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The Future of Education: 
Programmed or 
Programmable 
Audrey Watters 
@audreywatters 
Pepperdine University, November 4, 2014
Distance Education
Video Lectures
Content Delivery
Networks, Denied
Programmed Instruction 
The Programmable Web
“If, by a miracle of mechanical ingenuity, a book could be so 
arranged that only to him who had done what was directed on 
page one would page two become visible, and so on, much that 
now requires personal instruction could be managed by print.” 
— Edward Thorndike (1912)
Operant Conditioning
The Programmable Web
A Domain of One’s Own
“The Templated Self”
And the future of education…?

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