conditioning future U.S. military aid and arms sales to Israel to protect innocent Palestinians and ensure weapons are only used for legitimate self-defense.
An overview of the definition of refugees, similar terms and international legal regime concerning refugee laws, with special focus on the problem under Indian perspective.
Ukrainian protesters have been seeking constitutional reforms that would weaken the president's powers in response to President Viktor Yanukovych's rejection of a trade deal with the European Union in favor of closer ties with Russia. The protests in Kiev have led to clashes with police, resulting in at least six deaths and over 1,000 injuries. The political opposition is led by Arseniy Yatsenyuk and is calling for constitutional changes to establish a parliamentary system and reduce the president's control over the government. The European Union is considering economic measures to support Ukraine's economy but wants the crisis to be resolved before providing assistance.
The document provides brief descriptions of the roles and responsibilities of 13 United States Cabinet departments: Commerce, Interior, Housing and Urban Development, Veterans Affairs, Transportation, State, Homeland Security, Health and Human Services, Agriculture, Defense, Treasury, Justice, and Energy. It outlines the key agencies and functions of each department.
Eritrea is located in the Horn of Africa and has a long history, transitioning between rule by various kingdoms and empires. It was eventually colonized by Italy in the late 19th century. After World War II, Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia but Ethiopia annexed Eritrea in 1962, leading to a 30-year war for independence. Eritrea gained independence in 1993 after a UN-monitored referendum but is now a one-party totalitarian dictatorship under an authoritarian president and ruling party, with no active democracy or civil liberties.
International Humanitarian Law Lecture 19 - 70 Years of Geneva ConventionsNilendra Kumar
Geneva Conventions are the main plank of IHL treaty law adopted by India to abide by protection, compliance and adherence norms in armed conflicts
This presentation is a review of past 70 years resume in it's regard.
I talk about Kiribati's system of government from executive to legislative and how elections work on the small but vast series of islands of this little-known nation.
This document summarizes U.S. arms transfers to Israel from 1949-2018. It details that the U.S. has provided over $31 billion in arms to Israel during the Bush administration through programs like Foreign Military Sales and Direct Commercial Sales. It also notes that these arms have likely been used to kill over 2,000 Palestinian civilians from 2001-2008. The document concludes by calling for conditioning future U.S. military aid and arms sales to Israel to protect innocent Palestinians and ensure weapons are only used for legitimate self-defense.
An overview of the definition of refugees, similar terms and international legal regime concerning refugee laws, with special focus on the problem under Indian perspective.
Ukrainian protesters have been seeking constitutional reforms that would weaken the president's powers in response to President Viktor Yanukovych's rejection of a trade deal with the European Union in favor of closer ties with Russia. The protests in Kiev have led to clashes with police, resulting in at least six deaths and over 1,000 injuries. The political opposition is led by Arseniy Yatsenyuk and is calling for constitutional changes to establish a parliamentary system and reduce the president's control over the government. The European Union is considering economic measures to support Ukraine's economy but wants the crisis to be resolved before providing assistance.
The document provides brief descriptions of the roles and responsibilities of 13 United States Cabinet departments: Commerce, Interior, Housing and Urban Development, Veterans Affairs, Transportation, State, Homeland Security, Health and Human Services, Agriculture, Defense, Treasury, Justice, and Energy. It outlines the key agencies and functions of each department.
Eritrea is located in the Horn of Africa and has a long history, transitioning between rule by various kingdoms and empires. It was eventually colonized by Italy in the late 19th century. After World War II, Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia but Ethiopia annexed Eritrea in 1962, leading to a 30-year war for independence. Eritrea gained independence in 1993 after a UN-monitored referendum but is now a one-party totalitarian dictatorship under an authoritarian president and ruling party, with no active democracy or civil liberties.
International Humanitarian Law Lecture 19 - 70 Years of Geneva ConventionsNilendra Kumar
Geneva Conventions are the main plank of IHL treaty law adopted by India to abide by protection, compliance and adherence norms in armed conflicts
This presentation is a review of past 70 years resume in it's regard.
The document summarizes Guinea's government system. It has a semi-presidential republic system with a president as head of state and prime minister as head of government. The unicameral National Assembly is the legislative body. The president has significant powers but must work with the prime minister and assembly. There are also judicial and local government structures described. The country has faced political instability and transitions of power since independence.
The document outlines the chronology of events in comprehensive immigration reform efforts in the United States from 2001 to 2007. It discusses bills proposed in Congress, mass protests by immigrants' rights groups, and the failure to reach agreement on a final reform package. Key issues included how to address undocumented immigrants, temporary worker programs, border security and interior enforcement.
This document is the Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Act of Thailand from 2007. Some key points:
- It establishes a National Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Committee chaired by the Prime Minister to develop national disaster plans and integrate prevention efforts.
- The Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation is designated as the central government agency responsible for formulating national disaster plans, conducting research, and providing support to other agencies on prevention and mitigation.
- Provincial Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Centers are also established to assist with operations at the local level like training, assessments and emergency response.
This document outlines the process for establishing a constitution and independent government for the Philippine Islands, as authorized by the Philippine Independence Act. It establishes that the Philippine Legislature will call a constitutional convention to draft a constitution, which must be approved by the President of the United States and ratified by the Philippine people in an election. If approved, elections will be held for officers of the new Commonwealth government, and the existing Philippine government will transfer authority to the new government once it is inaugurated. The constitution must contain certain provisions to protect US interests and mandate ongoing economic and political ties before full independence is granted.
Geneva Conventions: Significance and Current ChallengesNilendra Kumar
This document discusses the significance and current challenges of international humanitarian law (IHL). It notes that IHL provides important protections for civilians and the wounded in armed conflicts. However, there are ongoing challenges including the blurring lines between civilians and combatants, ensuring effective implementation on the ground during conflicts, and the increasing role of private security companies. The document also outlines efforts to update IHL commentary and publications, challenges in training and education, and the need for improved dissemination and compliance with IHL.
The document discusses wartime rape and the international laws around it. It provides background on how wartime rape has historically been endemic, committed with impunity, and trivialized in international law. It outlines key precedents like the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia recognizing rape as a crime against humanity. The International Criminal Court is highlighted as the first court to codify rape and sexual violence as war crimes and crimes against humanity in its Rome Statute. However, issues around sovereignty and continued uses of rape in conflicts persist.
Presentation on Provisional Application under Article 45 of the Energy Charter Treaty in light of the recent set aside judgment on 20 April 2016 by the District Court of The Hague.
This resolution by the UN Security Council:
1) Endorses the formation of Iraq's interim sovereign government and the end of the US-led coalition's occupation by June 30, 2004.
2) Welcomes a proposed timeline for Iraq's political transition, including democratic elections by January 2005.
3) Authorizes the multinational force in Iraq to help maintain security and stability to enable the UN and Iraqis to complete political transition and reconstruction.
The Bush Record 2001-2009 - Policies of the AdministrationJeremy Shih
This document outlines the key policies and initiatives of the Bush Administration from 2001 to 2009. It discusses the administration's focus on protecting America through the global war on terror, transforming the military, strengthening national security, and securing the homeland. Specific policies addressed include removing the Taliban from power in Afghanistan, increasing border security, reforming intelligence sharing, and partnering with other nations against terrorism.
This document outlines the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families. It establishes a framework to protect the human rights of migrant workers and their families. Key aspects include comprehensive definitions of migrant workers and their rights; non-discrimination provisions; protections against exploitation and abuse; and additional rights for documented migrant workers including freedom of movement and equal treatment. States that ratify the convention agree to uphold these standards and ensure remedies for violations of migrant workers' rights.
1) Logo and Polo were engaged in an international armed conflict over territorial disputes. Logo breached international humanitarian law through indiscriminate attacks, using chemical weapons and booby-traps, destroying civilian infrastructure without military necessity, mistreating women and child civilians, and torturing prisoners of war.
2) Specifically, Logo indiscriminately destroyed a dam, employed chemical weapons and booby-traps, demolished a civilian nuclear reactor without justification, raped women and recruited child soldiers, and tortured captured enemy combatants. All of these acts violated principles of distinction between combatants and civilians, prohibitions on unnecessary suffering, and humane treatment of non-combatants.
3) In conclusion,
This document outlines provisions for a constitutional convention to draft a constitution for the Philippines and establish a Commonwealth government. Key points include:
- The Philippine Legislature is authorized to hold a constitutional convention to draft a constitution for an independent Philippine government.
- The constitution must be republican in form, contain a bill of rights, and include provisions maintaining allegiance to the US and reserving certain rights for the US.
- The proposed constitution will be submitted to the US President and Philippine people for approval before a new government can be inaugurated.
- Property owned by the US in the Philippines will transfer to the new Commonwealth government, and trade relations with the US will continue under specified terms for a transition period to
1. The document discusses the sources and evolution of international law regarding the use of force, including customary international law, the UN Charter, and Security Council resolutions.
2. It analyzes key provisions of the UN Charter related to the prohibition on the use of force, collective security, and self-defense. Debate around the interpretation of these provisions is discussed.
3. Examples related to the Iraq war and "responsibility to protect" doctrine are provided to illustrate debates around exceptions to the prohibition on force.
Future challenges to international securityParas Bhutto
The document outlines several structural challenges to international security, including terrorism, cyberterrorism, nuclear proliferation, China's rise, the crisis in the Middle East, corruption, and climate change. It provides details on each challenge, such as how terrorism is difficult to define but has been an effective tactic, how cyberterrorism allows terrorists to wage war in cyberspace, and how climate change will cause global instability and pressure on resources. The conclusion states that the current rapid rate of change outpaces human and state abilities to cope, putting pressure on nation states and potentially fueling issues like terrorism.
nuremberg principle power point presentation fot crimiPrinciples of International Law Recognized in the Charter of the
Nürnberg Tribunal and in the Judgment of the Tribunal
1950nal law
2) international law and the use of force by statesilyana iskandar
This document provides notes on international law regarding the use of force by states. It discusses the prohibition on the use of force under the UN Charter and customary international law, with limited exceptions for self-defense and UN-authorized actions. It examines key cases like Nicaragua v. US that helped establish the restrictive interpretation of self-defense. While unilateral humanitarian intervention is generally prohibited, collective action authorized by the UN Security Council under Chapter VII is allowed. The principles of non-intervention and necessity/proportionality in self-defense are also summarized.
The Council adopted conclusions on Iraq:
1) It reaffirmed its commitment to Iraq's sovereignty and territorial integrity, and expressed concern over deteriorating security and humanitarian situations due to ISIL and other groups.
2) It condemned ISIL attacks and human rights abuses, and welcomed efforts to provide humanitarian aid and investigate crimes against humanity.
3) It supported individual states responding to Kurdish requests to provide military aid, and assessing how to prevent ISIL from benefiting from oil sales or being funded in violation of UNSC resolutions.
4) It welcomed the nomination of a new Prime Minister and called for an inclusive government to address citizens' needs and aspirations.
The document summarizes Guinea's government system. It has a semi-presidential republic system with a president as head of state and prime minister as head of government. The unicameral National Assembly is the legislative body. The president has significant powers but must work with the prime minister and assembly. There are also judicial and local government structures described. The country has faced political instability and transitions of power since independence.
The document outlines the chronology of events in comprehensive immigration reform efforts in the United States from 2001 to 2007. It discusses bills proposed in Congress, mass protests by immigrants' rights groups, and the failure to reach agreement on a final reform package. Key issues included how to address undocumented immigrants, temporary worker programs, border security and interior enforcement.
This document is the Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Act of Thailand from 2007. Some key points:
- It establishes a National Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Committee chaired by the Prime Minister to develop national disaster plans and integrate prevention efforts.
- The Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation is designated as the central government agency responsible for formulating national disaster plans, conducting research, and providing support to other agencies on prevention and mitigation.
- Provincial Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Centers are also established to assist with operations at the local level like training, assessments and emergency response.
This document outlines the process for establishing a constitution and independent government for the Philippine Islands, as authorized by the Philippine Independence Act. It establishes that the Philippine Legislature will call a constitutional convention to draft a constitution, which must be approved by the President of the United States and ratified by the Philippine people in an election. If approved, elections will be held for officers of the new Commonwealth government, and the existing Philippine government will transfer authority to the new government once it is inaugurated. The constitution must contain certain provisions to protect US interests and mandate ongoing economic and political ties before full independence is granted.
Geneva Conventions: Significance and Current ChallengesNilendra Kumar
This document discusses the significance and current challenges of international humanitarian law (IHL). It notes that IHL provides important protections for civilians and the wounded in armed conflicts. However, there are ongoing challenges including the blurring lines between civilians and combatants, ensuring effective implementation on the ground during conflicts, and the increasing role of private security companies. The document also outlines efforts to update IHL commentary and publications, challenges in training and education, and the need for improved dissemination and compliance with IHL.
The document discusses wartime rape and the international laws around it. It provides background on how wartime rape has historically been endemic, committed with impunity, and trivialized in international law. It outlines key precedents like the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia recognizing rape as a crime against humanity. The International Criminal Court is highlighted as the first court to codify rape and sexual violence as war crimes and crimes against humanity in its Rome Statute. However, issues around sovereignty and continued uses of rape in conflicts persist.
Presentation on Provisional Application under Article 45 of the Energy Charter Treaty in light of the recent set aside judgment on 20 April 2016 by the District Court of The Hague.
This resolution by the UN Security Council:
1) Endorses the formation of Iraq's interim sovereign government and the end of the US-led coalition's occupation by June 30, 2004.
2) Welcomes a proposed timeline for Iraq's political transition, including democratic elections by January 2005.
3) Authorizes the multinational force in Iraq to help maintain security and stability to enable the UN and Iraqis to complete political transition and reconstruction.
The Bush Record 2001-2009 - Policies of the AdministrationJeremy Shih
This document outlines the key policies and initiatives of the Bush Administration from 2001 to 2009. It discusses the administration's focus on protecting America through the global war on terror, transforming the military, strengthening national security, and securing the homeland. Specific policies addressed include removing the Taliban from power in Afghanistan, increasing border security, reforming intelligence sharing, and partnering with other nations against terrorism.
This document outlines the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families. It establishes a framework to protect the human rights of migrant workers and their families. Key aspects include comprehensive definitions of migrant workers and their rights; non-discrimination provisions; protections against exploitation and abuse; and additional rights for documented migrant workers including freedom of movement and equal treatment. States that ratify the convention agree to uphold these standards and ensure remedies for violations of migrant workers' rights.
1) Logo and Polo were engaged in an international armed conflict over territorial disputes. Logo breached international humanitarian law through indiscriminate attacks, using chemical weapons and booby-traps, destroying civilian infrastructure without military necessity, mistreating women and child civilians, and torturing prisoners of war.
2) Specifically, Logo indiscriminately destroyed a dam, employed chemical weapons and booby-traps, demolished a civilian nuclear reactor without justification, raped women and recruited child soldiers, and tortured captured enemy combatants. All of these acts violated principles of distinction between combatants and civilians, prohibitions on unnecessary suffering, and humane treatment of non-combatants.
3) In conclusion,
This document outlines provisions for a constitutional convention to draft a constitution for the Philippines and establish a Commonwealth government. Key points include:
- The Philippine Legislature is authorized to hold a constitutional convention to draft a constitution for an independent Philippine government.
- The constitution must be republican in form, contain a bill of rights, and include provisions maintaining allegiance to the US and reserving certain rights for the US.
- The proposed constitution will be submitted to the US President and Philippine people for approval before a new government can be inaugurated.
- Property owned by the US in the Philippines will transfer to the new Commonwealth government, and trade relations with the US will continue under specified terms for a transition period to
1. The document discusses the sources and evolution of international law regarding the use of force, including customary international law, the UN Charter, and Security Council resolutions.
2. It analyzes key provisions of the UN Charter related to the prohibition on the use of force, collective security, and self-defense. Debate around the interpretation of these provisions is discussed.
3. Examples related to the Iraq war and "responsibility to protect" doctrine are provided to illustrate debates around exceptions to the prohibition on force.
Future challenges to international securityParas Bhutto
The document outlines several structural challenges to international security, including terrorism, cyberterrorism, nuclear proliferation, China's rise, the crisis in the Middle East, corruption, and climate change. It provides details on each challenge, such as how terrorism is difficult to define but has been an effective tactic, how cyberterrorism allows terrorists to wage war in cyberspace, and how climate change will cause global instability and pressure on resources. The conclusion states that the current rapid rate of change outpaces human and state abilities to cope, putting pressure on nation states and potentially fueling issues like terrorism.
nuremberg principle power point presentation fot crimiPrinciples of International Law Recognized in the Charter of the
Nürnberg Tribunal and in the Judgment of the Tribunal
1950nal law
2) international law and the use of force by statesilyana iskandar
This document provides notes on international law regarding the use of force by states. It discusses the prohibition on the use of force under the UN Charter and customary international law, with limited exceptions for self-defense and UN-authorized actions. It examines key cases like Nicaragua v. US that helped establish the restrictive interpretation of self-defense. While unilateral humanitarian intervention is generally prohibited, collective action authorized by the UN Security Council under Chapter VII is allowed. The principles of non-intervention and necessity/proportionality in self-defense are also summarized.
The Council adopted conclusions on Iraq:
1) It reaffirmed its commitment to Iraq's sovereignty and territorial integrity, and expressed concern over deteriorating security and humanitarian situations due to ISIL and other groups.
2) It condemned ISIL attacks and human rights abuses, and welcomed efforts to provide humanitarian aid and investigate crimes against humanity.
3) It supported individual states responding to Kurdish requests to provide military aid, and assessing how to prevent ISIL from benefiting from oil sales or being funded in violation of UNSC resolutions.
4) It welcomed the nomination of a new Prime Minister and called for an inclusive government to address citizens' needs and aspirations.
This document provides an overview of Chile's government system. It describes Chile as a representative democratic republic with an elected president and bicameral legislature. The president acts as both head of state and head of government, appointing ministers. The legislature consists of a lower Chamber of Deputies and upper Senate. Elections for president and deputies use proportional representation systems. The judiciary and constitutional framework are also summarized.
I talk about the government system of Equatorial Guinea, a small country found in Africa. I go over its system from executive to legislative and how the electoral system operates.
I talk about the government system of Ethiopia from executive to legislative and how elections work in a country that was once run by a great African monarchy.
The document summarizes the government system of El Salvador. It describes El Salvador as a presidential representative republic with an executive branch led by a president and legislative branch consisting of a unicameral Legislative Assembly. Key points include that the president acts as both head of state and head of government, appoints ministers, commands the armed forces, and can declare states of emergency. The Legislative Assembly passes laws, approves the budget and international treaties, and elects certain officials. Elections take place every 3-5 years via proportional representation.
Ecuador has a presidential republic system of government with a president as both head of state and head of government. The unicameral National Assembly is the legislative body. Citizens can participate directly in governance through initiatives to propose legislation or constitutional amendments requiring a percentage of voter signatures. They can also recall elected officials through a referendum.
Grenada is a parliamentary representative democracy and Commonwealth realm. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, represented by a Governor-General. The head of government is the Prime Minister. Parliament is bicameral, consisting of a directly elected 15-seat House of Representatives and a 13-seat Senate appointed by the Governor-General. Grenada gained independence from Britain in 1974 and has a population of around 113,000 people.
Cuba has a one-party communist system led by the Communist Party of Cuba. The President is the head of state and chief diplomat but holds less power than the First Secretary of the Communist Party. The National Assembly is the unicameral legislature, whose members are elected through a multi-round system by local committees dominated by the Communist Party. The Council of Ministers, led by the Prime Minister, acts as the executive branch and is responsible for implementing policies set by the National Assembly. Elections occur every five years for the National Assembly and top leadership positions.
The Problem with School Uniforms and the Possible FixesCharlie
I talk about how school uniforms can be disruptive for autistic people and people with learning disabilities and look into what can be done to improve the situation.
The Possible Implications of Sky AdvertisingCharlie
1. A Candy Crush advertisement displayed in the sky over New York City using drones sparked discussion about the potential implications of sky advertising.
2. Regulations currently focus on drone safety and security, but sky advertising is new and unregulated. Advertisers may be interested in using colorful, moving light shows at night to reach massive audiences.
3. Regulations could be needed to limit when and where sky ads occur to prevent overcommercialization of the night sky and impacts on wildlife, while also addressing citizen concerns about losing clear night skies.
The document summarizes Montenegro's complex governmental system and history. Montenegro is a semi-presidential parliamentary republic with a directly elected president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. The country has experienced various rulers throughout its history, including being part of the Ottoman Empire, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Montenegro declared independence in 2006 and now has a multi-party parliamentary system within a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic.
1. The document discusses 7 simple things the author learned about JavaScript, including that JavaScript engines like V8 and SpiderMonkey power different browsers, languages can transpile to JavaScript, the ECMA-262 specification defines JavaScript, Firefox and Chrome have the best developer tools, the <script> tag inserts JavaScript into HTML, semicolons end statements but can be omitted, and strict mode was introduced to handle changes to the language.
Looking into COBOL and Being Serious About itCharlie
I talk about the OG COBOL programming language and explain how its still more prevalent than you probably realise. I go over its history, things it was used for, and how it continues in the modern world.
I go over some useful and fun browser website tools that can be used to do things like get videos, video conversion to other formats, search, and a website full of OSINT tools.
I talk about how getting lower grades in school does not mean you have to settle for less. School is not for everyone and we can create our own pathways.
Tim Berners-Lee Inventor of the World Wide WebCharlie
A blog post adapted from my presentation about Tim Berners-Lee who invented the world wide web. Goes over the history and some other information on Tim Berners-Lee.
British Virgin Islands Enquiry Asks for Direct Rule from BritainCharlie
I talk about the prospect of direct rule for the British Virgin Islands following a corruption enquiry and arrest of their Premier. I also look into what happened with the Turks and Caicos Islands when they were under direct rule.
I give an overview of the 2022 local elections that are happening later this week. This includes all of the council/local authority elections, mayoral elections, and the assembly election in Northern Ireland.
Britains 5 Original National Free-to-Air Television ChannelsCharlie
I look into the five national british television channels, BBC One and Two, ITV, Channel 4 and Channel 5. Includes their founding, history, setup, structure and how each managed to be successful.
Unemployment Among People with Autism is a Systemic Problem not an Individual...Charlie
I talk about how the unemployment issue among people with Autism is clearly a systemic issue and not an individual's issue alone. I highlight many of the common issues and barriers people with Autism face with employment and as a result many give up or try a more unconventional path.
How I Once Ran a Successful Facebook Page The Rise and FallCharlie
I talk about how I once ran a successful community-focused social media page that includes what I think I did right and wrong. I also talk about how and why it eventually came to an end.
The Weekly Update 1 TV Channel Blog Post Short Blogs and MoreCharlie
The first in the regular Weekly Update series for The Weekly Rambler blog. Goes over misc topics and gives information on what is happening with the blog and its content on a weekly basis.
A Look at Dark Items 4 The Binding of Isaac A Lump of Coal and KrampusCharlie
I look into the darkness and origins behind the Alpine folkloric being that is Krampus and I also look into the origins of why coal for Christmas is now a negative thing.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
1. May 5,
2020
The Government System of the Republic of Cyprus
theweeklyrambler.com/the-government-system-of-the-republic-of-cyprus/
Cyprus is an island nation found in the Eastern Mediterranean, not far from the coasts of
Turkey, Syria and Lebanon. The country’s capital Nicosia is found in the islands central
north-east, sitting upon the disputed border between Cyprus and the section of the
island that is currently occupied by Turkey.
The earliest known human activity has been traced all the way back to the 10th
Millennium BC. In the 2nd Millennium BC the island was settled by Mycenean Greeks.
Due to the islands strategic location it has changed hands between numerous major
powers over its long history, with the first being the Assyrians, Egyptian and Persian
powers before the island was taken by Alexander the Great in 333 BC.
Further rule of the island was had by Ptolemaic Egypt, the Classical and Eastern Roman
Empires, Arab caliphates, the French Lusignan dynasty, the Venetians and then finally
over three centuries of Ottoman rule from 1571. As can be seen the island has been
through a lot.
The Cyprus Convention agreed between the United Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire
gave the United Kingdom secret administration of Cyprus from 1878 and Cyprus was
formally annexed by the United Kingdom in 1914 and became British Cyprus. During the
1950s the island became increasingly divided between the Greek Cypriot population in
the south and the Turkish Cypriot population in the north, with the north wanting to
become a Turkish state, with some leaders also advocating for its annexation, meanwhile
the south wanted union with Greece, which became a Greek national policy during that
time.
1/12
2. The divisions hit a boiling point in 1955 when a Greek Cypriot Right-Wing nationalist
group begun an armed campaign to end British colonial rule and unify Cyprus with
Greece, in response the Turkish Cypriots formed a resistance group that aimed for
partition of Cyprus, aiming to make a Turkish north and Greek south. This period from
1955 to 1959 was known as the Cyprus Emergency and it lead to the London-Zurich
Agreement that gave the island independence as the Republic of Cyprus but did not
partition the island between Greece and Turkey, the agreement did allow Britain to
maintain Akrotiri and Dhekelia as overseas territories on the island which they still hold
today used for military bases and installations.
Despite this, tensions remained and the crisis boiled over again in the mid-1960s
bringing inter-communal violence between Greek and Turkish Cypriots, displacing 10s of
thousands of Turkish Cypriots and bringing an end to their representation in the
Republic. Then in July 1974 a coup was staged by Greek Cypriot nationalists and some
elements of Greek Military junta in an attempt to unify Cyprus with Greece, which led to
Turkey invading the island on 20th July.
The crisis displaced many 10s of thousands on both sides and led to Northern Cyprus
being annexed under Turkish control in 1983 (widely unrecognized by the international
community) after a ceasefire failed, with the south of the country remaining an
independent republic.
The official languages are Greek and Turkish and the largest religion (on the Republic of
Cyprus side) is Eastern Orthodoxy (Islam is the largest religion in occupied North). The
Republic of Cyprus uses the Euro as its currency while the occupied north uses the
Turkish lira. The island population is estimated to reach 1,266,676 by July 2020 according
to the CIA World Factbook.
Government Type
2/12
3. Republic of Cyprus Coat of Arms. CC BY-SA 4.0.Source.
The Republic of Cyprus is a unitary presidential representative republic where it has a
President as both Head of State and Head of Government and there is a unicameral
chamber of parliament that makes up the legislative government. Multiple parties are
allowed.
Executive Government
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4. Presidential Palace. Photo by Republicofkazai from Wikimedia. CC BY-SA 3.0.Source.
As already said there is a single leader who is President and as Head of State they
represent the country abroad in both international and foreign affairs and as Head of
Government and the President has many powers to control, organize and manage
governmental affairs and influence general government policy.
Per the constitution there is meant to be a vice-president who is a Turkish Cypriot, but
this post has been vacant ever since the occupation of Northern Cyprus, the Vice-
President was also meant to appoint three Turkish Cypriots to the government cabinet as
well.
As per the constitution the President is a Greek Cypriot.
The constitution splits up the population between a Greek Cypriot community and
Turkish Cypriot community with provisions allowing processes to switch communities, of
course for now this is basically void as long as the north is occupied, but it remains in
place for whenever it can come fully into force if the island one day reunifies.
Presidential Absence
If there is temporary absence or incapacity of the President, then the President of the
House of Representatives (the unicameral parliament) will temporarily step up to act as
President. If there is permanent vacancy then the President of the House of
Representatives will act as President until new elections elect a new President.
International and Foreign Affairs
As Head of State the President in the capacity of representing the country in diplomatic
and foreign affairs will sign credentials of appointed diplomatic envoys and receive
credentials of foreign diplomatic envoys. The President also signs credentials of
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5. appointed delegates for negotiations of international treaties, conventions or
agreements, or for the signing of treaties, conventions or agreements that have been
already negotiated.
Council of Ministers
There is a Council of Ministers that is appointed by the President (seven Greek Cypriot
Ministers) and is also meant to have three Turkish Cypriot members appointed by the
Vice-President of which at least one of those Turkish Cypriot members would take the
post of either the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Defence or the Ministry of
Finance, although the President and Vice-President can instead agree to a system of
rotation. But of course, due to the current situation this system is not currently actively in
place, and so members are appointed by the President.
The Council of Ministers exercises the governments executive power and each minister
runs an essential department of the government. Decisions in the Council of Ministers
are made by an absolute majority vote of its members and unless vetoed by the
President (of where right of veto exists) are instead promulgated by the President. The
President and the Council of Ministers are responsible to the House of Representatives.
The Council of Ministers have general direction and control of government and set the
direction of general policy, foreign affairs, defense, security, co-ordination and
supervision of all public services, supervision and disposition of public property; consider
Minister’s bills to be introduced to the House of Representatives; making of orders and
regulations for carrying into effect of laws passed by the House of Representatives and
finally consideration of the State Budget to be introduced to the House of
Representatives.
Ministers in the Council of Ministers cannot sit as a representative in the House of
Representatives and cannot hold any other public office while their tenure as minister
lasts.
Other Presidential Powers
The President’s other powers (that are meant to be shared jointly with the Vice-president
but aren’t due to the current situation) include creation and establishment of honours of
the republic; promulgation of a law or decision passed by the House of Representatives
(with the President having right of final veto concerning foreign affairs, defence or
security); reduction or increase in security forces; powers to pardon and commute
sentences and address of messages to the House of Representatives.
The President alone designates and terminates Greek ministers; convening and
presiding over meetings of the Council of Ministers and taking part in discussions but
without a casting vote; determines agenda of Council of Ministers meetings and the right
to return law bills or decisions of the House of Representatives for a second opinion and
return of the State Budget.
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6. The President and Vice-President are meant to jointly appoint an Auditor-General,
Deputy Auditor-General and Governor and Deputy Governor of the Issuing Bank of the
Republic and a Accountant-General and Deputy Accountant-General, with each category
having one who is a Greek Cypriot and other who is a Turkish Cypriot and so I can only
assume the Deputy positions are vacant.
Legislative and Council of Ministers Right of Veto
So as stated the President has the right of veto on legislation and decisions passed by
the House of Representatives and Council of Ministers on foreign affairs, this does not
include participation in international organisations and pacts of alliance in which Greece
and Turkey both participate in. But it does include veto on things such as state
recognition, declaration of war or making peace, setting up of consular offices, pretty
much anything in diplomatic affairs, conclusion of international treaties and agreements
and so on.
In the right to veto on legislation or decisions concerning defence this includes things
such as composition and size of armed forces; promotions; important war materials and
explosives of all kinds and cession of bases and other facilities in allied countries.
And finally, in the right to veto on legislation or decisions concerning security this
includes things such as promotions; distribution and stationing of forces; emergency
measures, martial law and police laws.
The President can also return any other legislation or decision back to the House of
Representatives if disagreed with it in part or in full for a second consultation. But if the
House of Representatives pass returned legislation and decisions again unchanged then
they must be promulgated, this is also true for decisions of the Council of Ministers.
Legislative Government
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7. The House of Representatives is located in the capital city, Nicosia. Photo by ChrisSavid from
Wikimedia. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source.
The House of Representatives is the single unicameral chamber of parliament that
makes up the Republic of Cyprus’ legislative government. The House of Representatives
are meant to have 80 members (originally 50 as stated in constitution but this number
can be changed via a resolution carried by a two-third majority, which again would have
also included two-third majorities of each Greek and Turkish Cypriot community
representatives as well, but I again assume the process is altered in the current
situation).
So, there are meant to be 80 members but only 56 seats are occupied as the others are
reserved for Turkish Cypriot representatives which are vacant due to the current
situation. 70% of seats are elected by Greek Cypriots and the other 30% are meant to be
elected by Turkish Cypriots.
House President and Bureau
After elections the President of the House of Representatives will be a Greek Cypriot
elected by the Greek Cypriot representatives (and the vice-president of the house which
is currently vacant would be a Turkish Cypriot who is elected by Turkish Cypriot
representatives). If temporary absence occurs then the President of the House is held by
the eldest member of the respective Cypriot community, unless that Cypriot
Community’s representatives decide otherwise. There are four Greek Clerks appointed
by the President of the House, there would also be two Turkish Clerks as well appointed
by the vice-president, but again, vacant.
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8. The President of the House regulates debate, organizes session agenda, opens and
closes sessions, announces next session with consent of House and also makes sure
House rules are followed and abided by.
House of Representative Duties and Functions
The main job of the House of Representatives is to introduce, debate, amend, pass or
reject legislation, resolutions and decisions and to debate on and pass the state budget.
A number of committees exist for the purposes of legislation readings, introduction and
other functions, there is a Committee of Selection which would have reserved seats for
Greek and Turkish representation and these members would select the members of the
other committees giving a fair representation for both communities (of course though,
this is currently not fully in function and only Greek Cypriots are being selected, which
means a lot of vacancies).
Both representatives and the Council of Ministers can introduce legislation and
resolutions to the House of Representatives (but representatives cannot introduce an
increase in budgetary expenditure).
Sessions of Parliament are open to the public but can be held in secret via a three-
quarter majority vote.
The House of Representatives can dissolve itself for early elections by an absolute
majority vote (which would also require at least a one-third majority vote of Turkish
Cypriot members if they were present). Elections in this case would elect members only
to serve out the rest of the current parliamentary term and would not refresh the
parliamentary term for another 5-year term.
Communal Chambers (Vacant)
Note that there are also meant to be communal chambers separate from the House of
Representatives that represent the individual Greek and Turkish Cypriot communities,
but again this isn’t in operation due to the current situation but the provisions remain in
place if unification ever happens. The Communal Chambers have special powers
reserved to them that allow to challenge or change decisions of the House of
Representatives that pertain to a Cypriot community’s interests and concerns as laid out
by the constitution.
Since it isn’t in operations and there is no reason to suspect it will be anytime soon, I am
not going to put any further information on it for now.
Judicial System
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9. Supreme Court of Justice. Photo by CourtCyprus on Wikimedia. CC BY-SA 3.0.Source.
Head of State Removal
The President can be prosecuted for high treason or an offence that involves dishonesty
or moral turpitude, put forth by the Attorney-General and Deputy Attorney-General
before the High Court upon a resolution of the House of Representatives carried by a
three-fourths majority. While the President is being prosecuted, they will be suspended
from office, if charged they will be removed from office.
Attorney-General
The Attorney-General and Deputy Attorney-General are meant to be jointly appointed by
the President and Vice-President with one being a Greek Cypriot and the other a Turkish
Cypriot, so I can only assume that the Deputy is likely vacant. Those appointed must be
qualified to be appointed as a judge on the High Court.
Supreme Court
There is a Supreme Constitutional Court that is meant to be jointly appointed by the
President and Vice-President, with their being one Greek Cypriot Judge, a Turkish Cypriot
Judge (assumed vacant) and a neutral Judge, with the neutral Judge being President of
the Supreme Constitutional Court, the neutral judge cannot be a citizen of Greece,
Turkey or the United Kingdom and the Colonies.
The President (and Vice-President and Communal Chambers) or the House of
Representatives or any other organ of, or authority in the Republic, if involved such
conflict or contest can ask for Recourse.
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10. High Court of Justice
The High Court of Justice is meant to be jointly appointed President of the Republic and
the Vice-President of the Republic, appointing two Greek Cypriot Judges, one Turkish
Cypriot Judge (assumed vacant) and a neutral Judge who is President of the High Court of
Justice (and has two votes). Again the neutral Judge cannot be a citizen of Turkey, Greece
or of the United Kingdom and its Colonies.
Electoral System
Image by Ufo karadagli from Wikimedia. CC BY 3.0.Source.
Presidential elections happen every 5-years using a two-round system where a candidate
requires an absolute majority to win in the first round, if no candidate reaches that
threshold then a 2nd round is held between the top two candidates which is won by
simple majority.
To be a candidate for president one must be a citizen of the Republic, be at least 35-
years or older, to have not been convicted of an offense that involves dishonesty or
moral turpitude and to not be under disqualification from any electoral office due to
electoral offense. The candidate must also not be suffering from a mental disease that
incapacitates them from acting as President.
Parliamentary elections happen every 5-years.
Members are elected from multi-seat constituencies using a proportional representation
and preferential voting system. Greek Cypriots elects the 70% of seats held by Greek
Cypriots representatives while the other 30% are meant to be elected by Turkish
Cypriots, which of course isn’t currently happening.
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11. To be a candidate for parliament one must be a citizen of the Republic who is at least 25-
years or older, who has not been convicted of an offense that involves honesty and
moral turpitude and not under a disqualification imposed by a court for electoral offense
and must not have a mental disease that incapacitates them from acting as a
representative.
To vote in elections one must be a citizen of the Republic who is at least 18-years-old
meeting residential qualifications prescribed by the Electoral Law. Under a unified state
Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots would be sorted into separate electoral lists for their
respective elections. Voting is not mandatory.
Sources
My sources are from the country’s 1960 constitution with amendments through to 2013
(a pdf from constituteproject.org), note that there has been three subsequent
amendments not yet incorporated into that version but that are not entirely effecting the
structure of this post, and the information is still as accurate as possible, but you should
still do cross-research as I may have misinterpreted some things and also the
constitution can change at any time again and so this may eventually become outdated
to the point where information isn’t as accurate as possible.
The three amendments are as follows…
A 2015 amendments that sets up an Administrative Court.
An April 2016 amendment that amended Article 15, so that quoted from source… “so
that transparency in public life or the undertaking of measures against corruption be
included in the reasons for which it is acceptable under the law to intervene in the
exercise of the right to private and family life, in order to enable the adoption of a law for
the compulsory publication and control of the assets of state officers.”
And finally, an amendment on September 2016 that abolished the death penalty.
Source Here for the above amendments.
Other information on population is from the CIA World Factbook Cyprus entry.
Constitutional Amendments are proposed by the House of Representatives and require
a two-third majority vote to pass as it currently stands, if the Turkish members were also
present and their seats not vacant then the amendment would also need a two-third
majority from them as well.
Next up will be the government system of the Czech Republic (Czechia).
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