This resolution by the UN Security Council:
1) Endorses the formation of Iraq's interim sovereign government and the end of the US-led coalition's occupation by June 30, 2004.
2) Welcomes a proposed timeline for Iraq's political transition, including democratic elections by January 2005.
3) Authorizes the multinational force in Iraq to help maintain security and stability to enable the UN and Iraqis to complete political transition and reconstruction.
Pakistan adopted the Government of India Act of 1935 as an interim constitution after independence in 1947. Quaid-e-Azam sought to frame a comprehensive constitution but faced difficulties due to other pressing issues. The first constituent assembly passed the Objectives Resolution in 1949, outlining Pakistan as a democratic Islamic republic. After several amendments and martial laws, the Constitution of 1973 was approved, establishing a parliamentary system. It has since faced multiple amendments that have altered the balance of power between civilian and military institutions.
Constitutional Development of Pakistan since 1947 to the Present !Mah Noor
Pakistan adopted an interim constitution based on the Government of India Act of 1935 after its creation in 1947. Quaid-e-Azam sought to establish a permanent constitution but faced many challenges. The Objectives Resolution of 1949 established Pakistan as a democratic Islamic republic. The Constitution of 1956 established Pakistan as an Islamic republic with a parliamentary system. However, it was abrogated in 1958. Subsequent constitutions in 1962 and 1973 established different systems of government and amended Islamic provisions, but the 1973 constitution remains in place today despite several amendments.
- In 1940, the Muslim League passed the Pakistan Resolution demanding an independent Muslim state of Pakistan. This came after the failure of negotiations between the Congress and the British over granting independence to India.
- The Mountbatten Plan of 1947 provided for the partition of British India into two independent dominions - India and Pakistan. It set June 30th, 1947 as the deadline for the transfer of power and established boundary commissions to divide the provinces of Bengal and Punjab between the two new states.
- The Indian Independence Act, passed in July 1947, formally implemented the partition. It established the two new independent dominions of India and Pakistan within the British Commonwealth and specified that the governments would be led by governors general until new constit
This document provides an overview of the constitutional development of Pakistan. It discusses the key documents that served as interim constitutions, including the Indian Independence Act of 1947 and the Government of India Act of 1935. It then summarizes the three main constitutions of Pakistan that were passed in 1956, 1962, and 1973, highlighting some of their main features. It also lists the Governors-General, Presidents, and Prime Ministers of Pakistan and provides brief biographies.
Constitutions and political crisis in pakistan (1947-2014)Tallat Satti
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1947-56)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1957-72)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1973-88)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1989-2000)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan(2001-2014)
This document summarizes the major political events in Pakistan from 1947 to 1958. During this period, Pakistan experienced leadership changes as it transitioned from its founding as an independent nation under Jinnah to periods under various prime ministers and governors-general. Key events included the Kashmir crisis in 1948, the Objectives Resolution in 1949 establishing Islam as the guiding principle, and the establishment of the One Unit system in 1955. The first constitution was introduced in 1956, though martial law was declared in 1958 under Ayub Khan.
The document summarizes Pakistani political history from 1988-2008, including periods of democratic rule and military rule. It discusses the tenures of Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif as Prime Ministers from 1988-1990, 1990-1993, 1993-1996, and 1997-1999. It also covers the military rule of Pervez Musharraf from 1999-2007. Key events included Zia-ul-Haq's death in 1988, various elections and dismissals of Bhutto and Sharif's governments, and periods of caretaker rule.
Pakistan adopted the Government of India Act of 1935 as an interim constitution after independence in 1947. Quaid-e-Azam sought to frame a comprehensive constitution but faced difficulties due to other pressing issues. The first constituent assembly passed the Objectives Resolution in 1949, outlining Pakistan as a democratic Islamic republic. After several amendments and martial laws, the Constitution of 1973 was approved, establishing a parliamentary system. It has since faced multiple amendments that have altered the balance of power between civilian and military institutions.
Constitutional Development of Pakistan since 1947 to the Present !Mah Noor
Pakistan adopted an interim constitution based on the Government of India Act of 1935 after its creation in 1947. Quaid-e-Azam sought to establish a permanent constitution but faced many challenges. The Objectives Resolution of 1949 established Pakistan as a democratic Islamic republic. The Constitution of 1956 established Pakistan as an Islamic republic with a parliamentary system. However, it was abrogated in 1958. Subsequent constitutions in 1962 and 1973 established different systems of government and amended Islamic provisions, but the 1973 constitution remains in place today despite several amendments.
- In 1940, the Muslim League passed the Pakistan Resolution demanding an independent Muslim state of Pakistan. This came after the failure of negotiations between the Congress and the British over granting independence to India.
- The Mountbatten Plan of 1947 provided for the partition of British India into two independent dominions - India and Pakistan. It set June 30th, 1947 as the deadline for the transfer of power and established boundary commissions to divide the provinces of Bengal and Punjab between the two new states.
- The Indian Independence Act, passed in July 1947, formally implemented the partition. It established the two new independent dominions of India and Pakistan within the British Commonwealth and specified that the governments would be led by governors general until new constit
This document provides an overview of the constitutional development of Pakistan. It discusses the key documents that served as interim constitutions, including the Indian Independence Act of 1947 and the Government of India Act of 1935. It then summarizes the three main constitutions of Pakistan that were passed in 1956, 1962, and 1973, highlighting some of their main features. It also lists the Governors-General, Presidents, and Prime Ministers of Pakistan and provides brief biographies.
Constitutions and political crisis in pakistan (1947-2014)Tallat Satti
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1947-56)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1957-72)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1973-88)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1989-2000)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan(2001-2014)
This document summarizes the major political events in Pakistan from 1947 to 1958. During this period, Pakistan experienced leadership changes as it transitioned from its founding as an independent nation under Jinnah to periods under various prime ministers and governors-general. Key events included the Kashmir crisis in 1948, the Objectives Resolution in 1949 establishing Islam as the guiding principle, and the establishment of the One Unit system in 1955. The first constitution was introduced in 1956, though martial law was declared in 1958 under Ayub Khan.
The document summarizes Pakistani political history from 1988-2008, including periods of democratic rule and military rule. It discusses the tenures of Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif as Prime Ministers from 1988-1990, 1990-1993, 1993-1996, and 1997-1999. It also covers the military rule of Pervez Musharraf from 1999-2007. Key events included Zia-ul-Haq's death in 1988, various elections and dismissals of Bhutto and Sharif's governments, and periods of caretaker rule.
Struggle for Rights and Reforms in Pakistan Tribal Areas (Nov 2014 Report)fatanews
Link: http://bit.ly/fatareport | As Printed in the November 2014 Report: FATA Faces FATA Voices.
Shackled for more than one hundred years under an outdated British law, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan has been plagued by instability extending well beyond its colonial-era border with Afghanistan. Excluded from essential provisions of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the tribal areas are administered through a legal and administrative regulation known as the Frontier Crimes Regulation (FCR), originally imposed in 1901. No act of the Parliament of Pakistan applies to FATA unless extended by special orders from the President of Pakistan. Furthermore and despite the continuous struggle of the people there, FATA enjoys no elected representation at local or provincial levels, and until 1996 tribal citizens had no universal voting rights in elections for the National Assembly of Pakistan.
This document is a letter from the Government of Pakistan to the President of the UN Security Council requesting an immediate meeting to discuss the situation in Jammu and Kashmir. It summarizes recent actions by the Indian government that violate UN resolutions protecting Kashmir's autonomous status, including changing titles of government leaders and purging Muslim officials. It describes massive protests by Kashmiri Muslims against these actions and the theft of a sacred Muslim relic, seeing them as expressing frustration against the Indian annexation of their homeland in defiance of their right to self-determination.
The document summarizes the powers and role of the President of the Philippines. It discusses that the President is both head of state and head of government, elected by direct vote for a six-year term. It outlines the qualifications to become President and notes there have been 16 Presidents since 1899. It then details the specific powers granted to the President by the Constitution and Administrative Code, including control over the executive branch, power to issue executive orders, powers over aliens, and powers of eminent domain.
1) Pakistan faced many difficulties after its creation in 1947, including framing a comprehensive constitution. Quaid-e-Azam began this process but had to delay due to other issues.
2) The first constituent assembly passed the Objectives Resolution in 1949, outlining Pakistan as a democratic Islamic republic.
3) Pakistan's first constitution was passed in 1956, establishing a parliamentary republic. However, it was abrogated in 1958 after just two years.
4) Subsequent constitutions were passed in 1962 and 1973, with the latter establishing the current parliamentary system of government. It has since undergone several amendments.
This document contains the findings of an independent commission of inquiry established by the UN Human Rights Council to investigate violations of international law in the Occupied Palestinian Territory during Israeli military operations from June to August 2014. The commission was not granted access to Israel or the Occupied Territory, but received cooperation from Palestine and testimony from victims via technology. The commission applied international humanitarian law, human rights law, and criminal law to examine allegations of violations and their impact. It makes recommendations to strengthen protections for civilians and ensure accountability.
This document provides a history of Pakistan's political leadership and constitutional developments from 1947 to 2008. It summarizes the country's prime ministers, presidents, martial laws, and constitutions. Key events include the Objectives Resolution of 1949, the constitutions of 1956, 1962, and 1973, and amendments made over time. Election processes for the National Assembly and Senate are also outlined.
This document is the interim constitution of Thailand established in 2006 after a military coup. It outlines the basic governing framework including that Thailand is a unitary kingdom with the King as head of state. It establishes a temporary National Legislative Assembly to perform the functions of parliament, appointed by the King, consisting of no more than 250 members. The constitution grants basic human rights and outlines the process for enacting laws through the National Legislative Assembly.
The document summarizes the constitutional development of Pakistan from its inception to the present 1973 constitution. It outlines the key principles and features of Pakistan's constitutions in 1956, 1962, and 1973. The 1956 constitution established Pakistan as an Islamic republic with a parliamentary system but was never implemented due to martial law. The 1962 constitution established a presidential system that was also abrogated in 1969. The current 1973 constitution returned to a parliamentary democracy and included provisions for fundamental rights and an independent judiciary.
The Supreme Court of the Philippines issued an advisory for the oral arguments scheduled on October 8, 2013 concerning three consolidated cases challenging the constitutionality of the Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF) and presidential pork barrel funds. The Court outlined procedural issues and substantive issues to be discussed, allocated 30 minutes for each side to present arguments, and required petitioners and respondents to coordinate on presenting lawyers and issues. The Solicitor General was directed to bring budget and congressional representatives to answer questions, and the Commission on Audit chairperson was appointed as amicus curiae.
The Objectives Resolution was passed by Pakistan's first Constituent Assembly in 1949 under the leadership of Liaquat Ali Khan. It laid out the founding principles for Pakistan's future constitutions, including that sovereignty belongs to Allah, the people would exercise political authority, and the principles of democracy, freedom and social justice as outlined in Islam would be followed. However, it was opposed by some minority leaders who felt it blurred the separation of religion and politics. After significant debate, the resolution was adopted with most Muslims in favor and non-Muslims opposing. It helped establish an Islamic ideological foundation for Pakistan but also created divisions and doubts among religious minorities.
Constitutional development of Pakistan since 1947Shahzaib Chadhar
Pakistan has had four constitutions since its independence in 1947. The 1956 constitution established Pakistan as an Islamic republic and parliamentary democracy. Martial law was imposed in 1958, replacing the 1956 constitution with General Ayub Khan's 1962 constitution, which established a presidential system. The 1973 constitution restored parliamentary democracy but was amended under Zia-ul-Haq to strengthen Islamization. It has since faced multiple amendments altering the balance of power between civilian and military institutions.
The document discusses changes made to India's constitution regarding the declaration of national emergencies. It notes that in 1975 the president could declare emergency on the advice of the prime minister alone, but this was amended in 1977 to require advice from the full council of ministers. The approval process in parliament was also strengthened, requiring a special majority rather than simple majority. Additionally, the 1977 amendments ensured certain fundamental rights could not be curtailed during internal emergencies and gave parliament a role in revoking emergencies passed by simple majority.
1) In 1949, Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan introduced the Objectives Resolution in the Constituent Assembly, which outlined principles for Pakistan's future constitution based on Islamic ideology rather than European models.
2) The Resolution proclaimed that sovereignty belongs to God alone, but is delegated to the state through the people, and that the constitution would ensure democracy, equality, social justice and freedom as described in the Quran and Hadith.
3) It also guaranteed fundamental rights and an independent judiciary, and that Pakistan would be a federation that protects religious freedom and culture for minorities.
This is a careful study done, not to deceive anyone, but to bring out the facts and educate the common man about it. Whatever be your political inclination, these facts can be either taken or rejected, as pleasing ones beliefs. They do not stand to alter, the facts which I have learnt through this study. Surely, some political class in the country, has chosen to take full use of the uninterested and biased, the appeased and the leftists, to create a false rhetoric, that CAA stands to expel a perticular community from India and is anti-community for them.
Overview of objective resolution under constitution of pakistanSHeikh Muhammad Adnan
The document provides an overview of the Objectives Resolution under the Constitution of Pakistan as presented by Dr. Sheikh Muhammad Adnan. The key points are:
- The Objectives Resolution was passed in 1949 and laid down principles for the future constitution, including that sovereignty belongs to Allah and the state shall observe the principles of democracy, freedom and justice as outlined in Islam.
- It proclaimed Pakistan would not follow a purely Western constitutional model but would incorporate Islamic ideology and principles of democracy.
- The Resolution has faced criticism for merging religion and politics and not guaranteeing equal treatment of all religions. However, supporters argue it allows democracy within Islamic limits.
- It was later added to the constitutions of 1956
What are the salient features of the Objective Resolution ?
What is the worth of Objective Resolution in Pakistan’s Political and constituent history?
Attributes of the Objective Resolution
Worth of Objective Resolution
Legal issues in the united nations compensation commission on iraqAlexander Decker
This document summarizes the legal issues surrounding the United Nations Compensation Commission (UNCC) established after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990. The UNCC was unprecedented as the first war reparations body established by the UN Security Council under Chapter VII to make reparations mandatory for an aggressor state. While similar to past reparations bodies, the UNCC's operations violated Iraq's sovereignty by subjecting its entire economy to international control. The document concludes that despite flaws, the UNCC model could serve as a template for future compensation schemes.
1) The UN Security Council establishes the United Nations Integrated Office in Burundi (BINUB) for an initial period of 12 months to support the newly elected government in consolidating peace.
2) BINUB will focus on strengthening governance, security sector reform including DDR, human rights, and coordinating donors and UN agencies.
3) The resolution urges all parties in Burundi to fully implement peace agreements and maintain dialogue and consensus building.
The document is the Brasilia Declaration from the 2005 summit between South American and Arab countries.
[1] The leaders committed to strengthening bi-regional relations and cooperation on issues like sustainable development, human rights, non-proliferation, and conflict resolution.
[2] They also agreed to work together on international peace and security through multilateral frameworks and respect for international law, including seeking a nuclear-weapon free zone in the Middle East and a just peace settlement in Israel-Palestine based on UN resolutions.
Politics And Governance With Phil. Constitution boaraileeanne
The document discusses the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines. It begins by defining what a constitution is and describing different types of constitutions. It then provides details on the framing and ratification of the 1987 Philippine Constitution, including that it was drafted by a Constitutional Commission and ratified by plebiscite. The document concludes by outlining the Preamble and several Articles of the 1987 Constitution pertaining to principles, policies, and rights.
Struggle for Rights and Reforms in Pakistan Tribal Areas (Nov 2014 Report)fatanews
Link: http://bit.ly/fatareport | As Printed in the November 2014 Report: FATA Faces FATA Voices.
Shackled for more than one hundred years under an outdated British law, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan has been plagued by instability extending well beyond its colonial-era border with Afghanistan. Excluded from essential provisions of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the tribal areas are administered through a legal and administrative regulation known as the Frontier Crimes Regulation (FCR), originally imposed in 1901. No act of the Parliament of Pakistan applies to FATA unless extended by special orders from the President of Pakistan. Furthermore and despite the continuous struggle of the people there, FATA enjoys no elected representation at local or provincial levels, and until 1996 tribal citizens had no universal voting rights in elections for the National Assembly of Pakistan.
This document is a letter from the Government of Pakistan to the President of the UN Security Council requesting an immediate meeting to discuss the situation in Jammu and Kashmir. It summarizes recent actions by the Indian government that violate UN resolutions protecting Kashmir's autonomous status, including changing titles of government leaders and purging Muslim officials. It describes massive protests by Kashmiri Muslims against these actions and the theft of a sacred Muslim relic, seeing them as expressing frustration against the Indian annexation of their homeland in defiance of their right to self-determination.
The document summarizes the powers and role of the President of the Philippines. It discusses that the President is both head of state and head of government, elected by direct vote for a six-year term. It outlines the qualifications to become President and notes there have been 16 Presidents since 1899. It then details the specific powers granted to the President by the Constitution and Administrative Code, including control over the executive branch, power to issue executive orders, powers over aliens, and powers of eminent domain.
1) Pakistan faced many difficulties after its creation in 1947, including framing a comprehensive constitution. Quaid-e-Azam began this process but had to delay due to other issues.
2) The first constituent assembly passed the Objectives Resolution in 1949, outlining Pakistan as a democratic Islamic republic.
3) Pakistan's first constitution was passed in 1956, establishing a parliamentary republic. However, it was abrogated in 1958 after just two years.
4) Subsequent constitutions were passed in 1962 and 1973, with the latter establishing the current parliamentary system of government. It has since undergone several amendments.
This document contains the findings of an independent commission of inquiry established by the UN Human Rights Council to investigate violations of international law in the Occupied Palestinian Territory during Israeli military operations from June to August 2014. The commission was not granted access to Israel or the Occupied Territory, but received cooperation from Palestine and testimony from victims via technology. The commission applied international humanitarian law, human rights law, and criminal law to examine allegations of violations and their impact. It makes recommendations to strengthen protections for civilians and ensure accountability.
This document provides a history of Pakistan's political leadership and constitutional developments from 1947 to 2008. It summarizes the country's prime ministers, presidents, martial laws, and constitutions. Key events include the Objectives Resolution of 1949, the constitutions of 1956, 1962, and 1973, and amendments made over time. Election processes for the National Assembly and Senate are also outlined.
This document is the interim constitution of Thailand established in 2006 after a military coup. It outlines the basic governing framework including that Thailand is a unitary kingdom with the King as head of state. It establishes a temporary National Legislative Assembly to perform the functions of parliament, appointed by the King, consisting of no more than 250 members. The constitution grants basic human rights and outlines the process for enacting laws through the National Legislative Assembly.
The document summarizes the constitutional development of Pakistan from its inception to the present 1973 constitution. It outlines the key principles and features of Pakistan's constitutions in 1956, 1962, and 1973. The 1956 constitution established Pakistan as an Islamic republic with a parliamentary system but was never implemented due to martial law. The 1962 constitution established a presidential system that was also abrogated in 1969. The current 1973 constitution returned to a parliamentary democracy and included provisions for fundamental rights and an independent judiciary.
The Supreme Court of the Philippines issued an advisory for the oral arguments scheduled on October 8, 2013 concerning three consolidated cases challenging the constitutionality of the Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF) and presidential pork barrel funds. The Court outlined procedural issues and substantive issues to be discussed, allocated 30 minutes for each side to present arguments, and required petitioners and respondents to coordinate on presenting lawyers and issues. The Solicitor General was directed to bring budget and congressional representatives to answer questions, and the Commission on Audit chairperson was appointed as amicus curiae.
The Objectives Resolution was passed by Pakistan's first Constituent Assembly in 1949 under the leadership of Liaquat Ali Khan. It laid out the founding principles for Pakistan's future constitutions, including that sovereignty belongs to Allah, the people would exercise political authority, and the principles of democracy, freedom and social justice as outlined in Islam would be followed. However, it was opposed by some minority leaders who felt it blurred the separation of religion and politics. After significant debate, the resolution was adopted with most Muslims in favor and non-Muslims opposing. It helped establish an Islamic ideological foundation for Pakistan but also created divisions and doubts among religious minorities.
Constitutional development of Pakistan since 1947Shahzaib Chadhar
Pakistan has had four constitutions since its independence in 1947. The 1956 constitution established Pakistan as an Islamic republic and parliamentary democracy. Martial law was imposed in 1958, replacing the 1956 constitution with General Ayub Khan's 1962 constitution, which established a presidential system. The 1973 constitution restored parliamentary democracy but was amended under Zia-ul-Haq to strengthen Islamization. It has since faced multiple amendments altering the balance of power between civilian and military institutions.
The document discusses changes made to India's constitution regarding the declaration of national emergencies. It notes that in 1975 the president could declare emergency on the advice of the prime minister alone, but this was amended in 1977 to require advice from the full council of ministers. The approval process in parliament was also strengthened, requiring a special majority rather than simple majority. Additionally, the 1977 amendments ensured certain fundamental rights could not be curtailed during internal emergencies and gave parliament a role in revoking emergencies passed by simple majority.
1) In 1949, Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan introduced the Objectives Resolution in the Constituent Assembly, which outlined principles for Pakistan's future constitution based on Islamic ideology rather than European models.
2) The Resolution proclaimed that sovereignty belongs to God alone, but is delegated to the state through the people, and that the constitution would ensure democracy, equality, social justice and freedom as described in the Quran and Hadith.
3) It also guaranteed fundamental rights and an independent judiciary, and that Pakistan would be a federation that protects religious freedom and culture for minorities.
This is a careful study done, not to deceive anyone, but to bring out the facts and educate the common man about it. Whatever be your political inclination, these facts can be either taken or rejected, as pleasing ones beliefs. They do not stand to alter, the facts which I have learnt through this study. Surely, some political class in the country, has chosen to take full use of the uninterested and biased, the appeased and the leftists, to create a false rhetoric, that CAA stands to expel a perticular community from India and is anti-community for them.
Overview of objective resolution under constitution of pakistanSHeikh Muhammad Adnan
The document provides an overview of the Objectives Resolution under the Constitution of Pakistan as presented by Dr. Sheikh Muhammad Adnan. The key points are:
- The Objectives Resolution was passed in 1949 and laid down principles for the future constitution, including that sovereignty belongs to Allah and the state shall observe the principles of democracy, freedom and justice as outlined in Islam.
- It proclaimed Pakistan would not follow a purely Western constitutional model but would incorporate Islamic ideology and principles of democracy.
- The Resolution has faced criticism for merging religion and politics and not guaranteeing equal treatment of all religions. However, supporters argue it allows democracy within Islamic limits.
- It was later added to the constitutions of 1956
What are the salient features of the Objective Resolution ?
What is the worth of Objective Resolution in Pakistan’s Political and constituent history?
Attributes of the Objective Resolution
Worth of Objective Resolution
Legal issues in the united nations compensation commission on iraqAlexander Decker
This document summarizes the legal issues surrounding the United Nations Compensation Commission (UNCC) established after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990. The UNCC was unprecedented as the first war reparations body established by the UN Security Council under Chapter VII to make reparations mandatory for an aggressor state. While similar to past reparations bodies, the UNCC's operations violated Iraq's sovereignty by subjecting its entire economy to international control. The document concludes that despite flaws, the UNCC model could serve as a template for future compensation schemes.
1) The UN Security Council establishes the United Nations Integrated Office in Burundi (BINUB) for an initial period of 12 months to support the newly elected government in consolidating peace.
2) BINUB will focus on strengthening governance, security sector reform including DDR, human rights, and coordinating donors and UN agencies.
3) The resolution urges all parties in Burundi to fully implement peace agreements and maintain dialogue and consensus building.
The document is the Brasilia Declaration from the 2005 summit between South American and Arab countries.
[1] The leaders committed to strengthening bi-regional relations and cooperation on issues like sustainable development, human rights, non-proliferation, and conflict resolution.
[2] They also agreed to work together on international peace and security through multilateral frameworks and respect for international law, including seeking a nuclear-weapon free zone in the Middle East and a just peace settlement in Israel-Palestine based on UN resolutions.
Politics And Governance With Phil. Constitution boaraileeanne
The document discusses the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines. It begins by defining what a constitution is and describing different types of constitutions. It then provides details on the framing and ratification of the 1987 Philippine Constitution, including that it was drafted by a Constitutional Commission and ratified by plebiscite. The document concludes by outlining the Preamble and several Articles of the 1987 Constitution pertaining to principles, policies, and rights.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the 1987 Philippine Constitution. It begins by defining what a constitution is and classifying different types of constitutions. It then provides details on the framing and ratification of the 1987 Philippine Constitution, including that it was drafted by a Constitutional Commission and ratified by plebiscite. The summary concludes with a brief overview of the structure and content of the Constitution, mentioning that it contains a Preamble and 18 Articles covering topics like national territory, declaration of principles, and state policies.
Politicsandgovernancewithphil constitution-091020093200-phpapp02John Kent Gines
The document discusses the meaning and classification of constitutions. It can be broadly defined as the set of rules that establish and limit governmental powers. More specifically, the Philippine constitution is the written instrument that establishes the fundamental powers of the Philippine government and distributes them among branches.
Constitutions can be classified in several ways: by origin (conventional/enacted vs cumulative/evolved), by form (written vs unwritten), and by amendment process (rigid/inelastic vs flexible/elastic). The Philippine constitution is conventional/enacted, written, and rigid/inelastic.
The document then discusses the framing and ratification of the 1987 Philippine Constitution, which was drafted by a Constitutional Commission and
1. The document expresses support for Venezuela's democratic government and constitutional order, rejecting any attempt at a coup.
2. It lends support to the OAS Secretary General's efforts to facilitate dialogue between the Venezuelan government and opposition to find a peaceful solution to the crisis.
3. It urges the Venezuelan government and opposition to negotiate in good faith within the framework established to find a constitutional, democratic, and electoral solution.
South Africa submitted a report to the UN Human Rights Council on its efforts to promote and protect human rights. It has made progress through democratic reforms, establishing independent institutions, enacting anti-discrimination and other laws, and ratifying many international human rights treaties. However, challenges remain due to apartheid's legacy, including unequal access to housing, education and healthcare. South Africa is working to progressively realize all rights and fulfill its human rights obligations through legislative and policy reforms while taking into account its available resources.
Promoting a culture of constitutionalism and democracy in africaKayode Fayemi
The document discusses principles and best practices for constitution-making in Africa, with an emphasis on public participation. It recommends that governments adopt credible and inclusive processes to draft constitutions that are seen as legitimate by the people. Successful examples involve establishing independent bodies to oversee open and transparent drafting processes that empower citizens and civil society to contribute. The document also stresses the importance of ongoing civic education and mechanisms for review to strengthen constitutional democracy.
This resolution outlines the organization of the 2014 United Nations World Conference on Indigenous Peoples. It decides that the conference will be held on September 22-23, 2014 in New York. It encourages participation from governments, indigenous peoples, UN agencies, and other stakeholders. It requests the UN General Assembly president to prepare an action-oriented outcome document for the conference through an inclusive consultation process. The conference aims to share best practices on realizing indigenous peoples' rights and pursuing the objectives of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.
Ghetnet Metiku - Institutional advances in the african human rights system si...Ghetnet Metiku
This brief paper explores the institutional advances in the african human rights system since the adoption of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR).
The United Nations Charter was signed in 1945 in San Francisco. It established the UN and its main organs including the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, and International Court of Justice. The Charter outlines the purposes of the UN in maintaining international peace and security. It also establishes principles of sovereign equality among states and peaceful settlement of disputes. Subsequent amendments expanded UN membership on certain organs.
The 1973 Constitution of the Philippines established a parliamentary system of government, vesting legislative power in the National Assembly. A Prime Minister was elected as head of government and commander-in-chief, while a President served as head of state. The judicial power was vested in the Supreme Court. The Constitution also established independent bodies like the Civil Service Commission and Commission on Audit. It was drafted by a constitutional convention and ratified by citizen assemblies, going into effect in January 1973.
The document summarizes the origins and purposes of several international organizations:
- The Organisation of African Unity (OAU) was established in 1963 and was replaced by the African Union in 2002 to promote cooperation and accelerate integration among African states.
- The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was formed in 1960 in response to nationalism in the oil industry and works to set oil prices and production quotas.
- The Organization of American States (OAS) was founded in 1948 and works to promote cooperation, defend democracy, and protect human rights across North and South America.
The document outlines the Biden administration's interim national security strategic guidance. It discusses the changing global security landscape characterized by challenges like pandemics, climate change, and technological advancements. It identifies priorities like defending American strength at home, promoting a favorable international balance of power, and leading a stable international system through alliances. The guidance stresses renewing partnerships and alliances, especially with NATO, European and Asian allies, while also expanding engagement in regions like the Americas, the Indo-Pacific, the Middle East, and Africa.
This document provides background on John Andre and his role as intelligence officer for the British during the American Revolutionary War. It summarizes his recruitment of Benedict Arnold as a spy through their correspondence and Andre's ultimately failed mission to meet with Arnold in person in 1780, which led to Arnold's betrayal being exposed and Andre's capture and execution as a spy. The document discusses the context of the war, Arnold and Andre's motivations and ambitions, and the details of their plot for Arnold to hand over the fort at West Point to the British in exchange for money.
Cia analysis-of-the-warsaw-pact-forces-the-importance-of-clandestine-reportinghttps://www.cia.gov.com
The document summarizes the founding of the Warsaw Pact in 1955. Key points:
- The Soviet Union established the Warsaw Pact as a military alliance of communist states in Eastern Europe, modeling it after NATO.
- The treaty established a combined military command similar to NATO's Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE).
- While the Soviet Union drafted the treaty without consulting its allies, it was intended to address Soviet security concerns in Europe following the inclusion of West Germany in NATO and its remilitarization.
- The treaty affirmed the desire to create a collective security system in Europe involving all states, and ensured the security of its signatories in response to the increased threat posed by the expansion of NATO.
This document provides a history of Air America, a clandestine airline operated by the CIA during the Vietnam War. It outlines key events and operations in Air America's history from its founding in 1947 as Civil Air Transport (CAT) in China, through its involvement in covert missions and search and rescue operations during the Vietnam War. By 1970, Air America had grown to 80 aircraft and was known as "The World's Most Shot At Airline," losing 240 pilots and crew to hostile fire while conducting crucial missions including resupply flights, troop and refugee transport, and search and rescue of downed pilots. The document highlights several heroic rescue missions and the sacrifices of Air America personnel in upholding their duty to fellow airmen.
This document provides an agenda and biographies for speakers at a symposium on the Directors of Central Intelligence held at George Mason University on September 13, 2012. The agenda includes a keynote speech by General Michael Hayden and panels on the personal perspectives of former DCIs and the relationship between the DCI, White House and Congress. Speaker biographies are provided for Louis Fisher, Porter Goss, General Michael Hayden and others involved in intelligence and national security. The event aimed to increase understanding of the history and role of the DCI position.
The document provides a history of the CIA, beginning with its origins in World War 2 as the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). It discusses how the OSS was dissolved after the war but its functions were transferred to other agencies. It then summarizes the creation of the Central Intelligence Group in 1946 and its replacement by the Central Intelligence Agency in 1947 when the National Security Act established the CIA to coordinate intelligence activities. The document also notes the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 which exempted the CIA from many spending restrictions and allowed secrecy around its budget.
This document discusses diversity and inclusion at the CIA. It highlights how a diverse workforce with different perspectives and experiences helps the CIA successfully carry out its critical mission of protecting national security. It provides examples of CIA employees from various backgrounds who contribute unique skills and perspectives. The CIA is working to build a more diverse workforce that reflects American society and ensure all employees feel included and able to achieve their full potential.
The document summarizes the history and evolution of the President's Daily Brief (PDB) and its predecessor, the President's Intelligence Checklist (PICL). It details how the PICL was created under President Kennedy in 1961 to be a concise daily intelligence report. Over time, the PICL and later the PDB grew in length and complexity. Major events and crises like the Vietnam War influenced the frequency and focus of reporting. The format and delivery of the briefings evolved with different administrations' preferences and needs.
This document provides context on anti-communism and Cold War propaganda by the United States. It discusses how following the Russian Revolution in 1917, the US and other allies invaded Russia in an attempt to overthrow the Bolshevik government. This created deep insecurities in the Soviet Union and influenced its political development. It also describes how even before the invasion, the US engaged in an aggressive propaganda campaign portraying the Bolsheviks and Soviet Russia in extremely negative terms, publishing outrageous claims and stories of horror in major newspapers to turn public opinion strongly against communism. This propaganda laid the groundwork for the anti-communist mindset that dominated US foreign policy for decades during the Cold War.
This document discusses the origins of mind control research during World War II. It describes how Dr. Albert Hofmann accidentally discovered the psychedelic effects of LSD in 1943 while working for Sandoz pharmaceuticals in Switzerland. Meanwhile in Germany, Nazi doctors at the Dachau concentration camp conducted experiments with mescaline on unwitting prisoners to try to eliminate their will. The U.S. Office of Strategic Services also began experiments with "truth drugs" like marijuana and barbiturates in an attempt to develop interrogations techniques. These early events set the stage for later mind control research.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
The document discusses a roundtable meeting between intelligence professionals and policymakers regarding the relationship between the intelligence community and policymakers. Some key points discussed include:
- There was debate around how to define "policymaker" as the audience for intelligence, with differing views on whether that included tactical-level military or just senior civilian and military leadership.
- Policymakers want both substantive intelligence to inform their decisions as well as political and bureaucratic support from the intelligence community.
- However, policymakers' approaches to and styles of interacting with intelligence analysts can vary significantly from being skeptical of intelligence to being overly reliant on it.
- Ensuring intelligence assessments are unbiased and addressing the real policy questions, not just the
The document is an Operational Groups Field Manual from the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) dated April 25, 1944. It outlines the organization, missions, and operations of Operational Groups (OGs), which were small, specially trained military units organized by OSS to accomplish missions like organizing resistance groups and guerrilla warfare. The manual discusses the organization of OGs in Washington DC and in the field, including personnel recruitment and qualifications, as well as training, operations, and cooperation with other organizations.
This document is the Strategic Services Field Manual for Special Operations, published in 1944. It outlines the organization and methods of the Special Operations Branch, which is responsible for sabotage, supporting underground resistance groups, and other special operations not assigned to other agencies. The manual defines key terms and covers topics such as organization, personnel recruitment and training, supply, coordination with other groups, operational planning, sabotage techniques, and the selection of missions.
This document is a classified manual providing guidance on secret intelligence activities for Strategic Services personnel. It outlines the organizational structure for secret intelligence operations, both in Washington and at field bases. It also covers the recruitment and training of personnel, methods of intelligence gathering operations, types of information required, and planning and coordination responsibilities. The document emphasizes maintaining security and controlling the dissemination of intelligence.
This document outlines the organization and guidelines for Morale Operations (MO) conducted by the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) during World War II. It details the objectives of MO activities aimed at undermining enemy morale and promoting resistance. It establishes the MO Branch in Washington D.C. and field organizations to plan and carry out operations. It also provides guidance on the selection and training of MO personnel and appropriate covert implements like rumors, forgery and false media. The document emphasizes focusing operations on key leaders and groups to have the greatest impact in supporting military objectives.
This document is a classified field manual for Maritime Unit operations within the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) during World War II. It outlines the missions, methods, organization, planning, personnel, and training for Maritime Units. Their missions included clandestine ferrying, maritime sabotage, and providing military tactical assistance. The manual describes specialized equipment and techniques for underwater operations. It also details the organizational structure of Maritime Units within OSS branches and field bases and the planning process for operations.
This document summarizes the organization and operations of the Office of Strategic Services' Operational Groups (OG) during World War II. It describes the OG's dual function of activating guerrilla organizations and executing independent operations against enemy targets. It outlines the OG's recruitment, training, and organizational structure. It provides details on specific OG operations in areas such as France, Italy, Yugoslavia, and Greece from 1943-1944, including sabotage missions and numbers of enemy casualties inflicted. The document is intended to define the basic organization, functions, doctrine, and purpose of the OG branch for personnel orientation.
The document summarizes the operations and organization of the Maritime Unit (MU) of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) during World War 2. The MU planned and carried out amphibious intelligence, sabotage, and infiltration operations. It utilized small watercraft and specialized equipment to covertly transport agents and supplies, and to conduct maritime sabotage. The MU trained personnel in underwater operations and worked with other branches on planning missions. Representative operations included clandestine ferrying in the Mediterranean and Aegean seas.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Contributi dei parlamentari del PD - Contributi L. 3/2019Partito democratico
DI SEGUITO SONO PUBBLICATI, AI SENSI DELL'ART. 11 DELLA LEGGE N. 3/2019, GLI IMPORTI RICEVUTI DALL'ENTRATA IN VIGORE DELLA SUDDETTA NORMA (31/01/2019) E FINO AL MESE SOLARE ANTECEDENTE QUELLO DELLA PUBBLICAZIONE SUL PRESENTE SITO
Preliminary findings _OECD field visits to ten regions in the TSI EU mining r...OECDregions
Preliminary findings from OECD field visits for the project: Enhancing EU Mining Regional Ecosystems to Support the Green Transition and Secure Mineral Raw Materials Supply.
United Nations World Oceans Day 2024; June 8th " Awaken new dephts".Christina Parmionova
The program will expand our perspectives and appreciation for our blue planet, build new foundations for our relationship to the ocean, and ignite a wave of action toward necessary change.
This report explores the significance of border towns and spaces for strengthening responses to young people on the move. In particular it explores the linkages of young people to local service centres with the aim of further developing service, protection, and support strategies for migrant children in border areas across the region. The report is based on a small-scale fieldwork study in the border towns of Chipata and Katete in Zambia conducted in July 2023. Border towns and spaces provide a rich source of information about issues related to the informal or irregular movement of young people across borders, including smuggling and trafficking. They can help build a picture of the nature and scope of the type of movement young migrants undertake and also the forms of protection available to them. Border towns and spaces also provide a lens through which we can better understand the vulnerabilities of young people on the move and, critically, the strategies they use to navigate challenges and access support.
The findings in this report highlight some of the key factors shaping the experiences and vulnerabilities of young people on the move – particularly their proximity to border spaces and how this affects the risks that they face. The report describes strategies that young people on the move employ to remain below the radar of visibility to state and non-state actors due to fear of arrest, detention, and deportation while also trying to keep themselves safe and access support in border towns. These strategies of (in)visibility provide a way to protect themselves yet at the same time also heighten some of the risks young people face as their vulnerabilities are not always recognised by those who could offer support.
In this report we show that the realities and challenges of life and migration in this region and in Zambia need to be better understood for support to be strengthened and tuned to meet the specific needs of young people on the move. This includes understanding the role of state and non-state stakeholders, the impact of laws and policies and, critically, the experiences of the young people themselves. We provide recommendations for immediate action, recommendations for programming to support young people on the move in the two towns that would reduce risk for young people in this area, and recommendations for longer term policy advocacy.
Food safety, prepare for the unexpected - So what can be done in order to be ready to address food safety, food Consumers, food producers and manufacturers, food transporters, food businesses, food retailers can ...
About Potato, The scientific name of the plant is Solanum tuberosum (L).Christina Parmionova
The potato is a starchy root vegetable native to the Americas that is consumed as a staple food in many parts of the world. Potatoes are tubers of the plant Solanum tuberosum, a perennial in the nightshade family Solanaceae. Wild potato species can be found from the southern United States to southern Chile
Synopsis (short abstract) In December 2023, the UN General Assembly proclaimed 30 May as the International Day of Potato.
The Antyodaya Saral Haryana Portal is a pioneering initiative by the Government of Haryana aimed at providing citizens with seamless access to a wide range of government services
AHMR is an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed online journal created to encourage and facilitate the study of all aspects (socio-economic, political, legislative and developmental) of Human Mobility in Africa. Through the publication of original research, policy discussions and evidence research papers AHMR provides a comprehensive forum devoted exclusively to the analysis of contemporaneous trends, migration patterns and some of the most important migration-related issues.
1. United Nations S/RES/1546 (2004)
Security Council Distr.: General
8 June 2004
04-38116 (E)
*0438116*
Resolution 1546 (2004)
Adopted by the Security Council at its 4987th meeting, on
8 June 2004
The Security Council,
Welcoming the beginning of a new phase in Iraq’s transition to a
democratically elected government, and looking forward to the end of the
occupation and the assumption of full responsibility and authority by a fully
sovereign and independent Interim Government of Iraq by 30 June 2004,
Recalling all of its previous relevant resolutions on Iraq,
Reaffirming the independence, sovereignty, unity, and territorial integrity of
Iraq,
Reaffirming also the right of the Iraqi people freely to determine their own
political future and control their own natural resources,
Recognizing the importance of international support, particularly that of
countries in the region, Iraq’s neighbours, and regional organizations, for the people
of Iraq in their efforts to achieve security and prosperity, and noting that the
successful implementation of this resolution will contribute to regional stability,
Welcoming the efforts of the Special Adviser to the Secretary-General to assist
the people of Iraq in achieving the formation of the Interim Government of Iraq, as
set out in the letter of the Secretary-General of 7 June 2004 (S/2004/461),
Taking note of the dissolution of the Governing Council of Iraq, and
welcoming the progress made in implementing the arrangements for Iraq’s political
transition referred to in resolution 1511 (2003) of 16 October 2003,
Welcoming the commitment of the Interim Government of Iraq to work
towards a federal, democratic, pluralist, and unified Iraq, in which there is full
respect for political and human rights,
Stressing the need for all parties to respect and protect Iraq’s archaeological,
historical, cultural, and religious heritage,
Affirming the importance of the rule of law, national reconciliation, respect for
human rights including the rights of women, fundamental freedoms, and democracy
including free and fair elections,
2. 2
S/RES/1546 (2004)
Recalling the establishment of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq
(UNAMI) on 14 August 2003, and affirming that the United Nations should play a
leading role in assisting the Iraqi people and government in the formation of
institutions for representative government,
Recognizing that international support for restoration of stability and security
is essential to the well-being of the people of Iraq as well as to the ability of all
concerned to carry out their work on behalf of the people of Iraq, and welcoming
Member State contributions in this regard under resolution 1483 (2003) of 22 May
2003 and resolution 1511 (2003),
Recalling the report provided by the United States to the Security Council on
16 April 2004 on the efforts and progress made by the multinational force,
Recognizing the request conveyed in the letter of 5 June 2004 from the Prime
Minister of the Interim Government of Iraq to the President of the Council, which is
annexed to this resolution, to retain the presence of the multinational force,
Recognizing also the importance of the consent of the sovereign Government
of Iraq for the presence of the multinational force and of close coordination between
the multinational force and that government,
Welcoming the willingness of the multinational force to continue efforts to
contribute to the maintenance of security and stability in Iraq in support of the
political transition, especially for upcoming elections, and to provide security for the
United Nations presence in Iraq, as described in the letter of 5 June 2004 from the
United States Secretary of State to the President of the Council, which is annexed to
this resolution,
Noting the commitment of all forces promoting the maintenance of security
and stability in Iraq to act in accordance with international law, including
obligations under international humanitarian law, and to cooperate with relevant
international organizations,
Affirming the importance of international assistance in reconstruction and
development of the Iraqi economy,
Recognizing the benefits to Iraq of the immunities and privileges enjoyed by
Iraqi oil revenues and by the Development Fund for Iraq, and noting the importance
of providing for continued disbursements of this fund by the Interim Government of
Iraq and its successors upon dissolution of the Coalition Provisional Authority,
Determining that the situation in Iraq continues to constitute a threat to
international peace and security,
Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations,
1. Endorses the formation of a sovereign Interim Government of Iraq, as
presented on 1 June 2004, which will assume full responsibility and authority by
30 June 2004 for governing Iraq while refraining from taking any actions affecting
Iraq’s destiny beyond the limited interim period until an elected Transitional
Government of Iraq assumes office as envisaged in paragraph four below;
2. Welcomes that, also by 30 June 2004, the occupation will end and the
Coalition Provisional Authority will cease to exist, and that Iraq will reassert its full
sovereignty;
3. 3
S/RES/1546 (2004)
3. Reaffirms the right of the Iraqi people freely to determine their own
political future and to exercise full authority and control over their financial and
natural resources;
4. Endorses the proposed timetable for Iraq’s political transition to
democratic government including:
(a) formation of the sovereign Interim Government of Iraq that will assume
governing responsibility and authority by 30 June 2004;
(b) convening of a national conference reflecting the diversity of Iraqi
society; and
(c) holding of direct democratic elections by 31 December 2004 if possible,
and in no case later than 31 January 2005, to a Transitional National Assembly,
which will, inter alia, have responsibility for forming a Transitional Government of
Iraq and drafting a permanent constitution for Iraq leading to a constitutionally
elected government by 31 December 2005;
5. Invites the Government of Iraq to consider how the convening of an
international meeting could support the above process, and notes that it would
welcome such a meeting to support the Iraqi political transition and Iraqi recovery,
to the benefit of the Iraqi people and in the interest of stability in the region;
6. Calls on all Iraqis to implement these arrangements peaceably and in full,
and on all States and relevant organizations to support such implementation;
7. Decides that in implementing, as circumstances permit, their mandate to
assist the Iraqi people and government, the Special Representative of the Secretary-
General and the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI), as requested
by the Government of Iraq, shall:
(a) play a leading role to:
(i) assist in the convening, during the month of July 2004, of a national
conference to select a Consultative Council;
(ii) advise and support the Independent Electoral Commission of Iraq, as
well as the Interim Government of Iraq and the Transitional National
Assembly, on the process for holding elections;
(iii) promote national dialogue and consensus-building on the drafting of a
national constitution by the people of Iraq;
(b) and also:
(i) advise the Government of Iraq in the development of effective civil and
social services;
(ii) contribute to the coordination and delivery of reconstruction,
development, and humanitarian assistance;
(iii) promote the protection of human rights, national reconciliation, and
judicial and legal reform in order to strengthen the rule of law in Iraq; and
(iv) advise and assist the Government of Iraq on initial planning for the
eventual conduct of a comprehensive census;
4. 4
S/RES/1546 (2004)
8. Welcomes ongoing efforts by the incoming Interim Government of Iraq to
develop Iraqi security forces including the Iraqi armed forces (hereinafter referred to
as “Iraqi security forces”), operating under the authority of the Interim Government
of Iraq and its successors, which will progressively play a greater role and
ultimately assume full responsibility for the maintenance of security and stability in
Iraq;
9. Notes that the presence of the multinational force in Iraq is at the request
of the incoming Interim Government of Iraq and therefore reaffirms the
authorization for the multinational force under unified command established under
resolution 1511 (2003), having regard to the letters annexed to this resolution;
10. Decides that the multinational force shall have the authority to take all
necessary measures to contribute to the maintenance of security and stability in Iraq
in accordance with the letters annexed to this resolution expressing, inter alia, the
Iraqi request for the continued presence of the multinational force and setting out its
tasks, including by preventing and deterring terrorism, so that, inter alia, the United
Nations can fulfil its role in assisting the Iraqi people as outlined in paragraph seven
above and the Iraqi people can implement freely and without intimidation the
timetable and programme for the political process and benefit from reconstruction
and rehabilitation activities;
11. Welcomes, in this regard, the letters annexed to this resolution stating,
inter alia, that arrangements are being put in place to establish a security partnership
between the sovereign Government of Iraq and the multinational force and to ensure
coordination between the two, and notes also in this regard that Iraqi security forces
are responsible to appropriate Iraqi ministers, that the Government of Iraq has
authority to commit Iraqi security forces to the multinational force to engage in
operations with it, and that the security structures described in the letters will serve
as the fora for the Government of Iraq and the multinational force to reach
agreement on the full range of fundamental security and policy issues, including
policy on sensitive offensive operations, and will ensure full partnership between
Iraqi security forces and the multinational force, through close coordination and
consultation;
12. Decides further that the mandate for the multinational force shall be
reviewed at the request of the Government of Iraq or twelve months from the date of
this resolution, and that this mandate shall expire upon the completion of the
political process set out in paragraph four above, and declares that it will terminate
this mandate earlier if requested by the Government of Iraq;
13. Notes the intention, set out in the annexed letter from the United States
Secretary of State, to create a distinct entity under unified command of the
multinational force with a dedicated mission to provide security for the United
Nations presence in Iraq, recognizes that the implementation of measures to provide
security for staff members of the United Nations system working in Iraq would
require significant resources, and calls upon Member States and relevant
organizations to provide such resources, including contributions to that entity;
14. Recognizes that the multinational force will also assist in building the
capability of the Iraqi security forces and institutions, through a programme of
recruitment, training, equipping, mentoring, and monitoring;
5. 5
S/RES/1546 (2004)
15. Requests Member States and international and regional organizations to
contribute assistance to the multinational force, including military forces, as agreed
with the Government of Iraq, to help meet the needs of the Iraqi people for security
and stability, humanitarian and reconstruction assistance, and to support the efforts
of UNAMI;
16. Emphasizes the importance of developing effective Iraqi police, border
enforcement, and the Facilities Protection Service, under the control of the Interior
Ministry of Iraq, and, in the case of the Facilities Protection Service, other Iraqi
ministries, for the maintenance of law, order, and security, including combating
terrorism, and requests Member States and international organizations to assist the
Government of Iraq in building the capability of these Iraqi institutions;
17. Condemns all acts of terrorism in Iraq, reaffirms the obligations of
Member States under resolutions 1373 (2001) of 28 September 2001, 1267 (1999) of
15 October 1999, 1333 (2000) of 19 December 2000, 1390 (2002) of 16 January
2002, 1455 (2003) of 17 January 2003, and 1526 (2004) of 30 January 2004, and
other relevant international obligations with respect, inter alia, to terrorist activities
in and from Iraq or against its citizens, and specifically reiterates its call upon
Member States to prevent the transit of terrorists to and from Iraq, arms for
terrorists, and financing that would support terrorists, and re-emphasizes the
importance of strengthening the cooperation of the countries of the region,
particularly neighbours of Iraq, in this regard;
18. Recognizes that the Interim Government of Iraq will assume the primary
role in coordinating international assistance to Iraq;
19. Welcomes efforts by Member States and international organizations to
respond in support of requests by the Interim Government of Iraq to provide
technical and expert assistance while Iraq is rebuilding administrative capacity;
20. Reiterates its request that Member States, international financial
institutions and other organizations strengthen their efforts to assist the people of
Iraq in the reconstruction and development of the Iraqi economy, including by
providing international experts and necessary resources through a coordinated
programme of donor assistance;
21. Decides that the prohibitions related to the sale or supply to Iraq of arms
and related materiel under previous resolutions shall not apply to arms or related
materiel required by the Government of Iraq or the multinational force to serve the
purposes of this resolution, stresses the importance for all States to abide strictly by
them, and notes the significance of Iraq’s neighbours in this regard, and calls upon
the Government of Iraq and the multinational force each to ensure that appropriate
implementation procedures are in place;
22. Notes that nothing in the preceding paragraph affects the prohibitions on
or obligations of States related to items specified in paragraphs 8 and 12 of
resolution 687 (1991) of 3 April 1991 or activities described in paragraph 3 (f) of
resolution 707 (1991) of 15 August 1991, and reaffirms its intention to revisit the
mandates of the United Nations Monitoring, Verification, and Inspection
Commission and the International Atomic Energy Agency;
6. 6
S/RES/1546 (2004)
23. Calls on Member States and international organizations to respond to
Iraqi requests to assist Iraqi efforts to integrate Iraqi veterans and former militia
members into Iraqi society;
24. Notes that, upon dissolution of the Coalition Provisional Authority, the
funds in the Development Fund for Iraq shall be disbursed solely at the direction of
the Government of Iraq, and decides that the Development Fund for Iraq shall be
utilized in a transparent and equitable manner and through the Iraqi budget including
to satisfy outstanding obligations against the Development Fund for Iraq, that the
arrangements for the depositing of proceeds from export sales of petroleum,
petroleum products, and natural gas established in paragraph 20 of resolution 1483
(2003) shall continue to apply, that the International Advisory and Monitoring Board
shall continue its activities in monitoring the Development Fund for Iraq and shall
include as an additional full voting member a duly qualified individual designated
by the Government of Iraq and that appropriate arrangements shall be made for the
continuation of deposits of the proceeds referred to in paragraph 21 of resolution
1483 (2003);
25. Decides further that the provisions in the above paragraph for the deposit
of proceeds into the Development Fund for Iraq and for the role of the IAMB shall
be reviewed at the request of the Transitional Government of Iraq or twelve months
from the date of this resolution, and shall expire upon the completion of the political
process set out in paragraph four above;
26. Decides that, in connection with the dissolution of the Coalition
Provisional Authority, the Interim Government of Iraq and its successors shall
assume the rights, responsibilities and obligations relating to the Oil-for-Food
Programme that were transferred to the Authority, including all operational
responsibility for the Programme and any obligations undertaken by the Authority in
connection with such responsibility, and responsibility for ensuring independently
authenticated confirmation that goods have been delivered, and further decides that,
following a 120-day transition period from the date of adoption of this resolution,
the Interim Government of Iraq and its successors shall assume responsibility for
certifying delivery of goods under previously prioritized contracts, and that such
certification shall be deemed to constitute the independent authentication required
for the release of funds associated with such contracts, consulting as appropriate to
ensure the smooth implementation of these arrangements;
27. Further decides that the provisions of paragraph 22 of resolution 1483
(2003) shall continue to apply, except that the privileges and immunities provided in
that paragraph shall not apply with respect to any final judgement arising out of a
contractual obligation entered into by Iraq after 30 June 2004;
28. Welcomes the commitments of many creditors, including those of the
Paris Club, to identify ways to reduce substantially Iraq’s sovereign debt, calls on
Member States, as well as internationa1 and regional organizations, to support the
Iraq reconstruction effort, urges the international financial institutions and bilateral
donors to take the immediate steps necessary to provide their full range of loans and
other financial assistance and arrangements to Iraq, recognizes that the Interim
Government of Iraq will have the authority to conclude and implement such
agreements and other arrangements as may be necessary in this regard, and requests
creditors, institutions and donors to work as a priority on these matters with the
Interim Government of Iraq and its successors;
7. 7
S/RES/1546 (2004)
29. Recalls the continuing obligations of Member States to freeze and
transfer certain funds, assets, and economic resources to the Development Fund for
Iraq in accordance with paragraphs 19 and 23 of resolution 1483 (2003) and with
resolution 1518 (2003) of 24 November 2003;
30. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the Council within three
months from the date of this resolution on UNAMI operations in Iraq, and on a
quarterly basis thereafter on the progress made towards national elections and
fulfilment of all UNAMI’s responsibilities;
31. Requests that the United States, on behalf of the multinational force,
report to the Council within three months from the date of this resolution on the
efforts and progress of this force, and on a quarterly basis thereafter;
32. Decides to remain actively seized of the matter.
8. 8
S/RES/1546 (2004)
Annex
Text of letters from the Prime Minister of the Interim
Government of Iraq Dr. Ayad Allawi and United States
Secretary of State Colin L. Powell to the President of
the Council
5 June 2004
Republic of Iraq
Prime Minister Office
Excellency:
On my appointment as Prime Minister of the Interim Government of Iraq, I am
writing to express the commitment of the people of Iraq to complete the political
transition process to establish a free, and democratic Iraq and to be a partner in
preventing and combating terrorism. As we enter a critical new stage, regain full
sovereignty and move towards elections, we will need the assistance of the
international community.
The Interim Government of Iraq will make every effort to ensure that these
elections are fully democratic, free and fair. Security and stability continue to be
essential to our political transition. There continue, however, to be forces in Iraq,
including foreign elements, that are opposed to our transition to peace, democracy,
and security. The Government is determined to overcome these forces, and to
develop security forces capable of providing adequate security for the Iraqi people.
Until we are able to provide security for ourselves, including the defence of Iraq’s
land, sea and air space, we ask for the support of the Security Council and the
international community in this endeavour. We seek a new resolution on the
Multinational Force (MNF) mandate to contribute to maintaining security in Iraq,
including through the tasks and arrangements set out in the letter from Secretary of
State Colin Powell to the President of the United Nations Security Council. The
Government requests that the Security Council review the mandate of the MNF at
the request of the Transitional Government of Iraq, or twelve months from the date
on which such a resolution is adopted.
In order to discharge the Iraqi Government’s responsibility for security, I
intend to establish appropriate security structures that will allow my Government
and Iraqi security forces to progressively take on that responsibility. One such
structure is the Ministerial Committee for National Security, consisting of myself as
the Chair, the Deputy Prime Minister, and the Minister of Defense, Interior, Foreign
Affairs, Justice, and Finance. The National Security Advisor, and Director of the
Iraqi National Intelligence Service will serve as permanent advisory members of the
committee. This forum will set the broad framework for Iraqi security policy. I
intend to invite, as appropriate, the MNF commander, his Deputy, or the MNF
His Excellency
Mr. Lauro L. Baja, Jr.
President of the Security Council
United Nations
New York, New York
9. 9
S/RES/1546 (2004)
Commander’s designative representative, and other appropriate individuals, to
attend and participate as well, and will stand ready to discuss mechanisms of
coordination and cooperation with the MNF. Iraqi armed forces will be responsible
to the Chief of Staff and Minister of Defense. Other security forces (the Iraqi police,
border guards and Facilities Protection Service) will be responsible to the Minister
of the Interior or other government ministers.
In addition, the relevant ministers and I will develop further mechanisms for
coordination with the MNF. Intend to create with the MNF coordination bodies at
national, regional, and local levels, that will include Iraqi security forces
commanders and civilian leadership, to ensure that Iraqi security forces will
coordinate with the MNF on all security policy and operations issues in order to
achieve unity of command of military operations in which Iraqi forces are engaged
with MNF. In addition, the MNF and Iraqi government leaders will keep each other
informed of their activities, consult regularly to ensure effective allocation and use
of personnel, resources and facilities, will share intelligence, and will refer issues up
the respective chains of command where necessary, Iraqi security forces will take on
progressively greater responsibility as Iraqi capabilities improve.
The structures I have described in this letter will serve as the fora for the MNF
and the Iraqi government to reach agreement on the full range of fundamental
security and policy issues, including policy on sensitive offensive operations, and
will ensure full partnership between Iraqi forces and the MNF, through close
coordination and consultation. Since these are sensitive issues for a number of
sovereign governments, including Iraq and the United States, they need to be
resolved in the framework of a mutual understanding on our strategic partnership.
We will be working closely with the MNF leadership in the coming weeks to ensure
that we have such an agreed strategic framework.
We are ready to take sovereign responsibility for governing Iraq by June 30.
We are well aware of the difficulties facing us, and of our responsibilities to the
Iraqi people. The stakes are great, and we need the support of the international
community to succeed. We ask the Security Council to help us by acting now to
adopt a Security Council resolution giving us necessary support.
I understand that the Co-sponsors intend to annex this letter to the resolution
on Iraq under consideration. In the meantime, I request that you provide copies of
this letter to members of the Council as quickly as possible.
(Signed) Dr. Ayad Allawi
10. 10
S/RES/1546 (2004)
The Secretary of State
Washington
5 June 2004
Excellency:
Recognizing the request of the government of Iraq for the continued presence
of the Multi-National Force (MNF) in Iraq, and following consultations with Prime
Minister Ayad Allawi of the Iraqi Interim Government, I am writing to confirm that
the MNF under unified command is prepared to continue to contribute to the
maintenance of security in Iraq, including by preventing and deterring terrorism and
protecting the territory of Iraq. The goal of the MNF will be to help the Iraqi people
to complete the political transition and will permit the United Nations and the
international community to work to facilitate Iraq’s reconstruction.
The ability of the Iraqi people to achieve their goals will be heavily influenced
by the security situation in Iraq. As recent events have demonstrated, continuing
attacks by insurgents, including former regime elements, foreign fighters, and illegal
militias challenge all those who are working for a better Iraq.
Development of an effective and cooperative security partnership between the
MNF and the sovereign Government of Iraq is critical to the stability of Iraq. The
commander of the MNF will work in partnership with the sovereign Government of
Iraq in helping to provide security while recognizing and respecting its sovereignty.
To that end, the MNF stands ready to participate in discussions of the Ministerial
Committee for National Security on the broad framework of security policy, as
referred to in the letter from Prime Minister of the Interim Government of Iraq
Allawi dated June 5, 2004. On the implementation of this policy, recognizing that
Iraqi security forces are responsible to the appropriate Iraqi ministers, the MNF will
coordinate with Iraqi security forces at all levels — national, regional, and local —
in order to achieve unity of command of military operations in which Iraqi forces
are engaged with the MNF. In addition, the MNF and the Iraqi government leaders
will keep each other informed of their activities, consult regularly to ensure effective
allocation and use of personnel, resources, and facilities, will share intelligence, and
will refer issues up the respective chains of command where necessary. We will
work in the fora described by Prime Minister Allawi in his
June 5 letter to reach agreement on the full range of fundamental security and policy
issues, including policy on sensitive offensive operations, and will ensure full
partnership between MNF and Iraqi forces, through close coordination and
consultation.
His Excellency
Mr. Lauro L. Baja, Jr.
President of the Security Council
United Nations
New York, New York
11. 11
S/RES/1546 (2004)
Under the agreed arrangement, the MNF stands ready to continue to undertake
a broad range of tasks to contribute to the maintenance of security and to ensure
force protection. These include activities necessary to counter ongoing security
threats posed by forces seeking to influence Iraq’s political future through violence.
This will include combat operations against members of these groups, internment
where this is necessary for imperative reasons of security, and the continued search
for and securing of weapons that threaten Iraq’s security. A further objective will be
to train and equip Iraqi security forces that will increasingly take responsibility for
maintaining Iraq’s security. The MNF also stands ready as needed to participate in
the provision of humanitarian assistance, civil affairs support, and relief and
reconstruction assistance requested by the Iraqi Interim Government and in line with
previous Security Council Resolutions.
In addition, the MNF is prepared to establish or support a force within the
MNF to provide for the security of personnel and facilities of the United Nations.
We have consulted closely with UN officials regarding the United Nations’ security
requirements and believe that a brigade-size force will be needed to support the
United Nations’ security effort. This force will be under the command and control of
the MNF commander, and its missions will include static and perimeter security at
UN facilities, and convoy escort duties for the UN mission’s travel requirements.
In order to continue to contribute to security, the MNF must continue to
function under a framework that affords the force and its personnel the status that
they need to accomplish their mission, and in which the contributing states have
responsibility for exercising jurisdiction over their personnel and which will ensure
arrangements for, and use of assets by, the MNF. The existing framework governing
these matters is sufficient for these purposes. In addition, the forces that make up the
MNF are and will remain committed at all times to act consistently with their
obligations under the law of armed conflict, including the Geneva Conventions.
The MNF is prepared to continue to pursue its current efforts to assist in
providing a secure environment in which the broader international community is
able to fulfil its important role in facilitating Iraq’s reconstruction. In meeting these
responsibilities in the period ahead, we will act in full recognition of and respect for
Iraqi sovereignty. We look to other member states and international and regional
organizations to assist the people of Iraq and the sovereign Iraqi government in
overcoming the challenges that lie ahead to build a democratic, secure and
prosperous country.
The co-sponsors intend to annex this letter to the resolution on Iraq under
consideration. In the meantime, I request that you provide copies of this letter to
members of the Council as quickly as possible.
Sincerely,
(Signed) Colin L. Powell